DOCSLIB.ORG

Karl Marx: His Life and Work

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Karl Marx: His Life and Work Karl Marx: His Life and Work Rühle,Otto 1928 Published in German in 1928, in English in 1929. In contrast to other biographies,suchasthat of Nicolaievsky and Maenchen-Helfen, Rühle is more critical of Marx and more sympathetic to Bakunin, etc. The work is also marked by Rühle’sinterest in psychology.From https://www.marxists.org/archive/ruhle/1928/marx/index.htm and https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.58873. Chapter 01: Preliminaries The Historical Setting At intervals of a century,the European revolution in Holland, England, and France blew up the gates and opened a way for capitalist development. The feudal system, based on a feudalist economy and on serfdom, stabilized by patriarchal despotism, hereditary dependence,and enslavement of the conscience, collapsed before the onslaught of the new economic power. Money conquered land. The postulates of freedom triumphed over the traditions of slavery.Day dawned over western Europe. The rising bourgeois class entered into possession of new fields.Starting from Holland, it created a colonial power whose gigantic proportions were rivalled only by the vastness of the wealth whichcolonial enterprise brought backtothe mother country.Starting from England, whichittransformed into the factory of the world, the bourgeoisie made that country supreme over all the markets of the world and all the sources of rawmaterials.Setting out from France,the bourgeoisie pressed the greatest of all military powers into its service,the better to safeguard the social suc- cesses of its emancipation. In its craving for activity,itshrank from no difficulties. Boldly it wrestled with the most difficult problems,and its soaring ambition winged it towards the most distant goals.Inafrenzy of achievement, the bourgeois class ful- filled its destiny. First of all came the fulfilment of its economic destiny.Byway ofmanufactures and the mercantile system, the relations of production developed into the system of large-scale industry.The political revolution was followed by a technical revolution. The traditional methods of work were transformed. The secrets of nature were dis- closed, her forces were brought under control, and the natural laws of production were made serviceable to man. In 1764, Hargreaves invented the spinning jenny; in 1769, Arkwright invented the warp-loom; and in 1779 came Crompton’sinvention of the mule.In1781, Watt improved the old steam-pump in a way whichmade it appli- cable as a source of power for machinery.In1787, Cartwright revolutionized the tex- tile industry by the invention of the power-loom. There wasalso a revolution in the -2- spinning trade.Cotton made its way into Europe.“Cotton! Cotton!” was the new watchword of capitalism. Factories grew out of the earth like mushrooms.Armies of men, women, and children disappeared into the factories.One mechanical invention followed on the heels of another.In1802, the first steamboat made its way upthe Firth of Clyde; in 1807, the first passenger steamer navigated the Hudson; in 1819, the ocean was first crossed by a steamship.From 1804 onwards,came the applica- tion of Watt’ssteam-engine to locomotive purposes,until in 1825 the first railway was opened for traffic.Capitalism conquered space and time.In1835, the electric tele- graph began to come into use.Within a few decades,the frontiers of the world had been marvellously expanded. The fables of antiquity had been realized. The produc- tivity of human labour had been increased to an incredible extent. The bourgeoisie wastriumphant. “It has executed works more marvellous than the building of Egyp- tian pyramids,Roman aqueducts,and Gothic cathedrals; it has carried out expedi- tions surpassing by far the tribal migrations and the crusades.... The subjugation of the forces of nature,the invention of machinery,the application of chemistry to industry and agriculture,steamships,railways, electric telegraphs,the clearing of whole continents for cultivation, the making of navigable waterways, huge popula- tions springing up as if by magic out of the earth–what earlier generations had the remotest inkling that suchproductive powers slumbered within the womb of associ- ated labour?” The bourgeoisie fulfilled its political destiny likewise.InFrance,itwithstood the Bourbon reaction after the fall of the Napoleonic empire,and seized power in the July revolution of 1830. In England, during a century and a half,itwas able to take advantage of all compromises and partial solutions,until at length, in 1832, with the passing of the Reform Bill, it became supreme.Itdictated laws to the governments. Armies marched under its orders.Toswell its profits,alliances were entered into and treaties signed, wars were waged and ended, proclamations were issued, and diplo- matic notes were exchanged. In the end it had become supreme.Its political position