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Loads, Load Factors and Load Combinations

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Loads, Load Factors and Load Combinations Overall Outline 1000. Introduction 4000. Federal Regulations, Guides, and Reports Training Course on 3000. Site Investigation Civil/Structural Codes and Inspection 4000. Loads, Load Factors, and Load Combinations 5000. Concrete Structures and Construction 6000. Steel Structures and Construction 7000. General Construction Methods BMA Engineering, Inc. 8000. Exams and Course Evaluation 9000. References and Sources BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 1 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 2 4000. Loads, Load Factors, and Load Scope: Primary Documents Covered Combinations • Objective and Scope • Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and – Introduce loads, load factors, and load Other Structures [ASCE Standard 7‐05] combinations for nuclear‐related civil & structural •Seismic Analysis of Safety‐Related Nuclear design and construction Structures and Commentary [ASCE – Present and discuss Standard 4‐98] • Types of loads and their computational principles • Load factors •Design Loads on Structures During • Load combinations Construction [ASCE Standard 37‐02] • Focus on seismic loads • Computer aided analysis and design (brief) BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 3 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 4 Load Types (ASCE 7‐05) Load Types (ASCE 7‐05) • D = dead load • Lr = roof live load • Di = weight of ice • R = rain load • E = earthquake load • S = snow load • F = load due to fluids with well‐defined pressures and • T = self‐straining force maximum heights • W = wind load • F = flood load a • Wi = wind‐on‐ice loads • H = ldload due to lllateral earth pressure, ground water pressure, or pressure of bulk materials • L = live load BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 5 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 6 Dead Loads, Soil Loads, and Dead Loads HdHydros ttitatic Pressure • Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building, e.g., – Walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built‐in partitions, finishes, cladding, and other fixed service equipment including weight of cranes • Unit weight of materials and dimensions of components • Soil loads, lateral pressure, hydrostatic loads, and uplift BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 7 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 8 Live Loads Dead or Live Loads • A load produced by the use and occupancy of the • Tributary area and live load reduction bldbuilding or other structure that does not incldlude construction or environmental loads, such as wind ldload, snow ldload, rain ldload, earthkhquake ldload, floo d load, or dead load • Tabulated unit loads by occupancy and use of a structure BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 9 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 10 Flood Loads Wind Loads • They apply to structures located in areas prone to • Structures shall be designed and constructed to flooding, and include resist wind loads computed based in specified wind – Hydrostatic loads speed and various wind & pressure coefficients: – HdHydro dynam ic ldloads (i)(moving) – Simp lifie d procedure for commonly used bu ilding – Wave loads (repeated impact) geometries, closures, and stiffness without torsion • Structures shall be designed, constructed, – Analytical procedure for regular‐shaped without special wind‐related effects including torsion connected, and anchored to resist flotation, collapse, – Wind tunnel procedure is permitted in lieu of the above and permanent lateral displacement due to action of two methods for any building or structure flood loads associated with the design flood and other loads in accordance with load combinations • The effects of erosion and scour shall be included in the calculation of loads BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 11 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 12 Wind Loads: Wind Speed Wind Loads: Wind Speed Importance Factors: Degree of hazard to human life and damage to property BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 13 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 14 Method 1: Simplified Procedure Method 2: Analytical Procedure BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 15 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 16 Method 2: Analytical Procedure Method 2: Analytical Procedure BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 17 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 18 Method 2: Method 3: Wind Tunnel Analytical Procedure Main wind force resisting system Burj Dubai BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 19 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 20 Wind Load Effects Wind Load Effects Tacoma Narrow Bridge – See also video file: Tacoma Bridge BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 21 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 22 Snow Loads Ground Snow load for flat roof (f) (<5%) Snow Loads p f 0.7CeCt Ipg pg = ground snow load (tabulated) Exposure and thermal factors BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 23 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 24 Snow Loads Rain Loads • Rain load on the undeflected