Cytology of Saccharum Robustum and Related Sympatric Species and Natural Hybrids 1

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.' MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU Of STANDARDS-1963-A NATIDNAL BUREAU Of STANDARDS-1963-A REFERENCE DO NOT LOAN

Cytology of Saccharum robustum and Related Syn1patric Species and Natural Hybrids

Technical Bulletin No. 1337

Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CONTENTS Pap Sources of material______2 Cytologcal methods______3 Chromosome numbers______4

~eiOB~______7 Classification______7 Distribution______16 Literature cited______,... ______19

Appendix______.. __ .~______22

Washington, D.C. Issued June 1965 Cytology of Saccharum robustum and related sympatric species and natural hybrids 1

By S.Ul PRICE, geneticist, Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service

Dutch sugarcane spNew Guinea (6) also ebes lLne! the 'reboe Salah (01' 1'ebu found wild Saccharum that agreed Snlah) clones from Bomeo exhibitf.'d with no described species. It grew fentul'es of two distinct specie,; !lIong the silty bnnks of several New (10).~ In certain minute floml char Guinen rivers. It hnd large pani tlcteristics and in luwing htll'd cles n,nd large exposed stalks nnd fibrous stalks that lacked sweet lacked rhizomes. The collectors juice, they re~embled wild S. spo/! called these clones S. 1'0bustllm, but tanewn L. In h!lving hll'ge com this name remained undocumented pound paniC'les illld hu'ge exposed until Gmssl (19) described S. 1'0 stnlks and in lltcking" rhizomes, they bustllm Brandes & Jeswiet ex Grassl. reSell1 bled "noble" sugtlrCane, S. Clone 2S N.G. 251 from the Laloki ojJicinaruln L. Bremer' (10, 12, 1S) River near Port ~foresby becnme learned thn.t Ttlntll1gge n nd 'l'eboe the type. Snlahs, with one exception, hnd J. Jeswiet, first one of the 1928 2n=60 chromosomes. The excep expedition to find S. robustum, later tional done hnd 2n=89-90 and concluded thnt 1'anangge and Teboe probably arose from hybridization. Stllah clones belonged to the same Bremer pointed out that forms with species (11). When 2n=80 not 2n=60 could not be intel'llleditltc 2n=60 was found in Port Moresby hybrids uetween S. ojJicinaram., S. robustll1n (actually first nccounts 2n=80, and sympntric S. span incorrectly reported 2n=84) Jeswi taneUtn, 2n=80, 96, or 112. He el's view became unpopular, Nev concluded tiltLt he WtlS dettling with ertheless, as further expeditions an unnamed species. Acconling to filled sugarcnne breeders' collections C. L. Rumke,3 O. Posthumus with clones identified as S. robustum, (POJ) , who collected wild Sac it became increasingly difficult to charum from Borneo and the Oele distinguish 60- from 80-chromosome bes in 1930, recHlled that the Dyaks forms' by their morphology, The of Bomeo planted Teboe Salah to task WtlS complicated by the exist ward off evil spirits, Posthumus ence of mnny nneuploid derivntives from hydridizntion. Finally, it

1 In cooperation with the Hawaiian seemed advisable to include both Sugar Planters' Association. 60- and SO-chromosome forms in 8. 2 Italic IIl1111bers in parentheses refer to J~iterature Cited, p. 19. robostum. und to distinguish groups J Personal communication. within the species on the combined 1 2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1337, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE basis of tllorphological and cytologi groups are documented with a list cal characteristic,; (3.9). Neither of clones, their chromosome num alone would do. bel's, and their origins. Their geo This bulletin describes the cy graphical distribution is discussed. tology and gross morphology of The cytology of closely related wild S. robllstum and of related hybrid species from the geographic range deri vatives. Oytomorphological of S. rob1lstum is included.