waseverywhere secure. Finally,ithad given new tints and new outlines to that ideology whichframes the picture of the world within the minds of men. “It has drowned pious zeal, chival- rous enthusiasm, and humdrum sentimentalism, in the chill waters of selfish calcula- tion. It has degraded personal dignity to the level of exchange value; and in place of countless dearly-bought chartered freedoms,ithas set up one solitary unscrupulous freedom–freedom of trade.... The bourgeoisie has robbed of their haloes all occupa- tions hitherto regarded with awe and veneration. Doctor,lawyer,priest, poet, and sci- entist have become its wage labourers.The bourgeoisie has torn the veil of sentiment from the family relationship,whichhas become an affair of money and nothing more.” Thus the bourgeoisie had given the world a new visage,had furnished human life with a multitude of new aspects. From the lofty altitude to whichithad successfully fought its way,itlooked down with pride and self-satisfaction upon the path up whichithad victoriously climbed with suchoverwhelming speed. Conditions in Germany Down to the year 1800, the bourgeois class of Germany had taken scarcely any part in this triumphal marchofcapitalism. Three hundred years earlier,capitalism had been ready and willing to effect a complete transformation in the economic life of Germany.The freight brought across the Mediterranean in Italian merchant ships was carried over the passes of the Alps -3- in German caravans.The revolutionizing influences of the new capitalist develop- ments had begun to make themselves felt in the blood and the brains of the Germans, whipping the peasants into revolt, involving the burghers in a conflict with the papacy and the Church, inciting the towns to rebellion. Then came the inroad of the Turks,and the discovery of the sea route to India. The overland roads were blocked, and for Italy and Germany the sources of capitalist life had been cut off.Capitalism, now restricted to the coasts of the Atlantic,flourished successively in Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands,England, and France,transforming them all, completing its destructive and creative work. At length, after three hundred years,itresumed the same task in Germany,aided this time by British machinery and American cotton. Thereupon began a revolutionizing of production, a transformation of social condi- tions,areshaping of the picture of the world in the minds of men. On the lower Rhine,onthe Ruhr,the Wupper,and the Sieg,inThuringia, Sax- ony,Silesia, Wurtemberg,and Baden, a vigorous manufacturing industry sprang to life.The Continental System of Napoleon, whichcut off the British from access to the German markets,served as a forcing-house for the growth of this industry.In Saxony,the number of spindles in the cotton mills increased within six years from 13,000 to 210,000. In the Rhine Province,mining,smelting,machine-making,and metallurgy advanced with giant strides.Animport and export trade,considerable in view of German conditions,and extending to all parts of the world, thereupon devel- oped. As if determined to make up for lost time,capitalism in Germany strode for- ward in seven-league boots.New branches of industry made their appearance. Towns grew apace.Intercourse with the great centres of the world market became ever livelier.Capital accumulated in vast masses.Everywhere was an upward move- ment, progress,success,the growth of power. But the bourgeoisie is nothing without the proletariat. The bourgeoisie creates the proletariat by the very process of its own development. It must create the prole- tariat, because the proletariat creates surplus value,upon whose existence the exis- tence of the bourgeoisie is grounded. The bourgeoisie cannot dispense with the prole- tariat unless it is willing to dispense with its own existence.The mutual dependence of these two classes is an inexorable necessity. In Germany,asinEngland and France,the proletariat was recruited out of the masses of impoverished and landless peasants and of handicraftsmen and petty burghers whose means of livelihood had been cut off by the new developments.Those of the first generation were still comfortably provided for on the soil. Those of the second generation devoted part of their labour power to home industry.Those of the third generation thronged through the gates of the factories and became a wage pro- letariat. Forcibly assembled in the process of production, organized in militarist fashion, they were shamelessly exploited under the supervision of the manager,the stimulus of the master,and the whip of the foreman. Thenceforward their existence wasnowhere the expression of any sort of human interest; it had an exclusively capi- talist significance,that of one who produced commodities,created surplus value, served the purposes of the master class.The proletarian had himself become a com- modity,having to sell himself daybyday.Hewas a beast of burden; something even less than this,aninstrument, a wheel in the machinery of exploitation, a dead thing. Impotent, in a spirit of dull resignation, he must accept his lot, under pain of starva- tion should he refuse.Hopeless,despairing,hesubmitted to an inevitable destiny.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 1851
    General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 1851 General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century, by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, was first published in French as Idée générale de la révolution au XIXe siècle. This is an electronic transcription of John Beverly Robinson's 1923 English translation, originally published in 1923 by Freedom Press, London. The text is based on Dover Publications' 2003 unabridged reproduction of Robinson's translation (ISBN 0-486-43397-8), with occasional typographical errors corrected. Table of Contents 1. To Business Men 2. General Idea of the Revolution 3. First Study. — Reaction Causes Revolution 1. The Revolutionary Force 2. Parallel Progress of the Reaction and of the Revolution Since February 3. Weakness of the Reaction. Triumph of the Revolution 4. Second Study. — Is there Sufficient Reason for Revolution in the Nineteenth Century? 1. Law of Tendency in Society. The Revolution of 1789 has done only half its work. 2. Chaos of Economic Forces. Tendency of Society toward Poverty. 3. Anomaly of Government. Tendency toward Tyranny and Corruption. 5. Third Study. — The Principle of Association 6. Fourth Study. — The Principle of Authority 1. Traditional Denial of Government. Emergence of the Idea which succeeds it. 2. General Criticism of the Idea of Authority 1. Thesis. Absolute Authority 2. Laws 3. The Constitutional Monarchy 4. Universal Suffrage 5. Direct Legislation 6. Direct Government or the Constitution of '93. Reduction to Absurdity of the Governmental Idea. 7. Fifth Study. — Social Liquidation 1. National Bank 2. The State Debt 3. Debts secured by Mortgage. Simple Obligations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Socialist Minority and the Paris Commune of 1871 a Unique Episode in the History of Class Struggles
    THE SOCIALIST MINORITY AND THE PARIS COMMUNE OF 1871 A UNIQUE EPISODE IN THE HISTORY OF CLASS STRUGGLES by PETER LEE THOMSON NICKEL B.A.(Honours), The University of British Columbia, 1999 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of History) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA August 2001 © Peter Lee Thomson Nickel, 2001 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Department of Hi'sio*" y The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada Date AkgaS-f 30. ZOO I DE-6 (2/88) Abstract The Paris Commune of 1871 lasted only seventy-two days. Yet, hundreds of historians continue to revisit this complex event. The initial association of the 1871 Commune with the first modern socialist government in the world has fuelled enduring ideological debates. However, most historians past and present have fallen into the trap of assessing the Paris Commune by foreign ideological constructs. During the Cold War, leftist and conservative historians alike overlooked important socialist measures discussed and implemented by this first- ever predominantly working-class government.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Irvine UC Irvine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Making Popular and Solidarity Economies in Dollarized Ecuador: Money, Law, and the Social After Neoliberalism Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3xx5n43g Author Nelms, Taylor Campbell Nahikian Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Making Popular and Solidarity Economies in Dollarized Ecuador: Money, Law, and the Social After Neoliberalism DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Anthropology by Taylor Campbell Nahikian Nelms Dissertation Committee: Professor Bill Maurer, Chair Associate Professor Julia Elyachar Professor George Marcus 2015 Portion of Chapter 1 © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All other materials © 2015 Taylor Campbell Nahikian Nelms TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv CURRICULUM VITAE vii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION xi INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: “The Problem of Delimitation”: Expertise, Bureaucracy, and the Popular 51 and Solidarity Economy in Theory and Practice CHAPTER 2: Saving Sucres: Money and Memory in Post-Neoliberal Ecuador 91 CHAPTER 3: Dollarization, Denomination, and Difference 139 INTERLUDE: On Trust 176 CHAPTER 4: Trust in the Social 180 CHAPTER 5: Law, Labor, and Exhaustion 216 CHAPTER 6: Negotiable Instruments and the Aesthetics of Debt 256 CHAPTER 7: Interest and Infrastructure 300 WORKS CITED 354 ii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1 Field Sites and Methods 49 Figure 2 Breakdown of Interviewees 50 Figure 3 State Institutions of the Popular and Solidarity Economy in Ecuador 90 Figure 4 A Brief Summary of Four Cajas (and an Association), as of January 2012 215 Figure 5 An Emic Taxonomy of Debt Relations (Bárbara’s Portfolio) 299 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Every anthropologist seems to have a story like this one.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Sense of the Barro-Ricardo Equivalence in a Financialized World
