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Continue Angutara Nikaya, Buddhist scripture mentions 16 great kingdoms or Mahajanapadas in the early 6th century BC in . They appeared in the Vedic age. The history of Mahajanapadas may be related to the development of eastern Uttar Pardes () during the 6th to 4th century BC, where agriculture flourished due to the availability of fertile land and iron production increased due to the presence of iron ore in large quantities. This led to the expansion of the Janapad territories and was then considered as 16 highly developed regions or Mahajanapada. This is an important topic for the ISU exam, as well as relevant for other state exams. The appearance of mahajanapads from the Janapadas were the main kingdoms of Vedic India. During this period, the Aryans were the most powerful tribes and were called Janas. This gave rise to the term Janapad, where Jana means people and Pada means leg. By the 6th century BC, there were about 22 different Janapadas. Social and economic development mainly due to the use of iron tools in agriculture and the armed forces, as well as religious and political events led to the growth of Mahajanapadas from small kingdoms or Janapadas. During this period, the political centre shifted from the western Indogan plains to its eastern side. This was due to improved fertility of the land due to more rainfall and rivers. In addition, the region was closer to the centers of iron production. Which were 16 Mahajanapadas List of 16 Mahajanapadas that arose before the rise of in India: The list below provides you with the names of 16 mahajanapadas: Kasi Mulla Chedi Wati Watsa Kuru PanchalaSodina Assak Cambodia In a time less or weaker kingdoms have been eliminated. In the 6th century there were only 4 powerful kingdoms: Magada (Important rulers: Bimbisaara, Ajashashatru) Avanti (Important ruler: Pradiota) Kosala (Important Rulers: Prasenjit) Wasza (Important Rulers: Uudayan) Later, they were all annexed or became part of Magadha. 16 Mahajanapadas - Facts for the UPSC Exam Ancient India were several kingdoms in the 6th century BC In this era of socio-economic growth along with religious and political events crossed the Indo-Gang Plain. These settlements led to growth from Janapadas to Mahajanpadas. By 6 bc, the focus of the main political activity moved from the western part of the Plain to the eastern part. The eastern part of the Gangetic Plain consists of the present-day Bihar and the eastern state of . The main reason for this shift were fertile land, climate and topographical status, bestowed by sediments and rivers. In fact, it was the more supplementary use of iron guns and weapons that allowed small states to which is later known as Mahajanapadas. The table gives you detailed information on 16 Mahajanapadas: 16 Mahajanapadas Capital 16 Mahajanapadas Modern Location 16 Mahajanapadas Facts about 16 Mahajanapadas Anga Champa Manger and Anga Mahajanapada finds a link in and Atvahar Veda During the reign of Bimbisara, he was taken by himself on the Magadha . It is located in present-day Bihar and West . Magadha Girivraj Rajagrih Gaya and Magadha find a mention in Atarve Veda, which reports that Magadha was a semi-brahmatic dwelling. It was located now Bihar near Ang, divided by the Champa River. Magadha later became the center of , and the first Buddhist council was held in Rajagrih. Kasi Kasi Banaras He was located in . This city got its name from the rivers Varuna and Asi, as hung in Matsya Purana. Watsa Kausambi Allahabad Watsa is also known as Wamsa Eto Mahajanapada followed the monarchical form of government. The capital is Kausambi. It was a central city for economic activity. In the 6th century BC there was a thriving trade and business scenario. After the rise of , the ruler of Udayan made Buddhism a state religion. Vaca was located around present-day Allahabad. Kosala Sravasti East Uttar Pradesh It was located in the present-day region of Awadh Uttar Pradesh. Its capital was Sravasti Saurasena West Uttar Pradesh This place was the center of worship of Krishna during Megasten. In addition, Buddha dominated here. -Akhchatra and Kamplia West Uttar Pradesh Its capital for northern Panchala were Akhchatra and Campilaya for its southern regions. It was located in the present western part of Uttar Pradesh. Later the nature of government shifted from monarchy to republic. The Kuru Indraprasta Meerut and the southeastern Haryana District around appear to have been the site for Kuru Mahajanapad. It moved to the form of a republic of government. Matsya Viratnagar Jaipur It was located west of and south of Kurus. The capital was in Viratanagar It is located around the modern Jaipur. Chedi Sothivati Jaipur It was quoted in The Rigveda capital was Sothivati. It is located in the modern Bundelhand region. Avanti Ujaini or Mahismati and Madhya Pradesh Avanti were significant due to the rise of Buddhism. The capital of Avanti was located in Ujaini or Mahismati. It was located around present-day Malva and Madhya Pradesh. Gandhara Taksila Rawalpindi Capital was in Taksil. Gandhara cited in Atharva Veda People were highly skilled in the art of war. This is important for international commercial activities. Cambodia Puncha Rajori and Hajra Capital of Cambodia - Punch. It is located in present-day Kashmir and Indohusha. Some literary sources mention that Cambodia was a republic. or Asaka Pratifhan / Paitan Bank Godavari Capital of this Mahajanapada was located in Pratistav or Paitan. It was located on the shore of Godavari. Wajji Vaishali Bihar This capital of Vajji was Vaishali. The main races living in this Mahajanapadas were Licchavis, Vedehans, Jnatrikas and . Mallah Kusinara Deoria and Uttar Pradesh He finds a link in Buddhist and Jain texts and Mahabharata. Mallah was the republic of their capital was Kusinara, located around present-day Deoria and Uttar Pradesh. The political structure of Mahajanapadas Most states were monarchies, but some were republics known as Ganas or Sanghas. These Ganasangs were the oligarchy where the king was elected and he ruled with the help of the council. Waji was an important Mahajanapad