SOURCES OF MATERIAL The World Sugarcane Oollection Industry. Several of the clones of the United States Department eventually reached the USDA's of Agriculture (USDA) and the World Sugarcane Oollection. su,;arcane-bl'eeding collection of the 1\. 1928 sugarcane-collecting ex H,Hvaiian Sugar Planters' Associa pedition to New Guinea (6) was ti:m (HSPA) were immediate sponsored by the USDA and was sources of the elones studied. Theil' led by E. W. Brandes (USDA), original SOlll'ces nre shown in Ap J. Jeswiet (POJ) , and O. E. Pem pendix, table 1. Clones derived berton (HSPA). After J eswiet from seeds collected in the wild found the large-stemmed clone, 28 '.1I1YO "U.S." numbers if gl'Own by N.G. 251, neal' Port Moresby, the the USDA; they lut \'e "~r olokni" party collected similar S. l'Obustl£m numberR if g['()wn by HSPA (Ap as well as S. spontanell1n from the pendix, table 1). Exceptions itre Kemp Welsh River, S. 7'obustllm the clones X. B. Robustum, 28 from Lae, "red-fleshed" S. l'obllstnm X.G. 2R9, 2S X.G. 290, 28 N.G. fOrl1111 sangllinellm Grassl from the 291, and 2R X.G. 292, which lllso Sepik River, a hairy-leafed S. grew from :-;eed collections. All I'Ob!lstlim (a Teboe Salah t.ype?) other clones :-;tudied were first col from the Strickland River, and lected ns cu ttingR. El'ianthlls a1'1mdinaCe1Ls (Retz.) The clones ,yere nssembled for Jesw. from Lake :Murray. Their many yeill's by SUgnl'cane specinlists collections have "28 N.G." num from se\'cl'lll countries. SUgal'cane bers. Representative clones from collccting in the islands of the neal' Port ),:Ioresby, the Kemp Pacific hegan \'ery early (3, 7), but Welsh River, and Lake Murray in the geographicnl l'llnge of S. survi\Ted. In 1937, after repeated robllstllm wild l'elati \'es of sugarcane correspondence and through the were ignored. In 1921, howe\rer, independent efforts of G. H. Mur Ph. van HalTe\'eld (POJ) collected ray, Director of Agriculture, Terri Tanangge clones and Tabongo, a tory of New Guinea, and Father clone of S. spontaneum, from the F. J. Kirschbaum, a missionary in northern Celebes; in the same year New Guinea, Brandes (9) obtained J. G. ,Yo AspersIng (POJ) collected two replacements for the red-fleshed TeboeSalnhs from southeast Borneo form that had died. These replace (10). ments appear in the World Oollec In 1930, O. Posthumas collected tion as 28 N.G. 219 and 28 N.G. 'l'eboe Salahs, S. sponlanetlm, and 219A. JJ;liscant!ws spp. along Borneo's In 1929, C. E. Pemberton col Mahakam RiYer ancl Teboe Salahs lected seeds from a wild Saccharum and S. spontanell1n in the central plant near Rabaul, New Britain. Celebes ncar Paloc (13). He made Germination of these seeds gave these collections for the Jlwa Sugar rise to HSPA's clone N. B. Ro CYTOLOGY OF SACCHARUM ROBUSTUM 3 bustum and to the USDA's clones along the Markham River, near 28 N.G. 289 and 28 N.G. 290. In Aiyura, and in the Ko'mperi Valley. 1930 Percival H. Leigh, agricultural More important, they extended officer of Port Moresby, New their exploration to new areas in Guinea, sent S. robllstum seeds col N e'" Guinea's high interior around lected near Port Moresby to HSPA Goroka, Chimbu, Mt. Hagen, and where they gave rise to clones Mendi. Among their collections Molokai 1101-1410. In 1935, he were S. rObllstlLm, S. spontaneum, sent S. spontaneum seeds to the "Nliscanth1lS fioridublS (Labill) Warb. USDA where they gave rise to 28 ex Sehum. & Laut., and suspected N.G. 291 and 28 N.G. 292. SaccharlL1n X.1Vliscanth'lls hybrids. Brandes collected S. robustum clone Clones they collected as cuttings N.H. 1 in 1935 from the New have "51 N.G." numbers. Warner's Hebrides (3, 7). seed collections were germinated by The Hawaiian Sugn,r Planters' HSPA ilnd the seedlings have "Mo Association sponsored a 1937 ex lokai" numbers. They are identi pedition to New Guinea, New fied by "'N" collection numbers in Britain, New Ireland, and New Appendix, table 1. Hanover (24). On this expedition, In 1957 Warner and Grassl (48) C. G. Lennox and C. E. Pemberton revisited :\lelanesia and collected collected seeds from New Britian's in severul ltreas visited by their Gazelle Peninsuht, from New predecessors; also, they extended Guinea's eastel'll goldfields near their expedition to ne\\. sites in WIlU and Bulolo, from the high Papua, in the Territory of New plateaus abo,'e the goldfield::; near Guinell, in Irian Barat (formerly Aiyura, and from the Ko'mperi Dutch New Guinea), and in the Valley at the Purari River head Solomon Islands. Among their col waters. ~eedlings from Lennox and lections were cuttings and seeds of Pemberton's collections have :'.[010 S. robustum, S. spontane1Lm, Mis kai numbers, and they are identified canthus fioridlllus, and suspected by "L & P" collection numbers in hybrids. Clones derived from their Appendix, table 1. cuttings have "57 N.G." numbers. 'rhe Australian govel'llment spon Seedlings from their seed collections sored a 1951 sugarcane-collecting expedition to New Guinea led by (identified by "W & G" collection J. R. Buzacott and C. G. Hughes numbers in Appendix, table 1) were (18). ,T. N. Warner of HSPA ac germinated by the USDA and companied them. This party col HSPA and have "U.S." or "Molo lected near Port :Moresby, near Lae, kai" numbers. CYTOLOGICAL METHODS Chromosome numbers were de ethyl alcohol. Bits of tissue from termined from mitosis in leaf cells the youngest leaf meristems were or from meiosis in pollen mother squashed in iron-ace to-carmine (36). cells. Leaf cell preparations were For meiosis, inflorescence branches obtained by treating young shoots were fixed in a 3:1 mixture of ethyl (tillers or germinating buds) in alcohol and acetic acid and stored aerated 0.2 percent colchicine, fixing after seveml changes in 70 percent in N ewcomcr's fluid (28) I mllcern,l ing in 0.5 X hydrochloric acid: ethyl alcohol. Pollen mother cells washing, mOl'danting in 4 percent were also squo.shed in iron-aceto iron alum, and storing in 70 percent clll'mine. 4 TECIL."'ITCAL BULLETIN 1337 I U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE CHROMOSOME NUMBERS Bremar's were the first cytological volved in Sundararaghavan's study studies of S. rob1lstnm, although of S. robustum.4 Sundararagha his clones were not then identified van's results, cited by Raghavan with any species. He studied Tan (43, 44), had been puzzling. Ac angge (10, lfJ) and the Teboe cording to these accounts, Sundara Salahs (13). He found 2n=60 or raghavan determined 2n=64, 72, ca. 60 in five clones; in a sixth 80, 84, and 96 in sevel'al clones, clone, which probably originated from which he suggested (assuming through naturul hybridization, he euploidy and despite the number found 21/.=89-90. These chromo 2n=84) a polyploid series in mul some numbers and all other ilCCU tiples of 8. The dones Sucdara rato numbers from the literature raghavan studied had been sent to on S. robustum cytology are in India from the U.S. Department of cluded in Appendix, table 1, illong Agriculture. Itwas an unfortunate with unpublIshed observations. choice of plants. One of the eight After Bremer's work on Borneo clones, 28 N.G. 218, is now recog and Oelebes clones, the cytology nized as 11 natural S. oificinarum X of S. robustum was investigated S. robustnm hybrid (48). Another next in HSPA and USDA labora clone, Molokai 5099, is an artifical tories. Long lists of chl'Omosome hybrid produced from crossing two counts were compiled in both lab aneuploids (33). In the USDA oratories. However, most of the collection 5 four clones were mis counts were very rough approxi labeled, Molokai 4575, 4826, 4972, mations. Unfortunately, these and 5193 (USDA ImportatioIll:> rough approximations often reached 1007, 1028, 1011, and 1029, respec the literature unqualified (1, fJ, 8, tively). Sundararaghavan counted 9, 19, fJ5, fJ6, fJ7). Although these 2n=80, 64, 84, and 84 in these in inaccuracies illI'eady had been dis correctly identified clones. The cussed (33), they were cited without mislabeled clones with 2n= 64 and comment in il recent review (5). 2n=84 may correspond with clones Early reports stilted or implied recognized elsewhere (33) as aneu that the type clone for S. robuJtmn, ploids. Sundararaghavan's count 28 N.G. 251, had 2n=84 and that 2n= 80 for Molokai 4861 agrees this number WilS common in the with the writer's; his count 2n=64 species. It is necessary, therefore, for Molokai 4503 does not (Ap to reemphasize the fact that 28 pendix, table 1). The proposition N.G. 251 actually has 2n=80 that a polyploid series occurs in S. (fJfJ, 1;7, 33, 47) and that 2n=84 rob1lstum in multiples of 8 is untena OCCIUS only occasionally in aneu ble. Data from mislabeled clones plaids. Early reports also indicated are excluded from Appendix, table th,at S. rob'ustum included a poly 1. ploid series ranging in multiples Reliable chromosome counts from of 10 from 2n=60 to 2n= 120, when, in fact, 2n=60 and 2n=80 4 SUNDARARAGHAVAN, R. MORPHOLOG ICAL AND CYTOGENETICAL FEATURES OF are the only euploid numbers that S. ROBUSTUM BRAND. AND JEWS. (src) AND occur in the species Inaccuracies ITS INTERSPECIFIC AND INTERGENERIC from early literature on the cytology HYBRIDS. [Unpublished master's thesis. of S. robust1lm are excluded from Copy on file Madras Univ. 1954.] 5 PRICE, S., and BELCHER, B. A. NOTES Appendix, table 1. ON VARIETIES IN THE USDA COLLECTION. Bhat, Subba Rao, and Kan Internatl. Soc. Sugar Cane Techno!. Sugar dasami (5) identified the clones in Cane Breeders' Newslet. No.2, Item 19. CYTOLOGY OF SACCHARUM ROBUSTUM 5 the early literature on S. robustum one mat~rnal clone, had chromo cyi;ology indicated. that 2n=60 was some numbers that varied between common in clones from the Oelebes 2n=100 and 112; one sibling had and Borneo (10, 12, 13) and that 2n=ca. 160-163. The same study 2n=SO was common in New Guinea (33) revealed very high chromo clones (22, 27, 29, 30). These early some numbers, 2n=ca. 156-194, studied dealt with clones that grew in several clones from New Guinea's at low elevations dong the silty high interior. These plants with banks of tropical rivers. ~'Iost of very high chromosome numbers the clones had rather large stems had panicles that resembled the and a habit of dropping their old pallicles of S. robustu7i~. Vegeta leaves and leaf sheaths, which left tively' they ranged from plants their stalks exposed. Externally, very much like j\tIiscanthus to tbey often resembled noble sugar "giant S. robustum" plante;; whose cane, S. officinurltm. drooping leaves were the only sug An extensive assembly of S. gestion of jUiscanth11s ancestory. robustum and related wild plants Saccharum X jUi.~canth1Is origins gradually accumulated in USDA were suspected (20, 33). find HSPA collections until these When Warner and Grassl's 1957 two collections included most of the collection became available, new surviving clones from the 1951 and cytological studies confirmed the preceding expeditions. A cytologi ubiquity of 60- and SO-chromosome cal study of this large accumulation euploids among both large- and (33) confirmed the preponderance small-stemmed S. robustum (39). of 2n=60 and SO in large-stemmed Aneuploid hybrid derivatives were 8. robllstllm and established 2n=60 found more widespread in nature in the red-fleshed S. robustum forma than was previously supposed, sanguinellm. The collections also and cytomorphological observa included many small-stemmed tions confirmed several suspected forms whose old leaves and leaf S. robustum X S. spontaneum hy sheaths persisted, giving the plants brids. Very high chromosome num a '(thrashy" appearance. These bers, 2n=ca. 114-205, in certain small-stemmed forms were first ob clones from high elevations in New tained (24) by Lennox and Pember Guinea confirmed Warner and ton and later by Buzacott and Grassl's belief that the clones were Hughes (18) and by Warner. ~Iost related to Saccharum X Miscanthus of them were found in and above suspects from the 1951 expedition. the Wau-Bulolo goldfields of New Preceding paragraphs allude to Guinea. In these small-stemmed aneuploids as natural hybrid de clones 2n=60 and SO also pre rivatives, but the chromosome num dominated (33). Throughout the bers of these aneuploids usually collections a few aneuploid plants exceed the somatic number of either exhibited simple deviations from putative parent. This seeming euploidy (one- or two-chromosome paradox is reconciled by the ex differences). Others with greater ample of certain experimental deviations from euploidy appeared crosses. S. officinarum transmits to be derived from hybridization. its somatic rather than its gametic Three small-stemmed aneuploid hy chromosome number to its hybrid brid derivatives, all from one seed offspring when. pollinated by S. lot, had chromosome numbers inter spontane1tm. Thus, the Fl hybrids mediate between 2n=60 and SO. have a chromosome number (2n+n) Thirteen large-stemmed aneuploid that exceeds the somatic number hybrids, probably all seedlings from of either parent. This chromosome 6 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1337, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE increase occurs consistt'ntly in S. neum in Fiji (4, 31, 32) stem from officinarum X S. spontanewn crosses another mish1beled clone, the and intermittt'ntly in se\'ernJ other USDA'S importation 1532. 6 interspecific fUld intergeneric crOsses Miscanth1!s jloridtlZ'lt8 is widely with Saccharttm (15,23, 34, 35, 41). distributed in Melanesia. The few The peculiarity, accompanied by clones from this area that were chromosome losses and gains thn.t studied cytologically typically had lead to aueuplody, occurs ag!lin in 2n=38. Several New Guinea clones certain backcrosses (15, 16,38,40). also had accessory chromosomes This expel'ienc'e with unusual (37). chromosome increases attending Eulaliajastigiata (Nees ex Steud.) artificial hybridization suggests that Haines may hlLV'e been recently in high-chromosome Saccha'rll1n found troduced into New Guinea. One in nfLture results from hybridization. seedling stU'vived from three collec Two probable S. robustum X S. tions (W & G 593 from Wantoat officinar~I,1n F.\ hybrids collected in !md W & G 615 tmd 617 from New Guinea have 2n=80. An Bulolo). It had 2n=18 chromo other, 28 N.G. 218, wns collected somes (42). N. L. Bor of the Royal as S. 'l'obustttm, but its sweet juice Botanical Gardens, Kew, identified and chromosome number (2n=70) a specimen sent to Kew n.nd indi mark it tts a hybrid. cated the species is common in Appendix, tltble 1 documents the India. conclusions rettched thus fl1r by E1"ianthltS arundinacells clone 28 showing the chromosome numbers N.G. 7 was collected from Lake of individual clones. In the table, MtU'ray, New Guinea. It has B. robllstttm and its hybrids fire di 2n=60. vided into cytornorphologicnl groups Several clones not listed in Ap described in a later section of this pendix, table 1 have special interest. bulletin. '1'he table includes limited Warner and Grassl (48) collected observations on related wild species 57 N.G. 24 as S. rObltstnm. In the from the geogrnphicltl range of S. '1'0 USDA collection (Imp. 2479) it has bttSttL1n. S. spontaneu1n has 2n=80 n, striped stalk, sweet juice, llnd in most the muge of S. 'robusttt1n, 2n=80; it is now considered S. but 96-chromosome euploids from officina1'1tm. A striped clone, 57 the Oelebes n.re known and Bremer N.G. 77 (Imp. 2478), was collected reported lI2-chromosome S, spon near Wewak, New Guinea, as S. taneU1n clones from Borneo (13). officinarnm because natives consid Among the clones listed as S. spon ered it a primitive chewing cane; in tanetl1n (Appendix, table 1), one, its cytology (2n=90) and in the M. Moenttli, is surely a hybrid de vegetative morphology of its solid rivative. Whether aneuploidy in dtlrk-ptU'ple offshoots it is identical .51 N.G. 26, U.S. 57-72-2, U.S. 57 with 57 N.G. 233 (Imp. 2694) col 77-2, U.S. 57-92-1, n.nd U.S. 57 lected as S. edule Hassk. from the 170-1 Mel -4 indicfLtes hybridity is Sepik River, New Guinea. Olone still uncerttlin. The pubescent lenf 57 N.G. 249 (Imp. 2710) was col blades of seedlings in the ffLmilies lected as S. robustum from a garden U.S. 57-77, U.S. 57-170, tlnd U.S. at Roniam, Guadalcanal. Its chro 57-171 nre t1 pecultlrity not usually mosome number 2n=70 mark it as associated with S. spontaneu1n (21). tL hybrid. It has small stems, but The Gutldftlcllnftl collection of S. its leaves are broad. Its place in the spontaneu1n estftblishes tbe oastern cla;;sification remains undetermined. most distribution of the speci'as. Reports of indigenous S. sponta- 6 See footnote 5, p. 4. CYTOLOGY OF SACCHARU~I ROBUST~ 7 MEIOSIS

