Madras University Historical Series, No. Vlll

Ge11cral Editor· K. A., NILAKANTA SASTRI, M.A.' /'rP/mPr P{ h/dia11 Hitlory ami ArthatPIPgy, U11it11rsily P( A-l~~tiral .. /~·

THE MAURYAN POLITY .THE MAURY AN POLITY

BY. "· ' • /1 V. R. RAMACHANDRA DIKSHITAR,. M.A... Lecturer in Indian History, University ol MailriiS 11 Author~ " Hindu Administrative Institutions · .· ,.. -- ... ~.. - ... • and

" Studi~ in ~amil literal~ and History " l

UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS 1932' PRINTED AT THE MADRAS LAW JOURNAL. l'RESS MYLAPORE, MAD!L'S 1932 CONTENTS PAGE PB.EFATORY Non vii-viii CHAP.'~ I •. Sources of Information. · Section i. Jlte evidence of the Pural}aS 1 ~ Section ii. Contemporary Literature 6 Section iii. Evidence of classical writers 27 Section iv. _Inscriptions of A5oka · 39. II. The Extent 3.!1d Character of the . / Section i. The extent of the Empire 49 . SectiOn. ii. The limits of the Empire in Hindustan -·. 66 Section iii. The character of the Empire 71 · Section iv. The ends of the Mauryan State • 80 fiL The Central ,Administration. Section i. The character of :Mauryan monarchy 85 Stction ii. Education. and Discipline of . Princes • _ 101 Section iii. _Personal safety of the monarch. 1aJ Section iv. Some HabitS of the Kmg 111 Section v. DutieS' of the King .·: 115 Section vi. Privileges- of the King 120 • IV. The Central Administration-( Co11td.) '-'Section i. The Council and the Assembly •• • 125 \...-Section ii. · The Paura- 135· V"Section iii. .Departments of Taxation and ~unu 141 ~ection iv. AdministratiOn of Justice 160 vi

CHAP. PAGE V. The Central Administra!ion....:( Contd.) ~ ~ection i. The M~litary Syste~ · 177 Section ii. Foreign Policy . . 179 Section iii. Ethics of War . • 186 Section iv. Tlie Organiiation of the • • 189 .. ~- ~ ' Section v. ·The War Office ~ ..• 192 .Section vi. Conclusion 195 VI. ·Provincial and Local Governments. Se~tiop. i. A general ~urvey 197 Section ii. · Local Administration in t~e Kaut~liya 2()4. · Section iii. The Government of. the Province~.) 208 . ·Section iv. Maui')·an Civil Service · 222 Section v. Administration 'of- To~ns 228 VII.' · Mauryan State in Relation to . · · · Se~tion i. The ~oncept of Dharma 241 Section ii. Dharma and the State 245 . · . Section ·iii. Asoka's Dharma 250 · Section iv. Personal Religion of Candragupta _ · Maurya · · 260 Section v. · Asoka's P~rsonal Religion 276

. .APPENDIX. I. The Authenticity of the Kautaliya 301 ;II. and Kautalya 329 I . BooKS"coNSULTED • • 375 INDEX· •..• • 385 PREFATORY NOTE

THE accompanying pages are an amplification of five lectures delivered at the Uiliversiti in 1929-30. The main sources ~f i~formation are the Kautaliya Arthasastra, ·the inscriptions of A5oka and the fragments of Megasthenes. In the first chapter will be found acritica1 examination of their authenticity and their yalue as sources to the history of . Mauryan . • I have come to the conclusion that the · extant Arthasastra is the accredited work of the chancellor of Candragupta Maurya. The inscriptions of Asoka follow, to a large extent, this all important treatise. Though the fragments of Megasthenes could not be credited with much trustworthiness, they are used as supplementing the primary . . ) sources. •• . On~ chapter is devo~ed to the characte~ and extent of the Empire. Three chapters on the Central Administration, and one on the Provincial and LoCal Governments follow. A careful comp~rison between 1he Kautaliyan polity and the polity lying behind· the inscriptions of Asoka, confirms the view, as' will be seen from these chapters, that the polity behind the Edicts is the Kautaliyan polity. The last chapter is on the religion of the Mauryas in genera~ and that of Candragupta and of Asoka in particular. A critical study of th~ relennt inscriptions, not to speak of literary: evidences, has led me to conclude that neither Asoka was a Bmldhist nor C~nd~agupta a Jain. The correspondences between the Arthasastra texts and the text of the inscriptions of ASoka arc so glaring that it would be far from the truth to postulate the theory that the viii

LIMBDI GARDENS, J· MADRAS, . .v. R. RAMACHANDRA DIKSJIITAR. lltla .!tdy, 1932 •. INDEX.

