DOCSLIB.ORG

Lutheranism and the Hapsburg-Valois Wars (Fought Largely Between Charles V (Spanish House of Habsburg and the French Kings Suppo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lutheranism and the Hapsburg-Valois Wars (Fought Largely Between Charles V (Spanish House of Habsburg and the French Kings Suppo urope’s tumultuous 16th century… E Lutheranism and the Hapsburg‐Valois Wars (fought largely between Charles V (Spanish House of Habsburg and the French kings supporting a disunified German state and a weakened Hapsburg family). (1522‐1559) Peace of Augsburg 1555: Charles V abdicates German control, the religious future of Germany to Frances delight is to be decided by her several hundred German kings. Germany is to be disunified and France has a check on Habsburg power. Lutheranism emerges dominant in Germany. French difficulties: Valois dynasty surges to power under Louis XI (Spider King). Louis was known to be treacherous and sought tremendous power, his role in the wake of the Hundred Years War (England and France 1337‐1453) saw France emerge more powerful economically. Serfdom had basically disappeared. • The 15oo’s saw the French state mimic and attempt to import the Italian Renaissance under the great patron Francis I the Louvre was built and the Mona Lisa bought…problem they spent too much. Habsburg Valois wars added to the tumult with a high cost. • Religious tumult: the Concordat of Bologna gave the French king power over ecclesiastical appointments, making Catholicism the official religion. Corruption emerged, Calvinism grew. Calving wrote in French, the cultural connection was strong. Calvinism became an industrial‐urban concept in France. • Religious Civil War: 1559‐1589: sprung from the strong Valois dynasties were the weak sons of Henry II who died in 1559. 2/5‐1/4 of the French nobility was Calvinist. Calvinists and Royal Catholics began to clash. Struggle had economic, social, and political ramifications. Clergy on both sides encouraged the bloodshed. • French has a revolutionary heritage earlier centuries saw revolts after the plague and economic crisis…this was different. • Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: King’s sister Margaret Valois was to marry a prominent Protestant Henry Navarre, the goal reconciliation. The result, bloodshed. • Charles de Guise had the Huguenot leader attacked, massacres of the Huguenot gentry emerged…result? The War of the three Henry’s. King Henry III, Henry Navarre, and Charles de Guise. The result fifteen years of chaos and massacres. Saved by an enlightened minority the “politiques” who felt that ecclesiastical concerns were unworthy of human bloodshed. 2/3 of the Henry’s assassinated, Henry of Navarre emerges, converts to Catholicism, establishes the Edict of Nantes and a period of religious tranquility emerges. Internal peace restored and a tradition of strong French kings emerges. Revolt of the Netherlands: Religious crisis in the Netherlands: Netherlands a seminal area in European commerce. Controlled by Charles V, this was a banking and trading center, the culture was cosmopolitan and vibrant. Netherlands were 17 independent entities governing themselves under the guise of Habsburg control, Charles V was from the Southern part of the Netherlands around Ghent. Charles kept it together; when he retired he divided the house of Habsburg into two parts: 1. Ferdinand: Austria and the Holy Roman Empire 2. Phillip II: Spain, the Low Countries, Italy, and the Spanish possessions abroad. Calvinism was the problem, it encouraged civil disobedience. 1566 saw a revolt and destruction that eventually settled on the Cathedral of Notre Dame. The building and culture of the area was devastated. From there the violence spread throughout the region. • Phillip sent troops to pacify the region, the pacification turned bloody. Civil war raged for 10 years between 1568 and 1578. William of Orange united the seventeen provinces; Spain gradually crushed the revolt in the Southern provinces, the North united into the Union of Utrecht (United Provinces). The Southern part remained Catholic (Belgium) the Northern became the Netherlands (Protestant.) Phillip II didn’t accept this division but the geography (Dikes, Canals, Sluices) made conquest nearly impossible…so the issue turned to England. • Elizabeth didn’t want to antagonize Phillip, but the Netherlands were the most important trading partner for English wool…she also knew that conquest of the region would lead to likely conquest of England by the Spanish. Three developments forced her hand. 1. Struggle hurt the English economy 2. William the Silent (Orange) murdered, military check on Spain removed. 3. Collapse of Antwerp in 1584 posed a serious problem for England, possible Spanish conquest into England? • Elizabeth pumps 250,000 pounds into the war effort and sends 2,000 troops, in addition she puts the violently Catholic Mary of Scots (cousin) to death, agitating Phillip II and encouraging him to act. • As the self appointed global defender of Catholicism Phillip II could not sit idly by…the Pope encourage him with a 1,ooo,ooo ducat promise of support…Phillip used his South American wealth to launch the Armada a powerful fortress of 130 vessels set to conquer England. • England countered with a 150 smaller ships, many of which were set a blaze and using the narrow “Salamis” strategy they were successful. The devastating Spanish result was facilitated by the “Protestant Winds” which devastated the Spanish fleet. The