DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 2 Review of Literature

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 2 Review of Literature REVIEW OF LITERATURE Chapter 2 Review of Literature “Study the past, if you would define the future.” -Confucius The recent vogue on plant research has 2.1. Brief history of Mimosoideae enlightened all over the world and a Mimosoids form a major group within plethora of evidences have been collected legumes. According to Cronquist (1981), to confirm the immense potentiality of Mimosoids have been usually recognized medicinal plants used in traditional either as the family Mimosaceae or as the healthcare systems. Several medicinal subfamily Mimosoideae of the family plants have been identified and studied Fabaceae (Leguminosae) under the order using modern scientific approaches for Fabales. Mimosoideae consist of about 80 their phytochemistry. Selected members of genera and 3,370 species of trees, shrubs, Mimosoideae have already been remarked and lianas found mainly in tropical, as valuable medicinal plants, which are subtropical, and warm temperate regions rigorously used in Ayurvedha and Unani of the world (Luckow et al., 2003). The systems of medicine. Previous members of Mimosoideae are usually phytochemical reports on some species of characterized by their bipinnately Mimosaceae have already revealed their compound, alternate leaves; spicate or probable role in medical care. capitate inflorescence; bisexual flowers, This chapter, besides representing a rarely unisexual, actinomorphic, in tight general overview, considers selected clusters with numerous stamens and members of Mimosoideae from the legume fruits. Besides, most of the species perspectives of Ethnobotany, under Mimosaceae exhibit an Parmacological activities, Antioxidant associationship with nitrogen fixing activities, Neuroprotective activity, bacteria. Phytochemistry, focusing also on 2.2. Ethnomedicinal studies Molecular documentation of selected taxa as well as on rhizobial diversity. ‘Ethnomedicine’ may be defined as the sum of knowledge of plants, skills and REVIEW OF LITERATURE 10 practices based on the oral theories, beliefs, survey in Caprivi region of Namibia and experiences curing diseases and (Chinsembu and Hedimbi, 2010) reflected disorders by native people belonging to the beneficial effects 6 Mimosoids treating different culture (Tamuli and Saikia, 2004). different HIV/AIDS-related opportunistic Several plants are being used to treat infections. Saini et al. (2008) mentioned different ailments since time immemorial. the ethnomedicinal value of five acacias Utilization of different plant species of (Acacia nilotica, A. tortilis, A. senegal, A. different families like, Asteraceae, catechu and A. jacquemontii) in Rajasthan Poaceae, Malvaceae, Mimosaceae etc. of India which were regularly used to treat were mentioned in Indian traditional and asthma, toothache, stomach complaint, skin ayurvedic medical system to alleviate infections, caugh, leprosy, indigestion and dysentery, inflammation, burning diarrhea. Simultaneously, selected sensation, asthma, leucoderma, leprosy, members of Mimosaceae are also used by cholera, vaginal and uterine complaints, the indigenous people of Bargarh district of bile, bilious fevers, piles, jaundice, leprosy, Orissa, India for their local therapeutic bronchitis, cold and cough, fatigue, blood purposes (Sen and Behera, 2008). In diseases etc (Kirtikar and Basu, 2006). continuation, Saha et al. (2014a) described Selected members of Mimosaceae, the use of M. pudica (root and leaf especially, Mimosa pudica, M. hamata, decoction) as a remedy of leucorrhea and Samanea saman, Prosopis cineraria, breast cancer whereas A. nilotica was Parkia biglandulosa, Albizia procera, found to have anti-diabetic property (Saha Acacia senegal, A. chundra etc. were et al., 2014c) in Malda district of West reported to be used as ethnomedicine by Bengal, India. local people of the Idar-Vadali forest area 2.3. Medicinal properties of selected of Sabarkantha district of India to treat Mimosoids rheumatoid arthritis, fever, headache, piles, fistula, swellings, diarrhea, diabetes, Plants have been exploited for the cataract, hydrocele erysipelas, ulcer, management of diseases for centuries leucorrhoea and also used as anti-venom because of their very limited adverse agent in case of scorpion sting (Patel and effects. Therefore, their scientific