with a form of sangha rule. The founders of Jainism and Buddhism came from republican states. Every Mahajanapada had a capital. Most of them had forts built around them to protect against other kings. Regular were supported by these new kings or Rajas. They also collected taxes from people. As a rule, the tax on crops is 1/6 of the products. This was known as Bhaga or share. Even artisans, shepherds, hunters and traders were taxed. Changes in agriculture have taken place two major changes in agriculture: the increasing use of iron ploughs. This increased production. Farmers started transplanting rice. This means that instead of scattering seeds on the soil, the seedlings were grown and planted in the fields. This significantly increased production, but the work also increased several times. The meaning of the 6th century It is from the 6th century BC that the continuous political can be stated. Related links: Kingdoms on the Indian subcontinent (c. 600 BC - 345 BC) This article needs additional quotes to verify. Please help improve this article by adding quotes to reliable sources. Non-sources of materials can be challenged and removed. Find sources: Mahajanapadas - News newspaper book scientist JSTOR (January 2019) (Learn how and when to delete this template message) Mah'janapadasc. 600 BC - c. 345 BC Map 16 Mahajanapadas. CapitalVariousCommon LanguagesPrakrit and SanskritReligian Vedic HinduismRamania (Buddhism and Jainism)GovernmentRepublica (Ganya sangha)Monarchist EraIron Era Created c. 600 BC Disestablished c. 345 BC Precedes the successful of The Yanapada of the Part series on the history of India's ancient Madrasian culture Soanian, circa 50000 BC Neolithic, c. 7600 - c. 3300 BC. 7570 - 6200 BC Jhusi 7106 BC Lahuradewa 7000 BC 7000 - 2600 BC Indian Valley of Civilization, c. 3300 - c. 1700 BC Post-Indus Valley Period, c. 1700 - c. 1500 AD Vedic Civilization, c. 1500 - c. 500 BC Early Vedic Period Rise of the Later Vedic period Spreading Jainism - Parshwanata Spreading Jainism - Rebellion of Buddhism Mahajanapadas, c. 500 - c. 345 BC Nanda Dynasty, c. 345 - c. 322 BC Classical Dynasty of Moreya, c. 322 - c. 185 BC of the Shung dynasty, c. 185 - c. 75 BC Dynasty of Kanva, c. 30 BC Kushan dynasty, c. 30 BC Kusha dynasty, c. 30 BC Kusha dynasty. , c. 30 CE Gupta Dynasty c. 200 - c. 550 AD Early medieval dynasty Of Chalukya, c. 543 - c. 753 CE Dynasty harsh, c. 606 AD - c. 647 BC Karakot Dynasty, c. 724 - c. 760 CE Arab Invasion, c. 738 CE Trilateral Struggle, c. 760 - c. 973 CE Dynasty Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty Rastracuta Dynasty PalaIna Chala, c. 848 - c. 1251 CE 2 Dynasty Chaluk , c. 973 - c. 1187 CE Late medieval c. 1206 - c. 1526 AD Dynasty Halji Dynasty of the Tugluk Dynasty Said of the Lodha Dynasty of the Pandian Dynasty, c. 1251 - c. 1323 CE Vijayanagara, c. 1336 - c. 1646 AD , c. 1342 - c. 1576 AD Early modern Dynasty of the Mughal, c. 1526 - c. 1540 AD Suri Dynasty, c. 1540 AD Bengal , c. 1556 AD Mughal Dynasty, c. 1556 AD c. 1674 - c. 1818 CE Company Raj, c. 1757 - c. 1858 CE Kingdom Mysore, c. 1760 - c. 1799 CE , c. 1799 - c. 1849 CE Modern Large Rebellion, c. 1857 - c. 1858 CE , c. 1858 - c. 1947 CE Independence Movement Independent India, c. 1947 CE British Raj , c. 1858 - c. 1947 CE History of Indian History in Indian History Economic History Linguistic History Linguistic History Linguistic History Literary History History History of The History of Religion Philosophical History Of The History of Religion Education History Coin History Of Science and Technology History List of Inventions and Discoveries of Naval War History involving India vte Description of South Asian Paleolithic History (2,500,000-250,000 BC) Madrasian Culture Soanian Neolithic Culture (10800-3300 BC) Culture of Hirrana (7570-6200 BC) Mergarha Culture (7000-3300 BC) Culture Edakkala (5000-3000 BC) BC) Halkolitskaya (3500-1500 BC) tradition of Anarta (c. 3950-1900 BC) Ahar-Banas culture (3000-1500 BC) Panda Culture (1600-1500 BC) Malva Culture (1600-1300 BC) (1400-700 BC) Bronze Age (3300-1300 BC) Indus Valley Civilization (3300-1300 BC) - Early Harappa Culture (33 000-2600 BC) - Mature Harappa Culture (2600-1900 BC) - Late Harappa Culture (1900-1300 BC) Vedic Civilization (2000 BC) Ichra Colored Culture Of Ceramics (2000-1600 BC) - Swat Culture (1600-500 BC) Iron Age (1500-200 BC) VEDIC Civilization (1500-500 BC) - Janapadas (1500-600 BC) - Black-red utensil culture (1300-1000 BC) - Grey Dishes of Culture (1200-600 BC) - Northern Black Polish Utensils (700-200 BC) Pradiot Dynasty (799-684 BC) Dynasty (684-424 BC) Three crowned kingdoms (c. 600 BC - AD 1600) Maha Janapadas (c. 600-300 BC) Empire of the Amemenids (550-330 BC) B.C.) Sor Dynasty (450 BC - 489 AD) Shaishunaga Dynasty (424-345 BC) Nanda Empire (424-345 BC) 380-321 BC) Macedonian Empire (330-323 BC) Empire of Morja (321-184) BC) Selevkid India (312-303 BC) Empire Pandya (c. 300 BC - 1345 AD) The Kingdom of Cher (c. 300 BC - 1102 BC Empire of Chol (c. 300 BC). - 1279 AD) The Pallave Empire (c. 250 BC - 800 AD) Maha Mega-Vahan Empire (c. 25 BC) 0 BC - 500 AD) (247 BC - 224 AD) Celestial Empire (230 BC) BC - 1206 AD) The Empire of Satawahan (230 BC - 220 AD) Kuninda (200 BC - AD 300 AD) of the Mithras Dynasty (230 BC - 220 AD) 150 BC. Schung's Empire (185-73 BC) the Indo-Greek kingdom (180 BC - 10 AD) the Empire of Kanva (75-26 BC) of the Indo-Scythian Kingdom (50 BC). - 400 AD) Indo-Parthian Kingdom (AD 21 - c. 130) Western Satrap Empire (AD 35-405 ) (AD 60-240) Bharsiva Dynasty (170-350) Nagas Padmavat (210-240) 340) Sasan Empire (224-65 1) Indo- Sassanid Kingdom (230-360) Wakatka Empire (c. 250 - c. 500) Kalabhras Empire (about 250 - c. 600) (280-550) Kadamba Empire (345-525) Western Kingdom of the Ganges (350-1000) Королевство (350-1100) Империя Вишнукундина (420-624) Империя Майтрака (475) Империя Майтрака (475 -767) Королевство Хуна (475- 576) Царство Рай (489-632) Кабульская империя шахи (ок. 500 - 1026) Империя Чалукья (543-753) Империя Маухари (ок. 550 - c. 700) Империя Харша ( 606-647) Тибетская империя (618-841) Восточное Королевство Чалукья (624-1075) Халифат Рашидун (632-661) Империя