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Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication

Flowering of Agumbe region, central , Karnataka,

G.S. Adithya Rao & Y.L. Krishnamurthy

26 June 2021 | Vol. 13 | No. 7 | Pages: 18853–18867 DOI: 10.11609/jot.4761.13.7.18853-18867

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Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) OPEN ACCESS htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4761.13.7.18853-18867

#4761 | Received 21 November 2019 | Final received 22 March 2021 | Finally accepted 08 April 2021

COMMUNICATION

Flowering plants of Agumbe region, central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India

G.S. Adithya Rao 1 & Y.L. Krishnamurthy 2

1 Department of Applied Botany, Kuvempu University, Jnanasahyadri, Shankaragata, Shivamogga, Karnataka 577451, India. 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] (corresponding author)

Abstract: Agumbe, the Cherrapunji of southern India, is a baston of rich endemic fora. In the present study of random sampling, a total of 570 of fowering plants were collected belonging to 370 genera and 105 families, including a few endemic and Red Listed medicinal plants such as Garcinia gummi-guta (L.) Roxb., Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd., Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex C.DC., Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb., Hopea canarensis Hole, Calophyllum apetalum Willd., Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) W.J.de Wilde, and Myristca dactyloides Gaertn. Family Leguminosae contributes the maximum number of species (47 species) followed by (32 species) and Asteraceae (27 species) and Genera Ficus (9 species), (8 species) and (7 species) are the dominant genera. (185 species) are the dominant species followed by herbs (162 species), climbers (117 species), shrubs (62 species), grasses and sedges (19 species), epiphytes (15 species) and parasites (10 species).

Keywords: Dipterocarpus, endemic, Red Listed medicinal plants.

Editor: Anonymity requested. Date of publicaton: 26 June 2021 (online & print)

Citaton: G.S.A. Rao & Y.L. Krishnamurthy (2021). Flowering plants of Agumbe region, central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 13(7): 18853–18867. htps://doi.org/10.11609/jot.4761.13.7.18853-18867

Copyright: © Rao & Krishnamurthy 2021. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of this artcle in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

Funding: Self-funded.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Author details: G.s. Adithya Rao is very much Interested in and diversity assessment. Presently working in Karnataka Forest Department as Deputy Range Forest Ofcer cum Surveyor and working for compiling the Flora of Shivamogga District. Y.L. Krishnamurthy is Professor in Applied Botany and he has expert in Plant Biodiversity - survey, documentaton and conservaton and fungal endophytes - Enhancement of plant growth by incorporaton of benefcial fungi and fungal metabolite profling, Exploraton and characterizaton of lichens.

Author contributons: GSA - carried out the feld work, data collecton, identfcaton, photography, data interpretaton, manuscript writng. YLK - carried out the feld work, guided for data interpretaton and manuscript writng.

Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to Prof. K. Gopalakrishna Bhat, Taxonomic research Centre, Poorna Prajna College, Udupi for their help in the ID conformaton. The grattude extended to Karnataka Forest Department for giving the entry to the study site. Also thankful to Mr. H.U. Abhijit, Mr. H.U. Vishwajith and Mr. Praveena Hosagadde for their support during the research work.

18853 J TT Flowering plants of Agumbe region, Western Ghats Rao & Krishnamurthy INTRODUCTION updated account available for this ecologically unique and important region. Taxonomic studies and foristc exploratons can provide efcient and convenient informaton regarding the nomenclature, distributon and ecology, utlity of MATERIALS AND METHODS various plants species, and about an ecosystem. It is estmated that the tropical forests harbor about 70% of Study area living organisms of the whole world, of which roughly The study area is 568ha of tropical low-land evergreen 20% of the total are confned as exclusively endemic forest of Agumbe (13.5087°N 75.0959°E) in Shivamogga throughout the tropical forests (Myers 1988). district of Karnataka, India. Agumbe tropical rain forests India is one among 18 mega biodiversity natons are the heart of central Western Ghats with a wide range harboring about 4,381endemic species of fowering of species compositon and foral distributon. These plants (Nayar, 1996; Shigwan et al. 2000; Singh et forests are classifed as tropical wet evergreen forests al. 2015). Among 35 global biodiversity hot spots of the Dipterocarpus indicus-Humboldta brunonis- (Mitermeier et al. 2011) identfed, India has four; Poeciloneuron indicum type (Pascal 1988). The mean including the Western Ghats, which is the second largest annual rainfall is 7,620mm (300 inches) and the average endemic centers in India with 1,273 species (Nayar et al. temperatures vary between 22.2oC and 23.6oC with an 2014 a,b). annual average temperature of 23.5oC. Agumbe lies in a The Western Ghats is one of the two high diversity hilly, wet region of the Western Ghats with an elevaton humid tropical forest tracks in India. The most of 643m (2,250f), canopy cover of 80–85% and lies outstanding feature of the Western Ghats is the formaton in a UNESCO World Heritage Site (UNESCO 2011). of tropical rain forests along the windward side facing According to Champion & Seth’s (1968) classifcaton, the Arabian Sea. The tropical climate complimented by Agumbe is an area of “southern tropical wet evergreen heavy precipitaton from the south-west monsoon and forests”. The Agumbe Medicinal Plants Conservaton favorable edaphic factors create an ideal conditon for Area (MPCA) was established in 1999 to protect the the luxuriant growth of plant life, which can be seen only important medicinal plants of the region (Figure 1). in a few parts of the world (Gadgil 1996). The tropical forests have received much atenton in recent years Methods because of their species richness, high standing biomass, This study was carried out in all the climatc seasons and greater productvity (Denslow 1987). A rainforest covering Agumbe and Kundadri MPCA, Agumbe is a dense, wet, and tropical evergreen ecosystem, Reserve Forest and a few parts of Someshwara Wildlife high in its level of biodiversity. One among the tropical Sanctuary between 2016 and 2018. The survey was rainforests of the Western Ghats is found in the Agumbe conducted using random sampling methods (Cochran region. 1977). Plant specimens were collected and identfed According to the Karnataka State Natural Disaster by using available regional foras (Saldanha & Nicolson Monitoring Centre (KSNDMC), Hulikal (442m), located 1976; Yoganarasimhan et al. 1981; Saldanha 1984; more than 244m below Agumbe (686m) area, has Gamble 1998; Ramaswamy et al. 2001; Punekar & received heavy rainfall (more than 125mm) on an Lakshminarasimhan 2011; Bhat 2014). Names and average of 4.6 tmes a year compared to twice a year families of the plants were updated using in Agumbe during the past decade. The reason for the (www.theplantlist.org) and Herbarium JCB (Rao et al. variaton of rainfall in Hulikal is the constructon of a 2012 (htp://forakarnataka.ces.iisc.ac.in/hjcb2)). The reservoir, which has created an anthropogenic impact herbarium specimens were deposited in the Herbarium, on the environment and the weather system and that Department of Applied Botany, Kuvempu University, has led to heavy rainfall. There has been a change in the Shivamogga, Karnataka. temperature, humidity and soil moisture in Hulikal afer the constructon of the dam (Prabhu 2011). Agumbe, the Cherrapunji of the south is famous for RESULTS its endemic fora and medicinal plants (Sundararaghavan 1970). Hence, the present study was conducted A total of 570 species of fowering plants belonging with the intenton to report the present status of the to 370 genera and 105 families occur in the present fowering plant diversity of this region, as there is no study area. Among all the fowering plants, trees (185

18854 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 Flowering plants of Agumbe region, Western Ghats Rao & Krishnamurthy J TT