A · Aranacartl, 205. · Army, of the Kiatriya, the best Abdication of Candragupta, 88. hereditary equipment of, 189, Abhidharma, 29-l. 19tH. . . . Abhihara, 218. Army, officers of,· 193; orgauisa· Abbityakta puru$3S, Z22. tion of, 195. Abhifecaniya, 87. · - Artisans, protection to, 229-30. Aa:ouots, 1.54; Department of, Artlrasamtana, 259. maintaining. 156. Arri.an, 30, 35-7, 97, 190, m. 336, Administration of public aJfairs, 344, 361. · 364 · · · Arsenal department. 189. Aelia~ on mecliciu31 plantS, lo9~ . ~irthaiifst;a, 23, 85. Agui, 23. • ·· . Alla form of marriage, 340. · Agnyagara, 26-1. .Ar:rat•llra, 202,214. · Agrohara.r,153. ·: Ar;rasU.-a, 322. · · AluJnanijn, 58. Artha5a.st.ra, on the silk of shin Alwla, 202-3. • country; and P3J}ini, 8-10, and Ahimsilj 289. sUJ'Ullg3, 16-17; and Yajiiaval.: AilartJtl Br4htno~a, 67, 87. kya, 20-23; ..Religion$· data of, Aiyangar, Dr. S. J(. Views of, 77. 2J..U; astronomical data of, 25· Aiyangar, Raghan.ll, Pa.J:ldit, 61. 27. · · - ·: Aiyangar, R:lngaswami. 8, 316. Asceticism opened to all castes, 273~ · AjiYiJca,.84. 285.. 362. . ... · Ak.pJta/4la, 157. • AsiDtie Ruearclus,180. · ·· · • · Alasan~ 69...... ASoka, 4-5, 12, 15; not a legislatOr. Albenmi. 16, J.l. 92-94, 98-100; K$a.triya, 275; A~emy, 339, ·. . Buddhist insal..Ptions of, 278; no Alexander,16-17, 3J9, 351, ~. monk, 280-1; and Bralunans, Alliances, nature and kin~ o£,18-t. 277-8 and the Third Council, · Ata~l,a,l7L . . . . . 2924. . . . Amitraghata, 54. ~ka's dharma. lh:e practical as- .Amalaia, 96. . .. pect, 25()-1; the doctrinal aspect, AnGWsita so••tlhi,185. 252; non-sectarian in character, Alfcitnl India" Historical l)ocli· 45. · · littn, Z. ASoka's laith and archaeology, · ~11ebmdhya, 226.. 295-7• .4ngultoronik4Ja, 243. . Aioka and Kaliiiga rebellion, 55. Animal capitals of A5oka, 297-8. Aiouw.diina, 87,168. Animal sports. 114. · · . .tliara'Uija'ya, 129. AnointingceremopY; age limit to, AS~ 192. 87. Asvins, 23. · Anta.maha.mat.ras. {unctions of. H9, A#ablliiga, 143. 212·3. All44iJGri, 9. 'Anlatala, l-IS, 204--S, ZJl. Atharvan rites, 2fiJ. AniU6my411am, 132, 227. Atharva Veda, 326: . Atoclt.itr, 309-10. _ . .Atmatali)'G, 218. Apastamba.14, 308. Atmaro.fitam, J.IS. H.--49 386 INDEX

