DOCSLIB.ORG

Opening Conference

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Opening Conference ĂŵĞůůŝĂƐ͗ĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJĂŶĚŐůŽďĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ WƌŽĨ͘:͘/njĐŽ ĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚŽĨŽƚĂŶLJ͕hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨ^ĂŶƟĂŐŽĚĞŽŵƉŽƐƚĞůĂ͘ ͲϭϱϳϴϮ^ĂŶƟĂŐŽĚĞŽŵƉŽƐƚĞůĂ;^ƉĂŝŶͿ͘ͲŵĂŝů͗ũĞƐƵƐ͘ŝnjĐŽΛƵƐĐ͘ĞƐ ďƐƚƌĂĐƚ͘ 'ůŽďĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽŶĂƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƌĞĂƐŽŶƐ;ĐƵů - ƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůͿ͘dŚĞƐĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂƌĞƌĞŇĞĐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƐ͕ƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚŝŶƚŚĞǁŝĚĞ sense and as species of the genus Camellia ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĐŽŶƚĂĐƚƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂƐƚĞƌŶĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ƚŚĞĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƐŚĂǀĞƚƌĂǀĞůůĞĚĮƌƐƚƚŽƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĚƚŚĞŶƚŚĞLJŚĂǀĞƐƉƌĞĂĚĂůůŽǀĞƌƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͕ůŝŶŬĞĚ to cultural, economic, ornamental or sociologic processes. Examples of these processes are the /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŵĞůůŝĂ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJ͕ƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůƐŽĐŝĞƟĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŵĞĞƟŶŐƐ͘ <ĞLJǁŽƌĚƐ͘ /ŶǀĂƐŝǀĞƉůĂŶƚƐ͕ŽƌŶĂŵĞŶƚĂůŇŽƌĂ͕ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJŽĨƐĐŝĞŶĐĞ͕ŝŶĐƵůƚƵƌĂƟŽŶ͕ŐĂƌĚĞŶŝŶŐ͕DĐ>Ƶ - ŚĂŶ͕ƚƌĂŶƐĐƵůƚƵƌĂƟŽŶ͕ƐŽĐŝĂůŝnjŝŶŐĐƵůƚƵƌĞ /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ 'ůŽďĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂƌĞůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽŶĂƚƵƌĞ͕ƐŝŶĐĞůŝǀŝŶŐďĞŝŶŐƐƚĞŶĚƚŽŵŽǀĞ ƉƌĞƐƐƵƌĞĚďLJƚŚĞĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͘,ƵŵĂŶďĞŝŶŐƐŚĂǀĞĂůƐŽĐŽŶƚƌŝď - ƵƚĞĚƚŽŐůŽďĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝƌƚƌĂǀĞůƐĂŶĚĨƵƐŝŽŶĂŵŽŶŐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐ͘ 9 tŝƚŚŝŶƚŚŝƐĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƚŚĞĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƐĂƌĞĂĐůĞĂƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨŐůŽďĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ďŽƚŚŝŶ ƚŚĞďŝŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƐĞŶƐĞĂŶĚĂƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨƚŚĞŝƌŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐ͕ĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚ sensory universe of men. ĂŵĞůůŝĂĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ dŚĞĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƐ͕ďƌŽĂĚůLJƐƉĞĂŬŝŶŐ͕ĂƐĂůůůŝŶĞĂŐĞƐŽĨŽƚĂŶLJŝŶƐŝĚĞƚŚĞdŚĞĂĐĞĂĞ family, occupy a broad stripe around the globe. The surface of this land depends on the concept of the group. The more restricted family concept, established on the basis of ŵŽůĞĐƵůĂƌĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ;^ƚĞǀĞŶƐ͕ϮϬϬϴͿ͕ĚƌĂǁƐĂŶĞƋƵĂƚŽƌŝĂůƐƚƌŝƉĞ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐĞƉůĂŶƚƐŐƌŽǁŝŶŐ in areas that go beyond the tropics in Southeastern Asia and in the whole American con- ƟŶĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĂďƐŽůƵƚĞůŝŵŝƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĨĂŵŝůLJĂƌĞƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝďĞ 'ŽƌĚŽŶŝĞĂĞ ͕ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉĂƌĂůůĞůϰϬΣE͕ŝŶŶŽƌƚŚĞƌŶ:ĂƉĂŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƉĂƌĂůůĞůϭϴǑ^͕ŝŶƚŚĞƌĂnjŝůŝĂŶ coast. ĂŵĞůůŝĂŐůŽďĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ :ŽƵƌŶĞLJƚŽƚŚĞtĞƐƚ ͘tŚĞŶƚŚĞƚƌĂĚĞƌŽƵƚĞƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂƐƚƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ͕ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ ŝŶĐŚĂƌŐĞŽĨŝŵƉŽƌƟŶŐŐŽŽĚƐŽƌŶĞǁƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƚŚĂƚĐŽƵůĚďƌŝŶŐŐƌĞĂƚďĞŶĞĮƚƐƚŽƚŚĞƵƌŽ - ƉĞĂŶĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐǁĞƌĞĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ͕ĂůƐŽĂƚƌŝƐŬŽĨŚĂǀŝŶŐƐƵďƐƚĂŶƟĂůůŽƐƐĞƐĚƵĞƚŽƚŚĞŚĂnjĂƌĚƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƚƌŝƉƐ͘dŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ/ŶĚŝĂŶĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐďƵŝůƚĂďƌŝĚŐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƐŝĂĂŶĚƵƌŽƉĞƚŽ commercialize the valuable spices (cinnamon, cloves were shiped to Europe regularly). ^ƉĂŝŶƚƌŝĞĚƚŽĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĂƚƌĂĚĞƌŽƵƚĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂƐƚŝŶƚŚĞƌĞǀĞƌƐĞĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ͕ĂĐƌŽƐƐ ƚŚĞƚůĂŶƟĐKĐĞĂŶ͕ǁŝƚŚĂƐƚŽƉŝŶŝƚƐůĂŶĚƐŽĨĞŶƚƌĂůŵĞƌŝĐĂ͘&ƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞ͕ƚŚĞLJŶĂǀŝŐĂƚ - ĞĚƚŚĞWĂĐŝĮĐKĐĞĂŶƚŽƌĞĂĐŚƚŚĞWŚŝůŝƉƉŝŶĞƐ͘dŚĂƚĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶǁĂƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞǁŚĞŶƚŚĞLJ ĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌĞĚƚŚĞĐŚĂŶĐĞŽĨƚƌĂǀĞůŝŶŐďĂĐŬĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶDĞdžŝĐŽĂŶĚƚŚĞWŚŝůŝƉƉŝŶĞƐ͕ ƚĂŬŝŶŐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞŽĨƚŚĞŽĐĞĂŶĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞEŽƌƚŚWĂĐŝĮĐ͘dŚĞŶĞǁƌŽƵƚĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ ƐŝĂŶĂŶĚDĞdžŝĐĂŶĐŽĂƐƚǁĂƐŬŶŽǁŶĂƐDĂŶŝůĂ'ĂůůĞŽŶ͕ĐĂƉƵůĐŽ'ĂůůĞŽŶ͕ƐŝůŬǀĞƐƐĞůŽƌ ϮϬϭϰ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŵĞůůŝĂ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJŽŶŐƌĞƐƐ WŽŶƚĞǀĞĚƌĂ;^ƉĂŝŶͿϭϭͲϭϱDĂƌĐŚ EĂŽĚĞůĂŚŝŶĂƌŽƵƚĞ͕ĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƌƚ͕ƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĐŽŵŵŽĚŝƚLJŽƌƚŚĞ ŽƌŝŐŝŶŽĨƚŚĞŐŽŽĚƐ͘ĂĐŬŝŶDĞdžŝĐŽ͕ƚŚĞƌŽƵƚĞĐŽŶƟŶƵĞĚŝŶůĂŶĚƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƉŽƌƚƐŝŶƚŚĞĂ - ƌŝďďĞĂŶ^ĞĂƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƚŽǁŶƐĂŶĚĐŝƟĞƐ͘ Undoubtedly, the interest of Spain in these distant lands was twofold. On the one ŚĂŶĚ͕ŝƚǁĂƐĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŝŶŶĂƚƵƌĞ͕ĂŶĚŽŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ƚŚĞŝƌƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞǁĂƐůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽ ĞǀĂŶŐĞůŝnjĂƟŽŶ͖ĂŶĚǁĂƐĂůƐŽŵŽƟǀĂƚĞĚďLJƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŝŵƐ͘ƐƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚŝƐ religious mission, the Spanish and Portuguese missionaries contributed to the fusion of ƚŚĞĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐĚĞǀŽƟŽŶďLJŵĞĂŶƐŽĨƐLJŵďŽůƐĂůƌĞĂĚLJĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞtĞƐƚ ďƵƚŝŶĞīĞĐƟǀĞŝŶƚŚĞĂƐƚ͘dŚĞLJĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚƚŽƚƵƌŶƚŚĞĐĂŵĞůůŝĂŝŶƚŽĂƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐƐLJŵďŽů ŝŶ:ĂƉĂŶ͖͘,ŝƌƵŬŝ;ϮϬϬϱ͕ϮϬϬϲͿĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞƐŚŽǁƚŚĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŝĚĞŶƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞsŝƌŐŝŶ Mary with the rose itself in the Catholicism, was done in the East with an apparently ƐŝŵŝůĂƌ ŶĂƟǀĞŇŽǁĞƌ͕ƚŚĞĐĂŵĞůůŝĂ͕ ƵŶĚĞƌ ƌĞĂůŝƐƟĐŽƌŝĚĞĂůŝnjĞĚĨŽƌŵƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ǁĂƐĂůƐŽ ĂĐĐĞƉƚĞĚĂƐĂƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůƐLJŵďŽů͘KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ƚŚĞƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐŽƌĚĞƌƐďƌŽƵŐŚƚďĂĐŬƚŽ ƵƌŽƉĞŶĞǁŝĚĞĂƐ͕ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ĂƌƚŽďũĞĐƚƐ͕ƉůĂŶƚƐŽƌƉůĂŶƚĚƌĂǁŝŶŐƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚƚĞĂ and probably the ornamental camellia. dŚĞĮƌƐƚĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƐŝŶƵƌŽƉĞ ͘ǀĞƌLJĚĂLJŶĞǁĂŶĚƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐĂůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂů ĚĂƚĞƐŽĨĂƌƌŝǀĂůŽĨĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƐƚŽƵƌŽƉĞĂƌĞĞŵĞƌŐŝŶŐ͘'ŝůĚĞ^ĞĂďƌĂ;ϮϬϬϱͿƚƌĂŶƐĐƌŝďĞĚ ƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞĚŽǁƌLJŽĨĂƚŚĞƌŝŶĞŽĨƌĂŐĂŶnjĂ͕ĚĂƵŐŚƚĞƌŽĨ<ŝŶŐWĞĚƌŽ/sŽĨWŽƌƚƵŐĂů͕ĨŽƌŚĞƌ ŵĂƌƌŝĂŐĞƚŽ<ŝŶŐŚĂƌůĞƐ//ŽĨŶŐůĂŶĚŝŶϭϲϱϮ͗͞ƵŵĂĂƌĐĂĚĞĐŚĄ΀ƚĞĂ΁͘͘͘͟ (a box of tea) when the Camellia sinensis ďĞǀĞƌĂŐĞǁĂƐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJƵŶŬŶŽǁŶŝŶƚŚĞƌŝƟƐŚ/ƐůĞƐĂŶĚ ƚŚĞEĞƚŚĞƌůĂŶĚƐ͘KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ƚŚĞ Camellia symbol probably traveled to