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Numerical Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Fine Particle Coagulation and Dispersion in Dilute Flows Bart Janssens

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Numerical Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Fine Particle Coagulation and Dispersion in Dilute Flows Bart Janssens Numerical modeling and experimental investigation of fine particle coagulation and dispersion in dilute flows Bart Janssens To cite this version: Bart Janssens. Numerical modeling and experimental investigation of fine particle coagulation and dispersion in dilute flows. Mechanics [physics.med-ph]. Université de La Rochelle, 2014. English. NNT : 2014LAROS014. tel-01175006 HAL Id: tel-01175006 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01175006 Submitted on 10 Jul 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. VON KARMAN INSTITUTE FOR FLUID DYNAMICS TURBOMACHINERY &PROPULSION DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITE´ DE LA ROCHELLE - UFR SCIENCE ET TECHNOLOGIE ECOLE DOCTORALE SCIENCES ET INGENIERIE´ EN MATERIAU´ ,MECANIQUE´ , ENERG´ ETIQUE´ ET AERONAUTIQUE´ LABORATOIRE DES SCIENCES DE L’INGENIEUR´ POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT ROYAL MILITARY ACADEMY DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Numerical modeling and experimental investigation of fine particle coagulation and dispersion in dilute flows Cover art: Particle-laden turbulent channel flow, with vertical cuts and streamlines colored by streamwise particle velocity and the bottom wall colored by particle concentration. Thesis presented by Bart Janssens in order to obtain the degree of “Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Sciences - Mechanics”, Universite´ de la Rochelle, France and Royal Military Academy, Belgium, 10th of July 2014. Promoter: Prof. Tony Arts (von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Belgium) Supervisor: Prof. Walter Bosschaerts (Royal Military Academy, Belgium) Co-Supervisor: Karim Limam (Maˆıtre de conferences,´ Universite´ de La Rochelle, France) Doctoral Committee: Prof. Gerard´ Degrez (Universite´ Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium) Asst Prof. Benoˆıt Marinus (Royal Military Academy, Belgium) Prof. Hassane Naji (Universite´ d’Artois, France) Asst Prof. Elmar Recker (Royal Military Academy, Belgium) Prof. Dirk Saelens (KU Leuven, Belgium) A selection of doctoral theses published by the von Karman Institute: Benefits of flow control on compressor blade aerodynamics (F.C. S¸ahin, Universite´ Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, June 2014) Spectroscopic measurements of sub- and supersonic plasma flows for the investigation of at- mospheric re-entry shock layer radiation (D. Le Quang Huy, Universite´ Blaise Pascal, France, June 2014) Development of a high temperature cooled fast response probe for gas turbine applications (M. Mersinligil , Universite´ Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, May 2014) Experimental investigation of induced supersonic boundary layer transition (H. Bottini, Universidad Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC), Spain, March 2014) Multi-scale models and computational methods for aerothermodynamics (A. Munafo, Ecole´ Centrale de Paris, France, January 2014) Experimental aerothermal performance of turbofan bypass flow heat exchangers (L. Villafane,˜ Universidad Politecnica´ de Valencia, Spain, December 2013) A full catalogue of publications is available from the library. Numerical Modeling and Experimental Investiga- tion Fine Particle Coagulation and Dispersion in Dilute Flows Keywords: finite element method, disperse multiphase flow, Eulerian method, particle coag- ulation, experimental validation c 2014 by Bart Janssens D/2014/0238/649, T. Magin, Editor-in-Chief Published by the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics with permission. All rights reserved. Permission to use a maximum of two figures or tables and brief excerpts in scientific and educational works is hereby granted provided the source is acknowledged. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying and reproduction, for which permission requests should be addressed to the Director of the von Karman Institute. ISBN 978-2-87516-081-2 For Francis, in memoriam. Contents Abstract ix Acknowledgments xi Nomenclature xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background . .1 1.2 Scope and objectives . .2 1.3 Thesis outline . .2 I Modeling 5 2 Dispersed flow modeling: a review 7 2.1 Fundamental concepts . .7 2.1.1 Particle concentration . .7 2.1.2 Particle response time . .7 2.1.3 Dilute flow . .8 2.1.4 Rarefied flow effects . .9 2.2 Literature review . .9 2.2.1 Particle transport . .9 2.2.2 Particle coagulation . 10 2.2.3 Stabilized finite element methods . 11 2.2.4 Experimental methods . 12 2.3 Modeling choices . 13 3 Numerical method 15 3.1 Fluid model . 15 3.1.1 Coupled formulation . 15 3.1.2 Segregated formulation . 18 3.1.3 Performance aspects . 21 3.2 Discrete phase model . 26 3.2.1 Monodisperse flows . 26 3.2.2 Polydisperse flows . 