AlaviLala, 190. Brlwd kathiikoia, 52, 306. Atl•abllaga, 143. Brhadratha, 4. A;;yaya1 10. Brhaspati, 20. Ayuktapuru~as, 222. Breloer, 13, 349. Ayudhagaradhya~a, 189. Buddha, 273. Buddhagho~a, 293. , 5; a monastic sect, 245; B a child of , 260-1. Buddhism and lay adherent, 281. Bt~ddhist India, 271. Balmmnk/aya, 226. Buddhist legends on Asoka. 276-7. B~darayava, 308. Buddhist Trinity, ?:19. Birhaspatyasastra, 306. Biihler, 3, 14, 43,_ 217, t'/6, 343. Bairat Rock, 41, 198. Burgess, 27, 83. Balakrida, 20. Bala5ri, 70. Bali, 143• 283. c Balhava, 7, Batadlwt~agarad/UJyak.sa, 172. Cab:avarti }4etra, 327. Bandupa.Jita, 4. Calcutta Baira~ its signiJicance, Barabar Hill,. 41, 198, 285. 282; sacred texts in, 233; chro- Barua, B. M., 286n. nology, 283. · Bandhajan!l, 308. Cat~tf.alas, 164, 205. Beadon, C., 41. Candragupta and Jaina tradition, B_ell Capital; 298; SQ-51. · ...: Benares, 155. . Candragu_pta, 3, 4, 6, 86,'185. B/UJdrabal•t~carita, SZ. Capital punishment. 165. Bhadrabihusvamin, 51, 265. Calurt•arga, 29, 316. Bhadrasiiva, 4 Caraka, 172. Bhagavad GittJ, 253, 214. Caritra, 160. Bhandarkar, D. R. 43, 98_; 227, Castes an economic classification, 277-9, 247. Bhattasvamin, 7. Castes and professions. 352-3. Bluwi.sya Pt~ra'.I(J, 14. Cadi, 9. Bhabra Edict, 41, 279. Ci\takya, 19, so, 52, 262, 310, 320, Bhiiga,14Z. • 352. Blaiigawta Puriil)a, 3, 271. Caturflla.sya,114. Blliija,284. · Census, a permanent institution, Bhisa, 12, 18-19. . 232. Bheda,178. Central government and provinces, JJhik.tflgatika, 280. . 208-9. Bhisma, 326. Ceran Seii.guttuvan, 65. Bh1lmisa"dhi, 185. Ceylon chronicles, 88. , 4, SO, 52. Chanda Ramaprasad, 274, 298. Bismarck, 303. Chandasoka, 130. Board of supply and commissariat, Cha11dog;ya, 14. 189. China, 1. Board of Trade, 233. Clmllavagga, 294. Boutta, 371. 1 Cipher writing, 181. Brahman, 346, 348. Civil list. 150-St.- 'Bracl:pnane, 370. Ci11a, 6-8. Bral•madeya, 153,365. Cinapafla,?. Brahmiil)da Pt~riil)a, 3, Colas, 57. ' Brhadasva, 4. Colebrookc, H. T., fO. · Brhadiiratsaka npaHi.sad, 243. Commander-in-chic , qualliications Brllad devata, 11. and duties of, 193. · , INDEX

Commissariat, 368. . Dharmavasalbina~, 211. Council, not a mere advisory body, Dharmavijaya, 56, 1zs.9, 254-7. 134-S. Dbarmaspka, 130. Common will, principle of, 86. Dhauli Rock Edict, 41, 198, 238, Cora-rajjuka, 216,365. Dhrtari~tra, 178. Corpus Iuscriptio11um Imlicarum, Dhyana , 2734. 43. Dikpalas, 297. Conncil, chamber of, 125; composi­ Diodorus, 30, 36, 38, 189. tion of, 126-7 ; members of, 127 Dionysius, 38, 183. f. ; and the king, 128, 130: no Dionysos, 370. majority opinion, functions of, Diplomacy, means of, 177. 133/., 130. Diskalkar, D. B., 313. Courtr M.A., 41. Div:yawdana, 15, 66, 2oo-1, 275. Courts, special for officials, 172. Dipa'ilamsa, 288. Courts of justice, 169; a gradation Double tax, 233. of, 168. Dramila, 318. Court offences, 170-71. Drinks, alcholic, 348. Criminal Law-Court, jurisdiction Dro1)amukha 149, 168. of, 163. · - Dutt, Sukumar, 280. Crown land, 349. • Durga, 135. Cross-examination, 170•. Dusyanta, 113 n., 311. Cunningham, 43, 62. Diita, 181 ; qualifications and duties Curtius Quintus, 36, 38. of, 181/.; and kinds of, 213. Customs duties, 146. DvaradeytJ, 145. Dyuta, 146. D E Daimacbus, 183. Daiw marriage, 341. Early , 1, 57. Daklit;apatho. 64-5. Edicts, administrative, 96 : Geogra· Da1)4a, 178. phicat distri~ution of, 198-9. . Daq4i, 319, 323. Egypt,330. Das Purat;tJ Paiicalafilana, 2. Ekarii/, 71. Dasabandha, 171. Elliot, Sir Walter, 41. Da5aratba, 4, 281. E1phinstone, 371. Da§ona, 4. , 335-6. Dona, 178. Entyclo,aedia BritlanictJ (11th Defalcation, 145, Edn.), 45. Deimachos, 31. Equity, 160-1. Delhi-mirath, 198. Eratothenes, 37. Devacandra, SZ. Ethics of War, 186; aHention to Devadatta, 285. the sick and the wounded, 187 ; • Devadbarman, 4. non-combatants tmmolested,... Deva,-arman, 4. 188. . Devanampriya, 209, 291. Dhatnmapada, 289-90. Dbanur-Veda, 326. F DharmD, definition of, 241; of Buddhism, 243, 260. Fa-Hien, 36, 40, 197n., 295. Dharmadona, 253. Farquhar, J.N .. 295. Dl•arma111ahilm411'as, 173, 211: Finance, Departmen~ oi, 159. functions of, 211·2. Fiscal policy of Asoka, 144. Dhaf'mapra