Jangid, 2013). An ethnomedicinal report evaluation is a logical way of searching from Araku valley Mandalam, new drugs. Moreover, 80% of world Visakhapatnam district, India claimed the population depends entirely on herbal effectiveness of Mimosaceae in local medicines prepared almost exclusively healthcare management (Padal and Sathya from plants. Numerous indigenous vathi, 2013). Besides, ethnomedicinal medicinal plants have been found to be REVIEW OF LITERATURE 11 successfully used to control different (Solomon-Wisdom and Shittu, 2010). ailments, which can counter the high cost Antibacterial activity of A. concinna bark and poor availability of the current was also observed against P. aerogenosa synthetic drugs for many rural populations and S. aureus (Vergeese and Sivaraj, in developing countries like India. 2012). Furthermore, the antimicrobial Consequently, different medicinal activity of the A. nilotica against several members of Mimosoideae have already bacterial strains was also examined by been evaluated for their various Khan et al. (2009) while ethyl acetate pharmacological activities followed by extract of Albizzia lebbeck leaves isolation of active principles. In this confirmed successive antibacterial activity section, an overview of different against gram positive and gram negative pharmacological activities of selected bacteria (Rahul et al., 2010). Antibacterial Mimosoids is summarized below: activity and antifungal activity of Samanea saman leaves were also noticed against 2.3.1. Antimicrobial activity Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fusarium Antimicrobials are such kind of substances solani and Trichophyton longifusus (Azhar that kill microorganisms or inhibit their et al., 2009). growth. Numerous plants are being used as 2.3.2. Anti-inflammatory activity antimicrobial agent since the beginning of human civilization. Likewise, plenty of Inflammation may be regarded as a plants under Mimosaceae were studied for complex pathophysiologic process and can their antimicrobial activity. Genest et al. be initiated in response to injury involving (2008) reported a comparative account of the accumulation of cells and exudates in antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the affected tissues (Markiewski and dichloromethane (DCM) and methanolic Lambris, 2007). Several plants were being extracts of stems of Mimosa rubicaulis and applied therapeutically for many years M. pudica exhibiting considerable leading to the production of major anti- encouraging activity against Bacillus inflammatory drugs. Therefore, natural subtilis, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus products with anti-inflammatory activity and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, are a chief concern in the present potent antibacterial activity of M. pudica circumstance. Studies with M. pudica was also tested by Balakrishnan et al. leaves revealed significant (p<0.05) (2006). The ethanolic leaf extract of inhibitory activity in a dose-dependent Acacia nilotica effectively showed highest manner than the standard drugs, zone of inhibition at 70mg/ml extract indomethacin when it was tested on concentration against the bacteria carrageenan-induced paw oedema and Campylobacter coli, isolated from goats cotton pellet granuloma in rats (Goli et al., REVIEW OF LITERATURE 12 2011). In addition, similar type of healing activity of ointment containing experiment with ethanolic leaf extract of methanolic and aqueous extract of M. M. pudica was executed by Mistry et al. pudica root at 2% level in rat models. (2012) and the result was found to be Concurrently, similar type of result was significant against acute and chronic also found in bark extract of Albizia inflammation. Catechin, isolated from lebbeck (Gupta and Jain, 2010). Acacia catechu revealed the inhibition of 2.3.4. Antinociceptive activity Cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5- Pain, a subjective symptom, is affected by Lipoxygenase (LOX) enzyme activity psychological factors which could be showing its anti-inflammatory potentiality alleviated by different chemical agents by (Altavilla et al., 2009). Further, the means of central or peripheral butanolic fraction of Acacia pennata dried mechanisms. Different plant species have leaves exhibited significant protective been considered as natural pain-relievers effects against chemical stimuli (acetic in search of new potent