Europe, ĂƐƐƵŐŐĞƐƚĞĚďLJ^ĂůŝŶĞƌŽΘDĂŶƐŝůůĂ;ϮϬϬϴͿ͕ŽŶƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐŽĨƚŚĞŚŽůLJǁĂƚĞƌĨŽŶƚƐŽĨƐƚŽŶĞ ĨŽƵŶĚŝŶƚŚĞŚƵƌĐŚŽĨ^ĂŶƚĂDĂƌŝĂƐŽƉƌĂDŝŶĞƌǀĂŝŶZŽŵĞ;/ƚĂůLJͿ͕ĂǁŽƌŬŽĨKĐƚĂǀŝŽ>Ă - njnjĞƌŝ͕ǁŚŽƐĐƵůƉƚĞĚƚŚĞŵŝŶϭϱϴϴ͘ 10 dŚĞ ĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƐ ǁĞƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ ŝŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ ĂƐ ƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐ ŽĨ Ăƌƚ ŽďũĞĐƚƐ ͲĂůƐŽŝŶDĞdžŝĐŽͲĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚƚŽŶĂŵďĂŶĂƌƚ͘dŚĞLJǁĞƌĞŽŌĞŶďŽdžĞƐ͕ůĞĐƚĞƌŶƐ͕ĨŽůĚŝŶŐ ƐĐƌĞĞŶƐ͕ ĨĂŶƐ͕ ũĞǁĞůƌLJ͕ ĂƐƚĞƌŶ ǁƌŝƟŶŐ ĚĞƐŬƐ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ Ăƌƚ ƐƚLJůĞ͕ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ƐŽŵĞ tĞƐƚĞƌŶ ŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ĐĂŵĞůůŝĂ ŇŽǁĞƌƐ ŝŶ ƚŚĞŝƌ ĚƌĂǁŝŶŐƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŽďũĞĐƚƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ƐƚƵĚŝĞĚĨŽƌƐŽŵĞƟŵĞ;dždždžͿĂŶĚƚŚĞĨĂĐƚƚŚĂƚĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƐǁĞƌĞĨŽƵŶĚŝŶƚŚĞŝƌŽƌŶĂŵĞŶƚƐ ŚĂƐďĞĞŶƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚ;^ĂŝŶnjΘ/njĐŽ͕ϮϬϭϯ͖^ĂŝŶnjĞƚĂůϮϬϭϰͿ͘ĂƟŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐŝdž - ƚĞĞŶƚŚĂŶĚƐĞǀĞŶƚĞĞŶƚŚĐĞŶƚƵƌŝĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŽďũĞĐƚƐŝŶƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ museums and royal Spanish and Portuguese monasteries are proof of the arrival in Eu- ƌŽƉĞŽĨĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐĞĂƌůŝĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞĂĐĐĞƉƚĞĚĚĂƚĞƐ͘͘ /ƚǁĂƐĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƐŬŶŽǁŶŝŶƵƌŽƉĞǁĂƐ ĚŽŶĞďLJ:ŽŚŶWĞƟǀĞƌ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞĮƌƐƚŝŵĂŐĞƐĂůƐŽďĞůŽŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ͕ŝŶŚŝƐ Gazo- ƉŚLJůĂĐŝŝEĂƚƵƌĂĞĞƚƌƟƐ ;ϭϳϬϮͿĂŶĚƚŽŶŐĞůďĞƌƚ<ĂĞŵƉĨĞƌ͕ŝŶŚŝƐǁŽƌŬ͗ ŵŽĞŶŝƚĂƚƵŵ ĞdžŽƟĐĂƌƵŵ WŽůŝƟĐŽͲƉŚLJƐŝĐŽͲŵĞĚŝĐĂƌƵŵ , Libri V ;ϭϳϭϮͿ͘ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽ>ƵĐŚĂĞnjĞů;ϮϬϬϳͿ ƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĐĂŵĞůůŝĂĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƉƌŝŽƌƚŽƚŚĂƚĚĂƚĞ͘dŚĞĮƌƐƚĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞĚ ƚŽƚŚĞƵƚĐŚďŽƚĂŶŝƐƚ:ĂĐŽďŽŶƟƵƐŝŶŚŝƐ EĂƚƵƌĂůŝƐĞƚŵĞĚŝĐĂĞEŝƐƚŽƌŝĂĞ/ŶĚŝĂĞŽƌŝĞŶ - talis ͕>ŝďƌŝs/;ϭϲϰϮͿ͘ƐƌĞŐĂƌĚƐĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƚŚĞŽůĚĞƐƚŝŵĂŐĞŝƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚ ƚŽƚŚĞƐĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŽĨŽŶƟƵƐƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚďLJtŝůůĞŵWŝƐŽʹƚŚĞ>ĂƟŶŝnjĞĚŶĂŵĞŽĨtŝůŚĞůŵ Pies – in his Ğ/ŶĚŝĂĞƵƚƌŝƵƐƋƵĞƌĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůŝĞƚŵĞĚŝĂ ͕ŝŶϭϲϱϴ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐĂĚƌĂǁŝŶŐ of the plant. KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕'ĞŽƌŐĞ<ĂŵĞůŝƐĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĮŐƵƌĞŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽǀĞƌƐLJŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚ ĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶƵƌŽƉĞ͘/ƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶƐĂŝĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞ:ĞƐƵŝƚ pharmacist has never seen camellias, since he did not leave the Philippines where they ĂƌĞŶŽƚŶĂƟǀĞ͕ďƵƚƚŚŝƐƌĞĂƐŽŶŝŶŐĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŚĂǀĞĂŶĂďƐŽůƵƚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͘ĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƌĞ - ĐĞŶƚĮŶĚŝŶŐƐ;ŚĂĞnjĞů͕ϮϬϬϳ͖ŚĂĞnjĞůΘ,ĞƌĚƚ͕ϮϬϬϴͿ͕'͘<ĂŵĞůŝƐƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌŽĨĂƉŝĐƚƵƌĞ ϮϬϭϰ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŵĞůůŝĂ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJŽŶŐƌĞƐƐ WŽŶƚĞǀĞĚƌĂ;^ƉĂŝŶͿϭϭͲϭϱDĂƌĐŚ ŽĨĂĐĂŵĞůůŝĂ͕ĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞĚĂƐ͞dƐĐŚŝĂ͕͟ǁŝƚŚĚŝƐƟŶĐƟǀĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌƐƐƵĐŚĂƐůĂŶĐĞŽůĂƚĞĮŶĞůLJ toothed leaves, and a rounded fruit with three carpels. This drawing, as well as other ǁƌŝƟŶŐƐďLJƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂƵƚŚŽƌ͕ŝƐĨŽƵŶĚŝŶƚŚĞDĂƵƌŝƚƐ^ĂďďĞ>ŝďƌĂƌLJŽĨƚŚĞĂƚŚŽůŝĐhŶŝ - ǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨ>ŽƵǀĂŝŶ;ĞůŐŝƵŵͿ͘dŚĞLJĂƌĞƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŽĚĂƚĞďĂĐŬďĞĨŽƌĞϭϳϬϲ͕ǁŚĞŶ'͘<ĂŵĞů