Foreigners, protection to, 231. Ilistorical Doubts Concerning • Foreign merchants, 145. Napoleon, 16 • . Foreign embassies, 183, History of Literature, 2. Four qUarters, guardian deities of, Hoemle~ Dr., 281. 297. ,• ' Holtzendorff von, 82. · Frontier gUard, 213. Hopkins, Professor, 142. Frontier people, 213 •. Horses, 33.6. Hiuen Tsiang, 294, Hultzsch, 43, 45. G Hunting, 112, 347. Gul}as, 9. Gat,~anayam, 157, 227. I Gauapaij Sastli, T., 8, 11, 18, 20-21, 311. ltJdika, of four books, 29, 373. Gal}ikadhyak~a, 210. Incendiarism, 187, Gautama, 245, 316. Indio's Past, 9. Gand/Jarva form of marriage, 341 .. Im.!ika, 29; 30, 31, 32, 35. Geiger, Dr. W., 69, 201n·2 .. Indisclle Stftdien, 10. Geography, a study of, 1~ Indra, 23. Germania, 31. · Indrapalita, 4. Gilgit tribe, 7. Indus ·Valley, prehistoric culture Girnii.r Inscriptions, 42, 69, 198. o£,274. Gopa, functions of, 20b-7, 238-9, Industries, nationalisation of, 145, 331. . International relation,s, three kinds •Gosala makkhaliputta,. 285. of, 179. " ...,..; "" Government servants, conduct of, Whasa, 24. 225 ; appointment of, 226. Iti Vuttaka,.281. Govind~ Dik~ita, ~06. I thijhaka·mahan,Jata, 210. Grama, '203. · Isila, mabamat'ras of, 209. Gramavrddllas, 169. Grhyasutras, 344. Guild, merchants, 138. . J Guptas,3. Gupta walls, 63, · Jacobi, H., 244, 266, 303, 318.' Gudl&alekl•ya: 181. Jail, officers of, 172·3; regulations (iiiqha puru~as,-224, 264. of, 175 •.. Jail deliveries, 175. Jaimini, 308. H , 245; Jainism, a doctrine, 261. ' Haraprasid, Sastri, 18, 62, 343-4. Harisel).a, 52. Janapada, 1; Janapada of the Harrington, J. H., 41. Arthasiistra, 135. Harfac11rita, 291. Janapada, four divisions of, 204. Hastyadhyak~a, 192. Janapadasandhi, 168. Haritiputta Satakal).l).i, 217. Jaugaqa, 198, 238. . Hathigumpha, 55. . Jayanta, 23. ' Healing balm, 187. · Jayaswal, K. P., 7, 86, 96,363. Hellenistic Kingdoms, 183-184. Janapada, 135,; located in the Hemacandra, 314. . · capital, 136; ·procedure, 136-7; Heras, H., 276, and Asoka, 139; functions of, Heretics, 346. 139. Herodotus, 31. 1 'Jiitakas, 13, 339, 366: Hcrte1,23. Jimiitaviihana, 325,, Himalaya, 7. Johnston, E. H.., 307,322. INDEX 389

Jolly, J., 8, .12, 14·15, 17, 31, a4l King, his powers, 91;. daily time- , . . 307, 311, 310. table, 106·7 i peraonal safety of, Jones, William, 351. 108/. ;some habits of, 111/.; cere· Joshi, H. C., 24711. . monial washing of hair .of, 113; Judge assisted by a panel o£ coun· Duties of 115 ft. i privileges of, sel, 171 : duties of, 174. 121 If. . Judicial enquiry, 166. King, higest War-master, 350. Justice, administration of, 346. Klrfiel Von Willibald, 2. Justin, 36, 37, 185. · Konakrunana, 284-5, stiipa, 285, 296 , 155, · K Ko6ar,60. Kosthligaradhyak$a, 155, , 17. · ·· KroJa,330. . Kadamba kings, SO •. K1atradharrha, 248 .• Kalli~liJgaflla, 252. Ktesias, ~0, 37-38, 104. Kaliiiga, conquest o£, 55·57; Gaja· Kulliikabhatta, 144, pati king of, 185, 201. Kt1maras, 140, 202. Kalbiga Inscriptions, 132, 155. Kunala, 4, 215 .. Kaiicukiu, 110. Kuntala, 50. Kutala gotra, 312. Ka~ada, 246. KaQika, 178. Kutala ni, 320. . Ka1,1taka, 220. Kupyadhyak~a, 155. Kilfay!lddlta, 178, 186·7 ;. Knutalya Kat•takasodllaua, 1?1. on, Kani~ka, 292. Kanvas, 5. Kii.ovayanas, 5. Kapilavasthu, 299. L Kapis, country of, 1~7n. Land, measurement of; 330. Kara, 144. · Land revenue, 349. Karma sandlli, 185. ·· Lassen, C., 270, 347. KiJdambari, 323. KiJlapatra, 343. Law, ancient conception of 246-7, Kalsi, 198. Law, Heads of, 160: courts of, 161. Kiimandaka, 315-6, 319. Law of Tr~ason, 12.2. KiJmatldakanitisara, 313. Law, N. N., 151, 331. KiJmandaki, 321. • Lauriya-Araraj, 199. KiJmasiitra, 135, 316, 32?·7. Lauriya-Nandangarh, 199. .Legal procedure, 169.-170; cross- Kaunapadanta, 311. examination, 170, Kausambi, 198, 209. Lekhaka, 172. Kautalya, a figure of mythology, Lekh)•a, 344. 14·15 i and sannyasa, 24·25, Kautalya a pandit, 304·5. Les Theories Dipiotnatiqtm, 7. . . Kautaliya and inscriptions of Les l11scriptions de Pil•adasi, 43 • A§oka, 47-48. · Levi, S., 351. Lit~ganttsilsana, 10. Kautaliya, 83 i a manual on state Lobllavijaya, 129. cralt, 108; a secular treatise, 123. Local assemblies, 216 Kautaliya and the Ki1masrltra, 1 coincidences of, 307. Lokay/Jtra, 83, 153. Keith, Dr. A. B., 6, 11, 23, 243, 301 Lokayilt'rilrllli, 116. 309. Lolwdhyak1a, 337, Kerala, 155.' Lltmbini, 143·4, Keralaputra, 57. Kern, H., 259, 277, 292. Kebvasvamin,312. Me crindle, 331. Kliaroalika, 149. Macdonell, 2, 9, 10. =-39Q INDEX