When pollen mother cells were nuclei III the microspore quartets used to determine chromosome gave the only measures of numbers of S. robustllm, reasonably irregularity. First anaphase bridges accurate impressions of meiosis were occurred so infrequently they are formed. Similarly, constant or not tabulated here. inconstant chromosome numbers Generally 60- and SO-chromosome amon~ seedlings indicated meiotiC' forms exhibited high frequencies of stabilIty or instltbility in parental bh'alents and low frequencies of clones. Recen t sLudies of pollen irregularities. 'Phis observation mothel' cells. however, were ex agrees with the thesis that GO- and pressly in tended to characterize SO-chromosome forms are euploids. meiOSIS in S. robl1stll1n and its Generally clones with other chromo relati \'es. The obserViLtions are some numbers exhibited meiotic summnrized in Appendix, table 2. irregularities. This observation An annlysis of 10 diakinesis or fir:'>t agrees with the thesis that they are metaphase cells, or both, from each aneuploid hybrid derivathres. clone was attempted; but, for some Occasionally hybrid derivatives ex clones, fewer cells had to suffice. hibited relatively undisturbed For many clones, crowded nuclei meiotic divisions. Such is the case and sticky chromosomes made with ~lolokai 603S and U.S. 57-76 ilIlOJysis impossible. Surprisingly, 3. ~lolok9,i G03S is a member fif a a few cells in :\ lololmi 6081 and family "lith variable chromosome several in ill X.G. S.S (fig. 1, A,.B; 2. A, B), plan ts wIth very hlgb numbers. U.S. 57-76-3, in chromosome numbers, could be possessing rhizomes, shows definite annlyzed. Inmost difficult clones, morphological evidence of S. howe,'er, lagging chromosomes at I'Obllstum X S. spontanewm hybrid first anaphase (fig. 3) and micro ancestry. CLASSIFICATION Bremer (14) suggested that 60 I'Obu8tum (9, 14, 19, 38). This chromosome euploids should be error came from misinterpreting recognized as a species distinct the growth of S. robustlLm along from SO-chromosome S. robllstllm, tropical riverbanks. (See illustra but consistent morphological dif tions of Brandes (9, fly. 12) and ferences do not distinguish GO Grassl (19, pl. III).) Stalks that from 80- chromosome forms. fell across flat muddy riverbanks Bremer (to, 14) reported that grew erect £I'om their tips, and the ciliate lodicules !Lnd long hairs on erect tips fell again. This main panicle nxes distinguished process, which may have been re 60-chromosome Celebes and Borneo peated, produced prostrate stems clones, but these features do not that resembled but were not true characterize all GO-chromosome stolons (34). No consistent mor forms. Pubescent leaf blades Mid phological differ(-l1ces facilitate the purple callus 1l1tirs iH'e common but separation of all 60- from all So not ubiquitous among 60-chl'Omo chromosome forms. some forms; neither are they con S. l'Obustllm forma sanyuinellm fined to clones with 2n=GO. Once, is distinguished by a red pig men t stolons or rhizomes were thought in its pith. Gross morphology also to characterize SO-chromosome S. betrays the most obviolls S.

T()[j-103 O-(),>-2 8 TECHNICAL BULLETI~ 1337, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

FIGUUE I.-A, First meiotic metaphase in Saccharum X ./ltfiscanthus, clone 51 N.G. 88 (Imp. 1970). B, Diagrammatic interpretation of configurations in A; 7311+ 101. CYTOLOGY OF SACCHARUM ROBUSTUM 9

•

A , 10 •

FI(IlJIlE 2.-A, FirsluH'iolic rnclllphusc in Saccharum X J\Uscanthu8, clone 51 N. G. 88 (Imp. 1070). 11, Uingmrnnllltic interpretations of configurntions in Ii; 7311+ \)(. robustum X S. sponlaneum n.nd Sac fcrcncl's. Neither' do morphological charum X lVi,~('(£ntltlls hybrid dl'rint differ'onces consisten tly di'ltin ti ves. ~[ellningful eli visions cnn guish tbe cytological types. It nol be ninde ILlI10ng the residue IS npproprinto, therefore, to rec from either ll1orpll(llogiclll 01' eyto ognize both 60- nne! 80-chromo logirnl obscr\'!ltions 1L1u!lc. To be some euploids as S. robustnm lWei sure, thero is much v!trillLion (\f the aneuploid hybrids that re both kinds, but lIIorphological simi semble them IlS S. robustum X S. ltlTities nre not confined within robu8tum dcrivatives. Gross mor boulldllrics set by cytologicnl dif- phology combined with chromosome 10 TECH...~ICAL BULLETIN 1337, U.s. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

.. .. ~ ~:.~~, ., 'J t

I .. I () "

FIGURE 3.-First meiotic anaphase-telophase in Saccharum X Miscanthus, clone 51 N.G. 88 (Imp. 1970). numbers, however, makes recog bank near Port Moresby, New nition of several types possible. Guinea. Brief descriptions of the S. robustum Goroka type.-The Goroka type types and of hybrid derivatives of S. robllsttlm includes euploids sometimes collected as S. robustum with 2n=80 chromosomes and small follow. stalks. Stalks rarely grow 20 feet Port "Moresby type.-The Port high, and their diameters range Moresby tY'Pe of S. l'obtlstum in from }6 to 1 inch. Leaf blades are cludes euplOlds with 2n=80 chro correspondingly narrow; and their mosomes and large stalks. The surfaces are usually- glabrous; but, stalks often grow 20 feet high or a fow clones-Molokai 5193, 51 more, and their diameters range N.G. 3, 51 N.G. 27, U.S. 57-125-1 from % to 1% inches. The leaf and -2-have pubescent blades. blades are broad, and their surfaces Old leaves and leaf sheaths persist; are usually glabrous. The blades thus, the stalks are- hidden and the and sheaths of old leaves fall; plants have a trashy aspect. The thus, mature stalks are exposed. compound panicles are somewhat Inflorescences are large compound smaller than those of the Port panicles. This type of S. robu,stum Moresby type. Goroka type S. IS usually found below elevations robustum is found above 300-foot of 300 feet on alluvial riverbanks. elevations. Usually it is found be The type specimen of S. rObtlstltm tween 5,000- and 7,000-foot eleva was taken from 28 N.G. 251, a tions. It has been collected near clone collected from a Laloki River rivers, but more often it comes from CYTOLOGY OF SACCHAR~ ROBUST~ 11 drier sites. This type of S. rob1ls 4,000-foot elevations. The type tum was collected extensively from takes its name from the Wau and the Goroka-Ko'mperi al'eas of New Bulolo areas of New Guinea, where Guinea. it occurs extensively. Red-fl eshed type.-The Red Large-stemmed S. l'ob1lst1tm hy Heshed type of S. l'obustwn (forma bl'ids.-The aneuploids that re sanguinellm) includes euploids with semble one or another of the 2n=60 chTomosomes and large large-stemmed euploid types (Port stalks containing red-pigmented Moresby, Red-fleshed, or Teboe pith. The size of stalks, leaves, Salah types) are considered to and panicles are similnr to those of gether as large-stemmed S. rob1ls Port ~Ioresby type. Old leaves tum X S. rob1lst1lm hybrid deriva and leaf she!tths fall, which exposes tives. They usually have 2n= stalks thut, perhaps more than 73-112 chromosomes (fig. 5), but those of uny othel' S. l'Ob1lst1l1n form, one clone has 2n=63 and another l'esemble the stalks of S. officinarll1n. 2n=163. Although there is much Red-fleshed S. 'robllstum grows ex variation among these clones, their tensively tLt about 100-foot eleva gross appearance and ecological tions along the Sepik River, New preferences are similar to those of Guinea, in sites thn.t may be Hooded the large-stemmed euploids. for long periods. It has not been Among them are many clones with found elsewhere. and many clones without pubescent Teboe Salah type.-The Teboe leaf blades. Several clones from Sillah type of S. robustum includes the lower Sepik River, New Guinea the oriO'inul Tanangge and Teboe have red or pink pith. Along the Salah clones und similar 60-chro lower 8epik River the aneuploid mosome euploids with large stnlks. forms that do not have red or pink Stalks leaves, panicles, and ecologi pith (often collected as the "yellow cal pr~rerences are similar to those form") occur only on the better of the Port ~[oresby type, except drained sites. that pubescent leaf blades are very Small-stemmed S. l'obustum hy common in this group. Borneo a?~l brids.-Only a few aneuploids re Celebes clones reportedly Imve clh semble the small-stemmed euploid Itte lodi<.::lp.s Imd long hllir on the types (Goroka and Wau-Bulolo panicle axes. Wild canes of this types). These few aneuploids are type were known in Il Borneo considered toe'ether as the small vernacular itS Teboe Salah (or Tebu stemmed S. 1'ob1lstlLm X S. rob1lstum Salah). hybrids and hybrid derivatives. l-VcLU-Bulolo type.-The Wau-Bu Their chromosome numbers range 1010 type of S. robustum includes from 2n=63 to 2n=79+1 fragment. euploids with 2n=60 chromosomes These small-stemmed S. rob1lst1tm (fi er • 4) and smllll stalks. Stalk and hybrids resemble the small-stemmed pa~licle sizes are similar to those of euploids in gross morphology and the Goroka type. The width of ecological perference. the narrow leaf blades correspond with stalk diameters. Pubescent S. rOb1lst1tm X S. officina1'um. leaf blades are very common in this Only three natural S. robust1un X group. Ecological preferences [u'e S. ofjicinarllm hybrids are recog similar to those of the Goroka type. nized in the collections (Appendix, Wau-Bulolo type S. I'Obllstllm has table 1). They have 2n=70, 80, been collected below 100-foot and and 80, all plausible FJ chromosome up to 7,000-foot elevations, but it numbers. These plants resemble is usually found between 1,000- and large-stemmed euploid S. robllst1t1n, 12 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1337, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

