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Final IJE 42(1) I S S N 0 INDIAN 3 0 4 - 5 2 5 JOURNAL OF 0 ECOLOGY Volume 42 Number 1 June 2015 THE INDIAN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY INDIAN ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY (www.indianecologicalsociety.com) Founder President: A.S. Atwal (Founded 1974, Registration No.: 30588-74) Registered Office College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana – 141004, Punjab, India (e-mail : [email protected]) Advisory Board B.V. Patil P.S. Mihas Asha Dhawan C. Devakumar Executive Council President G.S. Dhaliwal Vice-Presidents R. Peshin S.K. Singh S.K. Bal K.V.N.S. Prasad General Secretary-cum-Managing Editor A.K. Dhawan Joint Secretary-cum-Treasurer Vaneet Inder Kaur Councillors A.K. Sharma A. Shukla S. Chakraborti Haseena Bhaskar Members T.R. Sharma Kiran Bains T.V.K. Singh Veena Khanna Editorial Board Editor Sanjeev Chauhan Associate Editors S.S. Walia Editors R.K. Pannu Harit K. Bal G. Hemalatha J. Mukherjee K. Selvaraj M.N. Rao M.S. Wani Harsimran Gill The Indian Journal of Ecology is an official organ of the Indian Ecological Society and is published six-monthly in June and December. Research papers in all fields of ecology are accepted for publication from the members. The annual and life membership fee is Rs (INR) 500 and Rs 7500, respectively within India and US $ 40 and 600 for overseas. The annual subscription for institutions is Rs 3000 and US $ 150 within India and overseas, respectively. All payments should be in favour of the Indian Ecological Society payable at Ludhiana. For detail of payments also see website www.indianecologicalsociety.com 1 Manuscript Number: 1989 Indian Journal of Ecology (2015) 42(1): 1-8 NAAS Rating: 4.47 Quantification of Greenhouse Gas Emission from Agroforestry Systems in Semi-arid Alfisols of India during Rainy Season S.B. Chavan, G.R. Rao1 and A. Keerthika2 Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi-284 003, India 1Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad- 500 059, India 2Central Arid Zone Research Institute, RRS, Pali-306 401, India E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: Studies on measuring CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes from five agroforestry systems viz., teak, jatropha, pongamia, simaruba and leucaena were conducted at CRIDA, Hyderabad during June-August, 2013 in semi-arid alfisols. The fluxes were measured at weekly interval using closed static chamber technique and gas chromatography method. The highest mean soil CO2 emission observed in jatropha (5644.11 kg ha-1yr-1), teak (4422.90 kg ha-1yr-1) and simaruba (4673.58 kg ha-1yr-1), whereas, lower values were recorded in pongamia (4575.28 kg ha-1yr1) followed by leucaena (2556.94 kg ha-1yr-1). Observations regarding mean uptake in methane showed that in jatropha (8.57 kg ha-1yr-1) and Simaruba (7.37 kg ha-1yr-1) recorded higher values than pongamia (4.02 kg ha-1yr-1) and Teak (3.40 kg ha-1yr-1). The leucaena system (3.50 kg -1 -1 ha yr ) was net emitter of methane as compared with other systems. Highest N2O fluxes during measurement period were observed in simaruba (140.62 kg ha-1yr-1), leucaena (123.96 kg ha-1yr-1) and pongamia (76.26 kg ha-1yr-1). In present study, temperature was most limiting factors than soil moisture among all the agroforestry systems and produced better fit polynomial models with fluxes of gases. This study gives an idea of successive potential values of GHGs in agroforestry systems to compare with carbon sequestration abilities of these systems. Key Words: Agroforestry systems, Closed static chamber, Gas chromatography, GHGs flux, Soil temperature, Soil moisture Global climate change is one of the most important redox potential, in which soil contributes by 40 per cent of the issues of contemporary environmental safety. Climate total emission (Smith et al., 2003). Two microbial processes, change caused by rising levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) and produces and consumes methane by methanogenesis and other greenhouse gases (CH4 & N2O) is recognized as a methyanotrops, respectively. Nitrous oxide is the third and serious environmental issue of the twenty-first century. A most dangerous gas produced in soil mainly in the course of scientific consensus has evolved that the emissions of two contrasting microbial processes: nitrification (ammonium greenhouse gases from anthropogenic activities had played to nitrite and then to nitrate) and denitrification (nitrite to N2O a key role in elevating the global temperatures and affecting and ultimately to molecular nitrogen). Nitrification is an livelihood of people. Emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) aerobic process but when the supply of O2 is limited by has become a matter of great concern because of the future diffusional constraints then nitrifying bacteria can use projections of the global warming and related effects on nitriteas, an electron acceptor and reduce it to NO and N2O biological life (Yadava, 2010). GHG emissions data are (Bollman and Conrad,1998). already needed for such varied purposes as guiding national Better information on GHG emissions and planning for low-emissions development, generating and mitigation potential of the agroforestry systems is necessary trading carbon credits, certifying sustainable agriculture to manage these emissions and identify responses that are practices, informing consumers choices with regard to consistent with food security, environmental safety and reducing their carbon footprints, assessing product supply economic development priorities of individual countries. chains, and supporting farmers in adopting less carbon- Agroforestry practices are said to be characterized by four “I” intensive farming practices (Olander et al., 2013), so country w o r d s w h i c h s t a t e t h a t i n t e n t i o n a l , can manage emission by adopting successive steps. intensive, integrated, and interactive (Gold and Garrett, Carbon dioxide emissions resulting from soil 2009). This complexness of agroforestry systems renders respiration and vegetation being 10-15 times greater than them significant sources of GHG emissions due to emissions of CO2 from fossil fuels are the principal sources management practices such as tillage, burning, manuring, from which this gas enters in the atmosphere (Raich and chemical fertilization, and frequent disturbance that can lead Schlesinger, 1992). This takes in to account the production of to emission of CO2, CH4, and N2O from soils and vegetation to CO2 by the respiration of plant roots, microorganisms and the the atmosphere. Establishment and management of transport of gases in the soil from atmosphere. Methane is agroforestry systems incompatible with prevailing edaphic formed in soils by the microbial breakdown of organic and climatic conditions can accelerate soil GHG emissions. compounds in strictly anaerobic conditions and at very low Non-sustainable agroforestry systems are quickly degraded, 2 S.B. Chavan, G.R. Rao and A. Keerthika and woody and herbaceous crops can become significant placed in such a way that they adequately represent the GHG sources (Dixon et al., 1995; Verchot et al., 2008; system to be measured (placed in between the rows). Hergouaich et al., 2012 and Dube et al., 2013). Ruminant- Gas Sampling: Gas samples of trace gases flux based silvopastoral systems and rice paddy agri-silvicultural measurement were taken once a week during the rainy systems are well documented sources of CH4, which season (June–August) from closed chamber. The air inside significantly contribute to the global CH4 budget. Presently the chamber was homogenized with a battery operated fan most of the scientists emphasized on carbon sequestration with an air displacement of 1.5 l min-1 during collection of gas potential of agroforestry but there are limited work related to samples from the field for proper mixing (homogenization) of GHG emission from agroforestry. However, extensive gases inside the chamber. Gas samples were taken at 0, 15, research is required to quantify GHG emission from 30, 45 and 60 min after chamber closure using 20 ml plastic agroforestry systems. syringes, and analyzed in the laboratory within 24 h (Zhang et The proposed study is premised on the main al., 2012). Gas samples were collected during mid-morning objectives to focus on to quantify GHG emission from five (9:00–10:00; 11.00-13.00 hrs local time) on each sampling agroforestry systems and to evaluate variation in the rate of date (Zhang et al., 2012). GHG fluxes and its relationship with soil temperature and soil Gas Chromatography Analysis moisture in rainy season. The trace gases were analyzed by using Varian 450-GC based on gas chromatography principal. A Varian MATERIAL AND METHODS 450-GC based system was custom configured to analyze all Experimental site three gases in one run in a matrix of atmospheric air This study was conducted in Hayathanagar containing water vapor. The gas analysis was done in Central Research Farm (HRF) of the Central Research Institute for laboratory of CRIDA, Hyderabad. Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad. The HRF is located at Calculation of flux 17027'N latitude, 78035' longitude with above mean sea level The fluxes of GHGs are calculated using the of 515m. The mean annual minimum and maximum following equations (Pathak et al., 2013). -2 temperature varies from 13.5° to 38.6°C and the mean The N2O-N/CO2-C fluxes from fields are expressed as µg m annual rainfall is 755 mm. The experimental soil represented h-1 using the following equation: 3 6 Alfisol soil order (Typic Haplustalf), with pH slightly acidic to N2O-N flux = (?X × EBV (STP) × 28 × 10 × 60) / (10 × 22400 × T neutral (6.4) and EC 0.085 dS m-1. The soils were low in × A) -1 3 6 available nitrogen (145 kg ha ), medium in available CO2-C/CH4-C flux = (ÄX × EBV (STP) × 12 × 10 × 60) / (10 × phosphorus (13.0 kg P ha-1) and available potassium (175 kg 22400 × T × A) ha-1).
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