consequences of the war were many: Spain placed a renewed emphasis on naval power, England rallied around the event and emerged more powerful and sought overseas empires, Habsburg domination of Western Europe was now impossible. The Thirty Years War: (1618‐1648) ∙ In response to the frail peace established by the peace of Augsburg. The factionist condition of Germany had minimized central control in the region; the principalities were fragmented and allowed for no freedom of religion. The religious climate in Europe was about to erupt. ∙ Lutherans formed the Protestant Union in 1608 and the Catholics responded with the Catholic League of 1609. The two were now in armed camps. ∙ Dynastic issues relating to the Hapsburgs were also at stake. Violence erupted first in Bohemia, in this free region the king‐closed Protestant churches…the response the hurling of two ministers out the window of a castle! Thus begins the thirty years war. ∙ War occurred in four phases. o Bohemia: 1618‐1625: civil war in Bohemia over religious liberty and independence from the Hapsburgs. Protestants defeated in Bohemia at Battle of White Mountain. o Danish: 1625‐1629: Danish lead by the ineffective King Christian IV the ineffective! More catholic victories, 1629 the peak of Hapsburg power. Saw all catholic properties lost since 1552 restored (edict of restitution). Minor sects abolished. Balance of power shifting. o Swedish: 1630‐1635: Gustavus Adolphus the Swedish king intervened on behalf of the Protestants to save the Protestants. Gustavus won brilliant military victories solidifying the Protestant come back. He was mortally wounded at Lutzen. The entrance of the Swedes into the conflict saved the protestants and Germans in Europe. The effort suffered after the death of Gustavus Adolphus, however this will inspire the catholic French to join on the side of the Protestants and oppose the Hapsburgs. o French Phase: 1635‐1648: the French Phase saw the initiation of the French into the cause. Their support will break the stalemate on behalf of the Protestants and in October of 1648 the Peace of Westphalia was signed bringing about peace to the region. o Impacts of Westphalia: 9 Reorganized Germany, recognized German principalities. 9 Holy Roman Empire destroyed 9 United Provinces of the Netherlands acknowledged. 9 Emergence of French Power. 9 Limit to the power of the Hapsburgs. 9 Calvinism a legally permissible creed. 9 Disaster for European economics 9 Death of unspeakable proportions 1/3 –2/5 of effected areas. 9 Rise in value of labor due to loss of life. Changing Attitudes: ∙ Status of Women: expected to be mature, good household manager, subservient and faithful. Husbands owed fidelity and protection. Had meager advancements in their role in the workplace. Both parties could own property and divorce. Prostitution common for both sexes. Protestant nuns encouraged marrying. ∙ The Great Witch hunt: religious nerves had been exposed and one extension of this was the Witch Hunt of the 16th century, an event that saw thousands executed for their heresy (or what they thought was heresy). Belief in witches was not new, but the religious confusion and tension was. Imagination ran wild as people of all types were thought to have made covenants with the Devil. (Stats 543) ∙ Un diagnosable diseases, sexuality, psychosis, were amongst the causes of witchcraft. ∙ Slavery and Racism: Slavery was common in Europe during the Renaissance and remained so during the era following. The need for importation of Slaves became even more common as expansion and religious wars rolled on. The need for labor became widespread. As this exploitation continued social attitudes emerged as the labor pool shrunk. Elitist attitudes grew as the terms Beastly were associated with these persons. These attitudes will take generations to overturn. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • First English Civil War (1642-46), the Second English Civil War (1648) and the Third English Civil War (1649-51)
    CIVIL WAR OF ENGLAND The English Civil War happened in the middle 17th century. The term civil war is a war where the sides involved in the fighting are from the same country. At the centre, there was a struggle between King Charles I and the Parliament of England over how England should be ruled. The King wanted to rule without Parliament telling him what to do. At first Parliament wanted to reduce the King's power, but later it decided that the country did not need a king. King Charles's supporters were known as the Royalists, and were nicknamed "Cavaliers". Parliament's supporters were known as the Parliamentarians, and were nicknamed "Roundheads". From 1639 to 1653, there was fighting in England, Scotland and Ireland, three separate countries that were ruled by the same king. The fighting that took place in each of these countries broke out at different times and for different reasons. In England, it lasted from 1642 to 1651. Some people think of this as one big war, while others think of it as three separate wars: the First English Civil War (1642-46), the Second English Civil War (1648) and the Third English Civil War (1649-51). The wars are also sometimes known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, including the Bishops' Wars in Scotland in 1639 to 1640 and the Irish Rebellion from 1641 to 1653. The Parliamentarians won the war. Charles I was captured, put on trial and in 1649 he was executed. His son CharlesII then tried to take over the country, but lost and escaped abroad.