died, but the route and date of arrival these documents have not been determined yet. dŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƉůĂŶƚƐŝŶƚŚĞŐĂƌĚĞŶƐŽĨZŽďĞƌƚ:ĂŵĞƐ͕ϴ th Lord Petre, ŝŶdŚŽƌŶĚŽŶ,Ăůů;ƐƐĞdž͕ŶŐůĂŶĚͿ͕ŝŶϭϳϯϵ͕ŝƐƚŚĞĮƌƐƚƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞŽĨĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƐŐƌŽǁŶŝŶ ƵƌŽƉĞ͘/ƚŝƐǁĞůůĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĞĚĂŶĚƌĞƉĞĂƚĞĚŝŶĚŽnjĞŶƐŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŬƐĂŶĚĂƌƟĐůĞƐ͘/ƚ ŝƐĂŶĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁŝĚĞƐƉƌĞĂĚƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞŽĨĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƐŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͘ ZŝĐŚŶĞƐƐĂŶĚĚŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉ dŚĞŐĞŶƵƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐ . The genus Camellia was described by Linnaeus in his Syste- ŵĂEĂƚƵƌĂĞ ͕ŝŶϭϳϯϱ͘dŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĞƐǁĞƌĞĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚůĂƚĞƌ͘/ŶŚŝƐ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐWůĂŶƚĂƌƵŵ ;ϭϳϱϯͿ͕ Thea sinensis is included in Class XIII ( DŽŶĂĚĞůƉŚŝĂ͘DŽŶŽŐLJŶŝĂ Ϳ͕ǀŽůƵŵĞϭ͕ƉĂŐĞϱϭϱ͖ ĂŵĞůůŝĂũĂƉŽŶŝĐĂ and ^ƚĞǁĂƌƟĂŵĂůĂĐŽĚĞŶĚƌŽŶ were described in class XVI ( DŽŶĂĚĞů - ƉŚŝĂ͘WŽůLJĂŶĚƌŝĂ Ϳ͕ǀŽůƵŵĞϮ͕ƉĂŐĞϲϵϴ͘ ^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĐĂŵĞůůŝĂƐĂŶĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚƐƉĞĐŝĞƐǁĞƌĞĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚďLJ͘>ŝŶŶĂĞƵƐŝŶƚŚĞ mid eighteenth century, many other botanists have dealt with this group of plants on the ďĂƐŝƐŽĨŶĞǁĚŝƐĐŽǀĞƌŝĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂǀĞŶŽƚĮŶŝƐŚĞĚLJĞƚ͘ZĞĂƐŽŶĂďůLJ͕ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞdŚĞĂĐĞĂĞ ĨĂŵŝůLJĨƌŽŵϴƚŽϭϮŐĞŶƵƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĂĐĐĞƉƚĞĚƚŽĚĂLJ͕ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚĂŚƵŶĚƌĞĚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶ proposed. ƐƵŵŵĂƌLJŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůƐŵĂĚĞŝŶƚŚĞůĂƐƚĮŌLJLJĞĂƌƐŝƐĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞƚŚĂƚƐŚŽǁƐ ƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƐŝnjĞĂŶĚǀĂƌŝĞƚLJŽĨƚŚĞ dŚĞĂĐĞĂĞ family and its contents. Among the various proposals, the comprehensive molecular analysis of the components of the 11 dŚĞĂĐĞĂĞ ;WƌŝŶĐĞΘWĂƌŬƐ͕ϮϬϬϭ͖WƌŝŶĐĞ͕ϮϬϬϳͿŚĂƐĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚϯƚƌŝďĞƐĂŶĚϵŐĞŶƵƐŝŶ ƚŽƚĂů͘dŚŝƐĐůĂƐƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŝƐĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďLJƚŚĞŶŐŝŽƐƉĞƌŵWŚLJůŽŐĞŶĞƟĐ'ƌŽƵƉ;W'Ϳ͕ŽĨĂ ĮůŽŐĞŶĞƟĐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ͕ŽŶƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐŽĨƚŚĞĐůĂĚŝƐƟĐĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐŽĨEƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐŽĨϯŐĞŶĞƐ ƉĞƌƐĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚǁŽŽĨƚŚĞŵĐŚůŽƌŽƉůĂƐƟĐĂŶĚŽŶĞƌŝďŽƐŽŵĂů͘/ŶƚŚĞůĂƚĞƐƚǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŽĨW'͕ ƚŚĞdŚĞĂĐĞĂĞĨĂŵŝůLJŝƐƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞĂƐƚĞƌŽŝĚƐĐůĂĚĞ͕ƌŝĐĂůĞƐŽƌĚĞƌ;^ƚĞǀĞŶƐ͕ϮϬϭϰͿ͘ dŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŐĞŶƵƐ Camellia is no less complicated than that of the dŚĞĂĐĞĂĞ ĨĂŵŝůLJ͕ǁŝƚŚŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůƐŽĨŝŶĨƌĂŐĞŶĞƌŝĐƌĂŶŬƐ͘KƚŚĞƌƐƵŐŐĞƐ - ƟŽŶƐĐůĂƐƐŝĨLJƚŚĞŐĞŶƵƐŝŶ^ĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĂƚŽĨ^ĞĂůLJ;ϭϵϱϴͿŽƌƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƌĞĐĞŶƚǁŽƌŬƐ ŽĨŚĂŶŐ͕DŝŶŐŽƌ:ŝLJŝŶĞƚĂů͘;ϮϬϬϱͿ;dĂďůĞϭͿ͕ŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐŝŶ ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐĞĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌůŝŵŝƚƐ͘ dĂďůĞϭ͘ ůĂƐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞŐĞŶƵƐ Camellia ͘EƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐĞĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĞƐĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐ ƚŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĂƵƚŚŽƌƐ Chang Ming :ŝLJŝŶĞƚĂů͘ ;ϮϬϬϱͿ ^ƵďŐĞŶĞƌĂ ϰ Ϯ ^ĞĐƟŽŶƐ ϮϮ ϭϯ ϭϵ ^ƉĞĐŝĞƐ Đ͘ϮϴϬ Đ͘ϮϴϬ ϭϱϬͲϮϵϬ /ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ŝƚŝƐŶŽƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞĞdžĂĐƚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ genus Camellia ͕ǁŝƚŚĂƚŽƚĂůŶƵŵďĞƌƌĂŶŐŝŶŐĨƌŽŵϭϬϬƚŽϮϴϬ͘dŚĞWůĂŶƚ>ŝƐƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ ϭ͕ϬϳϭŶĂŵĞƐŽĨƐƉĞĐŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĨĂŵŝůLJdŚĞĂĐĞĂĞ͕ŽĨǁŚŝĐŚϰϱйĂƌĞƐLJŶŽŶLJŵƐ;ǁǁǁ͘ƚŚĞ - plantlist). ϮϬϭϰ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŵĞůůŝĂ^ŽĐŝĞƚLJŽŶŐƌĞƐƐ WŽŶƚĞǀĞĚƌĂ;^ƉĂŝŶͿϭϭͲϭϱDĂƌĐŚ dŚĞǁŽƌůĚŵĂƉŽĨĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ ͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƚŚŽƵƐĂŶĚƐĂŶĚƚŚŽƵƐĂŶĚƐŽĨĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝƌ names, which are part of the diversity of plants, although they were originated by men. In the genus Camellia ŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶϯϬ͕ϬϬϬĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐĂƌĞĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚ͕ƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƚŚŝƐŐĞŶƵƐŝŶƚŽ ŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŐĞŶƵƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞƐƚŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐ͘KŶůLJƚŚĞŐĞŶƵƐ Rosa has a similar ŶƵŵďĞƌ͘dŚĞŵŽŶƵŵĞŶƚĂůƚĂƐŬŽĨŐĂƚŚĞƌŝŶŐĂůůĐĂŵĞůůŝĂĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐŝŶĂƐŝŶŐůĞĐĂƚĂůŽŐŚĂƐ ďĞĞŶŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĐŽŵƉůĞdžĂŶĚĚŝĸĐƵůƚĐŚĂůůĞŶŐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĂŵĞůůŝĂ^Ž - ĐŝĞƚLJ;/^Ϳ͕ďƵƚŝƚǁĂƐĂƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ͘^ĂǀŝŐĞ;ϭϵϵϯͿ͕ƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬ͕ŐĂƚŚĞƌĞĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂ - ƟŽŶŽĨĂůůƚŚĞƐĞĐƵůƟǀĂƌƐŝŶƚǁŽůĂƌŐĞǀŽůƵŵĞƐ͕ǁŝƚŚĂƚŽƚĂůŽĨϮ͕ϮϬϵƉĂŐĞƐ͖ƚŚŝƐǁŽƌŬǁĂƐ ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďLJĂƐƵƉƉůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶϭϵϵϴǁŝƚŚϯϴϲƉĂŐĞƐŽĨĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŵĞŶĚŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŽĚĂLJ͕ ƚŚŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞŽŶƚŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚďLJƚŚĞ/^ƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŽĨ'ŝĂŶŵĂƌŝŽ
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Vegetation, Floristic Composition and Species Diversity in a Tropical Mountain Nature Reserve in Southern Yunnan, SW China, with Implications for Conservation
    Mongabay.com Open Access Journal - Tropical Conservation Science Vol.8 (2): 528-546, 2015 Research Article Vegetation, floristic composition and species diversity in a tropical mountain nature reserve in southern Yunnan, SW China, with implications for conservation Hua Zhu*, Chai Yong, Shisun Zhou, Hong Wang and Lichun Yan Center for Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xue-Fu Road 88, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, P. R. China Tel.: 0086-871-65171169; Fax: 0086-871-65160916 *Corresponding author: H. Zhu, e-mail [email protected]; Fax no.: 86-871-5160916 Abstract Complete floristic and vegetation surveys were done in a newly established nature reserve on a tropical mountain in southern Yunnan. Three vegetation types in three altitudinal zones were recognized: a tropical seasonal rain forest below 1,100 m; a lower montane evergreen broad- leaved forest at 1,100-1,600 m; and a montane rain forest above 1,600 m. A total of 1,657 species of seed plants in 758 genera and 146 families were recorded from the nature reserve. Tropical families (61%) and genera (81%) comprise the majority of the flora, and tropical Asian genera make up the highest percentage, showing the close affinity of the flora with the tropical Asian (Indo-Malaysia) flora, despite the high latitude (22N). Floristic changes with altitude are conspicuous. The transition from lowland tropical seasonal rain forest dominated by mixed tropical families to lower montane forest dominated by Fagaceae and Lauraceae occurs at 1,100-1,150 m. Although the middle montane forests above 1,600 m have ‘oak-laurel’ assemblage characteristics, the temperate families Magnoliaceae and Cornaceae become dominant.