.1 \

I < .. lOp,

FIGURE 4.-Mitosis in a leaf cell of Wau-Bulolo type S. robustum from Dumpu, New Guinea. Clone U.S. 57-152-3, 2n=60. but they have soft stems and sweet range from 2n=80 (possible FI's) juice. to 10l. S. l'obuetum X S. spontane1£m.Sacchm'um X Miscanthus.-Sac S. robustum X S. spontane1Lm hy charum X Miscanthus hybrid deriv brids and hybrid derivatives are atives include aneuploids with recoE?nized by their gross morphol very high chromosome numbers ogy. Although their stalks, leaves, (figs. 7, 8, and 9). The range of and ecological preferences resemble stalk size is .extreme. Some small those of the small-stemmed S. stemmed clones with stalks about robustum euploids, their panicles are X inch in diameter hardly differ intermediate in compounding and vegetatively from Miscanthus flori size between those of S. robustum dulus, but their large compound and S. spontaneum. Furthermore, panicles resemble those of Sac they possess rhizomes, a characteris ChartLm. Large-stemmed clones tic of S. spontanellm not S. robustltm. with stalks about 1 inch in diameter Their chromosome numbers (fig. 6) betray their relation to Miscanthus CYTOLOGY OF SACCHARU1d ROBUSTU1d 13

• , -." '0" '-,

',. o '. , FIGURE 5.-Mitosis in a leaf cell of a large-stemmed S. Tobustum X S. Tobustum deriva tive from the Sepik River bank near Ambunti, New Guinea. Clone U.S. 57-96-4, 2n=88.

some numbers of the others range from 2n= 152 to ca. 205. These high-chromosome Saccharum X Miscanthus hybrids grow at eleva tions of 3,800 to '7,000 feet in the in terior of New Guinea. Many come from untended sites; others come from gardens or garden fences. (Melanesians use several forms of S. robustum and its hybrids to con struct buildings and fences.) One small-stemmed clone, 57 N.G. 153, is variegated and another, 57 N.G. 131, has no midrib; they probably were preserved by the Melanesians as curiosities or ornamentals. Plant size and stalk: diameter fig;.. ure prominently in the forgoing descriptions. Size differences per I I sist under uniform conditions. lOll Nevertheless, repeated reference to "large-stemmed" and "small FIGURE 6.-Mitosis in a leaf cell of a stemmed" forms is a convenience S. robustum X S. spontaneuTII deriva tive from near l\fumeng, New Guinea. that may unduly emphasize an Clone U.S. 57L 85-1, 2n= 100. obvious 'and useful difference at the expense of important associated morphological characters and eco mainly in their drooping leaves. logical preferences. The large One clone has 2n=114-117, an stemmed hybrids and the Port other has 2n=140, and chromo Moresby, Red-Heshed, and Teboe 14 TECH..'HCAL BULLETIN 1337, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

, ! .1

FIGURE 7.-~[jtosis ill a leaf cell of Saccharum X Jliscanthus from j\iendi, New Guinea. Clone 51 N.G. 106 (Imp. 1986), 2n=193 or 194.

FIGURE 8.-~[jtosis in a leaf cell of Saccharum X Miscanthus with thin albino stripes on stalks and leaves. Clone 57 N.G. 153 (Imp. 2609), 2n= 197-200. From a garden fence Itt Tari, New Guinea. CYTOLOGY OF SACCHARUM ROBUSTUM 15 ••

I l . ~ I ( )-/1. •

FIGUltE 9.-Slitosis in It leuf cell of Saccharum X M iscanlhus from the Wissel Lakes, New Guinea. Clone U.S. 57-145-2, 2n= 170 or 171.

Salah types of S. 1'obusttl1n usually come from mther rigorous sites. come from silty riverbanks or the It is necessary, therefore, to be edges of low meandering rivers. libeml with the terms lIu'ge (usually Also, they usually have large com %to 1% inch) Ilnd smltll (usually H pound panicles and are free strip to 1 inch) in describing stn.lk ping (old leaves and leaf sheaths diameters. drop, which exposes the stalks). 1;ome of the l'ecn.lcitl'l1nt clones: The smflll-stemmed hybrids and Intermediacy is illustrated by Lhe the GOI'Okfl Itnd Wau-Bulolo types SO-chromosome clones 51 N.O. 55, of S. robllslllln usually come from 51 N.O. 63, 57 N.O. 56, 57 N.O. well-clmined sites, have medium 208, Ilnd seedlings in the family sized panicles Itml o.re tmshy (old U.S. 57-94, which have medium lea.yes and leaf sheo.ths persist). large stalks but clinging leaves. As with most biological classifica Clones 51 N.O. 55, 51 N.O. 63, tions, there are nonconforming in Ilnd 57 N.O. 20S were placed in the dividuals. Some clones with mther Goroka group because their leaves meager stems seem to belong in Ilre very persistent; the others were large-stemmed categories, becfluse placed in the Port Moresby group they have exposed stalk,>, large because their leaves were less per inflorescences, Ilnd approprin te sistent. Among 60-chromosome ecological preferences. Similarly, clones U.S. 57-75-1 has large stems, some clones with medium-Iflrge but it was placed in the Wau-Bulolo stalks seem to belong in small group because its leaves persist. stemmed categories, because they Some clones seem to lie beyond I\re tmshy, hn.ve small pn.nicles, and the variation of any group. The 16 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1337, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE extremely thin-stemmed clones 51 category on the strength of so N.G. 3 and 51 N.O. 27, despite fe\v collections seems prematW'e. their pubescent. leaf blades and lack Hence, because of their 60 chromo of rhizomes, resemble S. spon somes, small stems, and clinging taneu'ffl. Because of their 80 leaves, they were placed in the chromosomes and small trashy Wau-Bulolo group. stems, they were placed in the One other peculiarity in the Goroka group. The ellipsoidal grouping must be mentioned. rather than conical panicles and Maternal clones in natW'e are white or yellow rather than purple usually exposed to open pollination. stigmas of seedlings of the families FW'thermore, since seed lots U.S. 57-83 and U.S. 57-84 set them collected in nature may include apart, but because of their 60 seed" from more than one maternal chromosomes, medium-sized stems, clone, seedlings grown from them and clinging leaves, they were may be full or half siblings, but placed in the Wau-Bulolo group. they need not be. Thus, 80 Oertain small 60-chromosome chromosome clones in the family Guadalcanal clones, Molokai 6006 U.S. 57-125 were placed in the 6010 and seedlings of the family Goroka group, but aneuploids in U.S. 57-161, differ considerably the same family were considered [rom any other collection. They small-stemmed hybrids. Similarly, flower early and late in Florida and 60-chromosome clones in the family year around in Hawaii. They may U.S. 57-120 were placed in the well deserve recognition as a dis Tehoe Salah group, but U.S. 57 tinct botanical form or even species, 120-6 was considered a large but to place them in a unique stemmed hybrid. DISTRIBUTION A discussion of the geographical Toriu River on New Britian's range of S. robustum is necessarily Gazelle Peninsula, and at Imera on fragmentary. Most of the collect Efate Island in the New Hebrides. ing in New Guinea has been done in The New Hebrides collection rep Papua and the Territory of New resents the easternmost extension Guinea. Although Warner and of the species' geogmphical range. Grassl (48) spent a month collectinO' Port Moresby type S. robustum is in Irian Barat, large areas there and shown on New Guinea's Vogelkop also in western Papua remain un Peninsula (fig. 10) on the strength sampled. Wild Saccharum has not of Nishiyama's (29, 30) reports of been sought in the Moluccas, and 80-chromosome S. robustum clones only spotty collecting represents the and his personal communication. Celebes, Borneo, and the Solomon The clones probably came from the and New Hebrides Islands. With Japanese agricultural projects these limitations, the geographical (World War II) near Manokwari distribution of S. robllstum types or the Momi-Ransiki area, in which and their hybrids is illustrated in case their ultimate origin might be figure 10. Sympatric S. spontaneum elsewhere. Warner and Grassl col is also shown. lected 60-chromosome but no 80 The 80-chromosome PortMoresby chromosome S. robustum near Man type appears concentrated in south okwari. The port Moresby type eastern New Guinea, but it has been has been collected no higher than collected also along the northern 300-foot elevations. coast of New Guinea, along the The 80-chromosome Goroka type CYTOLOGY OF SACCHARUM ROBUSTUM 17

FIGURE 1O.-Geographical distribution of S. Tobustum (above) and of natural hybrids and S. spontaneum (below).

S. robustum seems to be concentra from New Guinea's Vogelkop Pe ted in the high eastern plateaus of ninsula, however, belong to this New Guinea. It was collected ex group. Furthermore, several of the tensively near the headwaters of lar~e-stemmed S. robllstum they the Purari, Ramu, and ~1arkham collected across northern New Rivers at 5,000- to 7,OOO-foot ele Guinea also were found to be Teboe vations. It was also found at 800 Salah types; so was their collection foot elevations on the Ramn River from Buka Island in the Solomon and at 300-foot elevathms on the Islands. Usually, this type was Markham River. One collection found at low elevations along silty came from a 3,SOO-foot elevation stream banks, but one collection on the Baiyer River, a secondary or came from what appeared to be an tertiary tributary of the Sepik abandoned garden at an 1,SOO-foot River. elevation (Appendbc, table 1). Warner and Grassl (48) described The Wau-Bulolo type of S. roblls broad expanses of the Red-fleshed tum occurs mainly in eastern New S. robustllm along the lower Sepik Guinea near the Francisco River at River between Ambunti and Pagwi Salarnaua, near Lae, along the and near Angoram (the Angoram Markham River, and especially in collection consisted of large the goldfields near Wau and Bulolo stemmed red-fleshed aneuploids). above the Markham River. A few They suggested that it may be collections from outside this area distributed alon~ the Sepik to the fall in the Wau-Bulolo group, but mouth of the Yellow River. It has they seem atypical. The atypical not been collected elsewhere. forms are the small clones from Before the 1957 expedition Teboe Guadalcanal and the larger clones Salah type S. robustllm was known with white or yellow stigmas and only from eastern Borneo and peculiarly shaped panicles. A col northern and central Celebes. lection of the latter came from the Warner and Grassl's collections Wau-Bulolo goldfields, but another,

