Scottish Social Statistics
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2001 Scottish Social Statistics A Scottish Executive National Statistics Publication SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE 2001 Scottish Social Statistics A Scottish Executive National Statistics Publication ii © Crown copyright 2001 iii Contents Page Chapter 1 – Population, Households and Families 3 Population profile 4 Population change: Scotland 6 Conception and birth 8 International comparisons 9 Geographic distribution - population in Scottish local authorities 10 Marriage and divorce 11 Households 13 References and further reading 15 Contacts 16 Chapter 2 – Housing 17 The housing stock and housebuilding 18 Tenure 20 Housing characteristics 24 Homelessness 28 References and further reading 31 Contacts 32 Chapter 3 – Education and Training 33 Number of school pupils and teachers by school type 34 Mainstream class sizes 36 Gender of teachers 36 Special schools 37 Places for 3 and 4 year olds in pre-school centres 38 Attainment 38 Primary Schools 38 Secondary Schools 39 Information and Communication Technology 43 Attendance and Absence 44 Violence against School Staff 44 Qualifications of school leavers and their destinations 45 Further and Higher Education 46 Tuition Fees 48 Expenditure 49 Reference and Further Reading 50 Contacts 50 Chapter 4 – Labour Market 51 Economic Activity 52 Employment 55 Employment patterns 58 References and further reading 59 Contacts 60 iv Contents (continued) Page Chapter 5 – Income, Wealth and Expenditure 61 Income and earnings 62 Benefits and Taxes 65 Poverty 66 Expenditure 67 Savings and financial concerns 67 References and further reading 69 Contacts 70 Chapter 6 – Health and Care 71 Life Expectancy 72 Priority Health Topics 73 Coronary Heart Disease and Cancer 73 Child Health 75 Mental Health of Children and Adolescents 76 Mental Health of Adults 76 Deprivation and Lifestyle Factors 78 Cancer 78 Coronary Heart Disease 79 Child Health 80 Lifestyle 81 General Health 81 Smoking 81 Alcohol Consumption 82 Drug Misuse 83 Diet 84 Physical Activity 85 Changing Patterns of Care 85 Delivery of Acute Care 85 Primary Care and New Drug Therapy 86 Continuing Care for Mental Illness 87 Cancer Survival 87 Reference and Further Reading 88 Contacts 88 Chapter 7 – Crime and Justice 89 Reporting Crime 90 Drugs and Drug Related Crime 93 Domestic Abuse 95 Racially Motivated Crime 95 The Criminal Justice System 96 Scottish Crime Survey 97 Comparison with Police Statistics 98 Public Perceptions of Crime 99 Court Sentencing and the Criminal Justice System 99 The Prison System 101 Attitudes towards the Police 103 Staffing levels 103 References and Further Reading 105 Contacts 106 v Contents (continued) Page Chapter 8 – Transport 107 Travel Habits 108 Modes of Transport 113 Social consequences of the change in modes of transport 115 Personal Expenditure on transport 118 Transport Accidents 120 Environmental Impacts of transport 123 Public versus Private Transport 124 References and Further Reading 127 Contacts 128 Chapter 9 – Environment 129 Climate change and the Greenhouse effect 130 The Air 132 The Land 134 Water 135 Energy 137 Waste 139 References and further reading 140 Contacts 141 Chapter 10 – Lifestyles and Social Participation 143 General Attitudes and beliefs 144 Political Attitudes 145 Social participation 148 Lifestyles 153 Entertainment and the media 155 Leisure Activities 160 References and Further Reading 164 Contacts 165 Appendices 167 Appendix 1: Definitions and Terms 168 Appendix 2: Major Data Sources used in Scottish Social Statistics 172 vi 1 Introduction This new compendium publication Scottish This publication is the starting point for the Social Statistics is aimed at a wide audience development of a series of more detailed and provides a broad picture of ten key social statistics publications. Whilst this social policy areas in Scotland. Using a publication intentionally sets out the broad mixture of text, charts and tables, it will picture across Scotland, the increased allow the reader to gain an informative availability of information over the next overview of some of the main social few years will allow for a series of themed developments and changes that have reports to be produced. Details have yet occurred over the last few years. Scottish to be finalised but areas such as, equality, Social Statistics owes much of its style to the relationship between rural and urban the Office for National Statistics’ publication communities and international comparisons series Social Trends which covers similar are likely to figure in forthcoming editions. areas at a mainly UK level. It can be regarded as a companion publication to Scottish Given the high-level nature of the Economic Statistics, which draws together information contained in this publication, the full range of official economic statistics some users may wish to