    [Show full text]
  • An Intergeneric Hybrid Between Franklinia Alatamaha and Gordonia
    HORTSCIENCE 41(6):1386–1388. 2006. hybrids using F. alatamaha. Ackerman and Williams (1982) conducted extensive crosses · between F. alatamaha and Camellia L. spp. Gordlinia grandiflora (Theaceae): and produced two intergeneric hybrids, but their growth was weak and extremely slow. An Intergeneric Hybrid Between Ranney and colleagues (2003) reported suc- cessful hybridization between F. alatamaha Franklinia alatamaha and and Schima argentea Pritz. In 1974, Dr. Elwin Orton, Jr. successfully crossed G. lasianthus with F. alatamaha and produced 33 hybrids Gordonia lasianthus (Orton, 1977). Orton (1977) further reported Thomas G. Ranney1,2 that the seedlings grew vigorously during the Department of Horticultural Science, Mountain Horticultural Crops first growing season and that a number of them flowered the following year; however, Research and Extension Center, North Carolina State University, 455 all the plants eventually died, possibly be- Research Dr., Fletcher, NC 28732-9244 cause of some type of genetic incompatibility 1 or a pathogen (e.g., Phytophthora). Although Paul R. Fantz Orton’s report was somewhat discouraging, Department of Horticultural Science, Box 7603, North Carolina State hybridization between F. alatamaha and University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7609 G. lasianthus could potentially combine the cold hardiness of F. alatamaha with the ever- Additional index words. Gordonia alatamaha, Gordonia pubescens, distant hybridization, green foliage of G. lasianthus and broaden intergeneric hybridization, plant breeding, wide hybridization the genetic base for further breeding among Abstract. Franklinia alatamaha Bartr. ex Marshall represents a monotypic genus that was these genera. The objective of this report is originally discovered in Georgia, USA, but is now considered extinct in the wild and is to describe the history of and to validate new maintained only in cultivation.
    [Show full text]
  • Differential Resistance of Gordonieae Trees to Phytophthora Cinnamomi
    HORTSCIENCE 44(5):1484–1486. 2009. Successful crosses of Franklinia · Schima produced the intergeneric hybrid ·Schimlinia (Ranney et al., 2003) and crosses of Frank- Differential Resistance of Gordonieae linia · Gordonia produced the intergeneric hybrid ·Gordlinia (Ranney and Fantz, 2006). Trees to Phytophthora cinnamomi However, little is known about the resistance 1 2,5 3 of related species and potential parents to Elisabeth M. Meyer , Thomas G. Ranney , and Thomas A. Eaker P. cinnamomi. The objective of this study Department of Horticultural Science, Mountain Horticultural Crops was to evaluate a collection of species, Research and Extension Center, North Carolina State University, 455 clones, and hybrids of Franklinia, Gordonia, Research Drive, Fletcher, NC 28732 and Schima for resistance to P. cinnamomi. 4 Kelly Ivors Materials and Methods Department of Plant Pathology, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, North Carolina State University, 455 Research Drive, During the summer of 2008, seven taxa of Gordonieae trees were inoculated with Mills River, NC 28759 P. cinnamomi at the North Carolina State Additional index words. host plant resistance, disease resistance, Abies fraseri, Franklinia University Mountain Horticultural Crops alatamaha, Gordonia lasianthus, ·Gordlinia grandiflora, ·Schimlinia floribunda, Schima Research Station in Mills River, NC. These taxa included F. alatamaha, G. lasianthus, S. wallichii, Schima khasiana, Phytophthora cinnamomi khasiana, S. wallichii, ·Gordlinia H2004- Abstract. Trees in the Theaceae tribe Gordonieae are valuable nursery crops, but some of 024-008, ·Schimlinia H2002-022-083, and these taxa are known to be highly susceptible to root rot caused by Phytophthora ·Schimlinia H2002-022-084. The plants of cinnamomi Rands. The objective of this study was to evaluate a collection of Gordonieae the selected Gordonieae taxa were 5-month- taxa for resistance to this pathogen.
    [Show full text]
  • Gardenias, Magnolias and Oleanders
    Gardenias, Magnolias and Oleanders Gardenia jasminoides is cultivated throughout the gardens of New Orleans as a sweet-scented flowering shrub. The Gardenia is a genus of 142 species of flowering plants in the coffee family, Rubiaceae, native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, southern Asia, Australasia and Oceania. Several species occur on the island of Hawaii, and is known in to many people in New Orleans as the Cape jasmine. The fragrant and beautiful gardenia Since this species originated in warm humid tropical areas, it demands high humidity to thrive and bright (not direct) light. It flourishes in acidic soils with good drainage and thrives in Crescent City temperatures. Flowering is from about mid-spring to mid-summer, with May the predominant month. The stunningly beautiful shrub with the fragrant white flowers did not derive its name from “the garden”, however. It all began in Charleston, South Carolina, where there lived a Scottish-born botanist named Dr. Alexander Garden (1730 -1791). He was a member of several learned societies and was a fellow of the Royal Society in London. He collected all manner of flora and fauna, which he packed up and sent to London zoologist John Ellis and famous Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus. He bundled up and sent them various magnolias and some Gordonia specimens, but the plant that bears his name had nothing to do with his particular efforts. It wasn’t even American. Linnaeus was strongly persuaded by Ellis to name something after Garden, so the Gardenia became the name for the Cape jasmine, also known as Cape jessamine.