roof, i.e., rain loads computed without any deflection from loads (including dead loads) • Loads bdbased on roof drainage systems • Ponding instability, where “Ponding” refers to the retention of water due solely to the deflection of relatively flat roofs BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 25 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 26 Ice Loads Ice Loads • Atmospheric ice loads due to freezing rain, snow, and in‐cloud icing shall be considered in the design of ice‐ sensitive structures • 50‐year mean recurrence interval uniform ice thickness due to freezing rain (next slide) BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 27 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 28 Seismic Analysis (ASCE 4‐98) Seismic Analysis (ASCE 4‐98) TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY Earthquakes, • The Niigata-ken Chuetsu-oki FltPltFaults, Plate Earthquake (NCOE) occurred in 2007 Tectonics, • The Kashiwazaki Kariwa Nuclear EthEarth Struc ture Power SttiStation loca tdithted in the same area • The station was hit by a big tremor more than its intensity assumed to be valid at the station design stage • Preventive functions for the station safety worked as expected as it designed • Critical facilities designed as high seismic class were not damaged , though considerable damages were See video: 10.5‐ Earthquake in San Francisco! See video 10.5‐ M7.0 Earthquake Simulation seen in outside-facilities designed for Hayward Fault, California as low seismic class See video 10.5‐ Earthquake Destruction BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 29 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 30 Seismic Analysis (ASCE 4‐98) Seismic Analysis (ASCE 4‐98) In case of a release, prevailing wind predicted fallout pattern BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 31 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 32 25 Seismic Analysis (ASCE 4‐98) 20 • Requirements for performing analyses on 15 Earthquake load structures under earthquake motion 10 • Provide rules and analysis parameters that 5 pr oduce seis mic respon ses with same 0 probability of non‐exeedance as the input • Specifications of input motions -5 • Analysis standards for modeling of structures -10 • Soil structure interaction modeling and -15 analysis -20 • Input for subsystem seismic analysis -25 • Special structures 0 123 4 5 6 7 8 910 TIME - seconds • Seismic probabilistic risk assessment and seismic margin assessments Base dildisplacemen t Typical Earthquake Ground Acceleration - Percent of Gravity BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 33 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 34 2 20 0 18 16 - 2 14 - 4 12 10 - 6 8 1.0 Percent Damping 6 5.0 Percent Damping - 8 4 - 10 2 0 - 12 012345 012345678910 PERIOD - Seconds TIME - seconds Relative Displacement Spectrum y (T) Inches Absolute Earthquake Ground Displacements - Inches MAX BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 35 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 36 100 90 Seismic Analysis (ASCE 4‐98) 80 • Steps in design and construction process that 70 101.0 Percen t Damp ing 5.0 Percent Damping ldlead to the relblliability of nuclear safety‐reldlated 60 structures under earthquake motion 50 – Definition of seismic environment 40 – Analysis to obtain seismic response information 30 20 – Design or evaluation of the structural elements 10 – Construction 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 2 PERIOD - Seconds Sa y()MAX Pseudo-Acceleration Spectrum Percent of Gravity BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 37 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 38 Seismic Analysis (ASCE 4‐98) Seismic Analysis (ASCE 4‐98) • Provides requirements for designing new • Analysis provides small levels of conservatism flfacilities and evaluation of existing flfacilities to account for uncertainty • Intent of analysis methodology – Soil‐structure interaction – Output parameters maintain same non‐ – In‐structure response spectra exceedance probability as input – Structural damping – Example: produce seismic responses that have • Analysis output has slightly greater abtbout a 90% chance of not bibeing exceeddded for an probability of non‐exceedance than that for input response spectrum specified at the 84th inputs percentile BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 39 BMA Engineering, Inc. – 4000 40 NUREG 0800 NUREG 0800 Section 3.0: Design of Structures, Components, Equipment, and Systems • Applicable to Structures, Systems and Components ()(SSCs) • Seismic (3.7.1 to 3.7.4) • Two earthquake intensities Three spatial components Earthquake 1. Operating basis Seismicity & of ground motion (two Design geologic earthquake (OBE) – Safe‐shutdown earthquake ground motion (SSE) 2. Safe shutdown horizontal and one parameters conditions earthquake (SSE) vertical) – SfSafe‐operation earthqua ke ground motion (SOE) Structures, Design response spectra Ground motion systems & Site‐specific for seismic category I • Category I SSCs are SSCs designed to remain response spectra components (GMRS) GMRS SSCs at top of first functional if the SSE occurs (SSCs) surface of soil materials Design time Use 3‐compnent 1. Percentages of histories (if cancelation time history critical damping if available; otherwise SiSeism ic ana llys is o f design spectra
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