31 4 Domain specific language 49 4.1 Finite element discretization . 50 vi Contents 4.2 Construction of the language . 52 4.2.1 The language layer . 53 4.2.2 The algorithm implementation layer . 54 4.2.3 External libraries . 59 4.2.4 User defined terminals . 60 4.2.5 Integration into a framework . 63 4.2.6 Compatibility with matrix expression templates . 64 4.3 Application examples . 64 4.3.1 Poisson problem . 64 4.3.2 Navier-Stokes equations using Chorin's method . 66 4.3.3 PSPG/SUPG stabilized incompressible Navier-Stokes 70 4.4 Performance analysis . 70 4.4.1 Poisson problem . 71 4.4.2 Chorin's method . 74 4.4.3 Channel flow simulation . 76 4.5 Conclusion and future work . 77 II Validation 79 5 Reference cases 81 5.1 Fluid model . 81 5.1.1 Taylor-Green vortices . 81 5.1.2 Turbulent channel flow . 86 5.2 Particle model . 90 5.2.1 Taylor-Green vortices . 90 5.2.2 Burgers vortex . 99 5.2.3 Turbulent channel flow . 104 6 Experimental validation 107 6.1 Experimental setup . 107 6.2 Flow measurements . 108 6.2.1 Horizontal plane (A) . 110 6.2.2 Inlet detail (B) . 111 6.2.3 Center plane (C) . 117 6.2.4 Numerical model validation . 117 6.3 Particle behavior . 120 6.3.1 PDA measurements . 120 6.3.2 Multi-Wavelength Light Extinction . 122 6.3.3 Numerical model validation . 132 Contents vii III Conclusion 135 7 Conclusion and further work 137 7.1 Conclusions . 137 7.2 Further work . 139 7.3 Future developments . 140 7.3.1 Language development . 140 7.3.2 Performance improvements . 140 7.3.3 Numerical improvements . 140 7.3.4 Extending the applicability . 141 7.3.5 Potential applications . 141 8 Bibliography 143 Abstract The present work deals with the development of a framework for the mod- eling of dispersed flows, including the effect of coagulation on the particle size distribution. We also explore some techniques for experimental valida- tion. Models are developed for incompressible, isothermal flow containing particles that have a small relaxation time compared to the fluid time scale. For the dispersed phase, an equilibrium Eulerian approach is used, extrap- olating the particle velocity from the fluid velocity. The size distribution is modeled using the Direct Quadrature Method of Moments. In practice, this results in solving transport equations for the weights and abscissa of a Dirac delta approximation of the size distribution. To model the effect of coagula- tion, a collision kernel that makes use of the resolved instantaneous velocity is developed. All transport equations are solved using the Finite Element Method. For the fluid, the Streamline Upwind and Pressure Stabilized Petrov-Galerkin method are used, with additional grad-div stabilization. To decrease the solution time for DNS, a segregated formulation with an explicit advection term is proposed. The particle transport equations require cross-wind diffu- sion in addition to the streamline upwind stabilization when large gradients occur. All work is available in the open source Coolfluid 3 framework, using an Embedded Domain Specific Language we developed for the implementation of finite element models. The resulting code closely resembles the variational form of the equations and is generic in terms of element type and the number of spatial dimensions. A first validation uses literature results as reference. Correctness and accuracy of the methods are verified using the Taylor-Green vortex flow. For the fluid and particle concentration, direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow is performed. The particle coagulation kernel is tested using particles of different sizes falling through a Burgers vortex. Finally, some experimental validation techniques are used on a small test chamber. Particle image velocimetry is used for the fluid motion, while the size distributions are measured using Phase Doppler Anemometry and Multiple Wavelength Light Extinction. The light extinction technique was found to produce size distributions that could provide valuable reference data for our particle model. Acknowledgments The successful completion of this work would not have been possible without the help of many people, so I would like to express my gratitude here. First of all I thank my promotors, Prof. Arts, Prof. Bosschaerts and Prof. Limam for offering me the opportunity to do this work and for their valuable support throughout the research. I am grateful for the great amount of freedom they allowed, without which it would have been impossible to delve into the C++ programming aspects of the work. I also thank the reporters and other members of the jury for their questions and comments on the manuscript. I am also most grateful to the Coolfluid 3 team. Tiago, thanks for intro- ducing me to the team and for involving me in the Coolfluid 3 transition. Tam´as,thank you for your \How to implement a Navier-Stokes solver in 10 easy steps" tutorial, and the countless intersting discussions and debugging sessions (yes there were bugs but they are all gone now). Willem, thank you for working out lots of the Coolfluid 3 basics, especially the wonderful mesh structure that is essential for all other work.
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