1765-1030-65---4 18 TECIL.~ICAL BULLETIN 1337, U.S. DEPI'. OF AGRICULTURE the family U.S. 57-83, came from a Baiyer River, New Guinea, gave drainage separut,ed from the gold rise to a few more small-stemmed fields by a high divide. hybrids. Clone 57 N.G. 249, a Bremer (13) reported an 89- or plant from Guadalcanal tentatively 90-chromosome plant among 60 listed as a small-stemmed hybrid chromosome Teboe Salahs from the (Appendix:, table 1), mn,y yet prove cen tral Celebes. This aneuploid to be Saccharwm edule. clone surely would fall in the large Only n few clendy recognized stemmed S. rob!tstMn X S. robusttun S. robustum X S. spontaneum hy group. :Nlany New Britain cl,

(1) ARTSCHWAGER, E. (10) BREMER, G. 1942. •... COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 1924. DE CYTOLOGIE VAN HET OF THE "VEGETATIVE CHAR SUIKERlUET. III. DE ACTERISTICS OF SOME VARI CHROMOlIOMEN BU PRIMI ANTS OF SACCHARUM SPON TIEVE VORMEN VAN HET TANEUl,[. U.S. Dept. Agr. GESLACHT SACCH ARUM. Tech. Bul. 811, 55 pp. Arch. V. Suikerindu::!. (2) Nederland. Indie., Meded. 1948. VEGETATIVE CHARACTERIS Proefsta. V. Java-Suikerin TICS OF SOME WILD FORMS dUB. 1924: 477-508. (Eng OF SACCHARUM AND RE lish translation in Genetica LATED GRASSES. U.S. 7: 293-322. 1925.). Dept. Agr. Tech. Bul. 951, 69 pp. (1.1) (3) --and BRANDES, E. W. 1930. SHORT REMARKS ON THE 1958. SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM CYTOLOGY OF SACOHARUM. OFFICINA RUM L.). ORIGIN, Internat!. Soc. Sugar CLASSIFICATION, CHARAC Cane. Techno!. Congo TERISTICS, AND DE;;>CRIP Proc. 3: 403-408. TIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE (12) CLONES. U.S. Dept. Agr. Handb. 122, 307 pp. 1931. DE CYTOLOG!E VAN HET (4) BABU, C. N. SUIKERRIET. ~. EEN ON DERZOEK OVER DE SOMA 1957. STUDIES IN SACCHARUM SPONT.{NEUM. CONTRIBU TISCHE CHROMOSOMENAAN TIONS TO AN 'ATLAS' OF TALLEN VAN SUIKERRIET. CHROMOSOME NUMBER IN Arch. V. Suikerindus. SACCHARuM SPONTANEUM. Nederland. Indie., Meded. Proefsta. Java-Suikerin All-India Conf. Sugarcane v. & Devlpmt. Workers ProG. dUB. 1931: 583-607. 3 (Pt.II): 44-46. (13) (5) BHAT, N. R., SUBBA RAO, K. S., 1934. DE CYTOLOGIE VAN HET and KANDASAMI, P. A. SUIKERRIET. VII. EEN 1962. A REVIEW OF CYTOGENET CYTOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK ICS OF S.~CCH.{RUM. In V.~N EEN VIJFTIGTAL IN dian Jour. Sugarcane Res. 11129-1930 OP JAVA GEIM & Devlpmt. 7: 1-18. PORTEERDE RIETSOORTEN. (6) BRANDES, E. W. Arch. V. Suikerindus. 1929. INTO PRIMEVAL PAPUA BY Nederland. Indie., Meded. SEAPLANE. Nat!. Geog. Proefsta. V ••Tava-Suikerin Mag. 56 (3): 253-332. dus. 1934: 141-166. (7) (14) 1956. ORIGIN, DISPERSAL, AND 1961. PROBLEMS IN BREEDING USE IN BREEDING OF THE AND CYTOLOGY OF SUGAR MELANESIAN GARDEN SUG CANE. r. A SHORT HIS ARCANES AND THEIR DE TORY OF SUGAR CANE RIVATIVES, SACCHARUM BREEDING THE ORIGINAL OFFICINA RUM L. Internat!. FORMS OF SACOHARlJ.ll. Soc. Sugar Cane. Techno!. Euphytica 10: 59-78. Cong.Proc.9, v. 1:709-750. (15) (8) --and SARTORIS, G. B. 1936. SUGAltCANE: ITS ORIGIN 1961. PROBLEMS IN BREEDING AND IMPROVEMENT. U.S. AND CYTOLOGY OF SUGAR Dept. Agr. Yearbook CANE. II. THE SUGAR 1936: 561-623. CANE BREEDING FROM A (9) SARTORIS, G. B., and CYTOLOGICAL VIEW-POINT. GRASSL, C. O. Euphytica 10: 121-133. 1938. •...SSEMBLING AND EVAL (16) UATING WILD FORMS OF 1961. PROBLEMS IN BREEDING SUGARCANE AND CLOSELY AND CYTOLOGY OF SUGAR RELATED PLANTS. Inter CANE. III. THE CYTO nat!. Soc. Sugar Cane LOGICAL CROSSING RE- Techno!. Congo Proc. 6: SEARCH OF SUGAR CANE. 128-153. Euphytica 10: 229-243. 20 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1337, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE

(17) BUZACOTT, J. H. MOSOME NUMBER OF SAC 1956. DIVISION OF C.\NE BREED CHARUM ROBUSTUM, IN ING. Queensland Bur. DIGENOUS TO NEW GUINEA. Sugar Expt. Stas. Ann. Cytologia 13: 265-269. Rpt. 56: 56-67. (28) NEWCOMER, E. H. (I8) --- and HUGHES, C. G. 1952. A NEW CYTOLOGICAL AND 1951. THE 1951 CANE COLLECTING HISTOLOGICAL FIXING EXPEDITION TO NEW FLUID. Science 118: 116. GUINEA. Queensland Bur. (29) NISHIYAMA, 1., FURUSATO, K., YA Sugar Expt. Stas. Cane MADA, 1., and KONDO, N. Growers' Quart. Bul. 1947. STUDIES ON SUGARCANE. 25(2): 35-72. IV. CHROMOSOME NUMBERS (19) GRASSL, C. O. OF ,nLD SUGARCANES IN 1946. SACCHARUM ROBUSTUM AND MICRONESIA. Seiken Ziho OTHER WILD RELATIVES OF (Kihara Inst. BioI. Res. "NOBLE" SUGAR CANES. Rpt.) 3: 63-67. [In Jap Arnold Arboretum Jour. anese. En~lish summary, 27: 234-252. pp. 66-67.J (20) (30) --- YAMADA, I., and KONDO, N. 1959. INTROGRESSION BETWEEN 1942. STUDIES ON THE SUGAR SA('ClfARUJ[ AND JI/SC.~N CANE. I. KARYOLOGICAL THUS IN THE NEW GUINEA OBSERVATIONS ON WILD AND PACIFIC' AREA. (Ab AND CULTIVATED SUGAR stract.) Botan. Cong., CANES. Seiken Ziho (Ki Montreal, Proc. 9, v. 2: hara Inst. BioI. Res. Rpt.) 140. 1: 10-16. [In Japanese. (21) English summary, p. 15.1 1964. PROBLEMS RELATING TO (31) PANJE, R. R. THE ORIGIN AND EVOLU 1956. REPORT OF THE BOTANIST. TION OF W!LD AND CULTI Sugarcane Breeding Inst. VATED SACCIIARUJ£. In Coimbatore (India) Ann. dian Jour. Sugarcane Res. Rpt. 1955-56: 33-48. & Devlpmt. 8: 106-116. (32) --- and BABU, C. N. (22) JANAKl AMMAL, E. K. 1960. STUDIES IN SACCHARUM 1941. INTERGENERIC HYBRIDS OF SPONTANEUM. DISTRIBU SACCHARUM. Jour. Genet. TION AND GEOGRAPHICAL 41: 217-253. .\SSOCIATION OF CHROMO (23) KANDASAMI, P. A. SOME NUMBERS. Cytologia 1961. INTERSPECIFIC AND INTER 25: 152-172. GENERIC HYBRIDS OF SAC(33) PRICE, S. CHARU.IlSPONTANEU.lf L. I. 1957. CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES IN FUNCTIONING OF GAMETES. SACCHARU.I! AND ALLIED Cytologia 26: 117-123. GENERA. II. GEOGRAPH (24) LENNOX, C. G. ICAL m~TRIBUTIOr1 AND 1938. SUGAR CANE COLLECTING CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN IN NEW GUINEA DURING S. ROBUSTUM. Cytologia 1937. Hawaii. Planters' 22: 40-52. Rec. 42: 235-246. (Also (34) in Internatl. Soc. Sugar 1957. CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES IN Cane Techno!. Congo SACCHARUM AND ALLIED Proc. 6: 171-182.) GENERA. III. CHROMOSOME (25) :MANGELSDORF, A. J. NUMBERS IN ·INTERSPE 1950. SUGARCANE-I.S SEEN CIFIC HYBRms. Bot. Gaz. FROl! HAWAII. Econ. Bot. 118: 146-159. 4: 150-176. (35) (26) .MARTIN-LEAK, H. 1961. CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES IN 1935. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE SACCHARUM AND ALLIED IN HAWAII. Internatl. GENERA. VII. MATE~NAL Sugar Jour. 37: 292-294. CHROMOSOME TRANSMIS (27) MORI'YA, A. SION BY S. OFFICI.VARUM 1944. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CY IN INTRA- AND INTERSPE TOLOGY OF THE GENUS CIFIC CROSSES. Bot. Gaz. SACCHARUM. II. THE caRO 122: 298-305. CYTOLOGY OF SACCHARUM ROBUSTUM 21

