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Value, Values and the British Army

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Value, Values and the British Army VALUE, VALUES AND THE BRITISH ARMY A Seminar Report Edited by Patrick Mileham The Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities, The University of Edinburgh and the Strategic and Combat Studies Institute, Camberley August 1996 The Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities, in The University of Edinburgh, is the only one of its kind in the United Kingdom, and since its foundation in 1970 has welcomed over 400 International scholars as Fellows to pursue advanced studies in the Humanities - understood as the study of all matters concerning the human condition and culture which do not require laboratory work. The public dimensions of the Institute's work take the form of seminars, lectures, cultural events and publications. The Institute is an intellectual and social catalyst, selecting themes which bring together people from different walks of life to address common problems, and to pool resources: those from the educational profession work alongside those from industry, commerce, government and the media. Traditional scholarship is augmented by innovative work of an inter-disciplinary nature. Major themes have been: The Scottish Enlightenment (1986); Technology, Communication and the Humanities (1988); 1789-1989: Evolution or Revolution? (1989); Cultures and Institutions (1991); Costing Values (1993-98); European Enlightenment (1995-2000); and Scots at War. Three international exhibitions have been devised and mounted at the Royal Museum of Scotland during the Edinburgh International Festivals, and have attracted attendances of up to 100,000. Sponsorship and generous benefactions make the work of the Institute possible, and the Director welcomes the opportunity to discuss matters in confidence. The publications associated with the Institute reflect the personal interpretations and views of the named authors; neither The Institute for Advanced Studies, nor The University of Edinburgh is responsible for the views expressed. For further details of the Institute, please write to: Professor Peter Jones, FRSE, FRSA, FSA Scot, Director, The Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities, The University of Edinburgh, Hope Park Square, Edinburgh EH8 9NW, Scotland VALUE, VALUES AND THE BRITISH ARMY A Seminar Report Edited by Patrick Mileham Institute Occasional Papers 8 A Seminar Report based on the Meeting held in The University of Edinburgh 17 February 1996 at The Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities © Copyright: The Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities, The University of Edinburgh © Copyright: Strategic and Combat Studies Institute, Camberley First Published 1996 ISSN 2041-8817 (Print) ISSN 2634-7342 (Online) ISBN 0 9514854 8 2 INTRODUCTION The Seminar, which is reported in this document, was arranged as part of the Institute Project Costing Values. The Project has three goals: 1. to identify and analyse fundamental ideas on which everyday decisions rest, throughout the world, but which rarely receive such attention; 2. to bring together from different walks of life the very people who make the daily decisions and need to reflect on such ideas - leaders from industry, commerce, politics, the diplomatic world, as well as from specialised professions and research institutes; 3. to challenge and transcend the boundaries of current thinking by insisting on perspectives from different cultures. All participants in the seminars and conversations associated with the project consider three questions: - what values are upheld in our particular communities? - what resources are needed to implement them? - what sacrifices must be made to pursue such priorities? In transcribing the tapes of the meeting, the editor has wisely sought to retain the tone of dialogue. Nevertheless, the discussions here recorded and published with the agreement of the participants were held under Chatham House rules, and for this reason none of the comments is attributable. Naturally, a report of such diverse personal views and experiences represents neither the views of any one person, nor the agreement of all. Peter Jones Director SUMMARY The British Army is held in high regard internationally and by the nation. The Army sets high standards of professionalism, good management and leadership. Its education, training and personal development practices deserve to be valued by the population in general. Its leaving officers and soldiers will continue to make a substantial contribution to society and the economy. The values' system of the Army is inherently strong but is not well articulated internally, and not placed in the public domain. Nevertheless, its ethos, professionalism and fighting spirit has largely been validated by the experience in the Falklands, Gulf War and on peacekeeping operations over the years. An Army, however, which feels isolated from society can become unduly defensive, militaristic or ineffective for its roles. Its isolation is increased if it does not face external debate squarely. Internal debate during peacetime is healthy for an Army. While command and hierarchical structures must not be 1 weakened, a balanced and responsible expression of opinion at all levels positively can help the Chain of Command and raise the Army's morale overall. While some aspects of the Army's life and structure present no internal problems, viewed from the outside they seem old fashioned and reactionary. The public rightly or wrongly do not like overt authority and hierarchy, for instance. There are also certain social issues which, perhaps out of proportion to their real overall significance, have recently come under public scrutiny formally and informally, which has caused the Army to falter. Certain aspects of Military Law, discipline, terms of service and the Military Justice system need to be adjusted to modern expectations - without prejudice to the Army's discipline, improvements in its morale and the trust and value the nation places on the Army. The portrayal of the Army by the media, particularly TV, has sometimes been unfortunate. While some Army practices and persons come over well to the public, others do not. It is the real Army, not the defensive Army, that the public wishes to 2 know. Army PR could be more proactive and 'natural'. The Army appears not to have a comprehensive understanding of society, or the basis of good civil-military relations beyond normal PR activities. The Army needs to develop its understanding of civil-military relations, promote an understanding of its values system, and justify its performance amongst the wider public. Then it will be able to argue convincingly and confidently its right to be different on really important values and practices. 3 OPENING REMARKS Professor Peter Jones welcomed the participants. He referred to his Institute, its purpose and the appropriateness of the subject of the seminar to the work of the Institute. Mr Patrick Mileham described the background to the Seminar and his own particular task to produce a draft paper for the Adjutant General. The aim set was 'to examine the essential requirements of military service and the present and likely future trends in society during the next 20 years in sufficient depth, to recommend the extent to which the Army can adapt with the latter, without jeopardising the former'. EXTERNAL VALUES, SOCIETY AND ARMY PERCEPTIONS The British Army is having to face a period of great change and it has realised the need for some fundamental re- thinking of its position on many matters, before it can make firm plans for its future. A central premise of social enquiry is that self-knowledge is a fruitful prelude to better understanding by 4 others. A premise of rational planning is that change occurs at all levels, and at different rates, whether or not one prepares for it. Since at least the eighteenth century, notions of change, context and complexity have played central roles in problem analysis. But the current rates of change in complex issues prevent accurate prediction, except in the short term. This means that long term strategies and the configurations for implementing them are increasingly difficult to devise. Rapid changes in social attitudes and law reflect and promote increased awareness amongst citizens of personal rights and freedoms and raise questions about the nature of Service life and Service practice. Current expectations within a Higher Education society (almost 50% of the school leaving population now receive some form of higher education) - especially those concerning freedom of enquiry, speech and expression - call for the most rigorous development of intellectual capacities. 'Imperatives' deemed to be necessary for an all-volunteer Armed Service require careful study. No institution which regards itself as significantly anchored in its history and traditions can survive on proclamation of beliefs alone, when others are either ignorant of those historical links or reject the interpretation offered. Churches, universities, governments of 5 various forms have all foundered on such mistakes. Moreover, as they become aware of the need to change, there is a tendency for institutions to turn inwards, resent outside challenge, and thus fail to adapt. British society's view of the Army has always been ambivalent. On the one hand the nation is reluctant to spend on defence. The Army's size is continually cut and it is grudged suitable training areas. Quite widespread among the younger generation there is indifference, not to say hostility, towards the concepts of service, discipline and loyalty for which the Army stands.
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