HORTSCIENCE 42(3):718–720. 2007. the effects of pesticide use in urban areas and the potential for the development of resis- tance to insecticides, the identification of Evaluation of Warm-season plants with resistance offers an effective and environmentally responsible alternative Turfgrasses for Resistance to the for managing this pest. Differences in the susceptibility of several cool- and warm- Chinch Bug, occiduus season turfgrasses to chinch bugs have been well documented (Ahmad et al., 1984; Baker Thomas E. Eickhoff1, Tiffany M. Heng-Moss, and et al., 1981; Gulsen et al., 2004; Heng-Moss Frederick P. Baxendale et al., 2002; Lynch et al., 1987; Mathais et al., Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 202 Plant 1990; Ratcliffe, 1982; Reinert and Dudeck, 1974). In buffalograss, Heng-Moss et al. Industry Building, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 (2003) identified the cultivars Cody and Additional index words. bermudagrass, buffalograss, zoysiagrass, plant resistance, IPM, Tatanka as tolerant, whereas Prestige integrated pest management, plant breeding exhibited both tolerance and antixenosis to B. occiduus. Further research by Gulsen et al. Abstract. The chinch bug, Barber, has been documented as a serious pest (2004) identified the buffalograss genotypes of buffalograss, Buchloe¨ dactyloides (Nutall) Engelmann, and zoysiagrass, Zoysia ‘184’, ‘196’, and ‘PX3-5-1’ as highly resis- japonica Steudel, turf grown in the Midwest. In addition to these two warm-season tant to B. occiduus. Although researchers turfgrasses, several other warm-season grasses, including bermudagrass, Cynodon have identified resistance in bermudagrass dactylon (L.) Pers., may also be at risk of B. occiduus infestations. This research and zoysiagrass cultivars to other turfgrass evaluated selected bermudagrass and zoysiagrass cultivars for resistance to B. occiduus. pests, including bermudagrass mites, Erio- Eleven zoysiagrass and four bermudagrass cultivars were evaluated for resistance to phyes cynodoniensis Sayed, fall armyworm B. occiduus using no-choice studies under greenhouse conditions. Based on turfgrass Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), hunting damage ratings, the zoysiagrasses ‘Diamond’, ‘Zoro’, and ‘Emerald’, and bermudagrass billbug Sphenophorus venatus vestitus Chit- ‘Mini Verde’ were identified as moderately resistant to B. occiduus. The zoysiagrasses tenden, and tawny mole cricket Scapteriscus ‘Zenith’, ‘Meyer’, and ‘Crowne’, and bermudagrasses ‘Tifway 419’ and ‘Tifsport’’ were vicinus Scudder (Braman et al., 1994, 2004; characterized as highly to moderately susceptible to B. occiduus. These results provide Reinert et al., 1993, 2005), very little infor- the first report of resistance to B. occiduus in zoysiagrass and bermudagrass germplasm. mation is available on the susceptibility of zoysiagrass and bermudagrass germplasm to chinch bugs. The recent emergence of B. The western chinch bug, Blissus occiduus Blissus occiduus has a reported distribu- occiduus as a serious pest of zoysiagrass, and Barber, is one of four chinch bug species tion, including Arizona, California, Colo- its potential to damage bermudagrass, under- commonly associated with turfgrasses in the rado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New scores the need for information regarding the United States. In addition to B. occiduus, the Mexico, and Oklahoma in the United States; susceptibility of these grasses to this common chinch bug [ and Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, pest. Accordingly, the objective of this leucopterus (Say)], the hairy chinch bug and Saskatchewan in Canada (Baxendale research was to evaluate selected bermuda- (Blissus leucopterus hirtus Montandon), and et al., 1999; Bird and Mitchner, 1950; Slater, grass and zoysiagrass