drugs. The acid and formalin) as well as an inhibitory methanolic extract of A. catechu was effect in carrageenin-induced rat paw proved as a relieving agent from pain oedema in the late phase (Dongmo et al., when tested in acetic acid-induced gastric 2005). pain mice models (Rahmatullah et al., 2.3.3. Wound healing activity 2013). The aqueous extract of Mimosa Wound healing is an immune-mediated pudica exhibited significant (p<0.001) obscure process where the skin or other inhibition of writhing response in acetic soft tissue repairs itself after injury. The acid-induced animal model which might healing process begins with the clotting of be due to the inhibition or reduction of bloods as well as a set of biochemical proinflammatory mediators (Karthikeyan actions takes place to repair the damage and Deepa, 2010). On the other hand, (You and Han, 2014). Numerous plants analgesic activity of a Brazilian native were explored in the management
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Medicinal Practices of Sacred Natural Sites: a Socio-Religious Approach for Successful Implementation of Primary
    Medicinal practices of sacred natural sites: a socio-religious approach for successful implementation of primary healthcare services Rajasri Ray and Avik Ray Review Correspondence Abstract Rajasri Ray*, Avik Ray Centre for studies in Ethnobiology, Biodiversity and Background: Sacred groves are model systems that Sustainability (CEiBa), Malda - 732103, West have the potential to contribute to rural healthcare Bengal, India owing to their medicinal floral diversity and strong social acceptance. *Corresponding Author: Rajasri Ray; [email protected] Methods: We examined this idea employing ethnomedicinal plants and their application Ethnobotany Research & Applications documented from sacred groves across India. A total 20:34 (2020) of 65 published documents were shortlisted for the Key words: AYUSH; Ethnomedicine; Medicinal plant; preparation of database and statistical analysis. Sacred grove; Spatial fidelity; Tropical diseases Standard ethnobotanical indices and mapping were used to capture the current trend. Background Results: A total of 1247 species from 152 families Human-nature interaction has been long entwined in has been documented for use against eighteen the history of humanity. Apart from deriving natural categories of diseases common in tropical and sub- resources, humans have a deep rooted tradition of tropical landscapes. Though the reported species venerating nature which is extensively observed are clustered around a few widely distributed across continents (Verschuuren 2010). The tradition families, 71% of them are uniquely represented from has attracted attention of researchers and policy- any single biogeographic region. The use of multiple makers for its impact on local ecological and socio- species in treating an ailment, high use value of the economic dynamics. Ethnomedicine that emanated popular plants, and cross-community similarity in from this tradition, deals health issues with nature- disease treatment reflects rich community wisdom to derived resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Alien Plants an Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent
    Invasive Alien Plants An Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent EDITED BY I.R. BHATT, J.S. SINGH, S.P. SINGH, R.S. TRIPATHI AND R.K. KOHL! 019eas Invasive Alien Plants An Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent FSC ...wesc.org MIX Paper from responsible sources `FSC C013604 CABI INVASIVE SPECIES SERIES Invasive species are plants, animals or microorganisms not native to an ecosystem, whose introduction has threatened biodiversity, food security, health or economic development. Many ecosystems are affected by invasive species and they pose one of the biggest threats to biodiversity worldwide. Globalization through increased trade, transport, travel and tour- ism will inevitably increase the intentional or accidental introduction of organisms to new environments, and it is widely predicted that climate change will further increase the threat posed by invasive species. To help control and mitigate the effects of invasive species, scien- tists need access to information that not only provides an overview of and background to the field, but also keeps them up to date with the latest research findings. This series addresses all topics relating to invasive species, including biosecurity surveil- lance, mapping and modelling, economics of invasive species and species interactions in plant invasions. Aimed at researchers, upper-level students and policy makers, titles in the series provide international coverage of topics related to invasive species, including both a synthesis of facts and discussions of future research perspectives and possible solutions. Titles Available 1.Invasive Alien Plants : An Ecological Appraisal for the Indian Subcontinent Edited by J.R. Bhatt, J.S. Singh, R.S. Tripathi, S.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences
    ISSN: 0975-8585 Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences Study Of Soil And Vegetation Characteristics In The Lower Gangetic Plains Of West Bengal Rimi Roy1*, Mousumi Maity2, and Sumit Manna3. 1Department of Botany, Jagannath Kishore College, Purulia -723101, West Bengal, India. 2Department of Botany, Scottish Church College, Kolkata-700006, West Bengal, India. 3Department of Botany, Moyna College, affiliated to Vidyasagar University, Moyna, Purba Medinipur -721629, West Bengal, India. ABSTRACT The Lower Gangetic Plains particularly from Dakhineshwar to Uluberia, West Bengal was investigated for the taxonomic and ecological analyses of its naturalized vegetation. The physicochemical studies of soil were also performed from this site. It was observed mangrove plants prevailed at zones where higher percentage of silt was present, while inland plants were grown where percentage of sand and clay were higher. A total of 95 plant species were recorded and their phytoclimatic study was done and the result revealed that percentage of phanerophytes was maximum among others. From phytosociological study it was observed that mangrove associates such as Cryptocoryne ciliata and Oryza coarctata showed highest IVI values, on the other hand Cynodon dactylon was dominated at non-mangrove site. The present analyses indicated existence of two distinct plant communities in the site with more or less stable vegetation pattern. Keywords: Lower Gangetic Plain, vegetation, diversity, community *Corresponding author May–June 2017 RJPBCS 8(3) Page No. 1558 ISSN: 0975-8585 INTRODUCTION Though India has a wide range of vegetation comprising of tropical rain forest, tropical deciduous forest, thorny forest, montane vegetation and mangrove forest, the Gangetic Plains in India form an important biogeographic zone in terms of vegetation characterized by fine alluvium and clay rich swamps, fertile soil and high water retention capacity.
    [Show full text]
  • Specificity in Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Specificity in Legume-Rhizobia Symbioses Mitchell Andrews * and Morag E. Andrews Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, PO Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-3-423-0692 Academic Editors: Peter M. Gresshoff and Brett Ferguson Received: 12 February 2017; Accepted: 21 March 2017; Published: 26 March 2017 Abstract: Most species in the Leguminosae (legume family) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) via symbiotic bacteria (rhizobia) in root nodules. Here, the literature on legume-rhizobia symbioses in field soils was reviewed and genotypically characterised rhizobia related to the taxonomy of the legumes from which they were isolated. The Leguminosae was divided into three sub-families, the Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae. Bradyrhizobium spp. were the exclusive rhizobial symbionts of species in the Caesalpinioideae, but data are limited. Generally, a range of rhizobia genera nodulated legume species across the two Mimosoideae tribes Ingeae and Mimoseae, but Mimosa spp. show specificity towards Burkholderia in central and southern Brazil, Rhizobium/Ensifer in central Mexico and Cupriavidus in southern Uruguay. These specific symbioses are likely to be at least in part related to the relative occurrence of the potential symbionts in soils of the different regions. Generally, Papilionoideae species were promiscuous in relation to rhizobial symbionts, but specificity for rhizobial genus appears to hold at the tribe level for the Fabeae (Rhizobium), the genus level for Cytisus (Bradyrhizobium), Lupinus (Bradyrhizobium) and the New Zealand native Sophora spp. (Mesorhizobium) and species level for Cicer arietinum (Mesorhizobium), Listia bainesii (Methylobacterium) and Listia angolensis (Microvirga).