Figure 1. Agumbe region, central Western Ghats. species) contribute the maximum number followed by members of , Leguminosae, herbs (162 species), climbers (117 species), shrubs (62 and Moraceae were frequent and wide species), grasses & sedges (19 species), epiphytes (15 spread and Arenga wighti, Elaeocarpus tuberculatus, species), and parasites (10 species) (Figure 2, Image Garcinia gummi-guta, Knema atenuata, Myristca 1–24). Family Leguminosae (47 species) contributes malabarica, Persea macrantha, Poeciloneuron indicum, the maximum number of species followed by Rubiaceae and Syzygium gardneri were commonly found in the (32 species), Asteraceae (27 species), (28 Agumbe rainforests. species), Apocynaceae (22 species) and so on. The study revealed the presence of 162 herbaceous Ficus L., contributng 9 species followed by species, in which 160 were ground fora. Among them Diospyros L. with eight species, Syzygium R.Br. ex Gaertn. Asteraceae emerged as the dominant family with 27 with seven species, Impatens L., Solanum L. with six species followed by Acanthaceae (19 species), Poaceae species each. Acacia Mart., Blumea DC., Dendrobium (17 species), (11 species), and Leguminosae Sw., Garcinia L., Phyllanthus L. Terminalia L. and Senna (11 species). Many of the herbs were used for various Mill., with fve species each (Figure 3). medicinal and edible purposes. Some rarely seen plants Agumbe is the home for numerous endemic plants like Epipogium roseum, a saprophytc land orchid, shows to the Western Ghats such as Acronychia pedunculata its emergence for only 15 days in a year with beautful (L.) Miq, Calophyllum apetalum Willd., Dipterocarpus fowers, but vegetatve phases are not seen on the indicus Bedd., Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. ex C.DC., ground. Embelia ribes Burm.f., Hopea canarensis Hole, Garcinia Due to the dense canopy, only a few numbers of gummi-guta (L.) Roxb., Myristca dactyloides Gaertn., shrubs were observed during the present study. A Persea macrantha (Nees) Kosterm., Syzygium gardneri total of 62 shrubs belonging to 25 families and 52 Thwaites, and many were conserved in the reserve genera were observed. Among them, Rubiaceae and forests (RF), Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS), and Acanthaceae emerged as dominant families with MPCAs. 10 and seven individuals, respectvely. Species like Among 185 trees, Leguminosae (45 species), Ardisia solanacea, Atalanta monophylla (respiratory Moraceae (11 species), and Lauraceae (10 species) disorders), Gnidia glauca (mumps), coccinea members were dominant. Distributon wise the (fever), Memecylon malabaricum (herpes), Paveta

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 18855 J TT Flowering plants of Agumbe region, Western Ghats Rao & Krishnamurthy species fall under 34 families, where Leguminosae and Dipterocarpaceae have fve species each, followed by Lauraceae with four species and are the dominant families (htps://www.iucnredlist.org) (Annexure 2).

DISCUSSION

A comparatve analysis of diversity in the tropical lowland evergreen forests of Agumbe in three one hectare plots displayed the presence of 3,202 live Figure 2. Habit-wise distributon of fowering plants of Agumbe region stems representng 125 species of trees in 92 genera and 42 families (Srinivas & Parthasarathy 2000), whereas in the current study, 195 species of trees belonging to 54 families and 137 genera were observed in all the areas of the rain forests of Agumbe. Species diversity and density of all woody climbers (lianas) inventoried in three one-hectare plots in the tropical lowland evergreen forest of Agumbe yielded a total of 1,138 lianas belonging to 40 species (Padaki & Parthasarathy 2000). In the current study, a total of 117 species of climbers were found to occur, of which 59 species were lianas. A foristc survey carried out in Agumbe MPCA

Figure 3. Graph showing dominant genera of the study area by the FRLHT botanical team reported 371 plant species of which 182 are medicinal. Adenia hondala, Celastrus paniculatus, Garcinia gummi-guta, Myristca crassicaulis (wounds), and Thotea siliquosa (dysentry) dactyloides, Persia macrantha, and indica are a have medicinal importance ( Udaya 2003). Evergreen few threatened species recorded from this area (Nayar forests are also rich in diversity of climbers and the study & Sastry 1990). The study also revealed the Agumbe revealed the presence of a greater diversity of climbers MPCA is a genuine storehouse of foristc diversity. The with 117 species belonging to 42 families. Among these presence of pure stands of Poeciloneuron indicum is a Apocynaceae (14), Leguminosae (13), and Convolulaceae signifcant character of this forest (Udayan 2003). But, in (09) were dominant. Most of the climbers occurred in the current study the whole area of Agumbe rainforest the study area having medicinal value and Marsdenia was enumerated and yielded more momentous results raziana, Adenia hondala, and Salacia malabarica are than the other studies. listed under Red Listed plants (IUCN 2017). Only 15 Bhat (2014) explored the foristc wealth of Dakshina species of epiphytes were found in the study area. The district, observed 1,888 species of fowering majority of the epiphytes belong to Orchidaceae (12), plants belonging to 928 genera and 166 families and followed by Apocynaceae, Gentanaceae, Gesneriaceae, classifed plants according to Angiosperm Phylogeny and Moraceae with one species each, Group (APG) III. Among 1,273 species of fowering A total of 10 angiospermic parasites were observed plants endemic to the Western Ghats (Nayar et al. and they were seen on varied host plants such as 2014a,b), 195 species and fve infra-specifc categories Terminalia paniculata, Terminalia tomentosa, Olea occur in the surrounding areas of dioica, and Artocarpus hirsutus. Family Loranthaceae and Udupi districts. Whereas in our study, we observed with eight species emerged as the dominant family, 570 fowering plants belonging to 370 genera and 105 followed by Convolvulaceae and Santalaceae with one families and we classifed plants according to APG IV species each (Annexure 1). system of classifcaton. The present study revealed Among 570 fowering plants, 58 were considered the presence of 84 endemic species and 58 threatened threatened. Some species which are endangered plants distributed in the Agumbe region. need to be conserved for the future. These threatened Major threats that are intmidatng the diversity

18856 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 Flowering plants of Agumbe region, Western Ghats Rao & Krishnamurthy J TT and distributon of fowering plants in Agumbe are the Nayar, M.P. (1980). Endesim and paterns of distributon of endemic illegal collecton of non-tmber forest products (NTFP) genera. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 1: 99–110. Nayar, M.P. & A.R.K. Sastry (1990). Red Data Book of Indian Plants. such as: fruits of Garcinia gummi-guta, G. indica, G. Vol. 1-3. Botanical Survey of India, Calcuta. xanthochymus, Elaeocarpus tuberculatus, Diospyros Nayar, M.P. (1996). Hot Spots of Endemic Plants of India, and . TBGRI, Thiruvananthapuram, 252pp. spp., Phyllanthus emblica, Myristca dactyloides, Nayar, T.S., A.R. Beegam & M. Sibi (2014a). Flowering Plants of the M. malabarica, Syzygium spp., Ficus racemosa, and Western Ghats, India - Volume 1 Dicots. Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Strychnos nux-vomica; leaves and bark of Cinnamomum Botanic Garden and Research Insttute, Thiruvananthapuram, 934pp. verum, Alstonia scholaris, Saraca asoca and many other Nayar, T.S., A.R. Beegam & M. Sibi (2014b). Flowering Plants of the species for their therapeutc and marketng value. Even Western Ghats, India - Volume 2 Monocots. Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical though the forest department is undertaking many Botanic Garden and Research Insttute, Thiruvananthapuram, 935– 1683pp. conservaton eforts, many threatened and endemic Padaki, A. & N. Parthasarathy (2000). Abundance and distributon plants need more specifc conservaton plans. of lianas in tropical lowland evergreen forest of Agumbe, central Very few pockets in the Western Ghats have a Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecology 41(2): 143–154. Pascal, J. (1988). 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1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

10 11 12

Image 1–12. 1— bigemium | 2—Elaeocarpus serratus | 3—Elephantopus scaber | 4—Pitosporum dasycaulon | 5—Marsdenia raiana | 6—Connarus wighti | 7—Erythrina suberosa | 8­—Paveta crassicaulis | 9—Anodendron paniculatum | 10—Olea dioica | 11— Genianthus laurifolius | 12—Elaeocarpus tuberculatus. © G.S. Adithya Rao.

18858 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 Flowering plants of Agumbe region, Western Ghats Rao & Krishnamurthy J TT

13 14 15

16 17 18

19 20 21

22 23 24

Image 13–24. 13—Hemidesmus indicus | 14—Garcinia morella | 15—Adenia hondala | 16—Antdesma montanum | 17—Ardisia solanacea | 18—Bauhinia phoenica | 19—Dendrobium barbatulum | 20­—Casearia tomentosa | 21—Erycibe paniculata | 22—Flemingia strobilifera | 23— Salacia malabarica | 24—Hoya wighti. © G.S. Adithya Rao.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 18859 J TT Flowering plants of Agumbe region, Western Ghats Rao & Krishnamurthy Annexure 1. Flowering plants enumerated in Agumbe region of central Western Ghats, Karnataka.

Botanical name Family Habit Botanical name Family Habit Anogeissus latfolia (Roxb. ex 1 Acacia auriculiformis Benth. * Leguminosae T 42 Combretaceae T DC.) Wall. ex Bedd. 2 Acacia caesia (L.) Willd. Leguminosae C 43 Antdesma montanum Blume Phyllanthaceae T 3 Acacia mangium Willd. * Leguminosae T 44 Antgonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Polygonaceae C 4 Acacia pennata (L.) Willd. Leguminosae C Aporosa cardiosperma (Gaertn.) 45 Phyllanthaceae T 5 Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr. Leguminosae C Merr. Acilepis ornata (Talbot) H.Rob. Archidendron bigeminum (L.) 6 Asteraceae H 46 Leguminosae T & Skvarla I.C.Nielsen Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K.Jansen 47 Ardisia paniculata Roxb. Primulaceae S 7 Asteraceae H * 48 Ardisia solanacea (Poir.) Roxb. Primulaceae S Acmella radicans (Jacq.) 8 Asteraceae H R.K.Jansen 49 Arenga wighti Grif. Arecaceae T 9 Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. Asteraceae H 50 Argyreia elliptca Arn. ex Choisy Convolvulaceae C 10 Acronychia pedunculata (L.) Miq. Rutaceae T 51 Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer Convolvulaceae C 11 Actnodaphne hookeri Meisn. Lauraceae T 52 Argyreia pilosa Wight & Arn. Convolvulaceae C Actnodaphne wightana (Kuntze) 12 Lauraceae T 53 Argyreia populifolia Choisy Convolvulaceae C Nolte 54 Aristolochia ringens Vahl Aristolochiaceae C Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) W.J.de 13 Passiforaceae C Wilde 55 Aristolochia tagala Cham. Aristolochiaceae C 14 Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze Asteraceae H Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook.f. & 56 Annonaceae C Thomson 15 Aegineta indica L. Orobancaceae H 57 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Moraceae T 16 Aerides maculosa Lindl. Orchidaceae E 58 Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Moraceae T 17 Aeschynanthus perroteti A. DC. Gesneriaceae E Arundinella pumila (Hochst.) 59 Poaceae G 18 Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Asteraceae H Steud. Aglaia anamallayana (Bedd.) Arundinella purpurea Hochst. 19 T 60 Poaceae G Kosterm. ex Steud. Aglaia elaeagnoidea (A.Juss.) 20 Meliaceae T 61 Asparagus gonoclados Baker Asparagaceae C Benth. 62 Asparagus racemosus Willd. Asparagaceae C 21 Aglaia lawii (Wight) C.J.Saldanha Meliaceae T 63 Atalanta monophylla DC. Rutaceae S 22 Agroststachys indica Dalzell S 64 Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss Poaceae G Ailanthus triphysa (Dennst.) 23 Simaroubaceae T Alston 65 Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. * Poaceae G 24 Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. * Leguminosae T Barringtonia racemosa (L.) 66 Lecythidaceae T Spreng. * 25 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Leguminosae T 67 Bauhinia phoenicea Wight & Arn. Leguminosae C 26 Albizia odoratssima (L.f.) Benth. Leguminosae T 68 Bauhinia purpurea L. Leguminosae T 27 Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr. * Leguminosae T 69 Begonia crenata Dryand. Begoniaceae H 28 Allamanda cathartca L . Apocynaceae C 70 Begonia malabarica Lam. Begoniaceae H 29 Allophylus cobbe (L.) Raeusch. Sapindaceae C Beilschmiedia dalzellii (Meisn.) 71 Lauraceae T 30 Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G.Don H Kosterm. 31 Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd. Zingiberaceae H 72 Biophytum sensitvum (L.) DC. Oxalidaceae H Alpinia malaccensis (Burm.f.) Blachia andamanica subsp. 32 Zingiberaceae H Roscoe 73 denudata (Benth.) N.P.Balakr. & Euphorbiaceae T Chakrab. 33 Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Apocynaceae T 74 Blumea axillaris (Lam.) DC. Asteraceae H 34 Alternanthera fcoidea (L.) Sm. Amaranthaceae H 75 Blumea lacera (Burm.f.) DC. Asteraceae H Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. 35 Amaranthaceae H ex DC. 76 Blumea lanceolaria (Roxb.) Druce Asteraceae H Amorphophallus paeoniifolius 36 Araceae H 77 Blumea oxyodonta DC. Asteraceae H (Dennst.) Nicolson 37 Ampelocissus indica (L.) Planch. Vitaceae C 78 Blumea virens DC. Asteraceae H 38 Anacardium occidentale L. * Anacardiaceae T 79 glomerulifera Miq. Urtcaceae S Ancistrocladus heyneanus Wall. 80 Bombax ceiba L. T 39 Ancistrocladaceae C ex J.Graham 81 Breynia retusa (Dennst.) Alston Phyllanthaceae S Anisomeles indica 40 (L.) Kuntze Lamiaceae H Breynia vits-idaea (Burm.f.) 82 Phyllanthaceae S 41 Anodendron paniculatum A.DC. Apocynaceae C C.E.C.Fisch.

18860 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 Flowering plants of Agumbe region, Western Ghats Rao & Krishnamurthy J TT

Botanical name Family Habit Botanical name Family Habit 83 Bridelia stpularis (L.) Blume Phyllanthaceae C 124 fexuosum Mart. T Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) 125 Poaceae G 84 & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Bercht. & Solanaceae S Trin. J.Presl 126 Cinnamomum cassia (L.) J.Presl Lauraceae T Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) 85 Crassulaceae H Cinnamomum malabatrum Oken 127 Lauraceae T (Burm.f.) J.Presl Buchanania cochinchinensis 86 Anacardiaceae T (Lour.) M.R.Almeida 128 Cinnamomum verum J.Presl Lauraceae T Bulbophyllum sterile (Lam.) Cissus glyptocarpa 87 Orchidaceae E 129 Thwaites Vitaceae C Suresh 130 Cissus javana DC. Vitaceae C 88 Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Leguminosae T 131 Clausena dentata (Willd.) Roem. Rutaceae T 89 Caesalpinia cucullata Roxb. Leguminosae C 132 Clemats gouriana Roxb. ex DC. Ranunculaceae C Cajanus lineatus (Wight & Arn.) 90 Leguminosae S Clerodendron infortunatum Maesen 133 Lamiaceae S Calacanthus grandiforus Gearth 91 Acanthaceae S (Dalzell) Radlk. 134 Clerodendrum paniculatum L. Lamiaceae S 92 Calamus dransfeldii Renuka Arecaceae C 135 Clitoria ternatea L. Leguminosae C 93 Calamus thwaitesii Becc. Arecaceae C 136 Coelogyne breviscapa Lindl. Orchidaceae E 94 Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) L. Lamiaceae T 137 Colebrookea oppositfolia Sm. Lamiaceae S 95 Calophyllum apetalum Willd. Clusiaceae T 138 Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schot Araceae H 96 Calyptocarpus vialis Less. Asteraceae H Combretum indicum (L.) 139 Combretaceae C DeFilipps * Canscora difusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex 97 Gentanaceae H Roem. & Schult. 140 Combretum latfolium Blume Combretaceae C 98 Canscora perfoliata Lam. Gentanaceae H 141 Commelina benghalensis L. Commelinaceae H 99 Canthium rheedei DC. Rubiaceae C 142 Connarus wighti Hook.f. Connaraceae C Capillipedium huegelii (Hack.) Crassocephalum crepidioides 100 Poaceae G 143 Asteraceae H A.Camus (Benth.) S.Moore 101 Capparis baducca L. Capparaceae S 144 Crateva religiosa G.Forst. Capparaceae T 102 Capparis moonii Wight Capparaceae C 145 Crotalaria flipes Benth. Leguminosae H 103 Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. Rhizophoraceae T 146 Crotalaria pallida Aiton Leguminosae H 104 Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Sapindaceae C 147 Crotalaria retusa L. Leguminosae H 105 Careya arborea Roxb. Lecythidaceae T 148 Croton caudatus Geiseler Euphorbiaceae C 106 Carissa spinarum L. Apocynaceae C 149 Croton gibsonianus Nimmo Euphorbiaceae S 107 Cascabela theveta (L.) Lippold Apocynaceae S 150 Cryptocarya lawsonii Gamble Lauraceae T 108 Casearia rubescens Dalzell T 151 Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Hypoxidaceae H 109 Casearia tomentosa Roxb. Salicaceae T 152 Curcuma oligantha Trimen Zingiberaceae H 110 Cassia fstula L. Leguminosae T 153 Cuscuta refexa Roxb. Convolvulaceae P 111 Cassine glauca (Rotb.) Kuntze Celastraceae T 154 Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. Asteraceae H 112 Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don Apocynaceae H Cyathocline purpurea (Buch.- 155 Asteraceae H Ham. ex D.Don) Kuntze Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) 113 Rubiaceae T Tirveng. 156 Cyathula prostrata (L.) Blume Amaranthaceae H Cayrata mollissima (Planch.) Cyclea peltata (Lam.) Hook.f. & 114 Vitaceae C 157 Menispermaceae C Gagnep. Thomson 115 Cayrata trifolia (L.) Domin Vitaceae C Cynarospermum asperrimum 158 Acanthaceae H (Nees) Vollesen 116 Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Celastraceae C 159 Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae G 117 Celts tmorensis Span. Cannabaceae T 160 Cynodon radiatus Roth Poaceae G 118 Centella asiatca (L.) Urb. Apiaceae H Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Vahl) Centpeda minima (L.) A.Braun 161 Boraginaceae H 119 Asteraceae H Brand & Asch. 162 Cynometra iripa Kostel. Leguminosae T 120 Centotheca lappacea (L.) Desv. Poaceae H 163 Cyperus diformis L. Cyperaceae H Chassalia curvifora (Wall.) 121 Rubiaceae S horrida (Dennst.) Thwaites 164 Leguminosae C Chionanthus mala-elengi Mabb. 122 T (Dennst.) P.S.Green 165 Dalbergia latfolia Roxb. Leguminosae T Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) 123 Apocynaceae C 166 Dalbergia rubiginosa Roxb. Leguminosae C Alston