germplasm for resis- the southern chinch bug ( 1964). This chinch bug’s host range includes tance to B. occiduus. Barber) are considered serious turfgrass numerous agriculturally and horticulturally pests. These four chinch bug species are part important crop, weed, and turfgrass species of a chinch bug complex that have a wide (Bird and Mitchner, 1950; Eickhoff et al., Materials and Methods distribution extending primarily east of the 2004; Farstad and Staff, 1951; Ferris, 1920). Rocky Mountains and from Mexico to Although the original report of B. occiduus as Eleven zoysiagrasses and four bermuda- Canada (Vittum et al., 1999), and have a a turfgrass pest was on buffalograss [Buchloe¨ grasses were selected and screened under well-documented host range that encom- dactyloides (Nutall) Engelmann], (Baxendale greenhouse conditions to evaluate their resis- passes many economically important crop, et al., 1999) it has since emerged as a tance to B. occiduus. These grasses were weed, and turfgrass species. The hairy chinch serious pest of zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica selected because they are commercially bug is found primarily in the northeastern Steudel) turf in areas of southeastern available and commonly planted. Grasses United States and is normally associated with Nebraska (Eickhoff et al., 2006). The evaluated included the zoysiagrass cultivars cool-season turfgrasses, whereas southern growing popularity of buffalograss as a Cavalier, Crowne, DeAnza, Diamond, Emer- chinch bugs occur in southern areas of the low-maintenance turfgrass requiring reduced ald, El Toro, Meyer, Palisades, Royal, United States and feed on warm-season levels of irrigation, nitrogen, and mowing Zenith, and Zoro, and the bermudagrass turfgrasses (Reinert et al., 1995). (Frank et al., 2004) has dramatically cultivars Jackpot, Mini Verde, Tifway 419, increased the amount of buffalograss planted and Tifsport. The buffalograsses ‘Prestige’ in newly developed areas, including southern and ‘378’ served as the resistant and suscep- regions of the United States. As these buffa- tible checks respectively in all experiments, Received for publication 5 Oct. 2006. Accepted for lograss stands experience chinch bug dam- because these buffalograsses have docu- publication 9 Dec. 2006. age, B. occiduus will likely seek out mented levels of resistance to B. occiduus. A contribution of the University of Nebraska Agri- secondary hosts in close proximity, such as The zoysiagrasses ‘Crowne’, ‘Emerald’, cultural Research Division, supported in part by bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] ‘El Toro’, ‘Meyer’, and ‘Palisades’, and the funds provided through University of Nebraska and zoysiagrass. Furthermore, research by bermudagrasses ‘Tifway 419’ and ‘Mini Agricultural Expt. Sta. project 17-062. Additional Eickhoff et al. (2006) indicates that of Verde’ were acquired from Turfgrass support was provided by the United States Golf B. occiduus documented grass hosts, the America (Cleveland, Texas). ‘Cavalier’, Association and the Nebraska Turfgrass Association. warm-season turfgrasses bermudagrass, ‘Diamond’, ‘Royal’, and ‘Zoro’ zoysia- We gratefully acknowledge Bob Wright and Tom Hunt for reviewing the manuscript, and Mitch buffalograss, and zoysiagrass are at highest grasses were obtained from M.C. Engelke at Stamm, Travis Prochaska, and Chelsey Wasem risk of serious damage. Texas A&M University (Dallas, Texas), and (University of Nebraska) for technical assistance. Currently, insecticides are available that ‘DeAnza’ zoysiagrass and ‘Tifsport’ bermu- 1To whom reprint requests should be addressed; will effectively control chinch bugs in turf- dagrass were provided by C. Rogers at the e-mail [email protected] grass. However, with growing concern over University of Arizona (Maricopa, Ariz.).

