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African Parliaments: Between Governance and Government African Parliaments This page intentionally left blank 01_Mohamed_FM.qxd 20/9/05 5:21 PM Page iii African Parliaments Between Governance and Government Edited by M.A. Mohamed Salih 01_Mohamed_FM.qxd 21/9/05 3:49 PM Page iv AFRICAN PARLIAMENTS © M.A. Mohamed Salih, 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2005 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 1–4039–7122–6 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: December 2005 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America. 01_Mohamed_FM.qxd 20/9/05 5:21 PM Page v Contents List of Figures and Tables vii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ix Notes on Contributors xiii Preface xvii PART I 1. Introduction: The Changing Governance Role of African Parliaments 3 M.A. Mohamed Salih 2. Parliaments, Politics, and Governance: African Democracies in Comparative Perspective 25 Wil Hout 3. Legislative Quotas for Women: Implications for Governance in Africa 48 Aili Mari Tripp 4. Local Assemblies and Local Democracy in sub-Saharan Africa 61 Dele Olowu 5. Citizen’s Support for Legislature and Democratic Consolidation: A Comparative Study with Special Focus on Mali 79 Reneske Doorenspleet PART II 6. Evolution of Parliament–Executive Relations in Zambia 101 Jotham C. Momba 01_Mohamed_FM.qxd 20/9/05 5:21 PM Page vi vi CONTENTS 7. Longitudinal View on Ghana’s Parliamentary Practices 120 Kwame Boafo-Arthur 8. People, Party, Politics, and Parliament: Government and Governance in Namibia 142 Henning Melber 9. Parliament and Dominant Party System in Ethiopia 162 Kassahun Berhanu 10. Parliament as Machinery for Political System Control: The Inner Workings of Bunge, Tanzania 183 Vibeke Wang 11. A Decade of Legislature–Executive Squabble in Malawi, 1994–2004 201 Boniface Dulani and Jan Kees van Donge 12. The South African Parliament’s Failed Moment 225 Tim Hughes 13. Conclusions 247 M.A. Mohamed Salih Bibliography 264 Index 284 01_Mohamed_FM.qxd 20/9/05 5:21 PM Page vii List of Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Type of Political System and Governance 36 2.2 Type of Electoral System and Governance 37 2.3 Legislature Fractionalization and Governance 38 2.4 Federalism and Governance 39 2.5 Electoral Competitiveness and Governance (Africa) 40 2.6 Democratic Tenure and Governance 41 Tables 2.1 Regression Analyses with Quality of Governance Dependent 33 2.2 Regression Analyses for Africa with Six Governance Components Dependent 35 3.1 Constitutionally Mandated Parliamentary Quotas for Women 50 3.2 Legally Mandated Quotas for Women 51 3.3 Party Mandated Parliamentary Quotas for Women 52 5.1 Mali National Assembly Election Results (July 14, 2002) 82 5.2 Trust in Parliament in Percentage of Population 86 5.3 Influences on Support for the Legislature in Mali 93 7.1 Political Parties Represented in Post-1990s Parliaments, Ghana 131 8.1 Election Results, 1989–1999 for Namibia’s Largest Political Parties 146 12.1 South Africa Election Results, 1994, 1999, and 2004 227 This page intentionally left blank 01_Mohamed_FM.qxd 20/9/05 5:21 PM Page ix List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ADEMA Alliance for Democracy in Mali AFC Alliance Forces for Change AforD Alliance for Democracy AG Attorney General ALF Africa Leadership Forum ANC National African Congress APNAC African Parliamentarian Network against Corruption ARMSCOR Armaments Corporation of South Africa BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CC Central Committee CCAP Church of Central Africa, Presbyterian CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi CDC Constitution Drafting Commission CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women CNID Congrès National pour l’ Initiative Démocratie (National Congress for Democratic Initiative) CoD Congress of Democrats CODESA Committee of the Convention on Democratic South Africa CPP Convention People’s Party CUF Civic United Front DA District Assembly DCE District Council Executive DEC District Executive Council DoD Department of Defense DTA Democratic Turnhalle Alliance ECA United Nations Commission for Africa ECN Electoral Commission of Namibia ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States EHRCO Ethiopian Human Rights Council 01_Mohamed_FM.qxd 20/9/05 5:21 PM Page x x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS EIU Economist Intelligence Unit EPA Ethiopian Peasants’ Association EPRDF Ethiopia People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front