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Esposito, Lorenzo; Mastromatteo, Giuseppe Working Paper Defaultnomics: Making sense of the Barro-Ricardo equivalence in a financialized world Working Paper, No. 933 Provided in Cooperation with: Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Suggested Citation: Esposito, Lorenzo; Mastromatteo, Giuseppe (2019) : Defaultnomics: Making sense of the Barro-Ricardo equivalence in a financialized world, Working Paper, No. 933, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/209176 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen
    [Show full text]
  • Markets Not Capitalism Explores the Gap Between Radically Freed Markets and the Capitalist-Controlled Markets That Prevail Today
    individualist anarchism against bosses, inequality, corporate power, and structural poverty Edited by Gary Chartier & Charles W. Johnson Individualist anarchists believe in mutual exchange, not economic privilege. They believe in freed markets, not capitalism. They defend a distinctive response to the challenges of ending global capitalism and achieving social justice: eliminate the political privileges that prop up capitalists. Massive concentrations of wealth, rigid economic hierarchies, and unsustainable modes of production are not the results of the market form, but of markets deformed and rigged by a network of state-secured controls and privileges to the business class. Markets Not Capitalism explores the gap between radically freed markets and the capitalist-controlled markets that prevail today. It explains how liberating market exchange from state capitalist privilege can abolish structural poverty, help working people take control over the conditions of their labor, and redistribute wealth and social power. Featuring discussions of socialism, capitalism, markets, ownership, labor struggle, grassroots privatization, intellectual property, health care, racism, sexism, and environmental issues, this unique collection brings together classic essays by Cleyre, and such contemporary innovators as Kevin Carson and Roderick Long. It introduces an eye-opening approach to radical social thought, rooted equally in libertarian socialism and market anarchism. “We on the left need a good shake to get us thinking, and these arguments for market anarchism do the job in lively and thoughtful fashion.” – Alexander Cockburn, editor and publisher, Counterpunch “Anarchy is not chaos; nor is it violence. This rich and provocative gathering of essays by anarchists past and present imagines society unburdened by state, markets un-warped by capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Cities for People, Not for Profit
    CITIES FOR PEOPLE, NOT FOR PROFIT The worldwide financial crisis has sent shock waves of accelerated economic restructuring, regulatory reorganization, and sociopolitical conflict through cities around the world. It has also given new impetus to the struggles of urban social movements emphasizing the injustice, destructiveness, and unsustainability of capitalist forms of urbanization. This book contributes analyses intended to be useful for efforts to roll back contemporary profit-based forms of urbanization, and to promote alternative, radically democratic, and sustainable forms of urbanism. The contributors provide cutting-edge analyses of contemporary urban restructuring, including the issues of neoliberalization, gentrification, colonization, “creative” cities, architecture and political power, sub-prime mortgage foreclosures, and the ongoing struggles of “right to the city” movements. At the same time, the book explores the diverse interpretive frameworks – critical and otherwise – that are currently being used in academic discourse, in political struggles, and in everyday life to decipher contemporary urban transformations and contestations. The slogan, “cities for people, not for profit,” sets into stark relief what the contributors view as a central political question involved in efforts, at once theoretical and practical, to address the global urban crises of our time. Drawing upon European and North American scholarship in sociology, politics, geography, urban planning, and urban design, the book provides useful insights and perspectives for citizens, activists, and intellectuals interested in exploring alternatives to contemporary forms of capitalist urbanization. Neil Brenner is Professor of Urban Theory at the Graduate School of Design, Harvard University. He formerly served as Professor of Sociology and Metropolitan Studies at New York University.