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections on Lutheran Identity on Reformation Sunday Thomas W
    Intersections Volume 2004 | Number 19 Article 6 2004 Reflections on Lutheran Identity on Reformation Sunday Thomas W. Martin Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/intersections Augustana Digital Commons Citation Martin, Thomas W. (2004) "Reflections on Lutheran Identity on Reformation Sunday," Intersections: Vol. 2004: No. 19, Article 6. Available at: http://digitalcommons.augustana.edu/intersections/vol2004/iss19/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Augustana Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Intersections by an authorized administrator of Augustana Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reflections on Lutheran Identity on Reformation Sunday Thomas W. Martin Stories of beginnings are, like the fields of force reaching My experience of Reformation Sunday this year began out from the quantum void, vehicles of immense and with a disconcerting moment. The celebrant called us to superhuman power. Just as these fundamental physical begin worship by saying, "Today the Church gathers to forces, which although hidden away deep within the celebrate the Reformation." Instantaneously I universe's subconscious, are capable of controlling the experienced an intellectual vertigo as my mind teetered actions of galaxies and atoms, mythic stories reach from on the brink of a chasm filled with variant definitions of their primal vortices to exert their forceson our images of church. None of my Roman Catholic friends had this ourselves and our sense of order and purpose in the particular Sunday marked on their calendars. (They don't universe. The mythic casts within which we rehearse even celebrate Counter Reformation Sunday!) I briefly varied aspects of our always occurring beginnings give wondered how many of the world's Orthodox Christians shape to life, purpose to action, meaning to living and, are aware that a thing called The Reformationtook place, when shared by whole cultures or subcultures, sanction to or could name its major players.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Regulatory Function and Historical Significance of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) in Religious Conflicts
    Cultural and Religious Studies, October 2019, Vol. 7, No. 10, 571-585 doi: 10.17265/2328-2177/2019.10.003 D DAVID PUBLISHING On the Regulatory Function and Historical Significance of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) in Religious Conflicts WANG Yinhong China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing, China In 1555, the Imperial Diet in Augsburg passed a resolution to extend the application of decrees concerning peace and order of the Holy Roman Empire to religious issues, trying to achieve religious peace and order of the Empire. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) explicitly recognizes the legal existence of Lutheranism and stipulates the “religious freedom” of Imperial Estates, “cuius regio, eius religio” principle, and its exceptions. However, due to the lack of effective mechanism and measures to guarantee the compliance with the Peace of Augsburg (1555), its regulatory function can only be realized through “commitment”. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) is mainly formulated to pursue the peace and order of the Empire and also reflects the fundamental principle of compromise. However, the concepts such as “religious tolerance” and “right protection” contained therein are not original intention of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) or the subjective wishes of all parties thereto. Keywords: Holy Roman Empire, Imperial Diet in Augsburg, the Peace of Augsburg (1555), “cuius regio, eius religio” principle On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther published his Disputatio Pro Declaratione Virtutis Indulgentiarum (Disputation on the Power of Indulgences in English, also known as the Ninety-Five Theses) at the Schlosskirche in Wittenberg, which was spread to the most German areas of Holy Roman Empire in a short time-frame and became the prelude to the Reformation in German areas.