    [Show full text]
  • © 2008 Stephanie Volmer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
    © 2008 Stephanie Volmer ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PLANTING A NEW WORLD: LETTERS AND LANGUAGES OF TRANSATLANTIC BOTANICAL EXCHANGE, 1733-1777 By STEPHANIE VOLMER A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate School-New Brunswick Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Literatures in English written under the direction of Myra Jehlen and approved by ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey May 2008 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Planting a New World: Letters and Languages of Transatlantic Botanical Exchange, 1733-1777 by STEPHANIE VOLMER Dissertation Director: Myra Jehlen My dissertation describes an important change in the accepted understanding and imagination of nature. This change took place over the course of the eighteenth century, when nature, from being conceived of as a settled state subject to cyclical change, came to be seen as mobile and mutable. The sense of a mobile, mutable nature--the dissertation's central trope--arose from the experience of travel and discovery, which was accompanied from the first by a vigorous process of transplantation. Plants and seeds were carried across oceans, having been dug up on one continent to be replanted often in another. From being static and predictable, plant life therefore became, for scholars and poets alike, dynamic, mutable, and adaptable. I focus on the writings of a small group of men in the Anglo-American world, including John and William Bartram, Peter Collinson, Alexander Garden, John Ellis, and Carl Linnaeus, who were engaged in the work of transporting, planting, writing about, and classifying botanical objects.
    [Show full text]
  • Searching for Franklinia the Lost Flower of the Altamaha
    “In May last, I set on a botanic tour to Augusta and to Savannah town and continuing southwest to the river Altamaha in Georgia,” writes Moses Marshall in his account of his southeast Georgia expedition in 1790. “ I here found the Franklinana.” Searching for Franklinia The Lost Flower of the Altamaha R OBERT L ATIMER H URST the “Lost Gordonia,” has been classified two botanists who initiated this plant’s as “America’s first rare plant,” and it has puzzling story nearly 250 years ago. arshall’s sighting was the last become legendary in the way of the John Bartram and his son, William, recorded observation of the demise or near demise of the passenger first discovered “a modest grove of this MFranklinia plant in its native pigeon, ivory-billed woodpecker and unusually beautiful small tree in Georgia habitat; henceforth, to the present day, American chestnut. in 1765.” The small tree was growing the only viewing of the Franklinia, In America’s “First” Rare Plant—The wild and in profusion in the immense named in honor of Benjamin Franklin, Franklin Tree, Lucy Rowland referred to bottomlands along the Altamaha River in has been at arboretums and botanical the disappearing act by this member of southeast Georgia. John Bartram, a char- ter member of the American Philosophical Society, was a self-edu- cated man. A liberal Quaker and an active farmer, he had an “impelling scientific curiosity” to explore America’s virgin forests, almost at odds some- times with his strict reli- gious background. Bartram began gath- ering seeds and plants and found a lucrative market selling them to wealthy collectors in Europe.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeobotany of Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong: the Agriculture of Late Prehistoric Southern Thailand (Volume 1)
    The Archaeobotany of Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong: The Agriculture of Late Prehistoric Southern Thailand (Volume 1) Cristina Castillo Institute of Archaeology University College London Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of University College London 2013 Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation consists of original work undertaken by the undersigned. Where other sources of information have been used, they have been acknowledged. Cristina Castillo October 2013 Institute of Archaeology, UCL 2 Abstract The Thai-Malay Peninsula lies at the heart of Southeast Asia. Geographically, the narrowest point is forty kilometres and forms a barrier against straightforward navigation from the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea and vice versa. This would have either led vessels to cabotage the southernmost part of the peninsula or portage across the peninsula to avoid circumnavigating. The peninsula made easy crossing points strategic locations commercially and politically. Early movements of people along exchange routes would have required areas for rest, ports, repair of boats and replenishment of goods. These feeder stations may have grown to become entrepôts and urban centres. This study investigates the archaeobotany of two sites in the Thai-Malay Peninsula, Khao Sam Kaeo and Phu Khao Thong. Khao Sam Kaeo is located on the east whereas Phu Khao Thong lies on the west of the peninsula and both date to the Late Prehistoric period (ca. 400-100 BC). Khao Sam Kaeo has been identified as the earliest urban site from the Late Prehistoric period in Southeast Asia engaged in trans-Asiatic exchange networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Documentation of Tree Species Within Mizoram Science Centre, Berawtlang, Aizawl, India, with Notes on Their Ethnomedicinal Values
    Volume 19, issue 3, pages 63–78 30 September 2019 https://doi.org/10.33493/scivis.19.03.01 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Documentation of tree species within Mizoram Science Centre, Berawtlang, Aizawl, India, with notes on their ethnomedicinal values Lalrinkimi1*, R.K. Lallianthanga2 1Mizoram Science Centre, Berawtlang, 796017, India 2Directorate of Science and Technology, Mizoram New Capital Complex 796001, India This study provides a first report of the various tree species prevailing in the Received 26 April 2019 Accepted 16 July 2019 tropical semi-evergreen forest within Mizoram Science Centre, Berawtlang, Aizawl in relation to their diversity; and also mentions traditional ethnomedicinal and *For correspondence: [email protected] economic uses of the species. A total number of 776 individual trees were assessed within the study site belonging to 74 different species representing 61 genera and Contact us: [email protected] 34 families. Among these, 55 tree species have been reported by previous workers to possess indigenous medicinal values. The most abundant tree species at the study site was found to be Callicarpa arborea (hnahkiah) of Verbenaceae comprising 14.30% of the total trees assessed, followed by Anogeissus acuminata (zairum) of Combretaceae with 12.62%, and Schima wallichii (khiang) of Theaceae with 10.56%. A concise list of the species recorded along with their ethnomedicinal and economic uses have been presented here. The prospect of in situ conservation of tree species is briefly highlighted. Keywords: Tree species, ethnomedicinal trees, in situ conservation, Mizoram Science Centre, Documentation. Introduction Among the 36 biodiversity hotspots of the world, a wealth of medicinal plants as reported by various 2,4-6 Mizoram, one of the northeastern states of India workers.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief Nomenclatural Review of Genera and Tribes in Theaceae Linda M
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 24 | Issue 1 Article 8 2007 A Brief Nomenclatural Review of Genera and Tribes in Theaceae Linda M. Prince Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons, and the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Recommended Citation Prince, Linda M. (2007) "A Brief Nomenclatural Review of Genera and Tribes in Theaceae," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 24: Iss. 1, Article 8. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol24/iss1/8 Aliso 24, pp. 105–121 ᭧ 2007, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden A BRIEF NOMENCLATURAL REVIEW OF GENERA AND TRIBES IN THEACEAE LINDA M. PRINCE Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 North College Ave., Claremont, California 91711-3157, USA ([email protected]) ABSTRACT The angiosperm family Theaceae has been investigated extensively with a rich publication record of anatomical, cytological, paleontological, and palynological data analyses and interpretation. Recent developmental and molecular data sets and the application of cladistic analytical methods support dramatic changes in circumscription at the familial, tribal, and generic levels. Growing interest in the family outside the taxonomic and systematic fields warrants a brief review of the recent nomenclatural history (mainly 20th century), some of the classification systems currently in use, and an explanation of which data support various classification schemes. An abridged bibliography with critical nomen- clatural references is provided. Key words: anatomy, classification, morphology, nomenclature, systematics, Theaceae. INTRODUCTION acters that were restricted to the family and could be used to circumscribe it.