    [Show full text]
  • Forms of Government (World General Knowledge)
    Forms of Government (World General Knowledge) Anarchism A system that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions. These are often described as stateless societies, although several authors have defined them more specifically as institutions based on non-hierarchical or free associations. Anarchism holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, and/or harmful. Anarchy A society without a publicly enforced government or political authority. Sometimes said to be non-governance; it is a structure which strives for non-hierarchical, voluntary associations among agents. Anarchy is a situation where there is no state. Autocracy Autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power (social and political) is concentrated in the hands of one person or polity, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control Aristocracy Rule by the nobility; a system of governance where political power is in the hands of a small class of privileged individuals who claim a higher birth than the rest of society. Anocracy A regime type where power is not vested in public institutions (as in a normal democracy) but spread amongst elite groups who are constantly competing with each other for power. Adhocracy Rule by a government based on relatively disorganised principles and institutions as compared to a bureaucracy, its exact opposite. Absolute monarchy A traditional and historical system where the monarch exercises ultimate governing Downloaded from www.csstimes.pk | 1 Forms of Government (World General Knowledge) authority as head of state and head of government. Many nations of Europe during the Middle Ages were absolute monarchies.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathilde Blind
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln The George Eliot Review English, Department of 1998 Mathilde Blind Graham Handley Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ger Part of the Comparative Literature Commons, Literature in English, British Isles Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Handley, Graham, "Mathilde Blind" (1998). The George Eliot Review. 316. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/ger/316 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the English, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in The George Eliot Review by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. MATHILDE BLIND by Graham Handley The first titles in the Eminent Women Series published in 1883 by W. H. AlIen included stud­ ies of Emily Bronte and George Sand (Margaret Fuller, Maria Edgeworth, Elizabeth Fry, and Harriet Martineau would be in the next wave) as well as Mathilde Blind's pioneering, sensi­ tive, uneven and sympathetically feminist exposition of George Eliot's life and art. Blind her­ self deserves a full-length study, and at particular points her own life and works touch those of George Eliot. Born Mathilde Cohen in Mannheim in 1841, she took her stepfather's name when her mother remarried. Dr Karl Blind was an ardent republican in Baden, was imprisoned, freed, then exiled himself, first to Belgium then to England, the family settling in St John's Wood a couple of years after the European year of Revolutions in 1848. Richard Gamett, in the Memoir prefixed to the Poetical Works of Mathilde Blind (1900) refers to her unpublished autobiographical writings in which he notes her strong attachment to another girl at her school, her love of music and dancing (exemplified in her novel Tarantella, 1885) and her embracing of Christianity in her girlhood as 'this profoundly personal religion'.
    [Show full text]
  • Marxism and the Solidarity Economy: Toward a New Theory of Revolution
    Class, Race and Corporate Power Volume 9 Issue 1 Article 2 2021 Marxism and the Solidarity Economy: Toward a New Theory of Revolution Chris Wright [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Wright, Chris (2021) "Marxism and the Solidarity Economy: Toward a New Theory of Revolution," Class, Race and Corporate Power: Vol. 9 : Iss. 1 , Article 2. DOI: 10.25148/CRCP.9.1.009647 Available at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/classracecorporatepower/vol9/iss1/2 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Arts, Sciences & Education at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Class, Race and Corporate Power by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Marxism and the Solidarity Economy: Toward a New Theory of Revolution Abstract In the twenty-first century, it is time that Marxists updated the conception of socialist revolution they have inherited from Marx, Engels, and Lenin. Slogans about the “dictatorship of the proletariat” “smashing the capitalist state” and carrying out a social revolution from the commanding heights of a reconstituted state are completely obsolete. In this article I propose a reconceptualization that accomplishes several purposes: first, it explains the logical and empirical problems with Marx’s classical theory of revolution; second, it revises the classical theory to make it, for the first time, logically consistent with the premises of historical materialism; third, it provides a (Marxist) theoretical grounding for activism in the solidarity economy, and thus partially reconciles Marxism with anarchism; fourth, it accounts for the long-term failure of all attempts at socialist revolution so far.