    [Show full text]
  • The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown
    6 Rebellion and Catastrophe The Thirty Years’ War was the last great religious war in Europe, and the first Europe-wide conflict of balance-of-power politics. Beginning with the Bohemian rebellion in 1618, the war grew into a confrontation between the German Protestant princes and the Holy Roman Emperor, and finally became a contest between France and the Habsburgs’ two dynastic monarchies, involving practically all other powers. The war may be divided into four phases: the Bohemian-Palatinate War (1618– 23), the Danish War (1625–29), the Swedish War (1630–35), and the Franco-Swedish War (1635–48). When the war finally ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the treaties set the groundwork for the system of international relations still in effect today. The outcome of the war integrated the Bohemian crownlands more fully with the other Habsburg possessions in a family empire that aspired to maintain its position as one of the powers in the international state system. This aspiration involved recurrent conflicts, on one side with the Turks, and on the other with Louis XIV’s France. .......................... 10888$ $CH6 08-05-04 15:18:33 PS PAGE 68 Rebellion and Catastrophe 69 VAE VICTIS!: THE BOHEMIAN CROWNLANDS IN THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR After the Battle of the White Mountain and Frederick’s flight from Prague (his brief reign earned him the epithet ‘‘The Winter King’’), the last garrisons loyal to the Estates in southern and western Bohemia surrendered in May 1622. Even before these victories Ferdinand II began to settle accounts with his Bohemian opponents.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Luther’S New Doctrine of Salvation That Resulted in a Break from the Catholic Church and the Establishment of Lutheranism
    DO NOW WHAT DOES THE WORD REFORM MEAN? WHAT DO YOU THINK IT MEANS REGARDING THE CHURCH? Learning Targets and Intentions of the Lesson I Want Students To: 1. KNOW the significance of Martin Luther’s new doctrine of salvation that resulted in a break from the Catholic church and the establishment of Lutheranism. 2. UNDERSTAND the way humanism and Erasmus forged the Reformation. 3. Analyze (SKILL) how Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the most dynamic form of Protestantism. Essential Question. What caused the Protestant Reformation? REFORMATION RE FORM TO DO TO MAKE AGAIN BUT DO OVER/MAKE WHAT AGAIN?THE CHURCH! Definitions Protest Reform To express strong To improve by objection correcting errors The Protestant Reformation 5 Problems in the Church • Corruption • Political Conflicts Calls for Reform • John Wycliffe (1330-1384) – Questioned the authority of the pope • Jan Hus (1370-1415) – Criticized the vast wealth of the Church • Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536) – Attacked corruption in the Church Corruption • The Church raised money through practices like simony and selling indulgences. Advantages of Buying Indulgences Go Directly to Heaven! • Do not go to Hell! • Do not go to Purgatory! • Get through Purgatory faster! • Do not pass Go! Martin Luther Who was Martin Luther? • Born in Germany in 1483. • After surviving a violent storm, he vowed to become a monk. • Lived in the city of Wittenberg. • Died in 1546. Luther Looks for Reforms • Luther criticized Church practices, like selling indulgences. • He wanted to begin a discussion within the Church about the true path to salvation. • Stresses faith over He nailed his Ninety- works, rejected church Five Theses, or as intermediary.
    [Show full text]
  • The Augsburg Confession and the Confessional Principle Churchman 94/4 1980
    The Augsburg Confession and the Confessional Principle Churchman 94/4 1980 Robin A. Leaver In recent years Lutherans, particularly in America and Germany, have been re-examining their confessional inheritance. In 1977 the four hundredth anniversary of the compilation of the Formula of Concord was celebrated in a variety of ways. Not least was a succession of publications investigating the background of the document, its compilers, theology and later influence.1 The Formula was created in order to bring unity to the Lutheran churches which had been divided by various doctrinal controversies following Luther’s death in 1546. Although confessional in form, the Formula was not regarded as a replacement of the Augsburg Confession but rather as an amplification and clarification of certain doctrines implicit in the earlier confessional document. The formulators wrote: ‘Herewith we again whole-heartedly subscribe this Christian and thoroughly scriptural Augsburg Confession . And we do not intend . to depart from the aforementioned Confession or to set up a different and new confession.’2 Last year, 1979, the celebrations centred on the four hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Diet of Speyer (1529) at which Lutherans presented their ‘Protest’, an action that earned for them the appellation ‘Protestant’.3 ‘In matters which concern God’s honour and the salvation and eternal life of our souls, every one must stand and give account before God for himself.’4 This protest led on to the confession of the following year. The year 1980 is a double
    [Show full text]
  • Dating the Reformation
    The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes. The disruption triggered wars, persecutions and the so-called Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church’s delayed but forceful response to the Protestants. DATING THE REFORMATION Historians usually date the start of the Protestant Reformation to the 1517 publication of Martin Luther’s “95 Theses.” Its ending can be placed anywhere from the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany, to the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years’ War. The key ideas of the Reformation—a call to purify the church and a belief that the Bible, not tradition, should be the sole source of spiritual authority—were not themselves novel. However, Luther and the other reformers became the first to skillfully use the power of the printing press to give their ideas a wide audience. 1 Did You Know? No reformer was more adept than Martin Luther at using the power of the press to spread his ideas. Between 1518 and 1525, Luther published more works than the next 17 most prolific reformers combined. THE REFORMATION: GERMANY AND LUTHERANISM Martin Luther (1483-1546) was an Augustinian monk and university lecturer in Wittenberg when he composed his “95 Theses,” which protested the pope’s sale of reprieves from penance, or indulgences.