    [Show full text]
  • Journal Vol. 30 Final 2076.7.1.Indd
    102-120 J. Nat. Hist. Mus. Vol. 30, 2016-18 Flora of community managed forests of Palpa district, western Nepal Pratiksha Shrestha1, Ram Prasad Chaudhary2, Krishna Kumar Shrestha1, Dharma Raj Dangol3 1Central Department of Botany,Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal 2Research Center for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), Kathmandu, Nepal 3Natural History Museum, Tribhuvan University, Swayambhu, Kathmandu, Nepal ABSTRACT Floristic diversity is studied based on gender in two different management committee community forests (Barangdi-Kohal jointly managed community forest and Bansa-Gopal women managed community forest) of Palpa district, west Nepal. Square plot of 10m×10m size quadrat were laid for covering all forest areas and maintained minimum 40m distance between two quadrats. Altogether 68 plots (34 in each forest) were sampled. Both community forests had nearly same altitudinal range, aspect and slope but differed in different environmental variables and members of management committees. All the species present in quadrate and as well as outside the quadrate were recorded for analysis. There were 213 species of flowering plant belonging to 67 families and 182 genera. Barangdi-Kohal JM community forest had high species richness i.e. 176 species belonging to 64 families and 150 genera as compared to Bansa-Gopal WM community forest with 143 species belonging to 56 families and 129 genera. According to different life forms and family and genus wise jointly managed forest have high species richness than in women managed forest. Both community forests are banned for fodder, fuel wood and timber collection without permission of management comities. There is restriction of grazing in JM forest, whereas no restriction of grazing in WM forest.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 6 ENUMERATION
    Chapter 6 ENUMERATION . ENUMERATION The spermatophytic plants with their accepted names as per The Plant List [http://www.theplantlist.org/ ], through proper taxonomic treatments of recorded species and infra-specific taxa, collected from Gorumara National Park has been arranged in compliance with the presently accepted APG-III (Chase & Reveal, 2009) system of classification. Further, for better convenience the presentation of each species in the enumeration the genera and species under the families are arranged in alphabetical order. In case of Gymnosperms, four families with their genera and species also arranged in alphabetical order. The following sequence of enumeration is taken into consideration while enumerating each identified plants. (a) Accepted name, (b) Basionym if any, (c) Synonyms if any, (d) Homonym if any, (e) Vernacular name if any, (f) Description, (g) Flowering and fruiting periods, (h) Specimen cited, (i) Local distribution, and (j) General distribution. Each individual taxon is being treated here with the protologue at first along with the author citation and then referring the available important references for overall and/or adjacent floras and taxonomic treatments. Mentioned below is the list of important books, selected scientific journals, papers, newsletters and periodicals those have been referred during the citation of references. Chronicles of literature of reference: Names of the important books referred: Beng. Pl. : Bengal Plants En. Fl .Pl. Nepal : An Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Fasc.Fl.India : Fascicles of Flora of India Fl.Brit.India : The Flora of British India Fl.Bhutan : Flora of Bhutan Fl.E.Him. : Flora of Eastern Himalaya Fl.India : Flora of India Fl Indi.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Review of the Ethnotraditional Uses and Biological and Pharmacological Potential of the Genus Mimosa
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review A Comprehensive Review of the Ethnotraditional Uses and Biological and Pharmacological Potential of the Genus Mimosa Ismat Majeed 1, Komal Rizwan 2, Ambreen Ashar 1 , Tahir Rasheed 3 , Ryszard Amarowicz 4,* , Humaira Kausar 5, Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq 6 and Luigi Geo Marceanu 7 1 Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; [email protected] (I.M.); [email protected] (A.A.) 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal 57000, Pakistan; [email protected] 3 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; [email protected] 4 Department of Chemical and Physical Properties of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima Street 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland 5 Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; [email protected] 6 Office of Research, Innovation & Commercialization, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; [email protected] 7 Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-89-523-4627 Abstract: The Mimosa genus belongs to the Fabaceae family of legumes and consists of about Citation: Majeed, I.; Rizwan, K.; 400 species distributed all over the world. The growth forms of plants belonging to the Mimosa Ashar, A.; Rasheed, T.; Amarowicz, R.; genus range from herbs to trees. Several species of this genus play important roles in folk medicine. Kausar, H.; Zia-Ul-Haq, M.; In this review, we aimed to present the current knowledge of the ethnogeographical distribution, Marceanu, L.G.