Macphail, J. M., 43. Megasthenes, 34, 103, 183, 222, 228, . Madhvacarya, 306. 234. , 21. • Metals, workmanship in, 337-9. Migadhi, 294. Meyer, J, ]., 310, 319• . Jfahabharata, 12, 13, 14, 69, 178, Milestones a Persian institution, 31, 248, 28t.' . 330. ' Mahabhi$ya, 9, 12, 309. · Military officers, 367f. Mabamitras, 132, 208-9, equated Ministers, tenure of office, 132. . with adhyak$as, 210-1. Minor Ro.ck Edicts on the borders Mahamatras, Council of, 158. of the empire,l97; lfysore, 41. .Malldnara:,·ana t~panisad, 243. Misappropriation, 145. · "Jialuimatri:,•a, 209. . • · .Alitrabala, 189. Maha11asa, 194. ' Mitra, R., 319-20. Mahipadma Nanda, 71. Mitrasa11dll~ 185. ltlahiipllala, 258. Mobenjodiro, 274. lfahapurattas, 1. lfobiir, 60. MahiivstiJsa, 69, 264, 275. Moksa Sii.rtra, 317. Mabavira, 245, 273. Monahan, F. J., 129. Mahefuara sutra.r, 11. Monuments of Asoka, 296. Maine, 147. Mookerjee, R. K., 43, 221, 279, 331. Major Rock Edicts, places of, 197, Moriyar, 58, 59, 60, 61. Majumdar, R.C., 293. Mrcclwkatika, 318. Malaya mountains, 155. Mudraraksasa, 15, 96, 314, 322. Malia country, 318. Muppal, 249. Mallanaga,· 318. Mysore, 50, 57-2. Mallinatha, 324. . Mimii.lanar, 61, 63, 64. Mana'li(Jdliarma.iastra, 291. .N Maf}dala, theory, policy, 74, 77, 327. Nadidurga, 235, 334. Manu,2 • Nadipila, 365. . Mansehri, 69, 198: N agora, 135. Mantrajrianam, 126. Nagala'biyohalaka, 210. Mantraraksattam, 126. Nigaraka, 210; duties of, 236. Jlantripari$ad, 125, 159; of the Nagaravya7:a1Jiirika, 238. pro\inces, 214. Nigirjuni Hill, 41, 286. . . Manufacture, department of, 234. Nandas, 3, 49-50, 58, 61, 199, 262, Mantripari$ad, 94-95. 301. Manvantra, 2. Nanda 1., 55, 57, Marriage, institution of, 340. , the first empire, SO, Marshall, Sir John, 274. f 71. . Ma.ra,319. Nanartluirnavasamkscpa, 312. Miski, 41,198. Navidhak$a, 368. .Massage, the custom of, 113, 345. Narasimhacariar, R., 265 . Matsya purii'J(I, 3, 4. Narada, 178. · Mauryas of Konkan, 60. Narenda, 85, 303-4, 351. Mauryan adminislration, not a mili­ Narendriinka, 86. tary rule, 80-81. Navidhyak$a, 192. Mauryan empire, 66-7 ; extent of, Nayacandrika, 8. 197; dynasty-, 5; categorical Nayaka, 194. list of Kings of-, 4; ProYinces Naigama coins, 138. and viceroyS-;-, 200-Ql. Nearcbos, 31, 37, 343-44. Max Muller, 14, 344. ~ Negama coins, 138. : . Altgasthenes and Kavli/ya, 329. · Ni.gar,:~thas (Nirgramtas), 286. )..[agasthenes, sensational elements Nsgama, 135. . · in, 31-32; visit of, 34-35. Nigliva Pillar, E diet, 41, 199. lND!.X 391