718 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 42(3) JUNE 2007 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS

‘Zenith’ zoysiagrass was purchased from When the mean damage rating of the was highly susceptible to chinch bug feeding Todd Valley Farms (Mead, Nebr.), and sto- B. occiduus-susceptible grass (‘378’) reached (mean damage ratings, 4.0 and 4.5 respec- lons of ‘Jackpot’ bermudagrass were 4.0 or more, the contents (soil and grass) of tively; mean number of chinch bugs, 39.2 and obtained from bermudagrass stands on the each cone-tainer were placed in a Berlese 61.3 respectively). These results support the University of Nebraska–Lincoln campus. funnel (Southwood, 1978) for 48 h. Extracted findings of Heng-Moss et al. (2003), who Sod plugs (diameter, 10.6 cm; depth, 8 cm) chinch bugs were collected in 70% ethyl noted that ‘378’ is highly susceptible to of ‘Prestige’ and ‘378’ buffalograss were alcohol and counted. Grasses were grouped B. occiduus. The zoysiagrasses ‘Meyer’, extracted from research plots at the John into one of four levels of susceptibility based ‘Zenith’, and ‘Crowne’ were highly to mod- Seaton Anderson Turfgrass and Ornamental on mean chinch bug damage ratings for each erately susceptible to B. occiduus feeding, Research Facility (JSA Research Facility), study. The four levels were designated as HS reaching a damage rating of $4.0 in at least University of Nebraska Agricultural Research (highly susceptible; chinch bug damage one of the studies. ‘DeAnza’ was moderately and Development Center, near Mead, Nebr. rating $ 4), MS (moderately susceptible; susceptible, with a mean damage rating The previously named grasses were vegeta- chinch bug damage rating $ 3 but < 4); MR of 3.3. ‘El Toro’, ‘Royal’, ‘Cavalier’, and tively established in the greenhouse in 35 · (moderately resistant; chinch bug damage ‘Palisades’ were moderately resistant to 50-cm flats and provided the vegetative plant rating > 1 but < 3), and HR (highly resistant; moderately susceptible, with damage ratings material for these experiments. chinch bug damage rating = 1) (Anderson ranging between 2.8 and 2.3 in study 1 and Before initiation of experiments, turf- et al., 2006; Heng-Moss et al., 2002). from 3.3 to 3.0 in study 2. ‘Crowne’, ‘El grasses were vegetatively propagated by Statistical analysis. Grasses were grouped Toro’, and ‘Zenith’ had large numbers of planting individual stolons or rhizomes of by species (bermudagrass and zoysiagrass) B. occiduus (23.8, 36.5, and 14.5 in study 1 each grass in an SC-10 Super Cell Ray Leach and data were analyzed using mixed model respectively; and 24.5, 16.8, and 11.0 in study Cone-tainer single-cell system (diameter, analysis (PROC MIXED v. 9.1; SAS Insti- 2 respectively) remaining at harvest (Table 3.8 cm; depth, 21 cm; Stuewe & Sons, tute, Cary, N.C.) to detect differences in 1). Conversely, ‘Meyer’ and ‘DeAnza’ sus- Corvallis, Ore.) containing a potting mixture B. occiduus damage and number of chinch tained significant damage from B. occiduus of 2 sand : 1 soil : 3 peat : 3 perlite ratio. Cone- bugs at harvest. Both groups of turfgrass despite low numbers of chinch bugs on the tainers were placed in 7 · 14 Cone-tainer trays species were compared with the resistant plants, suggesting their high level of suscep- (Stuewe & Sons). Plants were irrigated as and susceptible buffalograsses. When appro- tibility to B. occiduus. ‘Diamond’, ‘Zoro’, needed, fertilized