access more for Scotland. detailed data. In order to facilitate this, at the end of each chapter there is a reference In line with all statistical publications section which contains useful reference produced by the Scottish Executive, websites. In addition contact details for the Scottish Social Statistics is available on the chapter author and key providers of data Internet at www.scotland.gov.uk/stats/sss. are also given. The web version contains some interactive elements including a quiz and it is intended We hope that you find this new publication that over time the web version will be added informative, useful and interesting. to, as more information becomes available. It is not envisaged at this point that Scottish Social Statistics, as a publication, will be produced each year, as much of the data will show little change. However, users will continue to receive a whole range of Rob Wishart statistical data through other bulletins, news releases and publications produced by Chief Statistician the Scottish Executive’s statistician group. Scottish Executive 2 Chapter1 Population Households and Families 4 Scotland is a small country in world family image of a married couple with two population terms, with around 5 million children. Many people live together and inhabitants. While the total population they tend to marry later, if at all. Couples remained stable during the second half of have fewer children. Many marriages end 1 the 20th century, its structure saw many in divorce, though many divorced people changes. Population change has 3 marry again. There are more one-person components – births, deaths and net households, more pensioner households, migration. The birth rate in Scotland has and more single parent households. fallen throughout the century, as it has in many developed counties. People live These changes have significant implications longer, with women generally living longer for all aspects of Scottish life, including the than men. As a result, Scotland’s need for childcare provision, school places, population is ageing. Increases in the housing, leisure and other facilities. numbers of elderly and very elderly people have significant implications for health and social services. The population of working Population Profile age, which provides much of the tax base In 1999, the population of Scotland was to fund services, is falling. just over 5 million: this compared to around 4.4 million in 1900. The population The geographic distribution of the population rose steadily from 1900 to reach 5 million within Scotland is also changing. Fewer in 1939. The Second World War caused a people, particularly young people, live in sharp fall, to 4.7 million in 1945, but the rural areas. The cities, and particularly city population quickly rose again, to 5.2 centres, have lost population, as those who million. The population has been around can move to the ‘leafy suburbs’. 5.1 million since 1983, and is projected to decline slightly, to 5.08 million, in 2016 Fewer households now match the traditional (Chart 1.1). Chart 1.1: Population by gender, Scotland, 1900-2016 Millions 6 5 4 3 Population (millions) Population 2 projected Males Females 1 To t a l 0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2016 Year Source: General Register Office for Scotland 5 Women outnumber men overall. This is The difference in life expectancy between because on average they live longer (Table men and women was around 6 and a half 1.2). The life expectancy at birth of a years in the mid 1970s, but has since woman born in 1999 was 78.0 years, narrowed to around 5 and a half years. In compared to 72.6 years for a man. Life 1998, life expectancy for the UK as a whole 1 expectancy has risen steadily since the last was around one and a half years higher than quarter of the 19th century. A woman that for Scotland for both men and women. born in 1861-70 had a life expectancy at Many factors affect life expectancy, but diet birth of 43.9 years, and a man 40.3 years. and lifestyle are important influences. Table 1.2: Life expectancy at birth, by gender and year of birth, Scotland, 1861-1999 Years Year of Birth 1861- 1930- 1960- 1970- 1980- 1990- 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1870 1932 1962 1972 1982 1992 Males 40.3 56.0 66.2 67.3 69.1 71.4 72.1 72.0 72.6 72.6 72.6 Females 43.9 59.5 72.0 73.7 75.3 77.1 77.6 77.7 78.0 78.1 78.0 Source: General Register Office for Scotland Note: Different time spans are shown to illustrate the change in life expectancy over the last century 1 In 1991, 62,600 people (1 /2 per cent of structure of the ethnic minority population Scotland’s population) were from an ethnic differed from that of the white population, minority. Of these around a third described with a higher percentage aged 15 and under their ethnic background as Pakistani, one in and a lower percentage of people over six as Indian and one in six as Chinese.