ETA Ethiopian Teachers’ Association FDC Forum for the Defense of the Constitution FDD Forum for Democracy and Development FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia FPTP First- past- the- poste GCA Global Coalition for Africa GCC Gaborone City Council GDP Gross Domestic Product GNU Government of National Unity HIPC Highly Indebted Poor Countries HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome HOF House of the Federation HPR House of People’s Representatives HRM Human Resources Management ICT Information and Communication Technology IDEA Institute for Democratic and Electoral Assistance IEG Imperial Ethiopian Government IFP Inkatha Freedom Party IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union LASDAP Local Authority Service Development Plan LC Local Council LCAC Legal and Constitutional Affairs Committee MAG Monitor Action Group MCP Malawi Congress Party MGODE Movement for Genuine Democratic Change MMD Movement for Multiparty Democracy MP Member of Parliament MPR Mouvement Patriotique pour le Renouveau (Patriotic Movement for Renewal) NA National Assembly NARC National Rainbow Coalition NCC Nairobi City Council NCOP National Council of Provinces NDA National Democratic Alliance NEC National Electoral Commission NEC National Executive Committee (Tanzania) NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations 01_Mohamed_FM.qxd 20/9/05 5:21 PM Page xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS xi NIP National Industrial Participation NMB National Microfinance Bank NORDEM Norwegian Institution of Human Rights NUDO National Unity Democratic Organization NWMN Namibian Women Manifesto Network OIC Organization of Islamic Conference PAC Public Accounts Committee PAC Public Affairs Committee PDRE People’s Democratic Republic of Ethiopia PM Presiding Member PMAC Provisional Military Administrative Council RDR Rassemblement pour la Démocratie du Ravail (Rally for Labour Democracy) REWA Revolutionary Ethiopian Women Association REYA Revolutionary Ethiopian Youth Association RPM Rassemblement pour le Mali (Rally for Mali) SADC Southern African Development Community SANDF South African National Defense Force SCOPA Standing Committee on Public Accounts SISCD State Institutions Supporting Constitutional Democracy SNNPR Southern Nations, Nationalities and People’s Region SWAPO South West African People’s Organization TANU Tanganyika African National Union UDF United Democratic Front ULA Uganda Land Alliance UNCW United Nations Conference on Women UNDP United Nations Development Program UNIP United National Independence Party UNTAG United Nations Transitional Assistance Group UPND United Party for National Development UWONET Uganda Women Network WPE Worker’s Party of Ethiopia ZAR South Africa Rand (currency) This page intentionally left blank 01_Mohamed_FM.qxd 20/9/05 5:21 PM Page xiii Notes on Contributors Kassahun Berhanu (Ph.D. Free University Amsterdam, The Netherlands) is Assistant Professor and Chair of the Department of Political Science and International Relations at Addis Ababa University. He has published on a range of issues pertaining to elections (Review of African Political Economy 1995), refugees and land tenure (Ethiopian Journal of Development Research, 1998), and is the author of: State Building and Democratization in Ethiopia (Greenwood Press, 1998), Ethnicity and Social Conflicts in Ethiopia (Heinrich Boll Foundation, 2000), The Role of NGOs in Promoting Democratic Values in Ethiopia (Nordiska Afrika Instituet, forthcoming), Returnees, Resettlement and Power Relations: The Making of a Political Constituency in Humera, Ethiopia (Free University of Amsterdam Press, 2000). Kwame Boafo-Arthur (Ph.D. University of Ghana) is Head of the Department of Political Science at the University of Ghana. He was Fulbright Senior African Research Scholar at the James S. Coleman African Studies Centre, University of California at Los Angeles and Visiting Research Fellow at the Nordic African Institute Uppsala, Sweden. He published widely on Ghanaian politics, democratization, and political economy as well as on African development and international economic relations, conflicts, and democratization in Africa. He has published in prestigious journals such as African Journal of Political Science (2000), West African Review (2001), and Journal of African and Asian Studies (2003). Reneske Doorenspleet (Ph.D. University of Leiden, The Netherlands) is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at
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