Гурджара-Пратихара (650-1036) Омейядский халифат (661-750) Империя Пала (750-1174) Империя Раштракута (753-982) Парамарское королевство (800-1327) Империя Ядава (850-1334) Королевство Чаулукья (850–1334) Королевство Чаулукья (850–1334) 942-1244) Западная империя Чалукья (973-1189) Королевство Лохара (1003-1320) Империя Хойсалы (1040-1347) Империя Сена (1070-1230) Восточная Империя Ганга (1078-1434) Королевство Какатия (1083-1323) Заморинское королевство (1102-1766) Калачурис Трипури (675-1210) Калачурис Кальяни ( 1156-1184) Чутия Царства (1187-1673) Дева Королевства (ок. 1200 - c. 1300) Поздний средневековый период (1206-1526) Дели Султанат (1206-1526) - Мамлюк Султанат (1206-1290) - Халджи Султанат (1290-1320) - Тухлак Султанат (1320-1414) - Сайид Султанат (1414-1451) - Лоди Султанат (1451-1526) Ахомское королевство (1228-1826) Читрад Королевство Редди (1300-1779) Королевство Редди (1325-1448) Империя Виджаянагара (1336-1646) Бенгальский Султанат (1352-1576) Гархвалское (1358-1803) (1399-1947) Kingdom of Gajapati (1434-1541) Sultanates Deccan (1490-1596) - Sultanate Ahmadnagar (1490- 1636) - Berar Sultanate (1490-1596) - Sultanate Ahmadnagar (1490-1636) - Berar Sultanate (1490-1596) 1574) - Bidar Sultanate (1492-1619) - Sultanat (1492-1686) - Holconda Sultanate (1518-1687) Kingdom of Cadedi (1499-1763) (1499-1763) Королевство (1515-1947) Ранний современный период (1526-1858) Империя Великих Моголов (1526-1858) Сур империя (1540-1556) Мадурайское королевство (1559-1736) Thanja Королевство (1532-1673) Бенгальское Суба (1576-1757) Королевство Марава (1600-1750) Тондайманское королевство (1650- 1948) Империя Марата (1674-18)18) Конфедерация сикхов (1707-1799) Королевство Траванкор (1729-1947) Империя сикхов (1799-1849) Колониальные государства (1510-1961) Португальская Индия (1510-19)61) Голландская Индия (1605-1825) Датская Индия (1620-1869) Французская Индия (1759-1954) Компания Raj (1757-1858) Великобританское Raj (1858-1947) Периоды доистории Шри-Ланки (до 543 г. до н.э.) Ранний период царств (543 г. до н.э. - 377 г. BC) период Анурадхапура (377 г. до н.э. - н.э. 1017 г.) период Полоннарува (1056-1232) Переходный период (1232-1232- 1505) Кризис шестнадцатого века (1505-1594) Кандян период (1594-1815) Британский Цейлон (1815-1948) Современная Шри-Ланка (1948-настоящее время) Национальная историяАфганистанБанladeshBhutanIndiaMaldivesNepalPakistanSri Lanka Региональная историяАссамБалуджистанБенгалБихарГуджаратХимахал ПрадешКабулКашмирХибер ПахтунхваРаджастханМахараштраУттар-ПрадешПунджабОдишаСиндут ИндияСилхетТамил НадuTibet Специализированные historiesAgricultureArchitectureCoinageDemographicsDynastiesЭкономикаИндологияИндологияВлияние на юго-восточной АзииLanguageLiteratureMaritimeMetallurgyMilitaryPartition of IndiaPakistan изучаетPhilosophyReligionScience - TechnologyTimeline vte Карта, изображающая Королевства Древняя Индия в 540 г. до н.э. Махаджанапады (санскрит : महाजनपद, illuminated. great kingdom, from maha, great, and janapad a springboard of the people) were the sixteen kingdoms or oligarchic republics that existed in Northern Ancient India from the sixth to fourth century BC during the second period of urbanization. The 6th-5th century BC is often seen as an important turning point in early Indian history; during this period, India's first major cities emerged after the disintegration of the Indus Valley. It was also a time of rise of the movements of the sramana (including Buddhism and Jainism), which challenged the religious orthodoxy of the Vedic period. Two mahajanapads were most likely gantantras (oligarchic republics), while others had forms of monarchy. Ancient Buddhist texts, such as Anguttara Nikaya, often refer to the sixteen great kingdoms and republics that evolved and prospered in the belt stretching from Gandhara in the northwest to Angi in the eastern Indian subcontinent. They included parts of the trans-Windhai region, and they all evolved before the rise of Buddhism in India. Archaeologically this period was defined as corresponding partially to the northern black Polish culture. Review Home article: Janapadas ceramics of The Northern Black Polish Culture Ware (about 500-200 BC) The term literally means a springboard The fact that Janapada comes from Yana points to the early stage of the land use of the people of Yana for a sedentary lifestyle. This process of land resettlement completed its final phase before the time of Buddha and Panini. The Doindian northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent was divided into several Janadas, separated from each other by borders. At Ashtajia, Panyini Janapada stands for the country and Janapadin speaks for his citizens. Each of these Janapadas was named after the people of (or Kshatriya Jana), who settled in it. Buddhist and other texts only coincidentally refer to the sixteen great peoples (Solas Mahajanapadas) who existed before the Buddha. They don't give any related story except in the case of Magadha. Buddhist Anguttara Nikaya, in several places, gives a list of sixteen great nations: Anga Assaka (or ) Avanti Chedi Gandhara Kashi Cambodia Kosala Kuru Magada Machcha (or Macia) Panchal Surasen Vraji Vaza (or Wams) Another Buddhist text, Diga Nikaya mentions twelve mahajanapad from the above list and omits four of them (Assaka, Avanti). Chula-Niddes, another ancient text of the Buddhist canon, adds Kalinga to the list and replaces Iona with Gandhara, thus listing Cambodia and Iona as the only mahajanapad from Uttarapata. Vahyaprajapatti (or Bhagavati Sutra), Sutra Jainism, gives another list of sixteen Mahajanapads: Anga Banga (Wanga) Magada Malaya Malavac akka Waqcha Kochcha Padh Ladha (Rad or Lata) Baji (Waji) Moli (Mallah) Kasi Kosala Avaha Sambhuttar Author Bhagavati Sutra (or Vahyapraapti) has an emphasis on the country. It omits peoples from Uttarapata, such as Cambodia and Gandhara. The expanded Bhagwati horizon and the omission of all countries from Uttarapata make it clear that the Bhagwati list is of later origin and therefore less reliable. List of Mahajanadas Anga Main article: Anga's first reference to Angi is in Atarva Veda, where they find mention along with , Gandharis and