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American Historical Association ANNUAL REPORT • 1979

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I i ~ ( ( t American Historical Association fI ANNUAL REPORT • 1979 I- SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS City of Washington Contents Page Letters of Submittal and Transmittal. v Act of Incorporation . .. vii Presidential Address ................................. 1 Background. .. 21 Constitution and Bylaws ............................. 25 Officers, Council, Nominating Committee, Committee on Committees, and Board of Trustees for 1980 ......... 37 Officers' Reports Vice-Presidents: Professional Division ......................'...... 39 Research Division ............................... 45 Teaching Division ............................... 47 Executive Director ................................ 55 Editor............................................ 69 Controller ........................................ 75 Membership Statistics. 92 Minutes of the Council Meeting. .. 105 Minutes of the Ninety-fourth Business Meeting .... 117 Committee Reports .................................• 123 Prizes and Awards................................... 147 Report of the Pacific Coast Branch of the American Historical Association ............ , .. , .... 149 Report of the Program Chairman . 155 Program of the Ninety-fourth Annual Meeting .......... 161 I ( \i ,. " ~""'? I t iii ) ~. '} ,rk \f Letters of Submittal and Transmittal I( r " \ i 1 1 June 15, 1980 I To the Congress of the United States: In accordance with the act of incorporation of the American His­ torical Association, approved January 4, 1889, I have the honor of submitting to Congress the Annual Report of the Association for the year 1979; I ) Respectfully, I S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ! i WASHINGTON, D.C. ( ( I June 15, 1980 I \ To the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution: As provided bY law, I submit to you herewith the report of the American Historical Association, comprising the proceedings of ( the Association and the report of its Pacific Coast Branch for 1979. ( This volume constitutes the Association's report on the con- dition of historical study in the United States. Mack Thompson, Executive Director AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION I WASHINGTON, D.C. ~ / I f l. I v l ! \ > ,} 'f I } Act of Incorporation f ,~, lI t I l Be it enacted by the Senate and House ofRepresentatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That Andrew ,f D. White, ofIthaca, in the State of New York; George Bancroft, I, of Washington, in the District of Columbia; Justin Winsor, of ( Cambridge, in the State of Massachusetts; William F. Poole, \of Chicago, in the State oflllinois; Herbert B. Adams, of Baltimore, in the State of Maryland; Oarence W. Bowen, of Brooklyn, in the State of New York, their associates and successors, are hereby 1 created, in the District of Columbia, a body corporate and politic by the name of the American Historical Association, for the pro­ motion of historical studies, the collection and preservation of i historical manuscripts, and for kindred purposes in the interest \ of American history, and of history in America. Said Association ( is authorized to hold real and personal estate in the District of \ Columbia as far as may be necessary to its lawful ends, to adopt a constitution, and make bylaws not inconsistent with law. Said J ,Association shall have its principal office at Washington, in the ( District of Columbia, and may hold its annual meetings in such places as the said incorporators shall determine. Said Association ( shall report annually to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti­ tution, concerning its proceedings and the condition of historical study in America. Said Secretary shall communicate to Congress the whole of such report,or such portions thereof as he shall see l fit. The Regents of the Smithsonian Institution are authorized to permit said Association to deposit its collections, manuscripts, books, pamphlets, and other material for history in the Smith­ 1 sonian Institution or in the National Museum, at their discretion, ? upon such conditions and under such rules as they shall prescribe. \ The real property situated in Square 817, in the city of Wash­ ; ington, District of Columbia, described as lot 23, owned, occupied, '1,0;, 1 and used by the American Historical Association, is exempt from ! vii ~ all taxation so long as the same is so owned and occupied, and not used for commercial purposes, subject to the provisions of sections 2, 3, and 5 of the Act entitled, "An Act to define the real property exempt from taxation in the District of Columbia," ap­ proved December 24, 1942. [Approved, January 4, 1889, and amended July 3, 1957.] viii 'I, ~ l, J PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS ~ Mirror for Americans: ( A Century of Reconstruction History· ( JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN ( 1 \ \ PERHAPS NO HUMAN EXPERIENCE is more searing or more likely to have along-range adverse effect on the participants than violent conflict among peoples of the same national, racial, or ethnic ;' group. During the conflict itself the stresses and strains brought l on by confrontations ranging from name-calling to pitched battles move people to the brink of mutual destruction. The resulting t human casualties as well as the physical destruction serve to I exacerbate the situation to such a degree that reconciliation be­ comes virtually impossible. The warring participants, meanwhile, f have done irreparable damage to their common heritage and to ( their shared government and territory through excessive claims I and counterclaims designed to make their opponents' position appear both untenable and ludicrous. I. Situations such as these have occurred throughout history; they l are merely the most extreme and most tragic of numerous kinds ( of conflicts that beset mankind. As civil conflicts-among broth­ I ers, compatriots, coreligionists, and the like-they present a spe­ ! cial problem not only in the prosecution of the conflict itself but t in the peculiar problems related to reconciliation once the conflict \ has been resolved. One can well imagine, for example, the utter bitterness and sense of alienation that both sides felt in the conflict r, that marked the struggle for power between the death in 1493 of . Sonni Ali, the ruler of the Songhay empire, and the succession of Askia Muhammad some months later. The struggle was not 1-, ~ ~;: ( *Reprinted by permission American HistoriealReview 1980. All rights reserved. I 1 ,( i AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION only between the legitimate heir and an army commander but also between the traditional religion and the relatively new, aggressive religion ofIslam, a struggle in which the military man and his new religion emerged victorious.1 Historians have learned a great deal about these events, al­ though they are wrapped in the obscurity and, indeed, the evasive strategies of the late Middle Ages. Despite the bitterness of the participants in the struggle and the dissipating competition of scholars in the field, we have learned much more about the internal conflicts of the Songhay empire of West Mrica and about the details of Askia Muhammad's program of reconstruction than we could possibly have anticipated-either because the keepers of the records were under his influence or because any uncompli­ mentary accounts simply did not survive. Interestingly enough, however, the accounts by travelers of the energetic and long-range programs of reconstruction coincide with those that the royal scribes provided.2 Another example of tragic internal conflict is the English Civil War of the seventeenth century. The struggle between Charles I and those who supported a radical Puritan oligarchy led not only to a bloody conflict that culminated in the execution of the king but also to bizarre manifestations of acrimony that ranged from denouncing royalism in principle to defacing icons in the churches. Not until the death of Oliver Cromwell and the collapse of the Protectorate were peace and order finally achieved under Charles n, whose principal policies were doubtless motivated by his desire to survive. The king's role in the reconstruction of England was limited; indeed, the philosophical debates concerning, as well as the programs for, the new society projected by the Protectorate had a more significant impact on England's future than the res­ toration of the Stuarts had. Thanks to every generation of scholars that has worked on the English Civil War and its aftermath, we have had a succession of illuminations without an inordinate amount of heat. Granted, efforts to understand the conflict have not always been charac­ terized by cool objectivity and generous concessions. But, be­ cause historians have been more concerned with understanding 'Nehemiah Levtzion, "The Long March of Islam in the Western Sudan," in Roland Ohver, ed., The Middle Age of African HIstory (London, 1967), 16-17. 'Leo Africanus, The History and Description of Africa. 3 (New York, n.d.): 823-25; and Mahmoud Kati, Tarikh El-Fettach. ed. O. Houdas and M. Delafosse (Paris, 1913), 13-54. 2 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS the sources than with prejudging the events with or without the sources, we are in their debt for a closer approximation to the truth than would otherwise have been the case.3 I daresay that both the Africanists concerned with Songhay and the students of the English Civil War will scoff at these general statements, which they may regard as a simplistic view of the struggles that they have studied so intensely. I am in no position to argue with them. The point remains that, whether one views \ the internal conflicts of the people of Songhay in the
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