weekly with a soluble priate, means were separated using Fisher’s and ‘Emerald’ were characterized as moder- 20N–10P–20K fertilizer, and were main- least significant difference (LSD) procedure. ately resistant and had lower damage ratings tained under 400-W high-intensity discharge (damage ratings between 2.8 and 2.2 in lamps with a 16h/8h (day/night) photoperiod. Results studies 1 and 2 respectively) than the known Grasses were trimmed to the soil surface chinch bug-resistant buffalograss ‘Prestige’ 1 week before initiation of experiments to Zoysiagrasses. Statistically significant (ratings of 2.5 and 2.8 respectively), indicat- ensure that all grass vegetation was about differences (study 1: F = 9.48, df = 12, 65, ing these zoysiagrasses are also resistant to the same age at the onset of the experiment. P = 0.0001; study 2: F = 10.21, df = 11, 60, B. occiduus. All the zoysiagrasses character- Two greenhouse screening studies were P = 0.0001) in B. occiduus damage ratings and ized as moderately resistant had significantly conducted using B. occiduus collected from the number of B. occiduus (study 1: F = 6.14, fewer chinch bugs remaining at harvest than buffalograss research plots at the JSA df = 12, 65, P = 0.0001; study 2: F = 4.75, df = ‘Prestige’, suggesting the presence of antibi- Research Facility by vacuuming the soil 11, 60, P = 0.0001) remaining on the grasses osis or antixenosis; however, further research surface with a modified ECHO Shred’N Vac at harvest were detected among the turfgrass is needed to confirm this observation. (model no. 2400; ECHO Inc., Lake Zurich, species evaluated in studies 1 and 2 (Table 1). Bermudagrasses. Statistically significant Ill.). Chinch bugs were held under laboratory None of the zoysiagrasses tested in studies 1 differences (study 1: F = 7.37, df = 5, 30, P = conditions [26 ± 3 C, 16:8 (light/dark)-h and 2 had damage ratings as high as the 0.0001; study 2: F = 5.28, df = 5, 30, P = photoperiod] and preconditioned by starving susceptible buffalograss cultivar 378, which 0.0014) in B. occiduus damage ratings and for 24 h before the initiation of the experi- ment. A total of 10 fourth and fifth [deter- mined according to Baxendale et al. (1999)] Table 1. Zoysiagrass resistance to Blissus occiduus. instar chinch bugs (sex undetermined) were Mean damagez Mean no. of chinch bugsy collected with an aspirator, placed on plants Zoysia cultivars Study 1 Study 2 Study 1 Study 2 Resistance ratingx in Cone-tainers fitted with tubular Plexiglas 378w 4.0 a 4.5 a 39.2 ab 61.3 a HS cages (diameter, 4 cm; height, 30 cm), and Zenith 4.0 a 3.5 bcd 14.5 cd 11.0 b HS-MS the tops were covered with organdy fabric. Meyer 3.8 ab 4.0 abc 5.0 cd 3.8 b HS-MS The experimental design for all experiments Crowne 3.2 c 4.2 ab 23.8 bc 24.5 b HS-MS was a completely randomized design with six DeAnzav 3.3 bc — 4.5 cd — MS replications. Both studies were conducted El Toro 2.8 cd 3.3 cd 36.5 ab 16.8 b MR-MS using second-generation chinch bugs. Studies Royal 2.8 cd 3.0 de 1.2 d 4.0 b MR-MS Cavalier 2.5 d 3.2 cd 2.8 d 2.3 b MR-MS 1 and 2 were conducted from 16 Sept. to Palisades 2.3 de 3.0 de 4.8 cd 7.0 b MR-MS 3 Nov. 2003 and 26 Sept. to 11 Nov. 2003 Prestigeu 2.5 d 2.8 de 56.5 a 72.3 a MR respectively. Diamond 2.3 de 2.8 de 5.0 cd 2.3 b MR The susceptibility of the turfgrasses to Zoro 2.3 de 2.2 ef 7.3 cd 8.8 b MR B. occiduus feeding was measured by visu- Emerald 