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 18861 J TT Flowering plants of Agumbe region, Western Ghats Rao & Krishnamurthy

Botanical name Family Habit Botanical name Family Habit ligustrinum (Vahl) 167 Dalbergia volubilis Roxb. Leguminosae C 207 Acanthaceae H Vollesen 168 Datura stramonium L. Solanaceae H 208 Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Asteraceae H Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f.) 169 Urtcaceae S Wedd. 209 Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. Elaeagnaceae C 170 Dendrobium barbatulum Lindl. Orchidaceae E 210 Elaeocarpus serratus L. Elaeocarpaceae T 171 Dendrobium herbaceum Lindl. Orchidaceae E 211 Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. Elaeocarpaceae T 172 Dendrobium heyneanum Lindl. Orchidaceae E 212 Elatostema lineolatum Wight Urtcaceae H Dendrobium macrostachyum 213 Elephantopus scaber L. Asteraceae H 173 Orchidaceae E Lindl. 214 Elytranthe parasitca (L.) Danser Loranthaceae P 174 Dendrobium ovatum (L.) Kraenzl. Orchidaceae E 215 Embelia ribes Burm.f. Primulaceae C Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) 175 Poaceae G Embelia tsjeriam-cotam (Roem. Nees 216 Primulaceae C & Schult.) A.DC. Dendrolobium triangulare (Retz.) 176 Leguminosae S Schindl. 217 Epipogium roseum (D.Don) Lindl Orchidaceae H Dendrophthoe coccinea (Jack) 177 Loranthaceae P 218 Eranthemum capense L. Acanthaceae S G.Don Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) 219 Eriocaulon cinereum R.Br. Eriocaulaceae H 178 Loranthaceae P Etngsh. 220 Eriocaulon heterolepis Steud. Eriocaulaceae H Derris benthamii (Thwaites) 179 Leguminosae C 221 Erycibe paniculata Roxb. Convolvulaceae C Thwaites 180 Desmodium triforum (L.) DC. Leguminosae H 222 Eryngium foetdum L. Apiaceae H 181 Desmos chinensis Lour. Annonaceae C 223 Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Leguminosae T Dichapetalum gelonioides (Roxb.) 224 Erythrina variegata L. * Leguminosae T 182 Dichapetalaceae S Engl. 225 Erythropalum scandens Blume Olacaceae C Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) 183 Asteraceae H Kuntze 226 Eugenia phillyraeoides Trimen S 184 Dicliptera chinensis (L.) Juss. Acanthaceae H 227 Eugenia roxburghii DC. Myrtaceae T Euonymus indicus B.Heyne ex 185 Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. Dilleniaceae T 228 Celastraceae T Wall. 186 Dimocarpus longan Lour. Sapindaceae T 229 Euphorbia hirta L. Euphorbiaceae H 187 Dioscorea bulbifera L. Dioscoreaceae C Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex 230 Euphorbiaceae S 188 Dioscorea oppositfolia L. Dioscoreaceae C Klotzsch 189 Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Dioscoreaceae C 231 Euphorbia thymifolia L. Euphorbiaceae H 190 Diospyros buxifolia (Blume) Hiern Ebenaceae T 232 Eurya nitda Korth. Pentaphylacaceae T 191 Diospyros candolleana Wight Ebenaceae T 233 Fagraea ceilanica Thunb. Gentanaceae E Diospyros ebenum J.Koenig ex 234 Falconeria insignis Royle Euphorbiaceae T 192 Ebenaceae T Retz. 235 Ficus bengalensis L. Moraceae T 193 Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Ebenaceae T 236 Ficus benjamina L. Moraceae T 194 Diospyros montana Roxb. Ebenaceae T 237 Ficus drupacea Thunb. Moraceae T 195 Diospyros oocarpa Thwaites Ebenaceae T 238 Ficus microcarpa L.f. Moraceae T 196 Diospyros paniculata Dalzell Ebenaceae T 239 Ficus nervosa B.Heyne ex Roth Moraceae T 197 Diospyros saldanhae Kosterm. Ebenaceae T 240 Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae T Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume) 198 Menispermaceae C Diels 241 Ficus religiosa L. Moraceae T Dipteracanthus prostratus (Poir.) 199 Acanthaceae H 242 Ficus tsjahela Burm. f. Moraceae T Nees 243 Ficus virens Aiton Moraceae T 200 Dipterocarpus indicus Bedd. Dipterocarpaceae T 244 Flacourta montana J.Graham Salicaceae T Dombeya wallichii (Lindl.) 201 Malvaceae T Flemingia strobilifera (L.) K.Schum. * 245 Leguminosae S W.T.Aiton 202 burmanni Vahl H 246 Galinsoga parvifora Cav. Asteraceae H 203 Drosera indica L. Droseraceae H 247 Garcinia gummi-guta (L.) Roxb. Clusiaceae T Duabanga grandifora (DC.) 204 Lythraceae T Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy Walp. * 248 Clusiaceae T * 205 Duranta erecta L. S 249 Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) Desr. Clusiaceae T Dysoxylum malabaricum Bedd. 206 Meliaceae T Garcinia talboti Raizada ex ex C.DC. 250 Clusiaceae T Santapau

18862 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 Flowering plants of Agumbe region, Western Ghats Rao & Krishnamurthy J TT