    [Show full text]
  • 5 Facts You Need to Know About: Lutheranism 1. Lutheranism Is The
    5 Facts You Need to Know About: Lutheranism 1. Lutheranism is the oldest and third largest Protestant denomination with approximately 80 million adherents worldwide, 8.3 million in the United States and consists of a number of different denominations. Denominations include: The ELCA (Evangelical Lutheran Church in America) and the LCMS (Lutheran Church Missouri Synod) comprise 94% of Lutherans in the United States, the WELS (Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod) and ELS (Evangelical Lutheran Synod) comprise 5%, and the rest comprise of smaller synodical conferences 2. It was established on the reforms of Martin Luther and officially split from the Catholic Church in 1521. Luther was a friar in the Holy Roman Empire who condemned the sale of indulgences in his parish. This anger drove him to write his 95 Theses, a collection of problems he saw in the Church. His defense of these and their spread sparked the Protestant Reformation. 3. Lutheranism advocates for faith based on scripture found in the Christian Bible alone. Lutherans believe salvation is found through repentance and the acceptance of Jesus Christ as savior. 4. Lutherans believe acceptance of Jesus Christ as the savior of mankind by dying for the world’s sins and repentance will lead to salvation while unbelief and sin leads to eternal damnation. 5. The Lutheran Church teaches that God created everything free of sin but Adam and Eve corrupted humanity through hubris and not resisting the devil’s temptation. According to Lutheran teaching, all humans are born with the burden of original sin, a consequence of Adam and Eve’s inability to resist temptation and eating of the apple from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil.
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, the Netherlands (ISBN: 978 90 04 18262 2)
    © 2010 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands (ISBN: 978 90 04 18262 2) CHAPTER THIRTEEN PATRES PATRIAE OR PRODITORES PATRIAE? LEGITIMIZING AND DE-LEGITIMIZING THE AUTHORITY OF THE PROVINCIAL ESTATES IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY BOHEMIA Petr Maťa Th is contribution is concerned with patriotic sentiment and language in Bohemia in the second half of the seventeenth century.1 It aims primarily at providing greater historical context to what has been writ- ten on this topic. Here, I will introduce new evidence framed by a case study. Yet a case study might be exactly a good starting point given the current state of knowledge. Hitherto, interpretations have been built up on a markedly limited scrutiny of source material, and historians have usually overprivileged a few texts and fi gures at the expense of many others. Being interested primarily in tracing the lin- eage of a national consciousness, they have perpetuated the tendency, deep-rooted in the traditional master narrative of a Czech national history, to line up seventeenth- and eighteenth-century “patriots”— mostly authors of historiographical and hagiographical writings—in a chain of canonized witnesses of national awareness. Th is tendency has predetermined both the selective research interests and the inter- pretation of these texts as primarily manifestations of Czech national consciousness. 1 In this article, I deliberately avoid the term “patriotism”. Beyond the general problematic nature of the “ism” terms, especially when applied to the premodern and early modern situations, it is precisely the notion of patriotic talk as primarily an expression of consistent patriotic positions or even a political doctrine that I intend to problematize here.