Niil•ati, 131. · Pillars of Asoka. 197. N•pata,IO. Pisuna, 125, 311. Nirdla,10. Pitinikas, 57. • ·Nirvana, 276, 289. Piyadasi InscriptionS, 39. Nityadlaikarah, 226. Piyadari~ 42. · Nurses, 187. 19.f.. Pi,4akara, 143. • Nyaya, 160. Plato, 31. Nya)'GSitra, 316. PliDy, 30, 35, 86, 184, 190. . 190. Podiyil Hill, 58. • 0 Poisons; how to detect, 110. Poor relief, 152. Officials o( the city. 367. Poros, chariot of, 191. • Oldenberg Prof.?:/7, 292. Pounnat11 or Pannata, 52. Oldham. C. E. A. W.. 197 "· Poussin Vallee, 286,290. Onsiekaretes, 31.. Prabbicandra, identification ,of! Overlordship, nature of. 73-14. 264-5. Ox races, 113. Piadtlliiroh,17l. Pradtiilo.s,220-1. 158, 219 i functions. . . of' .p Prajiidharma. 242.. Pra~aya. 147. Padika,19.f.. Prasiisla, 194. • Padyadh~a, 192. Prat~jriayaugalldhariiyana,18. Palqilasvami, 319. Prallsarga, 2. . . Pah"bothra. 329. Pralittedl.lka, 181. PaiicabandiUJ, 171. " Pratyihara, 11. Pancalai1a~a. z. Provrajita. 267. Pancatantra, 22·23, 321-2. Prad~ 9. · Paiicika Samghas, 137. Priijapatya, 341. Pa'}a.319. .... 1 PrtJii.itJkhya-liJiyii)'tlna, 10. Pav4ya, s1. 1ss. Pratisakhya-Vijasaneyi. 10. . Panini, 9-11, 16, 18. ·• Pravirapuru$<1S. 222. Parik1a, 252. 258. Prasasta:, 369. Pargiter, F. E. 2, S. Princep. James, 43. PariSara. 125. Prisoners, 168; general amn~ty, Paridda, 366. 174; release of, 175. ' · Parikleia, 165 n. Private property; 349. • Parik.iit, 303. Princes, education and discipline Pari~d of A.Soka, 97, 131, 214. o£,101-Z. Parokta, 171. . Pro\incial go\'ernor, revolt against, Parfua, H7. 215-6. . P~al)4a, 239, 273. Passports, Superintendent of. 366. Prthu, 21. Paternal conception, 98-99. Ptolemy, 52. Patali, 611, 335. • Public expenditure, 14&-9; .othtr Pa\aliputra, the capital, 3Z, 109, news, 151; productive, 151.. 228, 235, 333. - Ptllir~das, 67, 205. Pataiijali, 9, 12, 16, 137, 291 308. P•runiilliirN, 58. Paura association, 137. ' Purit,Ja$, 12-14, 320, 345. Paura· Janapada, 135 ; in Patali· Purit,Ja reader, ISO. putra, 137 ; in Tak$a5na HO P11rana Ttzls of lhtt Dynaslict of PaNra V)'Gvaharika, 210. ' lht Koli Agt, 2, S. . P\!riplus, 69. Purol1ita, 127-8, 372. Penia, ISS. Puru$<1S or Civil servants. duties Pigeons. ilying of, ZOS. of, Z22. s?! .