Botanical name Family Habit Botanical name Family Habit Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f. 251 Clusiaceae T 292 Hubbardia heptaneuron Bor Poaceae G ex T.Anderson 293 Hugonia mystax L. Linaceae C 252 Geissaspis cristata Wight & Arn. Leguminosae H 294 Humboldta brunonis Wall. Leguminosae T Genianthus laurifolius (Roxb.) 253 Apocynaceae C Hook.f. Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch.- 295 Achariaceae T Ham.) Oken 254 Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis Urtcaceae H 296 Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. Araliaceae H 255 Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp. * Leguminosae T Hygrophila auriculata 297 Acanthaceae H 256 Glochidion elliptcum Wight Phyllanthaceae T (Schumach.) Heine Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) 257 Phyllanthaceae T 298 Hymenodictyon obovatum Wall. Rubiaceae T A.Juss. 299 Hypts suaveolens (L.) Poit. Lamiaceae S 258 Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Rutaceae S Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) 300 Apocynaceae C 259 Gmelina arborea Roxb. Lamiaceae T W.T.Aiton 260 Gnidia glauca (Fresen.) Gilg Thymelaeaceae S 301 Impatens acaulis Arn. Balsaminaceae H Gonostegia pentandra (Roxb.) 261 Urtcaceae S 302 Impatens balsamina L. Balsaminaceae H Miq. 303 Impatens barberi Hook.f. Balsaminaceae H 262 Gordonia obtusa Wall. ex Wight Theaceae T Impatens minor (DC.) S.M. 304 Balsaminaceae H 263 Gouania microcarpa DC. Rhamnaceae C Almeida 264 Grewia heterotricha Mast. Malvaceae C 305 Impatens oppositfolia L. Balsaminaceae H Impatens scapifora B.Heyne 265 Grewia tliifolia Vahl Malvaceae T 306 Balsaminaceae H ex Roxb. 266 Grewia umbellifera Bedd. Malvaceae C 307 Ipomoea hederifolia L. Convolvulaceae C Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. 267 Apocynaceae C ex Sm. 308 Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. Convolvulaceae C Gymnostachyum latfolium Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & 268 Acanthaceae H 309 Convolvulaceae C T.Anderson Schult. Gymnostachyum polyanthum Isodon lophanthoides (Buch.- 269 Acanthaceae H 310 Lamiaceae H Wight Ham. ex D.Don) H.Hara Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) 270 Rubiaceae T 311 Ixora brachiata Roxb. Rubiaceae T Ridsdale 312 Ixora coccinea L. Rubiaceae S 271 Harpullia arborea (Blanco) Radlk. Sapindaceae T Ixora nigricans R.Br. ex Wight Helicanthes elastca (Desr.) 313 Rubiaceae S 272 Loranthaceae P & Arn. Danser 314 Jasminum coarctatum Roxb. Oleaceae C 273 Helicia nilagirica Bedd. Proteaceae T 315 Jasminum fexile Vahl Oleaceae C 274 Helicteres isora L. Malvaceae S 316 Jasminum malabaricum Wight Oleaceae C 275 Helixanthera wallichiana Danser Loranthaceae P Jasminum multforum (Burm.f.) Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. 317 Oleaceae S 276 Apocynaceae C Andrews * ex Schult. 318 Justcia japonica Thunb. Acanthaceae H Hemigraphis latebrosa (Roth) 277 Acanthaceae H Nees 319 Justcia procumbens Blume Acanthaceae H 278 trijuga Roxb. ex Sims Meliaceae T 320 Justcia wynaadensis B.Heyne Acanthaceae H 279 hispidissimus Grif. Malvaceae C Kameta caryophyllata (Roxb.) 321 Apocynaceae C Nicolson & Suresh 280 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. * Malvaceae S 322 Knema atenuata Warb. Myristcaceae T 281 Hibiscus rostellatus Guill. & Perr. Malvaceae C Kunstleria keralensis Hippeastrum puniceum (Lam.) 323 Leguminosae C 282 Amaryllidaceae H C.N.Mohanan & N.C.Nair Voss 324 Kydia calycina Roxb. Malvaceae T Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex 283 Apocynaceae T G.Don 325 Lagenandra toxicaria Dalzell Araceae H 284 Holigarna arnotana Hook.f. Anacardiaceae T 326 Lagerstroemia lanceolata Wall. Lythraceae T 285 Holigarna grahamii (Wight) Kurz Anacardiaceae T 327 Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Lythraceae T ceylanicum (Gardner) Lannea coromandelica (Hout.) 286 Salicaceae T 328 Anacardiaceae T Benth. Merr. 287 Homonoia riparia Lour. Euphorbiaceae S 329 Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae S 288 Hopea canarensis Hole Dipterocarpaceae T 330 Laportea interrupta (L.) Chew Urtcaceae H 289 Hopea parvifora Bedd. Dipterocarpaceae T 331 Leea asiatca (L.) Ridsdale Vitaceae T 290 (Dennst.) Mabb. Dipterocarpaceae T 332 Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr. Vitaceae T 291 Hoya wighti Hook.f. Apocynaceae E 333 Lepidagathis cuspidata Nees Acanthaceae H

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 18863 J TT Flowering plants of Agumbe region, Western Ghats Rao & Krishnamurthy

Botanical name Family Habit Botanical name Family Habit Lepidagathis incurva Buch.-Ham. 374 Mesua ferrea L. T 334 Acanthaceae H ex D. Don 375 Mikania micrantha Kunth Asteraceae C 335 Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Lamiaceae H 376 Mimosa pudica L. Leguminosae H 336 Leucas bifora (Vahl) Sm. Lamiaceae H 377 Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae T 337 Leucas marrubioides Desf. Lamiaceae H 378 Mirabilis jalapa L. * Nyctaginaceae H 338 Leucas stelligera Wall. ex Benth. Lamiaceae H Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) 379 Rubiaceae T 339 Ligustrum perroteti A.DC. Oleaceae S Korth. Moullava spicata (Dalzell) 340 Limnophila indica (L.) Druce H 380 Leguminosae C Nicolson Limnophila repens (Benth.) 341 Plantaginaceae H Benth. 381 Mucuna monosperma Wight Leguminosae C Mukia maderaspatana (L.) 342 Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell Linderniaceae H 382 Cucurbitaceae C M.Roem. 343 Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell. Linderniaceae H Munronia pinnata (Wall.) 383 Meliaceae H 344 Lindernia pusilla (Willd.) Bold. Linderniaceae H W.Theob. 345 Litsea foribunda Gamble Lauraceae T 384 Murdannia simplex (Vahl) Brenan Commelinaceae H Mussaenda glabrata (Hook.f.) 346 Litsea ghatca Saldanha Lauraceae S 385 Rubiaceae C Hutch. ex Gamble 347 Litsea laevigata Gamble Lauraceae T Mussaenda laxa (Hook.f.) Hutch. 386 Rubiaceae C ex Gamble 348 Lobelia alsinoides Lam. Companulaceae H 387 Myristca dactyloides Gaertn. Myristcaceae T Loeseneriella ovata (Lam.) 349 Celastraceae C M.R.Almeida 388 Myristca malabarica Lam Myristcaceae T 350 Lophopetalum wightanum Arn. Celastraceae T 389 Naravelia zeylanica (L.) DC. Menispermaceae C 351 Loranthus globosus Roxb. Loranthaceae P 390 Naregamia alata Wight & Arn. Meliaceae H Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) 352 Onagraceae H 391 Rubiaceae T Exell Bosser * 353 Luvunga sarmentosa Kurz Rutaceae C Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Nees) 392 Acanthaceae S Bremek. 354 Lycianthes laevis (Dunal) Biter Solanaceae S Nilgirianthus heyneanus (Nees) Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Müll. 393 Acanthaceae H 355 Euphorbiaceae T Bremek. Arg. Nilgirianthus lupulinus (Nees) Mackenziea integrifolia (Dalzell) 394 Acanthaceae S 356 Acanthaceae S Bremek. Bremek. Nothapodytes nimmoniana neriifolia (Moon) 395 Icacinaceae T 357 Sapotaceae T (J.Graham) Mabb. H.J.Lam 396 Nothopegia beddomei Gamble Anacardiaceae T 358 Maesa indica (Roxb.) A. DC. Primulaceae S Nothopegia racemosa (Dalzell) Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. 397 Anacardiaceae T 359 Magnoliaceae T Ramamoorthy ex Pierre 398 Oberonia brunoniana Wight Orchidaceae E Mallotus nudiforus (L.) Kulju & 360 Euphorbiaceae T Welzen 399 Oberonia falconeri Hook.f. Orchidaceae E Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) scriptoria (Dennst.) 361 Euphorbiaceae T 400 Poaceae G Müll.Arg. C.E.C.Fisch. 362 Mallotus tetracoccus (Roxb.) Kurz Euphorbiaceae T 401 Ocimum basilicum L. Lamiaceae H 363 Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae T Oldenlandia auricularia (L.) 402 Rubiaceae H Margaritaria indica (Dalzell) K.Schum. 364 Phyllanthaceae T Airy Shaw 403 Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Rubiaceae H Marsdenia raziana Yogan. & 365 Apocynaceae C 404 Oldenlandia difusa (Willd.) Roxb. Rubiaceae H Subr. Mastxia arborea (Wight) 405 Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. Rubiaceae H 366 Cornaceae T C.B.Clarke 406 Olea dioica Roxb. Oleaceae T Maytenus rothiana (Walp.) 367 Celastraceae S Lobreau-Callen 407 Ophiorrhiza mungos L. Rubiaceae H Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Oplismenus compositus (L.) 368 Plantaginaceae H 408 Poaceae G Small P.Beauv. Memecylon malabaricum Osbeckia cupularis D. Don ex 369 Melastomataceae S 409 Melastomataceae S (C.B.Clarke) Cogn. Wight & Arn. 370 Memecylon talbotanum Brandis Melastomataceae T 410 Osbeckia parvifolia Arn. Melastomataceae H Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & 371 Memecylon terminale Dalzell Melastomataceae S 411 Santalaceae S Steud. 372 Memecylon umbellatum Burm. f. Melastomataceae T 412 Oxalis corniculata L. Oxalidaceae H 373 Merremia umbellata (L.) Hallier f. Convolvulaceae C