1.8 e 1.8 f 1.8 d 1.5 b MR ally rating plants for chinch bug damage z1, 10% or less of leaf area with reddish discoloration; 2, 11% to 30% of leaf area with reddish every third day. Damage ratings were based discoloration; 3, 31% to 50% of leaf area with reddish discoloration; 4, 51% to 70% of leaf area with on a 5-point scale, where 1 is 10% or less of reddish or yellowing discoloration; 5, 71% or more of leaf area with severe discoloration or dead tissue leaf area with reddish discoloration, 2 is 11% (Heng-Moss et al., 2002). Study 1 SE, 0.32; study 2 SE, 0.34. yMean number of chinch bugs per cone-tainer at harvest. Study 1 SE, 10.2; study 2 SE, 15.5. to 30% of leaf area with reddish discolor- x ation, 3 is 31% to 50% of leaf area with HR, highly resistant; HS, highly susceptible; MR, moderately resistant; MS, moderately susceptible (Heng-Moss et al., 2002). reddish discoloration, 4 is 51% to 70% of leaf w‘378’, susceptible buffalograss (Heng-Moss et al., 2003). area with reddish or yellowing discoloration, v‘DeAnza’ not included in study 2 because of insufficient plant material. and 5 is 71% or more of leaf area with severe u‘Prestige’, resistant buffalograss (Heng-Moss et al., 2003). discoloration or dead tissue (Heng-Moss Means within the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P > 0.05, et al., 2002). Fisher’s LSD test).

HORTSCIENCE VOL. 42(3) JUNE 2007 719 Table 2. Bermudagrass resistance to Blissus occiduus. Braman, S.K., R.R. Duncan, W.W. Hanna, and z y M.C. Engelke. 2004. Turfgrass species and Bermudagrass Mean damage Mean no. of chinch bugs Resistance x cultivar influences on survival and parasitism cultivars Study 1 Study 2 Study 1 Study 2 rating of fall armyworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 97:1993– w 378 4.0 a 4.5 a 39.2 a 61.3 a HS 1998. Tifway 3.2 b 3.5 b 9.8 b 14.8 b MS Braman, S.K., A.F. Pendley, R.N. Carrow, and Tifsport 3.0 b 3.5 b 2.5 b 5.8 b MS M.C. Engelke. 1994. Potential resistance in Jackpot 2.8 b 3.0 bc 0.8 b 1.0 b MR-MS v zoysiagrasses to tawny mole crickets (Orthop- Prestige 2.5 b 2.8 bc 56.5 a 72.3 a MR tera: Gryllotalpidae). Fla. Entomol. 77:301–305. Mini Verde 1.7 c 2.5 c 2.8 b 1.2 b MR Eickhoff, T.E., F.P. Baxendale, T.M. Heng-Moss, z1, 10% or less of leaf area with reddish discoloration; 2, 11% to 30% of leaf area with reddish and E.E. Blankenship. 2004. Turfgrass, crop discoloration; 3, 31% to 50% of leaf area with reddish discoloration; 4, 51% to 70% of leaf area with and weed hosts Blissus occiduus (: reddish or yellowing discoloration; 5, 71% or more of leaf area with severe discoloration or dead tissue Lygaeidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 97:67–73. (Heng-Moss et al., 2002). Study 1 SE, 0.4; study 2 SE, 0.43. Eickhoff, T.E., T.M. Heng-Moss, and F.P. y Mean number of chinch bugs per cone-tainer at harvest. Study 1 SE, 9.0; study 2 SE, 21.5. Baxendale. 2006. Host preference of the chinch x HS, highly susceptible; MR, moderately resistant; MS, moderately susceptible (Heng-Moss et al., 2002). bug, Blissus occiduus.J.InsectSci.6(7):6. w ‘378’, susceptible buffalograss. Farstad, C.W. and A. Staff. 1951. of the sea- v ‘Prestige’, resistant buffalograss. son in Alberta, 1950. Can. Insect Pest Rev. 29:18. Means within the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P > 0.05, Fisher’s Ferris, G.F. 1920. Insects of economic importance LSD test). in the cape region of lower California, Mexico. J. Econ. Entomol. 