Copyedited by: YS MANUSCRIPT CATEGORY: Systematic Biology Spotlight Syst. Biol. 69(5):813–819, 2020 © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email:
[email protected] DOI:10.1093/sysbio/syaa029 Advance Access publication April 7, 2020 Comparative Phylogenetics of Papilio Butterfly Wing Shape and Size Demonstrates Independent Hindwing and Forewing Evolution , ,∗ H. L. OWENS1 2 ,D.S.LEWIS3,F.L.CONDAMINE4,A.Y.KAWAHARA2, AND R. P. GURALNICK2 1Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; 2Florida Museum of 3 Natural History, University of Florida, 1659 Museum Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Biology, Burman University, 6730 University Drive, Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/69/5/813/5817324 by Royal Library Copenhagen University user on 11 September 2020 Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 2E5; and 4CNRS, Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France ∗ Correspondence to be sent to: Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark; E-mail:
[email protected]. Received 16 December 2019; reviews returned 27 March 2020; accepted 30 March 2020 Associate Editor: April Wright Abstract.—The complex forces that shape butterfly wings have long been a subject of experimental and comparative research. Butterflies use their wings for flight, camouflage, mate recognition, warning, and mimicry. However, general patterns and correlations among wing shape and size evolution are still poorly understood. We collected geometric morphometric measurements from over 1400 digitized museum specimens of Papilio swallowtails and combined them with phylogenetic data to test two hypotheses: 1) forewing shape and size evolve independently of hindwing shape and size and 2) wing size evolves more quickly than wing shape.