18864 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 Flowering plants of Agumbe region, Western Ghats Rao & Krishnamurthy J TT

Botanical name Family Habit Botanical name Family Habit Oxyceros rugulosus (Thwaites) 413 Rubiaceae C 452 Psychotria dalzellii Hook.f. Rubiaceae S Tirveng. 453 Psychotria favida Talbot Rubiaceae S Pajanelia longifolia (Willd.) 414 T K.Schum. 454 Psychotria nigra (Gaertn.) Alston Rubiaceae S 415 furcatus Roxb. Pandanaceae S 455 Psydrax dicoccos Gaertn. Rubiaceae T Paracroton pendulus subsp. 456 Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Leguminosae T 416 zeylanicus (Thwaites) N.P.Balakr. Euphorbiaceae T Pterospermum diversifolium & Chakrab. 457 Sterculiaceae T Blume 417 Paramignya monophylla Wight Rutaceae C Rapanea wightana (Wall. ex A. Parsonsia albofavescens 458 Primulaceae S 418 Apocynaceae C DC.) Mez (Dennst.) Mabb. Rhynchospora wightana (Nees) 459 Cyperaceae H 419 Paveta crassicaulis Bremek. Rubiaceae S Steud. 420 Paveta hispidula Wight & Arn. Rubiaceae S 460 Rhynchostylis retusa (L.) Blume Orchidaceae E Rotala rotundifolia (Buch.-Ham. 421 Paveta indica L. Rubiaceae S 461 Lythraceae H ex Roxb.) Koehne 422 Pavonia odorata Willd. Malvaceae H 462 Rubus fockei Gandhi Rosaceae C Persea macrantha (Nees) 423 Lauraceae T Kosterm. 463 Rungia pectnata (L.) Nees Acanthaceae H 424 Persicaria chinensis (L.) H. Gross Polygonaceae H 464 Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase Poaceae G Persicaria glabra (Willd.) Salacia malabarica 425 Polygonaceae H 465 Gamble Celastraceae C M.Gómez 466 Salacia oblonga Wall. Celastraceae C Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) 426 Acanthaceae H Sweet 467 Santalum album L. Santalaceae T Philodendron hederaceum (Jacq.) 427 Araceae C 468 Sapindus trifoliatus L. Sapindaceae T Schot Saprosma glomeratum (Gardner) Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. 469 Rubiaceae S 428 Phyllanthaceae H Bedd. & Thonn. 470 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Leguminosae T 429 Phyllanthus emblica L. Phyllanthaceae T 471 Sarcostgma kleinii Wight & Arn. Icacinaceae C 430 Phyllanthus retculatus Poir. Phyllanthaceae S Schefera actnophylla (Endl.) 472 Araliaceae C 431 Phyllanthus urinaria L. Phyllanthaceae H Harms Phyllocephalum scabridum (DC.) Schefera venulosa (Wight & 432 Asteraceae H 473 Araliaceae C K.Kirkman Arn.) Harms 433 Physalis minima L. Solanaceae H Schefera wallichiana (Wight & 474 Araliaceae C Arn.) Harms 434 Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Urtcaceae H 475 Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr. Sapindaceae T 435 Pimpinella heyneana (DC.) Benth. Apiaceae H 476 Senecio bombayensis N.P.Balakr. Asteraceae H 436 Pinanga dicksonii (Roxb.) Blume Arecaceae S 477 Senna alata (L.) Roxb. * Leguminosae T 437 Piper hookeri Miq. Piperaceae C Senna hirsuta (L.) H.S.Irwin & Piper hymenophyllum (Miq.) 478 Leguminosae H 438 Piperaceae C Barneby Wight 479 Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Leguminosae H 439 Piper umbellatum L. Piperaceae H 480 Senna sophera (L.) Roxb. Leguminosae H 440 Pitosporum dasycaulon Miq. Pitosporaceae T 481 Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Leguminosae H Plectranthus mollis (Aiton) 441 Lamiaceae H Spreng. 482 Sida rhombifolia L. Malvaceae H 442 Plumbago zeylanica L. Plumbaginaceae H 483 zeylanica L. C 443 Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd. Calophyllaceae T Smythea bombaiensis (Dalzell) 484 Rhamnaceae C S.P.Banerjee & P.K.Mukh Pogostemon benghalensis 444 Lamiaceae H (Burm.f.) Kuntze 485 Solanum americanum Mill. Solanaceae H Pogostemon deccanensis 445 Lamiaceae H 486 Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal Solanaceae S (Panigrahi) Press Pogostemon paniculatus (Willd.) 487 Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae H 446 Lamiaceae H Benth. 488 Solanum viarum Dunal Solanaceae H Polyalthia fragrans (Dalzell) 447 Annonaceae T Benth. & Hook. f. 489 Solanum violaceum Ortega Solanaceae H Polytrias indica (Hout.) 490 Solanum virginianum L. Solanaceae H 448 Poaceae G Veldkamp 491 Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. Asteraceae H 449 Premna coriacea C.B.Clarke Lamiaceae C 492 Sonerila rheedei Wall. Melastomataceae H 450 Prunus ceylanica (Wight) Miq. Rosaceae T Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv. Pseuderanthemum malabaricum 493 Bignoniaceae T 451 Acanthaceae S * Gamble

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 18865 J TT Flowering plants of Agumbe region, Western Ghats Rao & Krishnamurthy