(36) PRICE, S. Res. & Devlpmt. 8:131 1962. A ~IODIFIED LEAF~SQUASH 133. TECHI'IQUE FOR COUNTING (42) CHnOMOSO~lES IN SOMATIC In press. In DOCUMENTED CHROMO CELLS OF 5AOOH.!RUJI AND SOME NUMBERS OF PLANTS. RELATED GRASSES. Inter Madrofio. nut!. Soc. Sugar Onne (43) RAGH.\VAN, '1'. S. Techno!. Oong. Proc. 11: 1954. CY'ro-GENETtcS IN REL.\ .'.i83-585. (37) TION TO SUGARCANE BREED ING. Oytologin 19:133 1963. ACCESSORY CHIWMOSO~IES 143. IN .lfI5CANTHUS FLORIDU LUS. JOUr. Hered. 54: (44) --- and GOVINDASWAMY, S. 13-16. 1956. 'I'HE PHYLOGENY OF SAC~ (38) OHARUJI AND RELATED GEN 196:3. CYTOGENETICS OF ~lODERN ERA. Internntl. Soc. Sugar SUGARCANES. Econ. Bot. Oane Techno!. Congo 17:97-106. Proc. 9, V. 1 :695-709. (39) (45) (STEVENSON, G. O.} 1963. CYTOGEOGRAPHY OF SAC 1953. UEPORT OF CYTOGENETI CHAIWJI ROBUSTL'Jl AND CIST-52-63. Brit. West RELATED PLANTS. (Ab~ Indies Central Sugar Cane stract.) Amer. Jour. Bot. Breeding Sta., Barbados, 50:637. Ann. Rpt. 20:53-61. (40)- (46) 1963. CYTOLOGICAL S1'UDIES IN 1954. CYTOGENETICIST'S ANNUAL 5ACClfARL'J[ AND ALLIED REPORT. Brit. West In GENER,\. VIII. F2 AND BCI dies Oentral Sugar Oane PUOGENIES k'ROM 112- AND Breeding Sta., Barbados, 136-CHROMOSOlIE S. 01'1'1- Ann. Rpt. 21:41-45. CIN.H/UJI X S. SPONTANEUJl (47) HYBRIDS. Bot. Gaz. 124: 1961. UESEARCH WORK. II. 186-190. LABORATORY WORK. Brit. (41) West Indies Oentral Sugar 1964. C\"l'OLOG[C,\L STUDIES IN Oane Breeding Sta., Bar~ SACClIAR(;'.1f AND ALLIED badoE, Ann. Rpt. 28:23-24 GENERA. IX. FURTHER (48) WARNER, J. N., and GRASSL, O. O. Ft HYBRIDS FRO~! 5. 01'1'1- 1958. THE 1957 SUGAR CANE EX~ c/,V.!RUJI (2N= 80) X 5. PEDITION 'I'O &lELANESIA. 5PONT,~.YEl·JI (2N=OO). Hawaii. Planters' Rec. 55: Indian Jour. Sugarcane 209-236. ~ APPENDIX ~

T ADLE I.-Ohromosome numbers and origins oj Saccharum robustum clones and related sympatric species and hybrids excluding S. officinarum and S. edule 8

Origin ~.... Species, type, and Collection C") number 3 > c1ono I 2n 2 Authority t"' Place Latitude aud Elevntion, longitude feet g;

Saccharum robustum E8 Port Moresby type: New Guinea: ~ Molokai 1152 ______80______(33) Laloki River bank 9°35' S. 147°10' E ___ <100 L 1930 near Port Moresby. <:» 80______do______<:» Molokai 1199______(33) 9°35' S. 147°10' E ___ <100 L 1930 -.J 80______do______9°35' S. 147°10' E ___ L 1930 Molokai 1227 ______(33) ______do______<100 Molokai 1236______80______(33) 9°35' S. 147°10' E ___ <100 L 1930 80______do ______9°35' S. 147°10' E ___ L 1930 ~ Molokai 1238______(3S) ______do______<100 ?l Molokai 1290______80______(33) 9°35' S. 147°10' E ___ <100 L 1930 New Britain: t::I 78-80______Toriu River______4°40' S. 151°45' E ___ <100 L& P 42 t'1 Moloklli 4782 ______80______(83) ______do______Molokui 4861, ' (2, S3) 4°40' S. 151°45' E ___ <100 L&P43 ~ Imp. 1010. ______do______Molokai 488L ______80______4°40' S. 151°45' E ___ <100 L& P43 (83) ______do______~ Moloklli 4922 ______80______4°40' S. 151°45' E ___ L&P43 80______(33) ______do______<100 Molokai 4972 ____ ., __ (2,83) 4°40' S. 151°45' E ___ <100 L&P43 > 80______do______4°40' S. 151°45' E ___ L& P43 £:) Molokai 5006 ______80______(33) ______do______<100 !:d Molokai 5044- ______(S3) 4°40' S. 151°45' E ___ <100 L&P43 >-< 80______do______4°40' S. 151°45' E ___ Molokni 5084- ______(33) ______do______<100 L&P43 g Molokai 5234 ______80______(33) 4°40' S. 15J045' E ___ <100 L & P 41 New Guinea: 78-80______Molokai 5852 ______(3S) Laloki River bank 9°35' S. 147°10' E ___ <100 W26 ~ near Port Moresby. t.".1 80______do______9"35' S. 147°10' E ___ Molokai 5853 ______(33) ______do______<100 W26 Molokai 5854______80______(33) 9°35' S. 147°10' E ___ < 2464. "3 57 N.G. 3, Imp. 80______(6) Brown River bank 9°35' S. 147°10' E___ <100 0 t"' 2465. near Port Moresby. 0 57 N.G. 56, Imp. 80______(6) Gogol !liver bank 5°15' S. 145°40' E___ 200 0 2505. near Madang. >< 57 N.G. 201, Imp. 80______(6) Tami River bank 2°45' S. 140°45' E___ <100 0 2657. nellr Hollandill. "'J 57 N.G. 255, Imp. 80______(6) Strealll blink lit Epo 8°45' S. 146°35' E___ 50 Ul 2714. (Mekeo). > 57 N.G. 261, Imp. 80__ .. ______(") (6) Stream blink at 8°45' S. 148°10' E___ 300 (") 2720. Popondetta, Endesi Creek drainage. ~ New Hebrides: ::t1 N.H. L ______80 ______(11,88) Imemon Efate Island_-' 17°40' S. 168°20' E __ . ______~ N.W.1 ______80______New Guinen: (80) Vogelkop Peninsula? 7______::t1 N.W.2 ______80______(80) ______do______• ______0 N.W.3 ______80______do______to (119) Cl N.W.4:._.______80______(119) ______do______Ul U.S. 57-94-L ______80______(6) Near Dllgua______3°25' S. 143°15' E___ 25 W & G 645 U.S. 57-94-2 ______80______(6) ______do______3°25' S. 143°15' E___ 25 W & G 645 ~ U.S. 57-94-3 ______80______(6) ______do______3°25' S. 143°15' E___ 25 W & G 645 U.S.57-94-4 ______80______(6) ______do______3°25' S. 143°15' E___ 25 W & G 645 U.S. 1i7-94-5______80______(6) ______do______3°25' S. 143°15' E___ 25 W&G645 U.S. 57-149-L ______80______(6) Tami River bank near 2°45' S. 140°45' E___ <100 W & G 787' Hollandill. U.S. 57-149-2______-' ca. 80______-' (6) ______do ______2°45' S. 140°45' E___ <100 W & G 787 8 See footnotes at end of table. ~ CI:l ".'.....,,'

TABLE I.-Chromosome numbers and origins oj Saccharum robustum clones and rela1/Jd sympa1ric species and hybrids s:: excluding S. officinarum and S. edule-Continued

Origin t-3 Species, type, and Collection clone! 2n 2 Authority number S Place Latitude and Elevation, longitude feet ~ ~ Saccharum robustum- txl Continued ~ t:rJ Goroka type: 80______t-3 Molokai 4349______(33) Upper Ramu River 6°10' S. 145°55' E. __ 5,000 L& P 26 near Kainantu. Z Molokai 4353 ______80______do______6°10' S. 145°55' E ___ P 26 80______(33) ______do______5,000 L& .... Molokai 4351- ______6°10' S. 145°55' E ___ 5,000 L&P 26 c.:I 80______(33) ______do______c.:I Molokai 4360, Imp. (2,33) 6°10' S. 145°55' E ___ 5,000 L&P26 -.t 1005. Molokai 5193______80______do______q (33) ______do______6°10' S. 145°55' E ___ 5,000 L& P31 Molokai 5248______80______6°10' S. 145°55' E ___ 5,000 L& P 25 (33) ______do______~ Molokai 5300 ______80______6°10' S. 145°55' E ___ P 27 80 ______(33) 5,000 L& Molokai 5549 ______(33) Ko'mperi Valley, Purari 6°15' S. 145°50' E ___ 6,000 L& P 30 t::l t:rJ 80______Riverdo drainage.______Molokai 5573, Imp. (33) 6°15' S. 145°50' E ___ 6,000 L&P30 ~ 2164. 80______6°10' S. 145°55' E ___ P 27 Molokai 5698, Imp. (33) Upper Ramu River 5,000 L& ~ 1031. near Kainantu. Molokai 570L ______80______(33) ______do______6°10' S. 145°55' E ___ 5,000 L&P27 80-84______do______15 Molokai 5715 ______(33) 6°10' S. 145°55' E ___ 5,000 L& P 27 ~ .... 80______Purari River drainage: o Molokai 5803______(33) Goroka______6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 W3 q 80~ ______Molokai 5805 ______(33) Asariufa near 6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 W4 80______Goroka. do______~ Molokai 5806______(33) 6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 W4 ~ Molokai 5807 ______80______do______6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ t:rJ 80______(33) ____ do______5,000 W4 Molokai 580!L ______(33) 6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 W5 Molokai 5812 ______80______do______6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 80______(33) 5,000 W6 Molokai 5813 ______(33) Asaro River near 6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 W8 Goroka. Molokni 5815 ______80______1 ____ do______6 0 5' S. 1450 25' E ____ SO______(SS) ____ do______5,000 W8 Molokai 5816______(33) 6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ Molokni 5817 ______80______do______5,000 W9 80______(33) 6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 W9 Molokai 5818 ______80______(3S) Ko'mpcrL ______._ 6 0 15' S. 145°50' E ___ 6,000 Wll Moloklli 581!L ______(38) Amari in'Ko'mpcri 6°15' S. 145°50' E ___ 6,000 W12 80______Valley. Moloklli 5820 ______do______0 SO______(8S) ______do______6°1i/ S. 145 50' E ___ 6,000 W 12 Moloklli 582L ______(33) 60 15' S. 145°50' E ___ Moloku.i 5823 ______80______do______6,000 W 12 80______(38) 6°15' S. 145°50' E ___ 6,000 W 12 Molokai 5824- ______0 (33) NifJguma, Ohimbu 6 S. 145°5' E ______7,000 W 13 80______istrict. do______Molokai 5825 ______(83) 6 0 S. 145°5' E ______~ Molokai 5827 ______80______7,000 W 13 8 (33) Gogme, Ohimbu 5°55' S. 145° E ______6,000 W 14 0 District. t"' Molokai 5828 ______80______do______0 80______(33) ______do______5°55' S. 145° E ______6,000 W 14 0 Molokai 5829 ______(G) 5°55' S. 145° E ______Molokai 583L ______80-82______do______6,000 W 14 ~ 80______(83) 5°55' S. 145° E ______6,000 W 14 Molokai 5832 ______0 0 (33) Koronigl, Ohimbu 5 50' S. 144°55' E ___ 6,000 WI5 bj District. Molokai 5834 ______80______Ul (33) Wahgi .River nenr 5°50' S. 144°10' E ___ 5,500 W 16 >- 80______Mt. Hagen Station. Q Molokai 5835 ______(33) Kum River near Mt. 5°50' S. 144°10' E ___ 5,500 W 18 80______Hagendo ______Station. Molokai 5836 ______(33) 5°50' S. 144°10' E ___ ~ Molokai 5838 ______80______5,500 W 18 80______(SS) Asariufa______do near______Goroka__ 6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 W20 Molokai 5839 ______(33) 6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 ~ Molokni 5842 ______80______do______W20 80______(33) 6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 W20 ~ Molokni 5841- ______(S3) Markham River near 6 0 35' S. 146°45' E ___ 300 W23 0 Gabsonkeke on ~ 80______Nadznb road. Ul Molokai 5848 ______do ______0 8 80 ______(33) ______do______6 35' S. 146°45' E ___ 300 W24 Molokai 5849 ______(33) 6 0 35' S. 146°45' E ___ 300 W24 ~ 80______Purari River drainage: Molokai 5905 ______Goroka______0 80______(33) 6°5' S. 145 25' E ____ 5,000 W3 Molokni 5911. ______0 (38) Amari in Ko'mperi 6°15' S. 145 50' E ___ 6,000 W 12 Valley. 51 N. G. 3, Imp. 1915_ 80______Goroka ______(33~ 5°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 51 N. G. 7, Imp. 1919_ 80______do______80______(33 ____ do______5°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 51 N. G. 27, Imp. (3S) 5°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 1935. See footnotes at end of table. ~ <:it TABLE I.-Ohromosome numbers and origins oj Saccharum robustum clones and related sympatric species and hybrids ~ excluding S. officinarum and S. edule-Continued 0)