Mujavats, apparently as despised people. Jaina Prainapana ranks and Wangas in the first group of Aryan people. It mentions the main cities of ancient India. It was also a great center of trade and commerce, and its merchants regularly sailed to the distant Suwanabhumi. Anga was annexed by Magadha during the time of Bimbisar. It was the only conquest of Bimbisar. (quote is necessary) The main article of Asaki: Asaka Asaki Country or Ashmaka tribe was located in Dakshinapat or in southern India. It included areas in modern-day , Telangana, and During 's time, many assaki were located on the banks of the (south of the Windhya Mountains). The capital of Asakas was Potana or Potali, which corresponds to the modern Pitan in Maharashtra and Paudanya Mahabharata. In Maharashtra, its capital is located in Potali, which corresponds to the day of Nandura, the district of Buldhana. The Ashmaki are also mentioned by Panini. They are located in the northwest in Marchenday Purana and Brhat Samhita. The Godavari River separated the country of Assakas from the Mulacas River (or Alacas). Asak's country lay outside the pale Madhyades. It was located on the southern high road, Dakshinapatha. At one time, Asaka included Mulaka and abuts Avanti. The main article of Avanti: Avanti (Ancient India) Silver Coin Avanti mahajanapada (4th century BC) The country of Avantis was an important kingdom of western India and was one of the four great monarchies in India in the post-era Mahavira and Buddha, the other three were Kosala, Vaza and Magada. Avanti was divided north and south by the . Initially Mahishamati (Mahissati) was the capital of the southern Avanti, and Ujaini (: Ujayini) was from northern Avanti, but in the time of Mahavira and Buddha, Ujaini was the capital of the integrated Avanti. The country of Avanti roughly corresponded to the present-day Malve, Nimar and the surrounding parts of the present-day state of Madhya Pradesh. Both and Ujaini stood on a southern high road called Dakshinapata, which stretched from Rajagriha to Pratishtkhana (modern-day Paitan). Avanti was an important center of Buddhism, and some of the leading theras and theris were born and lived there. King Nandiwardhana Avanti was defeated by King Magadha Shishunagi. Avanti later became part of the Magadhan Empire. (quote needed) Chedi Home article: Chedi Kingdom of Chedis, Chetis or Chetyas had two different settlements, of which one was in the mountains of and the other in Bundelkhand near Kausambi. According to the old authorities, Chedis was lying near Yamuna, halfway between the kingdom of Kurus and Vatzas. During the media period, the southern borders of Chedi spread to the banks of the Narmada River. Sotthiwatnagara, Sukti or Suktimati Mahabharata was the capital of Chedi. The Cheds were the ancient people of India and are mentioned in Rigveda, with his king Kashu Chaidy. The location of the capital, Suktimati, has not been established with certainty. Historian Hem Chandra Reichaudhuri and F. E. Pargieter believed that it was located in the vicinity of Banda, Uttar Pradesh. Archaeologist Dilip Kumar Chakrabarti suggested that Suktimati could be identified as the ruins of a large early historic city, in a place with the modern name Ithaca, on the outskirts of Reva, Madhya Pradesh state. Gandhara's main article: Gandhara Janapada's early Gandhara: AR Shataman and one-eighth Shataman (round), Taksila-Gandhara, c. 600-300 BC Coin Takshashila depicts a tree surrounded by a hill topped with a crescent moon, and a nandipad over a swastika. Gandharia's coat is mentioned in Rigveda. The and their king are prominent as Kurus' strong allies against the Pandav in the Mahabharata war. The Gandhars were angry people, well-trained in the art of war. According to Puranian traditions, this Janapada was founded by Gandhara, the son of Aruda, a descendant of Yayat. The princes of this country are said to have come from the Druhyu line, who was the famous king of the Riga period and one of the five sons of King Yayati of the lunar dynasty. The Indus River watered the lands of Gandhara. Dachshila and Pushkalawati, two towns of Mahajanapada, are said to have been named after Taksa and Pushkar, two sons of Bharata, Prince Ayodha, brother of Lord Rama. According to Wayu Purana (II.36.107), the Gandhara were destroyed by Pramiti (aka Kalika) at the end of Kaliyugi. Panyini mentioned both the Vedic form of Gandhari and more herdhar in his Astadhaya. The Kingdom of Gandhara sometimes included Kashmir. Hekatei Milet (549-468) refers to the Caspian Sea (Kasyapura or Purushapur, i.e. modern Peshawar) as a Gandhar city. According to Gandhara Jataki, Gandhara was once part of the Kingdom of Kashmir. Jataka also gives another name to Chandahara for Gandhara. Gandhara Mahajanapad Buddhist traditions included the territories of eastern Afghanistan and northwest of (modern districts of Peshawar (Purushapur) and Rawalpindi). Later its capital was Taksasila (Prakrit for Takila). Taksasil University was a well-known learning center in ancient times, where scientists from all over the world came in search of higher education. Panyini, the Indian genius of grammar and Kautilia are world-renowned products of the University of Taksil. King Pukkusati or Pushkarasarin Gandhara in the middle of the 6th century BC was a contemporary of King Bimbisar Magadhi. Gandhara was located on a large northern high road (Uttarapata) and was the center of international commercial activity. According to one group of scientists, Gandhara and Cambodia were sonatas. It is also alleged that the Kurus, Cambodians, Gandharas and Bakhliks were co-hijacked. According to Dr. T. L. Shah, Gandhara and Cambodia were nothing more than two provinces of the same empire and were apart, influencing each other. Naturally, they may have once been sonatas. Gandhara was often politically linked to neighbouring Kashmir and Cambodia. Cambodia's main article: Kambohas Kambohas also In Uttarapat. In ancient literature, Cambodia is associated with Gandhara, Darada and Bahlita (Bactria) in different ways. Ancient Cambodia is known to have consisted of regions on both sides of Hindukush. Originally Kamboja