Botanical name Family Habit Botanical name Family Habit 494 Spermacoce artcularis L.f. Rubiaceae H 532 Themeda triandra Forssk. Poaceae G Spermacoce exilis (L.O.Williams) 533 Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell Malvaceae H 495 C.D.Adams ex W.C.Burger & Rubiaceae H Thotea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding C.M.Taylor 534 Aristolochiaceae S Hou 496 Spermacoce hispida L. Rubiaceae H 535 Thunbergia alata Bojer ex Sims Acanthaceae H 497 Spermacoce ocymoides Burm.f. Rubiaceae H 536 Thunbergia fragrans Roxb. Acanthaceae H 498 Sphaeranthus indicus L. Asteraceae H Thunbergia grandifora (Roxb. ex 537 Acanthaceae C Sphagnetcola trilobata (L.) Rotl.) Roxb. * 499 Asteraceae H Pruski Thunbergia mysorensis (Wight) 538 Acanthaceae C 500 indica (L.) Vahl Verbenaceae H T.Anderson Tinospora malabarica (Lam.) 501 Staurogyne zeylanica Kuntze Acanthaceae H 539 Menispermaceae C Hook. f. & Thomson Stephania japonica (Thunb.) 502 Menispermaceae C 540 Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Menispermaceae C Miers 503 Sterculia gutata Roxb. ex G.Don Malvaceae T 541 Tolypanthus lageniferus Tiegh. Loranthaceae P 504 tetragonum DC. Bignoniaceae T 542 Tragia hispida Willd. Euphorbiaceae C 505 Streblus asper Lour. Moraceae T 543 Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Cannabaceae T 506 Strychnos colubrina L. Loganiaceae C 544 Trias stocksii Benth. ex Hook.f. Orchidaceae E 507 Strychnos nux-vomica L. Loganiaceae T 545 Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. Cucurbitaceae C Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) 546 Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Asteraceae H 508 Symplocaceae T S. Moore 547 Triumfeta rhomboidea Jacq. Malvaceae H 509 Symplocos racemosa Roxb. Symplocaceae T Turpinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) 548 Staphyleaceae T Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.) Merr. 510 Myrtaceae T Alston 549 Turraea pubescens Hell. Meliaceae C 511 Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae T Tylophora asthmatca (L. f.) 550 Apocynaceae C 512 Syzygium gardneri Thwaites Myrtaceae T Wight & Arn. Syzygium hemisphericum (Wight) 551 Urena lobata L. Malvaceae H 513 Myrtaceae T Alston 552 Utricularia caerulea L. Lentbulariaceae H 514 Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston * Myrtaceae T 553 Utricularia retculata Sm. Lentbulariaceae H Syzygium laetum (Buch.-Ham.) 515 Myrtaceae T Gandhi 554 Utricularia striatula Sm. Lentbulariaceae H 516 Syzygium zeylanicum (L.) DC. Myrtaceae T 555 Vallaris solanacea (Roth) Kuntze Apocynaceae C 517 Tabernaemontana alternifolia L. Apocynaceae T 556 Vateria indica L. Dipterocarpaceae T Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) 518 Apocynaceae S 557 Ventlago dentculata Willd. Rhamnaceae C R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Ventlago maderaspatana Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) 558 Rhamnaceae C 519 Leguminosae H Gaertn. H.Ohashi 559 Vepris bilocularis Engl. Rutaceae T Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) 520 Rubiaceae T Vincetoxicum pauciforum (Wight Tirveng. & Sastre 560 Apocynaceae C & Arn.) Kuntze 521 Taxillus ferrugineus (Jack) Bân Loranthaceae P Viscum angulatum B.Heyne 561 Santalaceae P 522 Tectona grandis L.f. * Verbenaceae T ex DC. Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) 523 Combretaceae T 562 leucoxylon L.f. Lamiaceae T Roxb. Wendlandia thyrsoidea (Roth) 563 Rubiaceae T 524 Terminalia catappa L. * Combretaceae T Steud. 525 Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae T 564 Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal * Solanaceae H 526 Terminalia paniculata Roth Combretaceae T 565 Wrighta tnctoria R.Br. Apocynaceae T Terminalia tomentosa Wight 527 Combretaceae T 566 Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. Leguminosae T & Arn. 567 Xyris paucifora Willd. Xyridaceae H Tetrastgma gamblei B.V.Shety 528 Vitaceae C & P.Singh 568 Zingiber cernuum Dalzell Zingiberaceae H Tetrastgma sulcatum (P. Lawson) 529 Vitaceae C 569 Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. Rhamnaceae C Gamble Thelepaepale ixiocephala 570 Ziziphus rugosa Lam. Rhamnaceae T 530 Acanthaceae S (Benth.) Bremek. T—Trees | H—Herb | S—Shrub | E—Epiphyte | C—Climber | P—Parasite | G— Themeda tremula (Nees ex 531 Poaceae G Grass | *—introduced to the Agumbe region Steud.) Hack.

18866 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 Flowering plants of Agumbe region, Western Ghats Rao & Krishnamurthy J TT Annexure 2. Threatened plants of Agumbe region of central Western Ghats, Karnataka (IUCN 2017).

RET Botanical Name Family Habit 29 Hopea canarensis Hole Dipterocarpaceae T EN status 30 Hopea parvifora Bedd. Dipterocarpaceae T EN Actnodaphne wightana 1 Lauraceae T NT (Kuntze) Nolte Hopea ponga (Dennst.) 31 Dipterocarpaceae T EN Adenia hondala (Gaertn.) Mabb. 2 Passiforaceae C EN W.J.de Wilde Hydnocarpus pentandrus 32 Achariaceae T LC Aglaia lawii (Wight) (Buch.-Ham.) Oken 3 Meliaceae T R C.J.Saldanha 33 Impatens acaulis Arn. Balsaminaceae H LC Ampelocissus indica (L.) 4 Vitaceae C VU 34 Knema atenuata Warb. Myristcaceae T LC Planch. Kunstleria keralensis 5 Arenga wighti Grif. Arecaceae T VU 35 Leguminosae C EN C.N.Mohanan & N.C.Nair 6 Aristolochia tagala Cham. Aristolochiaceae C NT Madhuca neriifolia (Moon) 36 Sapotaceae T EN H.J.Lam 7 Artocarpus hirsutus Lam. Moraceae T VU Marsdenia raziana Yogan. Beilschmiedia dalzellii 37 Apocynaceae C R 8 Lauraceae T NT & Subr. (Meisn.) Kosterm. Memecylon malabaricum 38 Melastomataceae SR 9 Casearia rubescens Dalzell Salicaceae T NE (C.B.Clarke) Cogn. Celastrus paniculatus 39 Mesua ferrea L. Calophyllaceae T NT 10 Celastraceae C NT Willd. 40 Mimusops elengi L. Sapotaceae T NT Chonemorpha fragrans 11 Apocynaceae C NE Myristca dactyloides (Moon) Alston 41 Myristcaceae T NT Gaertn. Cinnamomum malabatrum 12 Lauraceae T NE (Burm.f.) J.Presl 42 Myristca malabarica Lam. Myristcaceae T VU Dalbergia horrida Nilgirianthus ciliatus 13 Leguminosae C NE 43 Acanthaceae S NE (Dennst.) Mabb. (Nees) Bremek 14 Dalbergia latfolia Roxb. Leguminosae T VU Nothopegia beddomei 44 Anacardiaceae T NT Gamble Derris benthamii 15 Leguminosae C NT Persea macrantha (Nees) (Thwaites) Thwaites 45 Lauraceae T VU Kosterm. Diospyros candolleana 16 Ebenaceae T VU Pitosporum dasycaulon Wight 46 Pitosporaceae T NT Diospyros paniculata Miq. 17 Ebenaceae T NT Dalzell 47 Salacia malabarica Gamble Celastraceae C EN Diospyros saldanhae 18 Ebenaceae T NE 48 Salacia oblonga Wall. Celastraceae C VU Kosterm. Dipterocarpus indicus 49 Santalum album L. Santalaceae T VU 19 Dipterocarpaceae T EN Bedd. 50 Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Willd. Leguminosae T VU 20 Drosera indica L. Droseraceae H LC 51 Smilax zeylanica L. Smilacaceae C LC Embelia tsjeriam-cotam 21 Primulaceae C VU Symplocos cochinchinensis (Roem. & Schult.) A.DC. 52 Symplocaceae T NT (Lour.) S. Moore Epipogium roseum (D.Don) 22 Orchidaceae H NE Tabernaemontana Lindl 53 Apocynaceae T NE alternifolia L. Garcinia gummi-guta (L.) 23 Clusiaceae T NT Thotea siliquosa (Lam.) Roxb. 54 Aristolochiaceae S NT Ding Hou Garcinia indica (Thouars) 24 Clusiaceae T NE Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Choisy 55 Menispermaceae C NE Merr. Garcinia morella (Gaertn.) 25 Clusiaceae T NE Desr. 56 Vateria indica L. Dipterocarpaceae T CR Glochidion zeylanicum 26 Phyllanthaceae T NE 57 Vepris bilocularis Engl. Rutaceae T NT (Gaertn.) A.Juss. Vitex leucoxylon 27 Grewia heterotricha Mast. Malvaceae C NE 58 L.f. Lamiaceae T R Holigarna grahamii 28 Anacardiaceae T NE CR—Critcally Endangered | EN—Endangered | VU—Vulnareble; |NT—Near (Wight) Kurz Threatened | R—Rare | LC—Least concern | NE—Not Evaluated.

Threatened Taxa

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 June 2021 | 13(7): 18853–18867 18867 The Journal of Threatened Taxa (JoTT) is dedicated to building evidence for conservaton globally by OPEN ACCESS publishing peer-reviewed artcles online every month at a reasonably rapid rate at www.threatenedtaxa.org. All artcles published in JoTT are registered under Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License unless otherwise mentoned. JoTT allows allows unrestricted use, reproducton, and distributon of artcles in any medium by providing adequate credit to the author(s) and the source of publicaton.