Origin >-3 Collection Species, type, and number I clone 1 2n 2 Authority Place Latitude and Elevation, longitude feet I ~

Saccharum robu8tum- ContiDued

Goroka type-Con. 80______6°20' S. 145°55' E ___ 6,000 51 N.G. 55, Imp. (33) Aiyura, Ramu River drainage. 1953. I... 80______Ko'mperi, Purari 6°15' S. 145°50' E ___ 6,000 51 N.G. 63, Imp. (33) ~ River drainage. ~ 1958. 80______5°50' S. 145°45' E ___ 800 57 N.G. 208, Imp. (8) Ramu River ba.nk at '" 2669. Dum~u. 5°30' S. 144° R _____ W & G 725 U.S. 57-125-5______80 ______(0) Baiyer iver bank, 3,800 ~ Sepik River !Jl drainage. 80______do ______5°30' S. 144° E ______3,800 W & G 725 t::I U.S. 57-125-6______(') l".1 Red-fleshed type: Se~kRiver bank: 60______(8) elow PagwL ______4°5' S. 143° E ______100 W&G809 ~ Molokai 6103 ______60______do ______4 5' S. 143° E ______100 W& G809 Molokai 6107 _------60 ______(') ____do ______4°5' S. 143° E ______100 W& G809 Molokai 6108 ______(8) ~ 60______At AmbuntL ______4°15' S. 142°50' E ____ 100 28 N.G. 219, Imp. (33) ____do______~ 975. 60______4°15' S. 142°50' E ___ 100 ::0 28 N.G. 219A, Imp. (33) .... 976. 60______Near Maprik______4°5' S. 143° R ______100 57 N.G. 105, Imp. (e) 256l. 60______At PagwL _____ ., ____ 4°5' S. 143° R ______100 ; (6) 57 N.G. 230, Imp. ::0 2854. 60______4°5' S. 143° E ______100 W& G808 l".1 U.S. 57-158-L _____ (e) Near Japanout Village opposite Pagwi. 60 ______do ______4°5' S. 143° E ______100 W&G808 U.S. 57-158-2______

,-1 U.S. 57-159-3 ______60______60 ______ Pago

~ Saccharum Tobustum Continued ~ ~ Teboo Salnh type-Con. 60 ______At Lumi 10 ______W & G 697 ~ U.S. 57-120-1______(6) 3°::15' S. 142°15' E ___ 1,800 60______do 10______W& G 6!I7 U.S. 57-120-2 ______(6) 3°35' S. 142°15' E_ -- 1,800 .... 60______do 10 ______3°35' s. 142°15' E ___ 1,800 W & G 697 ~ U.S. 57-120-4______(6) ~ 60______(6) Andni River bank 0°55' S. 134° E ______20 W & G 763 o.f U.S. 57-144-L---- nenr Mnnokwnri. 60______do____ - ______0°55' S. 134 0 E ______20 W & G 763 U.S. 57-144-3______(6) ____ do______Cl 60______(6) 0"55' S. 134° E ______20 W & G 763 U.S. 57-144-4______100 W & G SOL ~ U.S. 57-154-L ______60______--- (6) Edge of Ramu River 5"5' S. 144°45' E_ --- nt Atemble. '=' , ____do______801 t'l U.S. 57-154-2______60______(6) 5·5' S. 144°45' E __ -- 100 W & G 60______do______ 100 W & G 801 U.S. 57-154-4______(6) 5"5' S. 144°45' E ____ ~ 60______do______5°5' S. 144°45' E ____ 100 W & G 801 U.S; 57-154-5______(6) o "l Wau-Bulolo type: 60. ______6"15' S. 146"15' E ___ 900 L & P 32-33 Molokai 4503, Imp. (33) Markham River near 64. ______(4) Kninpit. 1006. 60 ______do______900 L & P 32-33 ~ Molokni 4515 ______(33) 6"15' S. 146"15' E ___ !Xl 60______7°20' S. 146°45' E ___ 2,000 L& P 35 Molokni 4669 __ - ---- (33) Bulolo River nt Wau, Markham River drainage. 60______7°5' S. 147°5' E _____ <100 L& P 39 Molokai 4722 __ - --- (33) Francisco River at I!Xl Salamaun. 60______do______7°5' S. 147°5' E _____ <100 L& P 39 t'l Molokai 4730, Imp. (33) 1027. 60______do______L & P :38 Molokai 4826 _____ -- (33) 7°5' S. 147°5' E _____ <100 Markham River drainage: 6(L ______Moloklli 5275______(38) Bulolo River IL\' 7°20' S. 146°45' E ___ 2,000 L& P37 58-60______Wall. do______Molokai 568L ______(33) 7°20' S. 146°4'/ E ___ 2,000 L& P 37 5685______60______do______Molokai 60______(33) 7°20' S. 146°45' E ___ 2,000 L & P 37 Molokai 5843______(33) ",,1010 S. 140"'0' E 1,000 W 21 .MlIlllcng.""", "t I'" ...••• 60 ______do______7° S. 146°40' E______Molokni 5844- ______60______(83) 1,000 W 2! IHolokai 5845______(88) Markhlllll River neur 6°35' S. 146°45' E ___ 300 W22 Gnbsonkeke 011 Nndznb roud. (88)1 ____do______6°35' S. 146°45' E ___ MOloka~5919 ______1 ~O------I 300 W 25 ~.., Moloktu 6006______60______Sololllon Islands: (C) Lungu River bunk 9°25' S. 160°2' E ____ W & 0 818 0 <100 t" ncar Betekuntn, 0 ____GUlldnlcnllul do______Island. 0 (C) 9°25' S. 160°2' E ____ -< !\'!oloku! ~007______1 ~O------I_ ___ do______<100 W & 0818 !\'lolokm 6008______60______(C) \}°25' S. 160°2' E ____ W & Molokai 6010______60______do______<100 0818 ...,0 (C) 9°25' S. 160°2' E ____ <100 W & G 818 New Guineu: {fl Murkhum River C')> 60______drainage: Molokai 6020______(C) Snake River neur 7° S. 146° 40' E _____ 2,000 W & 0626 60______Mllmeng. 57 N.O. 11, Imp. (C) Rllmll River bunk___ 6°a5' S. 1