was located in the eastern country Of Oxus as a neighbor to Bahlika, but since the time, some clans seem to have crossed the Hindukush and planted colonies on its south side as well. These latter Cambodians are associated with the Daradas and Gandhara in , and are also mentioned in 's decrees. Evidence in Mahabharata and ptolemy's geography clearly supports the two settlements in Cambodia. The Cis Hindukush region from Nurestan to Rajauri in south-western Kashmir, which shares the borders with The Darada and Gandhara, was a country of Cambodia. The capital of Cambodia was probably Rajapura (modern-day Rajori) in southwest Kashmir. Cambodia's Mahajanapad Buddhist tradition belongs to this Cis-indukush branch of ancient Cambodians. The Trans-Hindu Kush region, including Pamin and Badakhshan, which shared the borders with Bahlika (Bactria) in the west and Lohas and Rishikas Sogdian/Fergana in the north, represented the country of Parama-Cambodia. The Trans-Indukush branch of Cambodia remained purely Iranian, but much of Cambodia's cis-indus appears to be influenced by Indian culture. Cambodia is known to have both Iranian and Indian similarities. Cambodia has also been known as a republican since the Epic. Mahabharata belongs to several Ghanas (or republics) of Cambodia. The Artashastra of Kautilia and Ashoky No XIII also show that Cambodia followed the republican constitution. (quote is necessary) Sutra Panini, although eager to convey that Cambodia Pichini was the monarchy of Kshatriya, but the special rule and exceptional form of derivative which he gives to designate the ruler of Cambodia, implies that the king of Cambodia was only the titular head (the king-consul). According to Buddhist texts, the first fourteen of the above mahajanapads belong to Majhimades (Middle India), while the last two belong to Uttarapate or the northwestern division of Jambudvipa. In the struggle for supremacy that followed in the 6/5th century BC, the growing state of Magadhas became the dominant force in ancient India, annexing several Janapads of Majimades. The bitter line in laments that the Magadhan Emperor has destroyed all , no one worthy of the name Kshatriya remains after that. This obviously applies to Kasis, , Kurus, Panchalas, Vatsyas and other neo-Vedic tribes of East Punjab, of which nothing has been heard except in legend and poetry. (Nandas the throne of the Shishunaga dynasty c. 345 BC, thus founding the Nanda Empire.) However, the Cambodians and the Gandharans never made direct contact with the state of Magadhan until Chandragupta and Kautilia appeared at the scene. But these peoples also became victims of the Ahemenids of Persia during the reign of Cyrus (558-530 BC) or in the first year of Darius. Cambodia and Gandhara formed the twentieth and richest satrapy of the Ahamenid empire. Kir i is said to have destroyed the famous city of Cambodia called Kapisi (modern Begrama) in Paropamisade. Kashi Home article: The Kingdom of Kashi Kingdom was located in the region around its capital Varanasi, bordered by the Varuna and Asi rivers to the north and south, which gave Varanasi its name. Before Buddha, Kasi was the most powerful of the sixteen Mahajanapads. Several jataka tales testify to the superiority of its capital over other cities in India and speak highly of its prosperity and wealth. These stories tell the story of the long struggle for supremacy between Kashi and the of Kosala, Ang and Magadha. Although King Kasha Brihadrata conquered Kosala, Kashi was later incorporated into Kosala by King Kansoy during the time of Buddha. Kashi, along with the kosalas and videohanes, find references in Vedic texts and appear to have been closely related by the people. Macia Purana and Alberuni writes Kashi as Kausika and Kaushaka respectively. All other ancient texts were read by Kashi. (quote needed) Kosala Home article: Kosala Silver Coins Kosala mahajanapada (about 525-465 BC) The country of Kosala was located northwest of Magadha, with the capital in Ayodha. Its territory corresponded to the modern Awadh (or Udhu) in Central and Eastern Uttar Pradesh. It had the Ganges River for its southern, the Gandak River (Narayani) for its eastern, and the Mountains for its northern border. He finds the mention as the center of the Vedic . His kings joined the Devats in various wars against Daishov, Raksh and Asurov. Koshala and are central to the Hindu scriptures, Ithias and Purana. Raguwansha-Ikshvakuvansha was the longest continuous dynasty; Lord Rama was king in this dynasty. The other great kings were Prithu, Harishchandra and Dilip, each of whom is mentioned in different Puranas, and Mahabharata. According to these texts, Koshala was the most powerful and largest kingdom in the history of mankind. Prasenajit Kosala leaves Sravasti to meet Buddha, Sanchi. Later, the kingdom was ruled by the famous king Prasenajit in the era of Mahavira and Buddha, and then his son Vidudabha (). King Prasenajit was highly educated. His situation was further improved by his marriage to Magadha: his sister was married to Bimbisara and part of Kasi was given as a dowry. However, the struggle between King (Prasenajit) and King Ajashashatru Magadhi, who was finally settled after the Lichavis Confederation joined Magadha. Kosala was eventually merged into Magadha when Vidudabha was the ruler of Kosala. Ayodhya, Saketa, Banaras and Sravasti were the main cities of Kosala. (quote necessary) The main article of Kuru: Silver coin Kuru Kingdom Of Kuru Mahajanapad (4th century BC) Purana trace the origin of Kurus from the Puru-Bharat family. Kuru was born after 25 generations of the Puru dynasty, and after 15 generations Kuru, Kauravas and Pandavas were born. Aitarei Brahmana finds Kura in Madhyadesh and refers to as living outside the Himalayas. According to the Buddhist text of Sumangavilasini, the people of Kururashtra (Kurus) came from . Vayu Purana testifies that Kuru, the son of Samvarsana of the Puru line, was the eponymous ancestor of Kurus and the founder of Kururashtra (Kuru Janapad) in Kurukshetra. The country of Kurus roughly corresponded to the modern Tonesar, the state of Delhi, and the Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh. According to Jatakas, the capital of Kurus was Indrapratrastha (Indrapratta) near modern Delhi, which extended seven leagues. In the time of Buddha, the country of Kuru was ruled by a titular leader (royal consul) named Kolaivia. Buddhist chickens did not occupy the same position as in the Vedic period, but they continued to enjoy their ancient reputation for deep wisdom and good health. The Kurus had marital relationships with the Yadavs, Bhozhami, Trigrats and Panchalami. There is a reference to King Dhananjaya, introduced as a prince from the Yudhishtra race. Although well known monarchical people in the earlier period, Kurus is known to have switched to a republican form of government during the 6th to 5th century BC. In the 4th century BC, Kautilia also testified to Kurus in accordance with the Constitution of Rajashabdopdzhivin (royal consul). Magadha Home article: Magadha Silver Coin Magadha mahajanapada (c. 350 BC) Magadha was one of the most famous and prosperous mahajanapadas. The capital of (Patna, Bihar) was at the confluence of major rivers such as the Ganges, Son, and Gandak. The alluvial plains of the region and its proximity to the copper and iron-rich areas of Bihar and Jarhan helped the kingdom develop quality weapons and support the agricultural economy. Its location in the middle of the trade roads of those days contributed to his wealth. All these factors helped Magada to become the most prosperous state of that period. King Magadhi Bimbisara visits the Bamboo Garden (Venuwana) in Rajagrih; artwork from Sanchi. The kingdom of Magadhas roughly corresponded to the modern districts of Patna and southern Bihar and parts of Bengal to the east. The capital of Pataliputra was connected to the north by the Ganges River, to the east by the Champa River, to the south by the Windhya Mountains and to the west by the Rhone River. In Buddha's time, his borders included Ang. Its earliest capital was Girivraja or Rajagaha (modern Rajgir in the Landanda area of Bihar). Other names in the city were Magadapura, Brihadrathapura, Vasumati, Kushagrapura and Bimbisarapuri. In ancient times, it was an active center of Jainism. The first Buddhist council was held in Rajagah in the Waibhara Hills. Later Pataliputra became the capital of Magadha. (quote needed) Malla Home article: Mallah (Ancient India) Hypothesis of reconstruction of the main gate of Kusinagara, the city of Mallas, circa 500 BC adapted from the relief in Sanchi.City of Kushinagar in the 5th century BC according to the 1st century BC frieze in Sanchi Stupa 1 gate south. Mallas is often mentioned in Buddhist and Jain works. They were influential people living in North and South Asia. According to Mahabharata, Panduputra Bhimasen is said to have conquered Chief Mallas/Mulls during his expedition to . During the Buddhist period, mallas/Malls Kshatriya were a republican people with their dominion consisting of nine territories57 joining to the nine Confederate clans. These Republican states were known as Ghana. Two of these confederations - one with the capital of Kushinara (present-day Kasiya near Gorakhpur), and the other with Pava (modern Padrauna, 12 miles from Kasia) as the capital - became very important in the time of Buddha. Kuchinara and Pava are very important in the history of Buddhism and Jainism since the days of Lord Buddha and Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirtankara took their last dishes in Kushinar and Pava/Pavapuri respectively. Buddha fell ill in Pava and died in Kusinara, while Lord Mahavira took his Nirvana to Pavapuri. It is widely believed that Lord Gautam died in the courtyard of the King Sistopal Kushinagar/Kushinara shopping centre. Kushinagar is now the center of the Buddhist pilgrimage circle, which is being developed by the Uttar Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation. Mallas, like Lichavis, is referred to by Manusmriti as The Lie Kshatrias. They are called Vasetthas in Mahapparnibbana Suttanta. Initially, Mallas had a monarchical form of government, but later they switched to the (Republic), whose members called themselves Rajas. Mallas seemed to form an alliance with Lichhavis for self- defense, but lost his independence shortly after Buddha's death and their possessions were annexed to the Magadhan Empire. (quote necessary) Mallas defends the city of Kusinagara, as pictured in Sanchi. Mallah was an ancient Indian republic (Ganya Sangha) in Anguttatar Nikaya. The main article of Macgyi: The Kingdom of Macchia Country of the Macchia or Machcha tribe lay south of Kurus and west of Yamuna, which separated them from Panchal. It roughly corresponded to the former state of Jaipur in Rajasthan and included the entire Alwar with parts of Bharatpur. The capital of Macchia was in Viratanagar (modern Bayrat), which is said to have been named after its founding king Virat. In literature, macias are usually associated with surasen. West Macia was a mountain tract on the northern shore of Shambhala. The Matsya branch is also found in later days in the Vizagapatam area. In the time of Buddha, the maccies had little political significance. King Sujata ruled both Chedya and Maccah, thus showing that Macia was once part of the Chedian kingdom. (quote necessary) Main article of Panchala: Panchala Coin Panchalas Adhichhatra (75-50 BC). Obv Indra sits face on pedestal, holding a bifurcation object. Reverend Idramitras in Brahmi, symbols of Panchala. The Panchals occupied the country east of Kurus between the mountains and the Ganges River. It roughly corresponded to modern Budun, Farrukhabad and the surrounding areas of Uttar Pradesh. The country was divided into Uttara-Panchala and Dakshina-Panchala. Northern Panchala had its capital in Adhihatra or Chhatrawati (modern Ramnagar in the Bareili area), while southern Panchala had its capital in Campila or Campila in faruhabad district. The famous city of Kanyakubia or Kanauj was located in the kingdom of Panchala. Originally a monarchical clan, the Panchals seem to have moved to a republican corporation in the 6th and 5th centuries BC In the 4th century BC, Arthashastra Kautili also