    [Show full text]
  • Holy Roman Empire
    WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 1 V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 CONTENT Historical Background Bohemian-Palatine War (1618–1623) Danish intervention (1625–1629) Swedish intervention (1630–1635) French intervention (1635 –1648) Peace of Westphalia SPECIAL RULES DEPLOYMENT Belligerents Commanders ARMY LISTS Baden Bohemia Brandenburg-Prussia Brunswick-Lüneburg Catholic League Croatia Denmark-Norway (1625-9) Denmark-Norway (1643-45) Electorate of the Palatinate (Kurpfalz) England France Hessen-Kassel Holy Roman Empire Hungarian Anti-Habsburg Rebels Hungary & Transylvania Ottoman Empire Polish-Lithuanian (1618-31) Later Polish (1632 -48) Protestant Mercenary (1618-26) Saxony Scotland Spain Sweden (1618 -29) Sweden (1630 -48) United Provinces Zaporozhian Cossacks BATTLES ORDERS OF BATTLE MISCELLANEOUS Community Manufacturers Thanks Books Many thanks to Siegfried Bajohr and the Kurpfalz Feldherren for the pictures of painted figures. You can see them and much more here: http://www.kurpfalz-feldherren.de/ Also thanks to the members of the Grimsby Wargames club for the pictures of painted figures. Homepage with a nice gallery this : http://grimsbywargamessociety.webs.com/ 2 V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 3 V1V2 WAR & CONQUEST THE THIRTY YEARS WAR 1618-1648 The rulers of the nations neighboring the Holy Roman Empire HISTORICAL BACKGROUND also contributed to the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War: Spain was interested in the German states because it held the territories of the Spanish Netherlands on the western border of the Empire and states within Italy which were connected by land through the Spanish Road. The Dutch revolted against the Spanish domination during the 1560s, leading to a protracted war of independence that led to a truce only in 1609.
    [Show full text]
  • The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict Justin Mcmurdie George Fox University, [email protected]
    Digital Commons @ George Fox University Seminary Masters Theses Seminary 5-1-2014 The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict Justin McMurdie George Fox University, [email protected] This research is a product of the Master of Arts in Theological Studies (MATS) program at George Fox University. Find out more about the program. Recommended Citation McMurdie, Justin, "The Thirty Years' War: Examining the Origins and Effects of Corpus Christianum's Defining Conflict" (2014). Seminary Masters Theses. Paper 16. http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/seminary_masters/16 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Seminary at Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Seminary Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. A MASTER’S THESIS SUBMITTED TO GEORGE FOX EVANGELICAL SEMINARY FOR CHTH – 571-572: THESIS RESEARCH AND WRITING DR. DAN BRUNNER (PRIMARY ADVISOR) SPRING 2014 BY JUSTIN MCMURDIE THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR: EXAMINING THE ORIGINS AND EFFECTS OF CORPUS CHRISTIANUM’S DEFINING CONFLICT APRIL 4, 2014 Copyright © 2014 by Justin M. McMurdie All rights reserved CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 PART 1: THE RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR 6 Corpus Christianum: The Religious, Social, and Political Framework of the West from Constantine to the Reformation 6 The Protestant Reformation, Catholic Counter-Reformation, and Intractable Problems for the “Holy Roman Empire of the
    [Show full text]
  • Age of the Thirty Years War (1598-1660)
    INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND WARFARE IN THE LATE MIDDLE AGES AND EARLY MODERN EUROPE A Bibliography of Diplomatic and Military Studies William Young Chapter 5 Age of the Thirty Years War (1598-1660) Europe (1598-1660) Asch, Ronald G. The Thirty Years War: The Holy Roman Empire and Europe, 1618-1648. European History in Perspective series. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997. Beller, Elmer Adolph. Propaganda in Germany during the Thirty Years War. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1940. __________. “Recent Studies on the Thirty Years War.” The Journal of Modern History 3 (March 1931): 72-83. __________. “The Thirty Years War.” In The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War, 1609-48/59. Volume 4 in The New Cambridge Modern History. Edited by John Phillips Cooper. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. Bireley, Robert. The Jesuits and the Thirty Years War: Kings, Courts, and Confessors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Bonney, Richard. “The Struggle for European Hegemony, 1618-1660.” Chapter 4 in The European Dynastic States, 1494-1660. The Short Oxford History of the Modern World series. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. __________. The Thirty Years War, 1618-1648. Essential Histories series. Botley, England: Osprey, 2002. 1 Bussmann, Klaus and Heinz Schilling, editors. 1648: War and Peace in Europe. 3 volumes. Münster/Osnabrück, Germany: Landschaftsverband Westfälen-Lippe, Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturegeschichte, 1998. Darby, Graham. The Thirty Years War. Access to History series. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2001. Deakin, Quentin. Expansion, War and Rebellion: Europe, 1598-1661. Cambridge Perspectives in History series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Elliott, John Huxtable.
    [Show full text]