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print)

June 2021 | Vol. 13 | No. 7 | Pages: 18679–18958 Date of Publicaton: 26 June 2021 (Online & Print) www.threatenedtaxa.org DOI: 10.11609/jot.2021.13.7.18679-18958

Communicatons Short Communicatons

Persistence of Trachypithecus geei (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in a rubber plantaton First photographic evidence and distributon of the Indian Pangolin Manis crassicaudata in , India (Mammalia: Pholidota: Manidae) in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India – Joydeep Shil, Jihosuo Biswas, Sudipta Nag & Honnavalli N. Kumara, Pp. 18679–18686 – Hemant Singh, Gobind Sagar Bhardwaj, N. Gokulakannan, Saket Agast & K. Aditya, Pp. 18888– 18893 Populaton assessment of the endangered Western Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock hoolock Harlan, 1834 at Sheikh Jamal Inani Natonal Park, Bangladesh, and conservaton signifcance of this site for Populaton and conservaton threats to the Greater Flamingos Phoenicopterus roseus (Aves: threatened wildlife species Phoenicopteriformes: Phoenicopteridae) at Basai Wetland and Najafgarh Jheel Bird Sanctuary, – M. Tarik Kabir, M. Farid Ahsan, Susan M. Cheyne, Shahrul Anuar Mohd Sah, Susan Lappan, Haryana, India Thad Q. Bartlet & Nadine Ruppert, Pp. 18687–18694 – Amit Kumar & Sarita Rana, Pp. 18894–18898

Assessment of changes over a decade in the paterns of livestock depredaton by the Himalayan First report on the occurrence of Sargassum Weed Fish Histrio histrio (Lophiliformes: Brown Bear in Ladakh, India Antennariidae) in Nigeria deep water, Gulf of Guinea – Aishwarya Maheshwari, A. Arun Kumar & Sambandam Sathyakumar, Pp. 18695–18702 – Abdul-Rahman Dirisu, Hanson S. Uyi & Meshack Uyi, Pp. 18899–18902

Habitat selecton of Himalayan Musk Deer Moschus leucogaster (Mammalia: Artodactyla: A new distributon record of stomatopods Odontodactylus japonicus (De Haan, 1844) and Moschidae) with respect to biophysical atributes in Annapurna Conservaton Area of Nepal Lysiosquilla tredecimdentata (Holthuis, 1941) from the Puducherry coastal waters, east coast of – Bijaya Neupane, Nar Bahadur Chhetri & Bijaya Dhami, Pp. 18703–18712 India – S. Nithya Mary, V. Ravitchandirane & B. Gunalan, Pp. 18903–18907 Sero-diagnosis of tuberculosis in elephants in Maharashtra, India – Utkarsh Rajhans, Gayatri Wankhede, Balaji Ambore , Sandeep Chaudhari, Navnath Nighot, Vithal New records of Agriocnemis keralensis Peters, 1981 and Gynacantha khasiaca MacLachlan, 1896 Dhaygude & Chhaya Sonekar, Pp. 18713–18718 (Insecta: Odonata) from Maharashtra, India – Yogesh Koli, Akshay Dalvi & Dataprasad Sawant, Pp. 18908–18919 Avian species richness in traditonal rice ecosystems: a case study from upper – Steven G. Plat, Myo Min Win, Naing Lin, Swann Htet Naing Aung, Ashish John & Thomas R. A new distributon record of the Horn Coral Caryophyllia grandis Gardiner & Waugh, 1938 Rainwater, Pp. 18719–18737 (Anthozoa: Scleractnia) from the Karnataka Coast, India – J.S. Yogesh Kumar & C. Raghunathan, Pp. 18920–18924 Conservaton status, feeding guilds, and diversity of birds in Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Karnataka, India Re-collecton, extended distributon, and amplifed descripton of Vaccinium paucicrenatum – M.N. Harisha, K.S. Abdul Samad & B.B. Hoset, Pp. 18738–18751 Sleumer (Ericaceae) from the Arunachal Himalaya in India – Subhasis Panda, Pp. 18925–18932 Birds of Surat-Dangs: a consolidated checklist of 75 years (1944–2020) with special emphasis on noteworthy bird records and bird hotspots from northern Western Ghats of Gujarat, India – Nikunj Jambu & Kaushal G. Patel, Pp. 18752–18780 Notes

Identfcaton of a unique barb from the dorsal body contour feathers of the Indian Pita Pita Photographic record of the Rusty-spoted Cat Prionailurus rubiginosus (I. Geofroy Saint-Hilaire, brachyura (Aves: Passeriformes: Pitdae) 1831) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) in southern Western Ghats, India – Prateek Dey, Swapna Devi Ray, Sanjeev Kumar Sharma , Padmanabhan Pramod & Ram Pratap – Devika Sanghamithra & P.O. Nameer, Pp. 18933–18935 Singh, Pp. 18781–18791 Natural history notes on the highly threatened Pinto’s Chachalaca Ortalis remota (Aves: Cracidae) Underestmated diversity of Cnemaspis Strauch, 1887 (Sauria: Gekkonidae) on karst landscapes in – Carlos Otávio Araujo Gussoni & Marco Aurélio Galvão da Silva, Pp. 18936–18938 Sarawak, East Malaysia, Borneo – Izneil Nashriq & Indraneil Das, Pp. 18792–18799 Black-bellied Coral Snake Sinomicrurus nigriventer (Wall, 1908) (Elapidae): an extended distributon in the western Himalaya, India Aborichthys barapensis, a new species of river loach (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae) from – Sipu Kumar, Jignasu Dolia, Vartka Chaudhary, Amit Kumar & Abhijit Das, Pp. 18939–18942 Arunachal Pradesh, the eastern Himalaya, India – P. Nanda & L. Tamang, Pp. 18800–18808 First record of the Afghan Poplar Hawkmoth Laothoe wit Eitschberger et al., 1998 (Sphingidae: Smerinthinae) from India: a notable range extension for the genus A study on the community structure of damselfies (Insecta: Odonata: Zygoptera) in Paschim – Muzafar Riyaz, Pratheesh Mathew, Taslima Shiekh, S. Ignacimuthu & K. Sivasankaran, Pp. 18943– Medinipur, West Bengal, India 18946 – Pathik Kumar Jana, Priyanka Halder Mallick & Tanmay Bhatacharya, Pp. 18809–18816 The tribe Cnodalonini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Stenochiinae) from Maharashtra with two new New distributon and range extension records of geometrid moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) records from two western Himalayan protected areas – V.D. Hegde & D. Vasanthakumar, Pp. 18947–18948 – Pritha Dey & Axel Hausmann, Pp. 18817–18826 Do predatory adult odonates estmate their adult prey odonates’ body size and dispersal ability to Buterfy diversity of Putalibazar Municipality, Syangja District, Gandaki Province, Nepal proceed with a successful atack? – Kismat Neupane & Mahamad Sayab Miya, Pp. 18827–18845 – Tharaka Sudesh Priyadarshana, Pp. 18949–18952

New records and distributon extension of Nassarius persicus (Martens, 1874) and N. tadjallii Rediscovery of Ophiorrhiza incarnata C.E.C. Fisch. (Rubiaceae) from the Western Ghats of Moolenbeek, 2007 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nassariidae) to India India afer a lapse of 83 years – Sayali Nerurkar & Deepak Apte, Pp. 18846–18852 – Perumal Murugan, Vellingiri Ravichandran & Chidambaram Murugan, Pp. 18953–18955

Flowering plants of Agumbe region, central Western Ghats, Karnataka, India Response – G.S. Adithya Rao & Y.L. Krishnamurthy, Pp. 18853–18867 Comments on the “A checklist of mammals with historical records from Darjeeling-Sikkim Populaton assessment and habitat distributon modelling of the threatened medicinal plant Himalaya landscape, India” Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. in the Kumaun Himalaya, India – P.O. Nameer, Pp. 18956–18958 – Naveen Chandra, Gajendra Singh, Shashank Lingwal, M.P.S. Bisht & Lalit Mohan Tewari, Publisher & Host Pp. 18868–18877

Occurrence of gilled fungi in Puducherry, India – Vadivelu Kumaresan, Chakravarthy Sariha, Thokur Sreepathy Murali & Gunasekaran Senthilarasu, Pp. 18878–18887

Threatened Taxa