testified to Panchalas as the next Rajashabdpadzhivin (royal consular) constitution. (quote necessary) Surasen Home article: Surasen Mahajanapad Silver Coin (5th century BC). The country of was to the east of Macyya and to the west of Yamuna. This is roughly in line with the Bray region of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan. and the Gwalior region in Madhya Pradesh. It had its capital in Madhur or Mathura. Avantiputra, king of , was the first of buddha's main disciples to help Buddhism gain power in the country of Mathura. Ijakas and Vrishnis Matura/Surasena are mentioned in Ashtadhyaya Piaini. In Artashastra Kautilia Vrishnis is called a sangha or a republic. Vrishnis, Andakas and other allied Yadav tribes formed the sanghu, while Vasudeva (Krishna) is described as sangha-muha. Mathura, the capital of Surasena, was also known in the days of Megasten as the center of worship of Krishna. Kingdom of Surasen loses its independence after Magadhan annexation Waji's main article: Waji Ananda Stupa, built by Lichavis in Vaishali, served as the capital of the Wajjian Confederation, one of the earliest republics in the world (Ganya Sangha). Vaji (Sanskrit: Vaji) or Vridgei was a confederation of neighboring clans, including Lichchavis and one of the main mahajanapads of ancient India. The area they ruled is the Mytila district in northern Bihar, and the capital was the city of Vaishali. Both the Buddhist text of Anguttara Nikaya and the text of Jaina Bhagavati Sutra (Saya xv Uddesa I) included Waji on their lists of solass (sixteen) Mahajanadas. The name of this mahajanapad came from one of his ruling clans, Vaji. The state of Vaji was reportedly a republic. This clan is mentioned by Panyini, and . The main article of Vatz or Vamsa: Vaza Vaca Or Vamassa is intended to be a branch of Kurus. The country of or Vamsa corresponded to the territory of modern Allahabad in the state of Uttar Pradesh. It had a monarchical form of government with the capital in Kausambi (identified with the village of Kosam, 38 miles from Allahabad). Kausambi was a very prosperous city, home to a large number of wealthy merchants. It was the most important port of goods and passengers from the northwest and south. Udayan was the ruler of Vatz in the 6-5th century BC He was very strong, belligerent and loved hunting. Initially, King Udayan was against Buddhism, but later became a follower of Buddha and made Buddhism a state religion. Udayana's mother, the queen of Mrigawati, is known for being one of the earliest known female rulers in the history of India. The period of Vedas Brachmarshi-desch, the county of the holy sages, includes the territories of Kurus, Matsias, Panchalas and Shurasanas (i.e. the eastern half of the state of Patiala and Delhi division of Punjab, the Alvar State and the surrounding area in Rajputan, a region that lies between the Ganges and Jumna). See also part of the series on the Indo-European Languages List of Indo-European Languages Historical Albanian Baltic Baltic Slavic Slavic Germanic Greek Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Italian Romance Extinct Anatoly Paleo-Balkan Dakian Librian Liborian Messipian Meysian PeonY Graeko-Aryan Graeko-Frisky Indo-Hittit Italo-Celtic Traco-Illrian Grammar Root Verbs of The Particle Nounsings Other Proto-Italian Proto-Anatolian Proto-Armenian proto-Armenian proto-German proto-Italian proto-Italian-Greek proto-Baltoslav (proto-Christian) Hieroglyphic Luv Linear B Rigveda Avesta Homer Behistun Gallic Epigraphy Latin Epigraphy Runic Epigraphy Agama Gothic Bible Armenian Bible Tilt Brahmi Old Irish Glossy Origin Of the Motherland of proto-Indo-European Society Religion Basic Mound hypothesis Indo-European Eurasian migrations Anatolian Armenian hypothesis of the indigenous Aryans of the Baltic Homeland of the Paleolithic Theory of Continuity Archaeology Halkolite (Copper Age) Pontic Steppe domestication of the horse of the Kurgan Kurgan culture of steppe culture Bug-Dnepr-Middle-Donets Samara Vvalny-Donitovka culture Novotitorovka culture Caucasian Meikop East Asia Northern Europe Corden Middle Dnipro Bronze Age Pontian Steppe Chariot Pit Catacombs Full-Indigenous utensils Poltavka Srubna North/Eastern Steppe Abashevo Culture Andronovo Sintashta Europe Glober Amfor Cordova utensils Beaker Unetice Trzciniec North Bronze Age Terramare Tumulus Urnufield Lu South Asia BMAC Yaz Gandhara graves Iron Age steppe Chernoles Europe Traco-Kimmerian Hallstatt Jastorf Caucasian Colchian India painted gray Ware Northern Black Polish Pottery Peoples and Societies of the Bronze Age Anatoly Peoples () Armenian Mycenaude- Iranians of the Iron Age Of The Iron Indo-Arians Parthians Scythians Saka Sarmatians Massagetae Alans East Asia Wusun Yuezhi Europe Celts Celts of the island Celts cimmerians Greek peoples itals of the Germanic peoples of the Middle Ages East Asian Tocharians Europe Albanians Baltic Slavs norsemen / Medieval Scandinavians of medieval Europe Indo-Arian Indo-Iranian religion Ancient Iranian religion Historical Hettit Indo-Arian Buddhism Jainism Illirian Thracian Dacian) Greek Roman Celtic Irish Scottish Breton Cornish Cornish Cornish Anglo-Saxon Continental Baltic Baltic Slavic practice Fire victim of the Horse sacrifice of Sati Winter Solstice / Mallory Institutes of Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European publications Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture Horse, Wheel and Language Journal of Indo-European Studies Indogermanisches etymologists W'rterbuch Indo-European etymological dictionary v Magteadha-Vajji War Janapada Iron Age India Epic India : India C.1500 BC - 2000 AD Oxford University Press. p. xxxviii. Vikas Nain, Second Urbanization in the Chronology of Indian History, International Journal of Academic Research and Development 3 (2) (March 2018), page 538-542 esp. 539. Anguttara Nikaya I. page 213; 4. page 252, 256, 261. Singh, Upinder (2008). History of ancient and early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century. Delhi: Pearson Education. 260-4. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0. 