.Piirttakrlmbhas, 215. • . SamantapiisadiktJ, 293. • .Pu$yagupta Vaisya, 200. Samoya, 93 ..- • : Sambodhi, ASoka's visit to 283 Samc:hi, 199. • . . ' • ·R .Samprati, 4, • · .. SamualuJka 113... ·. . " RagiJU'iliJIIJStl, 324-5. Riijadlumna, 24.3. ; · · ·. ~andfatcot~, 351. · ·~ • ·" .. -langam, 292. Raiamarga~ 329, 348. · ... Sanglaa, A.Soka's visit to, Rajasattama. 43, 5'i .. · Raja5asa.da, 169: Sanghavritta, 328. • • : . • 1 · .Sait~a, 149, 168, ". . Riijanil~ -321. • • Rijaraja varma, ZS: .. Saitka~,313. I Saiighasandhi, 363. Riija.iasana; J60. • . . S~dhatl, 15·1-.· , Ra~atar~''Ui"i~, 264•. 288. Sam•;rifsa, 263 .. RaJtlval•kathii, 52, 266. · Samtl•iisillt, 273 and the state, .Raja-V~~ 67. •· 117-8.. • Rajju, 366. ~Rajjuka, 365.~ . Saptanga; as. . Rajukas; 138-9; duties of, 216-7. Sarga,2. · RanwyatuJ, 8, 11, 135, 339. · Sarmanes, 371; Rampiirva Pillar,· EdicL 41. Sarnatb, 199. Rastrikas, 67. Sarviidhividins, 294. Rallltllldm!i, 52. Sisana, 93. . Rafha~~k$a, 192. . -· Sata·dhanus, 4. · .' Rt41ra, lf4. . , • Satadhari. 4. ,Rl41riJP./200. · ·• Satyaputra, S7.. · •.5 _... Reco~;chiffice, 157.; · • .. Satavihana.inscription, 217. Retigi9n -and Politics, 245-6. ·. saullia, 19\. .. ' '• Revenue. $ources of, 142·3; rurit, Schmidt, 17.\". r; •· 143. • ' . . Schroeder Von, "27-J. · · Schwanbeck, 29, 33, js, 38, ·371, " · 1/.g veda satHJ•ilii: .177." l' • Rbys Da\id:s,-271, 333. ·• Seleukos,'228. . ~~ · · · Rice Lewis, 41, ·sz,-IOi, 265. . Seleukos Nikalor, '183. Ri$Ukas, 57. . . " •.. SemibluJktaiiJ, 143. Senart, 39, 43. · · · . Roads !lllder Asoka, 239-40~ 329. · , Roy, Dr... P. C.; 17. · Setu, 365. · · ~Rudradaman, ·7o, 20L Setuba11dlw, 332. : • . .. Se."tagesimal system, 25. . RuiDl'illuid'ei, 41, 199. · 41 SurgiCal instuments, '87. ·"'·:- Rfipnatli · Minor" Rock .Edi ct., ' t .198, : . Shihbjigarbi Rock Edict, 41, 69, ...... • • 198.. . , . 5/wmaluu, 272. · · . . s·. Shama Sistri, 6,· 21, 144, 17.6,' 225, 311, 3Z3. . ·sahara, 205. Shin, 7, 8. ·• Sa4blldga; 143. • • Shina, the Gilgit tribe, 7. Sacrifices, Vedic, 347. Siddhipura, 198, Sahasram, 198. ~iddlli, 75, SJ. saisunagas; 199. • Sik1a, 10. Sakt~ 75, SJ. · · Simhapura, King-of, 185. Saku11tala, 113 11., 311. Sita, 142. -· Siikyiijivikadilt'; 263. 1Sitadhyak$a, 332. Salisuka, 4. • . Sivatatvaralt1tlkara1325. Samaddar, ]. N:, 221. . Slavesr 350. • Samiharta, 154, 204, 367. Smart11 dlwrmo, 241·2. .. ··INDEX ' "1 · •• '1 Smith , Vincent, A., t, 43, 51, 88, TcllapatttJ,.343. . · . . · • 182, 217, 232, 277, 279, 297, 302. · ·Tamil Literature, Evidence ol, 58.. Smrtis. '342. ~ .. ·•· ·• . ·· Tiimbapanni, 57. ' Social polity, place of individual: 83 · Tantrakhyifyika, 23, 321. Soghau~ copperplate, 20l.. · . : ~ ~ • Tawney, Prof., 322. . .•• Somadevasiiri, 323. · # ; Tax, commuted, 143; pumuve. 143: Somt Aspects o/lt~diaft Polity, 8,. • · .other .taxes, 1461 . · . Sopiri.198. t Taxation,· principles of,-147 •• Spokesman of the assembly. 137. · Tax.ila,-200. • . Spooner, D. B. 62, 236. • • .. , St; SlJ 264. • ,)ramaQ.a, 269,'273. • T~e First einpir;e, 71. ·, Srava1,1a Be}gola, St,: 52, 265. Thomar. F.