    [Show full text]
  • Literaturverzeichnis
    Literaturverzeichnis Abaimov, A.P., 2010: Geographical Distribution and Ackerly, D.D., 2009: Evolution, origin and age of Genetics of Siberian Larch Species. In Osawa, A., line ages in the Californian and Mediterranean flo- Zyryanova, O.A., Matsuura, Y., Kajimoto, T. & ras. Journal of Biogeography 36, 1221–1233. Wein, R.W. (eds.), Permafrost Ecosystems. Sibe- Acocks, J.P.H., 1988: Veld Types of South Africa. 3rd rian Larch Forests. Ecological Studies 209, 41–58. Edition. Botanical Research Institute, Pretoria, Abbadie, L., Gignoux, J., Le Roux, X. & Lepage, M. 146 pp. (eds.), 2006: Lamto. Structure, Functioning, and Adam, P., 1990: Saltmarsh Ecology. Cambridge Uni- Dynamics of a Savanna Ecosystem. Ecological Stu- versity Press. Cambridge, 461 pp. dies 179, 415 pp. Adam, P., 1994: Australian Rainforests. Oxford Bio- Abbott, R.J. & Brochmann, C., 2003: History and geography Series No. 6 (Oxford University Press), evolution of the arctic flora: in the footsteps of Eric 308 pp. Hultén. Molecular Ecology 12, 299–313. Adam, P., 1994: Saltmarsh and mangrove. In Groves, Abbott, R.J. & Comes, H.P., 2004: Evolution in the R.H. (ed.), Australian Vegetation. 2nd Edition. Arctic: a phylogeographic analysis of the circu- Cambridge University Press, Melbourne, pp. marctic plant Saxifraga oppositifolia (Purple Saxi- 395–435. frage). New Phytologist 161, 211–224. Adame, M.F., Neil, D., Wright, S.F. & Lovelock, C.E., Abbott, R.J., Chapman, H.M., Crawford, R.M.M. & 2010: Sedimentation within and among mangrove Forbes, D.G., 1995: Molecular diversity and deri- forests along a gradient of geomorphological set- vations of populations of Silene acaulis and Saxi- tings.
    [Show full text]
  • Silent Stranglers: Eradication of Mimosa in Kaziranga National Park, Assam
    OCCASIONAL REPORT NO. 12 SILENT STRANGLERS Kaziranga National Park is one of the last strongholds of the greater one-horned rhinoceros, the Asiatic wild buffalo, the Asian elephant and the swamp deer. All these are greatly dependent on the grasslands of Eradication of Mimosa in the park for food and cover. The threat of the exotic Mimosa invisa that is strangling these grasslands has to be tackled quickly and scientifi- Kaziranga National Park, Assam cally. This is the story of how WTI and IFAW are assisting the Assam Forest Department to eradicate mimosa in Kaziranga. Joseph Vattakkavan, N. K. Vasu, Surendra Varma, Nidhi Gureja, Ambika Aiyadurai A-220 New Friends Colony, New Delhi-110065 Tel.: 011 26326025, 26326026, Fax: 011 26326027 Assam Forest Department Website: http//www.wildlifetrustofindia.org The Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) is a non-profit conservation organization committed to help conserve nature, especially endangered species and threatened habitats, in partnership with communities and governments. Suggested Citation: Vattakkavan, J., Vasu, N. K., Varma, S., Gureja, N. and Project Team Aiyadurai, A. (2002). Silent Stranglers: Eradication of Mimosa in Kaziranga National Park, Assam. Wildlife Trust of India, New Delhi. Pp Ambika Aiyadurai Anirudha Dey Aniruddha Mookerjee D. D. Boro Keywords: Conservation; Wild Species, Assam, Kaziranga National Park, Joseph Vattakkavan Mimosa, Habitat Recovery Joydeep Bose L. N. Baruah Madan Tamuli The designations of geographical entities in this publication and the presen- N. K. Vasu tation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoev- Nidhi Gureja er on the part of the authors or WTI concerning the legal status of any coun- P.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dissertation Submitted for Partial Fulfillment Of
    DIVERSITY OF NATURALIZED PLANT SPECIES ACROSS LAND USE TYPES IN MAKWANPUR DISTRICT, CENTRAL NEPAL A Dissertation Submitted for Partial Fulfillment of the Requirmentment for the Master‟s Degree in Botany, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Submitted by Bhawani Nyaupane Exam Roll No.:107/071 Batch: 2071/73 T.U Reg. No.: 5-2-49-10-2010 Ecology and Resource Management Unit Central Department of Botany Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathamndu, Nepal May, 2019 RECOMMENDATION This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled “DIVERSITY OF NATURALIZED PLANT ACROSS LAND USE TYPES IN MAKWANPUR DISTRICT, CENTRAL NEPAL” has been submitted by Ms. Bhawani Nyaupane under my supervision. The entire work is accomplished on the basis of Candidate‘s original research work. As per my knowledge, the work has not been submitted to any other academic degree. It is hereby recommended for acceptance of this dissertation as a partial fulfillment of the requirement of Master‘s Degree in Botany at Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University. ………………………… Supervisor Dr. Bharat Babu Shrestha Associate Professor Central Department of Botany TU, Kathmandu, Nepal. Date: 17th May, 2019 ii LETTER OF APPROVAL The M.Sc. dissertation entitled “DIVERSITY OF NATURALIZED PLANT SPECIES ACROSS LAND USE TYPES IN MAKWANPUR DISTRICT, CENTRAL NEPAL” submitted at the Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University by Ms. Bhawani Nyaupane has been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirement of Master‘s Degree in Botany (Ecology and Resource Management Unit). EXAMINATION COMMITTEE ………………………. ……………………. External Examiner Internal Examiner Dr. Rashila Deshar Dr. Anjana Devkota Assistant Professor Associate Professor Central Department of Environmental Science Central Department of Botany TU, Kathmandu, Nepal.