    [Show full text]
  • The Karl Marx
    LENIN LIBRARY VO,LUME I 000'705 THE TEA~HINGS OF KARL MARX • By V. I. LENIN FLORIDA ATLANTIC UNIVERSITY U8AARY SOCIALIST - LABOR COllEClIOK INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS 381 FOURTH AVENUE • NEW YORK .J THE TEACHINGS OF KARL MARX BY V. I. LENIN INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS I NEW YORK Copyright, 1930, by INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS CO., INC. PRINTED IN THE U. S. A. ~72 CONTENTS KARL MARX 5 MARX'S TEACHINGS 10 Philosophic Materialism 10 Dialectics 13 Materialist Conception of History 14 Class Struggle 16 Marx's Economic Doctrine . 18 Socialism 29 Tactics of the Class Struggle of the Proletariat . 32 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF MARXISM 37 THE TEACHINGS OF KARL MARX By V. I. LENIN KARL MARX KARL MARX was born May 5, 1818, in the city of Trier, in the Rhine province of Prussia. His father was a lawyer-a Jew, who in 1824 adopted Protestantism. The family was well-to-do, cultured, bu~ not revolutionary. After graduating from the Gymnasium in Trier, Marx entered first the University at Bonn, later Berlin University, where he studied 'urisprudence, but devoted most of his time to history and philosop y. At th conclusion of his uni­ versity course in 1841, he submitted his doctoral dissertation on Epicure's philosophy:* Marx at that time was still an adherent of Hegel's idealism. In Berlin he belonged to the circle of "Left Hegelians" (Bruno Bauer and others) who sought to draw atheistic and revolutionary conclusions from Hegel's philosophy. After graduating from the University, Marx moved to Bonn in the expectation of becoming a professor. However, the reactionary policy of the government,-that in 1832 had deprived Ludwig Feuer­ bach of his chair and in 1836 again refused to allow him to teach, while in 1842 it forbade the Y0ung professor, Bruno Bauer, to give lectures at the University-forced Marx to abandon the idea of pursuing an academic career.
    [Show full text]
  • Writings on the American Civil War Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Writings on the North American Civil War
    Writings on the American Civil War Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Writings on the North American Civil War Karl Marx: The North American Civil War October, 1861 The Trent Case November, 1861 The Anglo-American Conflict November, 1861 Controversy Over the Trent Case December, 1861 The Progress of Feelings in England December, 1861 The Crisis Over the Slavery Issue December, 1861 News from America December, 1861 The Civil War in the United States October, 1861 The Dismissal of Frémont November, 1861 http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1860/uscivwar/index.htm (1 of 2) [23/08/2000 17:11:09] Writings on the American Civil War Friedrich Engels: Lessons of the American Civil War December, 1861 Marx/Engels Works Archive http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1860/uscivwar/index.htm (2 of 2) [23/08/2000 17:11:09] http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1860/uscivwar/index-lg.jpg http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1860/uscivwar/index-lg.jpg [23/08/2000 17:11:31] The North American Civil War Karl Marx The North American Civil War Written: October 1861 Source: Marx/Engels Collected Works, Volume 19 Publisher: Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1964 First Published: Die Presse No. 293, October 25, 1861 Online Version: marxists.org 1999 Transcribed: Bob Schwarz HTML Markup: Tim Delaney in 1999. London, October 20, 1861 For months the leading weekly and daily papers of the London press have been reiterating the same litany on the American Civil War. While they insult the free states of the North, they anxiously defend themselves against the suspicion of sympathising with the slave states of the South.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Nature of the Paris Commune of 1871 and Manifestations of Marxist Ideology in the Official Publications of the Central Committee
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2018 The Political Nature of the Paris Commune of 1871 and Manifestations of Marxist Ideology in the Official Publications of the Central Committee Emily M. Jones Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, Intellectual History Commons, Labor History Commons, Political History Commons, and the Social History Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5417 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Political Nature of the Paris Commune of 1871 and Manifestations of Marxist Ideology in the Official Publications of the Central Committee A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Virginia Commonwealth University by Emily Marshall Jones Bachelor of Arts, Randolph-Macon College, 2010 Director: Joseph W. Bendersky, PhD Department of History Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia May, 2018 ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Joseph Bendersky for his guidance and encouragement. His direction and excellent advising made both my research and this written work possible. I would also like to thank my readers, Dr. John Herman and Dr. Robert Godwin-Jones for their efforts, advice, and input. I want to thank my parents for their love, support, enthusiasm, and, most of all, their faith in me.
    [Show full text]