13:463–467. Frank, K.W., R.E. Gaussoin, T.P. Riordan, R.C. the number of B. occiduus (study 1: F = (‘Meyer’, ‘Zenith’, ‘DeAnza’, ‘Tifway’, and Shearman, J.D. Fry, E.D. Miltner, and P.G. 13.55, df = 5, 30, P = 0.0001; study 2: F = ‘Tifsport’) had relatively low chinch bug Johnson. 2004. Nitrogen rate and mowing 4.45, df = 5, 30, P = 0.0038) remaining on the numbers remaining at harvest, indicating that height effects of turf-type buffalograss. Crop grasses at harvest were detected among the even at low infestation levels, B. occiduus Sci. 44:1615–1621. turfgrass species evaluated in studies 1 and 2 can cause significant damage to these grasses. Gulsen, O., T.M. Heng-Moss, R. Shearman, P.S. Baenziger, D. Lee, and F.P. Baxendale. 2004. (Table 2). Of the bermudagrasses evaluated, It is interesting to note that ‘Meyer’ zoysia- Buffalograss germplasm resistance to Blissus none were as susceptible to B. occiduus as the grass did not have high numbers of B. occiduus occiduus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). J. Econ. susceptible buffalograss cultivar 378. The remaining at harvest. ‘Meyer’ is widely grown Entomol. 96:2101–2105. bermudagrasses ‘Tifway’ and ‘Tifsport’ were in southeastern Nebraska and is commonly Heng-Moss, T.M., F.P. Baxendale, T.P. Riordan, moderately susceptible, with mean damage infested with B. occiduus in urban landscapes. and J.E. Foster. 2002. Evaluation of buffalog- ratings of 3.2 and 3.0 in study 1, respectively, The high level of damage observed in ‘Meyer’, rass germplasm for resistance to Blissus occi- and 3.5 and 3.5 in study 2, respectively. despite low numbers of chinch bugs, supports duus turf. J. Econ. Entomol. 95:1054–1058. ‘Jackpot’ was moderately resistant to mod- field observations that ‘Meyer’ is highly sus- Heng-Moss, T.M., F.P. Baxendale, T.P. Riordan, erately susceptible, with damage ratings of ceptible to B. occiduus feeding. L.J. Young, and K. Lee. 2003. Chinch bug- 2.8 and 3.0 in studies 1 and 2 respectively. Prior research conducted under both lab- resistant buffalograss: An investigation of tol- ‘Mini Verde’ was characterized as moder- oratory and field conditions has identified erance, antixenosis and antibiosis. J. Econ. Entomol. 96:1942–1951. ately resistant (damage ratings of 1.7 and 2.5 numerous cool- and warm-season turfgrasses Lynch, R.E., S. Some, I. Dicko, H.D. Wells, and respectively) and was comparable with the with resistance to B.l. leucopterus, B.l. hirtus, W.G. Monson. 1987. Chinch bug damage to resistant buffalograss ‘Prestige’. All bermu- B. insularis, and B. occiduus (Anderson et al., bermudagrass. J. Entomol Sci. 22:153–158. dagrasses tested had significantly fewer 2006; Baker et al., 1981; Gulsen et al., 2004; Mathais, J.K., R.H. Ratcliffe, and J.L. Hellman. chinch bugs remaining at harvest than ‘Pres- Heng-Moss et al., 2002; Mathais et al., 1990; 1990. Association of an endophytic fungus in tige’, indicating they may not be good repro- Ratcliffe, 1982; Reinert and Dudeck, 1974). perennial ryegrass and resistance to the hairy ductive hosts for B. occiduus (Table 2). These This research represents the first report of chinch bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae). J. Econ. results support the findings of Eickhoff et al. zoysiagrass and bermudagrass resistance to Entomol. 