    [Show full text]
  • On The. Tertiary History of the Theaceae in Bulgaria
    Flora Mediterranea 5 - ] 995 177 Vladimir Bozukov & Emanuel Palamarev On the. Tertiary History of the Theaceae in Bulgaria Abstract Bozukov, v. & Palamarev, P.: On the Tertiary History of the Theaceae in Bulgaria. - FL Medil. 5: 177-190. - ISSN 1120 - 4052. 7 fossil taxa of Neogene sediments from the Satovcha Graben in the Western Rhodopes (Southwest Bulgaria), belonging to family Theaceae have been analyzed. 4 new species have been established. Genus Adinandra has been established for the first time for European Tertiary flora. Introduction The representatives of family Theaceae play a considerable role in Palaeoholarctic Tertiary flora. They are important phytocoenotic and phytoecological indicators and from that point of view every new finding provokes indisputable interest. The Tertiary area of the family is disjuncted but, as a whole, it comprises a large part of the Palaeoholarctic floristic kingdom (with the exception of its northernmost regions). The palaeofloristic data obtained so far testify to the presence of three Tertiary speciation centers: North American (Grote & DiIcher 1989, ] 992), CentraI European (Mai 1960, ]971, Kvacek & Walther 1984a, 1984b, Mai & Walther 1985) and Japanese (Tanai ] 970, Tanai & Onoe ] 961, Tanai & Suzuki 1972). The greatest floristic saturation is demonstrated by the North American part of the area. lt concentrated representatives of the genera Camellia, Eurya, Gordonia s. str., Hartia, Polyspora, Schima, Stewartia, Ternstroemia, Visnea (Mai & Walther 1985, ]987, Kvacek & Walther 1984a, 1984b). Bulgarian Tertiary flora, as part of the European area of the family, proves also to be a rich refuge for its representatives. The studies carri ed out so far have provided data about the composition of the genera Camellia, Eurya, Gordonia s.
    [Show full text]
  • Loblolly Bay (Gordonia Lasianthus)
    Loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus) For definitions of botanical terms, visit en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms. Loblolly bay is an attractive evergreen tree found in swamps, bayheads and cypress domes throughout much of Florida. Its fragrant showy flowers bloom spring through summer and attract a variety of pollinators, including bees, flies and even the occasional hummingbird. Birds and other small animals find cover in the dense foliage. The tree is often confused with Sweetbay magnolia (Magnolia virginiana), which also has large white flowers and occurs in the same habitat. Photo by Mary Keim One of only two camellias native to Florida, Loblolly bay flowers are similar in appearance to those of the popular non-native ornamentals Camellia japonica and C. sasanqua. The creamy white flowers have five waxy petals with lightly fringed margins. They surround a center of bright yellow stamens. The blooms may be 4–5 inches in diameter. They are pedicellate, solitary and axillary. The simple leaves are glossy, dark green and leathery with bluntly toothed margins. They may be up to 5 inches long. Older leaves turn red in the fall. The trunk is straight with grayish- to reddish-brown bark that becomes furrowed with age. The crown is narrow and conical or cylindrical. Fruit is a woody, ovoid capsule that splits open when ripe. The genus name Gordonia honors James Gordon (1728–1791), a British nurseryman who specialized in camellias. The species epithet lasianthus is from the Greek lasios, meaning “shaggy, velvety or hairy,” and anthos, meaning “flower.” Family: Theaceae (Camellia or tea family) Native range: Panhandle, peninsula south to Sarasota and Palm Beach counties To see where natural populations of Loblolly bay have been vouchered, visit www.florida.plantatlas.usf.edu.
    [Show full text]
  • * Correspondence To: Yujing Yan, Email: [email protected] Or Charles C
    Supplementary Materials for Phytogeographic history of the Tea family inferred through high-resolution phylogeny and fossils *Yujing Yan1,2, *Charles C. Davis2, Dimitar Dimitrov1,3, Zhiheng Wang4, Carsten Rahbek5,1,4,6,7, Michael Krabbe Borregaard1 1. Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark 2. Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA 3. Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway 4. Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 5. Center for Global Mountain Biodiversity, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark 6. Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silkwood Park campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK 7. Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. * Correspondence to: Yujing Yan, email: [email protected] or Charles C. Davis, email: [email protected] This PDF file includes: Appendix 1 (p.4) Supplementary Notes 1 (p. 2-4) Supplementary Tables S1 to S11 (p.7-42) Supplementary Figures S1 to S10 (p.43-52) 1 Supplementary Note 1. Inference of biogeographical patterns using a fully Bayesian method in RevBayes We applied an alternative biogeographic method proposed by Landis et al. (2020) to a subset of our Theaceae empirical dataset and compared its performance to our method. This method uses a hierarchical Bayesian approach to account for the uncertainty in the position of fossils (lack of characters), phylogenetic relationships, and the geological/biogeographic template at once.
    [Show full text]