16 Mahajanapadas - Sixteen Mahajanapadas, 16 Maha Janapadas of India, Maha Janapada of Ancient India. Iloveindia.com. Received in 2013-07-12. J.M. Kenoyer (2006), Cultures and societies of the Indus tradition. In historical roots, in the creation of the Aryan, R. Tapar, page 21-49. New Delhi: National Book Foundation. India, as Panini is known: The Study of Cultural Material in Ashadhoy, 1963, page 427 - Vasudeva Sharana Agramala - India; India at the time of Patanyali, 1968, p. 68, Dr. B. N. Puri - India; The Socio-Economic and Political History of East India, 1977, page 9, Y. K Mishra - Bihar (India) - Tribes of Ancient India, 1977, p 18 Mamata Chowdhury - Ethnology - Tribal Coins of Ancient India, 2007, p xxiv Devendra Handa - Coins, India - 2007 - Journal of the Numismatic Society of India, 1972, page 221 Numismatic Society of India - Numismatics - History of Literature Ili, 2000, p 648 b. C. Law - Some tribes of Xatria of Ancient India, 1924, p. 230-253, Dr. B.K. Lo. Anguttara Nikaya: Volume I, page 213, Volume IV, page 252, 256, 260, etc. Chulla-Niddes (P.T.S.), p. 37. Lord Mahawara and his time, 1974, p. 197, Dr. Kailash Chand Jain; History and Culture of the Indian People, 1968, p lxv, Dr. Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bharatiya Itihasa Samiti; Problems of Ancient India, 2000, page 7, K.D. Setna. Political History of Ancient India, 1996, page 86; History and Culture of the Indian People, Age of Imperial Unity, 15-16 - Diga Nikaya and Tiwari, Anshuman; Sengupta, Anindia (August 10, 2018). Laxminama: Monks, Merchants, Money and Mantra. Bloomsbury Publishing. page 307. ISBN 9789387146808. Saint, Saylendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian history and civilization. New Era International. page 109. ISBN 9788122411980. Dr. Bhandarkaar b Raichaudhuri, Hem Chandra (1923), Political History of Ancient India, From the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty, p. 66 - Chakrabarti, Dilip Kumar (2000), Mahajanapad state of early historical India, in Hansen, Mogens Herman (para.), Comparative study of thirty urban state cultures: Investigation, page 387, ISBN 9788777774 Takila (local chasing). Around 220-185 BC (17x18mm, 7.71 g). www.cngcoins.com. Classical Numismatic Group Inc. was received on June 28, 2017. Jataka No. 406. Revue de Etude Greeks 1973, page 131, Ch-em Ruelle, Association for l'promotion de etude France. Early Indian Economic History, 1973, page 237, 324, Rajaram Narayan Saletore. Myths about the dog man, 199, page 119, by David Gordon White; Journal of the Oriental Institute, 1919, page 200; Journal of Indian Museums, 1973, page 2, Association of Museums of India; Pradas: Exploring their coinage and history, 1972, page 52, Dr. B. N. Mukherjee - Paradas; Journal of the Department of Sanskrit, 1989, page 50, Rabindra Bharati University, Department of Sanskrit-Sanskrit Literature; In the journal of the Academy of Indian Numismatics and Sigilography, 1988, p. 58, The Academy of Indian Numismatics and Sigilography - numismatics; Cf: Rivers of Life: Or Sources and Streams of Human Faith in All Lands, 2002, p. 114, J. G. R. Forlong. - Journal of the Eastern Institute, 1919, page 265, Oriental Institute (Vadodara, India) - Oriental Studies; As for the Links of Kuru-Cambodia, see Dr. Chandra Chakraberti's views: The Literary History of Ancient India in relation to its race and language, page 14.37, Vedas; Racial History of India, 1944, page 153, Chandra Chakraberti - Ethnology; Paradise of the Gods, 1966, page 330, zamarud Din Ahmed - Pakistan. Ancient India, The History of India for 1000 Years, Four Volumes, Volume I, 1938, page 38, 98 By Dr. T. L. Shah. James Fergusson notes: More broadly, the name Gandhara meant all countries west of the Indus to Kandhaar (The Tree and Serpent Worship, 2004, p. 47, James Fergusson). Encyclopedia Americana, 1994, page 277, encyclopedias and dictionaries. The geography of Ptolemy mentions Tambyzoi located in the eastern part of Bactria (Ancient India, as described by Ptolemy: Being translated chapters ... 1885, page 268, John Watson McCrindle - Geography, Ancient; Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, History - 2000, page 99, (editors) Richard J. A. Talbert) and Ambautai people located south of the Hindukush Mountains (geography 6.18.3; see map in McCrindle, p. 8). Dr. S. Levy identified Tambisoi from Kamboya (Indian Antiques, 1923, p. 54; Before Aryan and to Dravidian in India, 1993, p. 122, Dr. Sylvain Levy, Dr. Jean Przyluski, Jules Bloch, Asian Educational Services), and the land of Ambautai was also identified by Dr. Michael Witzel (Harvard University) with Sanskrit Kamboja Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, Volume 5, 1999, issue 1 (September), Dr. Witzel; Indo-Aryan controversy: evidence and conclusions in Indian history, 2005, p. 257, Laurie L. 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Reichudhury as Historian, Northern Book Center, page 28, ISBN 978-81-7211-210-3 p 481 - Culpa Sutra; Niraayali Sutra - Asian mythology J. Hakina p.83ff and Olivelle, Patrick (July 13, 2006). Between : Society in India 300 BC to 400 AD Press of Oxford University. ISBN 9780199775071 - via Google Books. Reichudhuri Gemchandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Kolkata: University of Calcutta, 85-6 - Reichudhuri Gemchanandra (1972), Political History of Ancient India, Kolkata: University of Calcutta, p.107 - Rohan L. Jayetilette (December 5, 2007). Gositarama Kaushambi. Daily news. Archive from the original on June 4, 2011. Received on October 29, 2008. Rapson, E.J. Ancient India, from ancient times to the first century of our lives (p. 50-51). Further reading by R.K. Majumdar and A.D. Pusalker, eds. The history and culture of the Indian people. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay 1951. Setna, K.D. (1989). Ancient India in a new light. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. Setna, K.D. (2000). The problems of ancient India. New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan. Extracted from the period of mahajanapadas upsc. period of mahajanapadas pdf. the period of janapadas and mahajanapadas

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