83:1640–1646. (2004). ‘Mini Verde’ was the only bermuda- B. occiduus. In addition, this research docu- Ratcliffe, R.H. 1982. Evaluation of cool-season grass to have a lower damage rating than the ments the genetic variation in zoysiagrass turfgrass for resistance to the hairy chinch bug, p. 13–18. In: H.D. Niemczyk and B.G. Joyner chinch bug-resistant buffalograss ‘Prestige’, and bermudagrass germplasm, suggesting the (eds.). Advances in turfgrass entomology. indicating this cultivar is also resistant to potential to improve chinch bug resistance Hammer Graphics, Piqua, Ohio. B. occiduus. among these important turfgrasses. Reinert, J.A. and A.E. Dudeck. 1974. Southern chinch bug resistance in St. Augustinegrass. J. Econ. Entomol. 67:275–277. Discussion Literature Cited Reinert, J.A., M.C. Engelke, and S. Morton. 1993. Based on turfgrass damage ratings, the Ahmad, T.R., K.P. Pruess, and S.D. Kindler. 1984. Zoysiagrass resistance to the zoysiagrass mite, zoysiagrasses ‘Diamond’, ‘Zoro’, and ‘Emer- Non-crop grasses as hosts for the chinch bug, Eriophyes zoysiae (Acari: Eriophyidae). Int. ald’, and the bermudagrass ‘Mini Verde’ Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) (Hemi- Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. 7:349–352. were characterized as moderately resistant ptera: Lygaeidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. Reinert, J.A., P.R. Heller, and R.L. Crocker. 1995. Chinch bugs, p. 38–42. In: R.L. Brandenburg to B. occiduus. These zoysiagrass and ber- 57:17–20. Anderson, W.G., T.M. Heng-Moss, and F.P. and M.G. Villani (eds.). Handbook of turfgrass mudagrass cultivars had comparable damage Baxendale. 2006. Evaluation of cool- and pests. Entomological Society of America, ratings with the resistant buffalograss ‘Pres- warm-season grasses for resistance to multi- Landham, Md. tige’. All the grasses categorized as moder- ple chinch bug (Hemiptera: ) spe- Reinert, J.A., C.M. Taliaferro, M.C. Engelke, J.A. ately resistant had significantly fewer chinch cies. J. Econ. Entomol. 99:203–211. McAfee, and R.E. Myers. 2005. Fall army- bugs present at the time of harvest than the Baker, P.B., R.H. Ratcliffe, and A.L. Steinhauer. worm (Spodoptera frugiperda)resistance resistant and susceptible buffalograsses. This 1981. Tolerance to hairy chinch bug (Blissus among bermudagrass (Cynodon) genotypes suggests that antibiosis or antixenosis may be leucopterus) feeding in Kentucky bluegrass and cultivars. Int. Turfgrass Soc. Res. J. 10: responsible for their resistance. The zoysia- (Poa pratensis). Environ. Entomol. 10:153–157. 761–766. grasses ‘Zenith’, ‘Meyer’, and ‘Crowne’ Baxendale, F.P., T.M. Heng-Moss, and T.P. Slater, J.A. 1964. A catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the Riordan. 1999. Blissus occiduus (Hemiptera: world. University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. were highly to moderately susceptible to Lygaeidae): A chinch bug pest new to buffa- Southwood, T.R.E. 1978. Ecological methods, B. occiduus feeding, whereas ‘DeAnza’ and lograss turf. J. Econ. Entomol. 92:1172–1176. Halstad, N.Y. the bermudagrasses ‘Tifway’ and ‘Tifsport’ Bird, R.D. and A.V. Mitchner. 1950. Insects of the Vittum, P.J., M.G. Villani, and H. Tashiro. 1999. were characterized as moderately suscepti- season 1949 in Manitoba. Can. Insect Pest Rev. Turfgrass insects of the United States and ble. Furthermore, several of these grasses 28:41. Canada. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y.

720 HORTSCIENCE VOL. 42(3) JUNE 2007