· W., 221, 279. $rawta dharma, 241. Thsin dynasty, 7; 8, , Sravastii ,203. . · Tfeffenthaler Padre, 4L. ~reo~ 138. Tissa, 291. · • • $retsabala,189: . Ti,yarak$iti, 140. . : $rotri:;a, 127, 148, 153, 239, 372. Tod, Colonel.James, 41,' ~ ineligiLle as witness, 169. .. Tolls, Superintendent of, 234•. Srutakevalins, 51,265. . - Topes of A&oka.197 .. State, purpose of the 81 i proximate Torture, use of1 166-7.. ends, 82: immediate ends of, 82-3 Tosali, 201, 209. • · · , social function:! of, 119 i patron Towns, Admini,stration of, 228-9. · of arts and crafts. ~20: Religious . Treasury, 142, 15~. • establishment, 154. • Treaties, 3 kinds of, 1~ ·.States-Primary and Subsidiary, Trivarga, 141; 249.' • • 76 . . - • ' • Stlla;;i~a, 238, $31: • , • • _· • • . • Sthdniy4~149,168. • •.•. · · "'. ~ :u·. ."·· . Stein'. Otto"27 1"28. •-. • • • • • · StJujlaHiiJhdln!ya, 1. • • , .... ., Strabo, 30, 31, 35; 36,. 38• 86, 107, Ublaa)'Gt~lda,.o: 18Q. 137, 222, 3~1. 336. ' • . • Ujjayini, 132, 200. •: · • Succession hereditary, 86. Upaniladt, 14,.2J~. 273 •. Suicide, 164. · ~ Upasarga, 10. ~ s.. tbadhclttl $cJttra, 16. • Upa)'1fktat, 224·5. SukranitisiJra, 132, 306. UpcJsaka, 280. .:. ·• Sulkavyayahara~. a35. Uposalha, 293.· Sumana, 200. · · •• Uftli.,tH, 110. ~ sunr.as. 4. s. , .- .. Utsanga. 147. . Supc;rintendebt of Commerce, 145. UttarapatAa, 201, 2U. Suradhyaksa. 146., · ·• Utth4na, 105-6;253. Sud$\ras, 70. : .• f SurtSvaricbya,. 2~ Surt~riya, 11. Silta. 21. V· Suvnroagiri, 4Mll. ~adiJarma, 8, 115, 183; 248, 249, 362. • Jl4caspatya, 318: Swrga,257. Va411kar, 60. Swiimikan11u PUlai, L. D., 25, 26. · y dbrika, 205. • .. I Jl4k)'dOrntciKMYOf101 16'9,. Vilmiki, 12. . · • T . Yamltl,2. . . I Yomlacorita, 2•. Tacitus. 31, I VaNadHrgo_ 334. "' Taktailla.132.,· ... _ -~ ..... • 11otsik-la&Aa. 329. Y llnatrasta, 88. ·· ·•\ Vart1J1.1,23. '!I • Jlardhaki, 194. WaddeD. L. A., 236. , . Varva dharma, 362. Wages, time and piece, 145. Jl ar(:tJiramad/iarma, 248, 361. War office, 192-3. Vorta11i, 213; 231. Watersheds of Asoka. 240 .. VasifJ/w Dharma.riitra, 344. Weber, 10, 14. . • Vatsyayana, 316. Whatley, Bishop, 17. .· ·. Vatavyadhi, 119, 311. • Wilson, H. H., views on, ..~87; Vasi$tha. 305, 326. Asoka's faith, 371. Yii)'f4/uriif.'a,l-4, 7. · • Winternitz, 6, 301, 304, 319. VaiiaJanti, 314. Writ, 137. Vaisampiyana, 20. Witnesses, 361. Vedanga Jyoti$a, zs; 26. Z7,13J, Women armed. 344. ,Vtdic dlwrw:a, 241-2. Writing, 342. Jlelya, 147. · Vibhajja doctrine, ~3. X Vidyii1"3.J:tya, 306. Villages, classification of, 206. Xandrames, 38. Vimala Bodhicirya, 13. . y ~'iJUJyapitaka, ·280. · . Visakhadatta, 314-S •. Yojna, 347. Visaiik$a.·zo, 125-6. · Yajurveda, 20. . Visvariipadirya, 20. .. Yavanas, Isle of, lSS. .. Yira-Vajr~ 69. · YaM~ women, 113n. • J'i$ayopiiladeyam~ 211. Yiidavaprakiiia,.314. ~ .!1• VisQugtipta, 310, 319. •. Yajiia.,-alkya. 19, 2o-22, 160. Vi/"'" pur a~, 3. Yajiitiuolk)•asttJrti, 19, 20. Y#li.l94. Yaska, 10. , • 1 ; Vivita.dh}'ak$a, 216. .Yogakser,.a,148t247. Voting, 137. ·. '·' . Yogapurusas, 22~. Vratyos; 274. Yojana, 330. Vyil)i, 16. Yuga,2S. Jl:yiJkarottiJ, 10. Yuan chwang, 36, 40, 197t1, Z9S. Vyisa, 12. YtJkta.r, 158, 222-3 : acmuntlntt Vya~~ 160, 169. and clerks, 22S; duties of, 22?. ·,

l'lllfT.ED AT fBI KAliRAS LAW 10111HAI. flESS, 'M\1.Al'OU:, J!(AtJlAt,