    [Show full text]
  • Floristic and Phytoclimatic Study of an Indigenous Small Scale Natural Landscape Vegetation of Jhargram District, West Bengal, India
    DOI: https://doi.org/10.31357/jtfe.v10i1.4686 Sen and Bhakat/ Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment Vol. 10 No. 01 (2020) 17-39 Floristic and Phytoclimatic Study of an Indigenous Small Scale Natural Landscape Vegetation of Jhargram District, West Bengal, India U.K. Sen* and R.K. Bhakat Ecology and Taxonomy Laboratory, Department of Botany and Forestry, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal, India Date Received: 29-09-2019 Date Accepted: 28-06-2020 Abstract Sacred groves are distinctive examples of biotic components as genetic resources being preserved in situ and serve as secure heavens for many endangered and endemic taxa. From this point of view, the biological spectrum, leaf spectrum and conservation status of the current sacred grove vegetation, SBT (Swarga Bauri Than) in Jhargram district of West Bengal, India, have been studied. The area's floristic study revealed that SBT‟s angiosperms were varied and consisted of 307 species belonging to 249 genera, distributed under 79 families of 36 orders as per APG IV. Fabales (12.05%) and Fabaceae (11.73%) are the dominant order and family in terms of species wealth. Biological spectrum indicates that the region enjoys “thero-chamae-cryptophytic” type of phytoclimate. With respect to the spectrum of the leaf size, mesophyll (14.05%) was found to be high followed by notophyll (7.84%), microphyll (7.19%), macrophyll (7.84%), nanophyll (6.86%), leptophyll (6.21%), and megaphyll (2.29%). The study area, being a sacred grove, it has a comparatively undisturbed status, and the protection of germplasm in the grove is based on traditional belief in the social system.
    [Show full text]
  • Horizontal Transfer of Symbiosis Genes Within and Between Rhizobial Genera: Occurrence and Importance
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review Horizontal Transfer of Symbiosis Genes within and Between Rhizobial Genera: Occurrence and Importance Mitchell Andrews 1,*, Sofie De Meyer 2,3 ID , Euan K. James 4 ID , Tomasz St˛epkowski 5, Simon Hodge 1 ID , Marcelo F. Simon 6 ID and J. Peter W. Young 7 ID 1 Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; [email protected] 2 Centre for Rhizobium Studies, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Australia; [email protected] 3 Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 4 James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK; [email protected] 5 Autonomous Department of Microbial Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 6 Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasilia DF 70770-917, Brazil; [email protected] 7 Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +64-3-423-0692 Received: 6 May 2018; Accepted: 21 June 2018; Published: 27 June 2018 Abstract: Rhizobial symbiosis genes are often carried on symbiotic islands or plasmids that can be transferred (horizontal transfer) between different bacterial species. Symbiosis genes involved in horizontal transfer have different phylogenies with respect to the core genome of their ‘host’. Here, the literature on legume–rhizobium symbioses in field soils was reviewed, and cases of phylogenetic incongruence between rhizobium core and symbiosis genes were collated.
    [Show full text]