Origin Species, type, and Collection clone I 2n 2 Authority number I Place Latitude and Elevation, I longitude feet ~ t= d Sacchar:.m Tobu8tum t" Continued Wau-Bulolo type-Con. New Guinea: 60______Near Lae ______60 40' 8. 1470 E ______U.S. 57-75-1 ______(8) ____ do______100 W &: G 566 ~ U.S. 57-75-3______60______60 40' S. 1470 E ______60______(8) ____ do______100 W&: G566 ... U.S. 57-75-5______(') 6°40' S. 147° E_~____ 100 W& G566 Co> 60______do______0 0 Co> ~ 6 40' 8. 147 E ______U.S. 57-75-6______(8) ____do______100 W& G 566 .., U.S. 57-75-7______60______60 40' S. 1470 E ______60______(8) 100 W&:G566 U.S. 57-83-3______(8) 70 10' S. 1460 E ______7,000 W & G 616 Korlte River e~ea.t !=1 Menyamya, auri fIl River drainage. Markham River t::l drainage: t:r:I U.S. 57-84-2______60_-______70 S. 1460 40' E ______(8) Snake River near 2,000 W &: G 626 ~ 60______Mumeng. do______U.S. 57-84-3______(8) 70 S. 1460 40' E ______2,000 W & G 626 60______do ______~ U.S. 57-84-4______(8) 70 S. 146 0 40' E ______2,000 W &: G 626 60______do______0 U.S. 57-84-5______(8) 7 S. 1460 40' K _____ 2,000 W &: G 626 60______do______0 0 ~ U.S. 57-84-6__ ~ _____ (8) 7 S. 146 40' E ______2,000 W &: G 626 60______do______0 0 ~ U.S. 57-86-L ______(8) 7 S. 146 40' E ______2,000 W & G 629 11 60 ______do______0 U.S.S7-86-2 ______60______(e) ____do ______70 S. 146 40' E ______2,000 W &: G 629 11 U.S. 57-86-3______70 S. 1460 40' E ______11 60______(e) ____ do______2,000 W &: G 629 U.S. 57-86-5______(8) 70 S. 146°40' E ______&: 11 ____do______2,000 W G 629 ~ U.S. 57-86-6______60______70 S. 1460 40' E ______60______(8) 2,000 W &: G 629' II ~ U.S. 57-91-L ______(e) Yalu River near 60 35' S. 1460 45' E ___ 300 W&: G586 t:r:I 60______Lac. do ______U.S. 57-91-3______(e) 60 35' 8. 146°45' E ___ 300 W&G586 60______do ______0 0 U.S. 57-91-4______(8) 6 35' S. 146 45' E ___ 300 W&: G586 U.S. 57-91-5______60______(e) ____ do ______6°35' S. 1460 45' E ___ 300 W&:G586 60______U.S. 57-152-L ______(6) Hamu River bank at 5°30' S. 145°45' E ___ 800 W & G 795 U.S. 57-152-2______tiO______DlllJlpu. do______6IL ______(6) 5°30' S. 145°45' E ___ U.S. 57-152-3______(6) ____ do______800 W & G 795 U.S. 57-152-4______6IL ______do______5°30' S. 145°45' E ___ 800 W & G 795 60______(6) 5°30' S. 145°45' E ___ U.S. 57-152-5______(6) ____ do______80U W & G 795 5°30' S. 145°45' E ___ 80U W & G 795 Solomon Islands: U.S. 57-161-1. ______60______.___ (6) Lunga River bank 9°25' S. 160°2' E ____ <100 W & G 818 near Betekllma, 60______Guadulcallul Island. U.S. 57-161-2______(6) ____ do______U.S. 57-161-4______60______do______9°25' S. 160°2' E ____ <100 W & G 818 60 ______(6) 9°25' S. 160°2' E ____ Q U.S. 57-161-5______(0) ____ do______<100 W & G 818 U.S. 57-161-6______60______do______9°25' S. 160°2' E ____ Molokai 4165 ______100-110 ______do______4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ L& P 19 C'l (33) 4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ ------Molokai 4169 ______100-110______(33) ____ do______------L& P 19 Molokai 4178______100-104 ______do______4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ ------L& P 19 (33) 4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ ~ Molokai 4189______ca. 104______(33) ____ do______------L & P 19 Molokai 4200 ______103-106______do______4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ L& P 19 (33) ------~ Molokai 4274______do______4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ L & P 19 100-110______(33) 4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ ------Molokai 4404 ______ca. 160-163___ (33) ____ do______------L & P 19 :l:l Molokai 4439 ______103-112______do______4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ L& P20 0 (33) 4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ ------tI:I Moloklli 4702 ______102-110______do______------L& P 20 Cl (33) 4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ (JJ Molokni 5099 12 ______86-92______------L& P 19 Do______96______(33) 1-3 (t) ------Molokai 5220______1C4-110______------ ------(33) Near RabauL ______-4~lo,-~Ci52-°'i2/]jC= ~ Molokai 5472 ______63______------ L & P 18 (33) Warangoi River______4°30' S. 152°20' E ___ L&P3 New Guinea: ------Molokai 6036______88______(6) Sepik River edge 4°15' S. 142°50' E ___ 100 W& G668 near Ambunti. See footnotes at end of table.

CA) ..... ~ TABLE 1.-Chromosome numbers and origins oj Saccharum robustum dones and rdahd S1Jmpatric species and hybrids ~ exduding S. officinarllm and S. edule-Continued

Origin 8 Species, type, and Collection number 3 clone 1 2n 2 Authority Placc Latitude and Elcvation, longitude fcet I ~ Saccharum robustum X S.robustum-Con.

Large-stemmed hy- !8 brids-Continued Molokai 6038 ______100______(8) Gogol River bank 5°15' S. 145°40' E ___ 200 W&G633 Z ____neardo ______Madang. ... Molokni 6044______97-98______(8) 5°15' S. 145°40' E ___ 200 W & G 633 c;.) 73______4°5' S. 143° E ______100 W& G806 c;.) Molokai 6068 1' ______(8) SCr,ik l~ivcrbank at -.J >agwl. Molokai 6075______100______(8) Jabnu Rivcr ncar 2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ <100 W & G 755 c:j Kota Nicll, rn Hollandia. Ncw Britain: N.B. Robustum _____ 100-110______(33) Ncar RnbauL ______4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ ------P 1929 ~ ______do______P 1929 28 N.G. 289, 108-110 ______(S) 4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ ------~ 108 ______do______4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ P 1929 Imp. 677. (33) ______do______------ 116-118 ______(S) 4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ P 1929 o 28 N.G. 290, 110 ______do______------>oj Imp. 622. (33) 4°10' S. 152°12' E ___ ------P 1929 New Guinea: 10tL______E; 57 N.G. 54, (6) Stream bank at 5°15' S. 145°45' E ___ 50 ~ Madang. ... Imp. 2514. IOL ______do______57 N.G. 55, (0) 5°15' S. 145°45' E ___ 50 Imp. 2496. 3°40' S. 143° E ______500 57 N.G. 83, 98-100______(6) Stream bank at ~ Imp. 2542. Maprik, Sepik ~ River drainage. t:o:I 100______57 N.G. 202, (8) Strcam bank at 2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ 50 Imp. 2658. 90 ______Hollandia. 57 N.G. 231, (8) Sepik River bank at 4° S. 144°5' E ______50 Imo.2692. Angoram. Ncw Britain: 57 N.G. 238, 1110------ (6) KcrCV!lt Rivcr banL _-' 4°15' S. 152°5' E ___ -' 50 Imp. 2698. Cclcbcs: Tcboc Salah Toewa __ 89-90______(13,14) South of Paloc______1°55' S. 119°55' E ___ 1,000 81 ______Ncw Guinca: U.S. 57-87-1______(0) Bigcas River bank 5°10' S. 145°45' E ___ <100 W & G 631 north of Madang. U.S. 57-87-5______88-90______do______79______(0) ______do______5°10' S. 145°45' E ___ <100 W& G 631 U.S. 57-87-7 ______(0) 5°10' S. 145°45' E ___ <100 W & G 631 U.S. 57-88-1 ______ca. 87______(0) Gum Rivcr bank ncar 5°15' S. 145°45' E ___ 100 W & G 632 ~ 92______Madang.do______., U.S. 57-88-3 ______(0) 5°15' S. 145°45' E ___ 0 89______do______100 W & G 632 U.S. 57-88-4______(0) 5°15' S. 145°45' E ___ 100 W & G 632 t" U.S. ______86______do______0 57-88-5 (0) ______do______5°15' S. 145°45' E ___ 100 W & G 632 0 U.S. 57-88-6 ______ca. 9L ______(0) 5°15' S. 145°45' E ___ ~ 89______do______100 W & G 632 U.S. 57-88-8 ______(0) 5°15' S. 145°45' E ___ 100 W & G 632 0 U.S. 57-88-9 ______do______"j ca. 99 ______(0) ______do______5°15' S. 145°45' E ___ 100 W & G 632 U.S. 57-88-10 ______80-82 ______(0) 5°15' S. 145°45' E ___ 99______100 W & G 632 Ul U.S. 57-89-L ______(0) 5°15' S. 145°40' E ___ Gogol Rivcr bank 200 \V & G 633 c> ______ncar doMadang.______C U.S. 57-89-2 ______97-98______(6) 5°15' S. 145°40' E ______do______200 W & G 633 ~ U.S. 57-89-3 ______ca. 97 ______(6) 5°15' S. 145°40' E ___ 200 W & G 633 > U.S. 57-89-5 ______97-98______do______ll:! (0) ______do______5°15' S. 145°40' E ___ 200 W & G 633 U.S. 57-89-7 ______99-100______(0) 5°15' S. 145°40' E ___ 200 W & G 633 ~ U.S. 57-90-L ______97-100______(0) Brandi River bank 3°35' S. 143°45' E ___ <100 W & G 642 east of W cwak. ll:! U.S. 57-90-2 ______lOL ______do______0 97______(0) ______do______3°35' S. 143°45' E ___ <100 W & G 642 t:lj U.S. 57-90-3 ______(6) 3°35' S. 143°45' E ___ <100 W & G 642 0 U.S. 57-90-5 ______ca. 1OL ______do______Ul (0) ______do______3°35' S. 143°45' E ___ <100 W & G 642 ., U.S. 57-90-6 ______101-102 ______(0) 3°35' S. 143°45' E ___ <100 W & G 642 U.S. 57-90-7 ______93______do______82 ______(0) 3°35' S. 143°45' E ___ <100 W&G642 ~ U.S. 57-96-L ______(0) Sepik Rivcr cdge near 4°15' S. 142°50' E ___ 100 W & G 668 Ambunti. U.S. 57-96-2 ______85___ .______do______(0) ______do______4°15' S. 142°50' E ___ 100 W& G 668 U.S. 57-96-3 ______88-89______(0) 4°15' S. 142°50' E ___ 88______do______100 W&G668 U.S. 57-96-4 ______(0) 4°15' S. 142°50' E ___ 89______do______100 W & G 668 U.S. 57-96-6______(0) 4°15' S. 142°50' E ___ 100 W&G668 U.S. 57-96-8 ______95______do______85______(0) ______do______4°15' S. 142°50' E ___ 100 W& G668 U.S. 57-96-14______(0) 4°15' S. 142°50' E ___ 100 W& G668 Soo footnotes cnd of table. ~ at ~ ~ TABLE I.-Chromosome numbers and origins oj Saccharum robustum clones and 'related sympatric species and hybrids excluding S. officinarum and S. edule-Continued 8 Origin Species, type, nnd Collection ~ clone I 2n 2 Authority number a Q Plnce Lntitudc and Elevation, longitude feet ~ IJ:j

Saccharum Tobustum ~ X S. Tobustum-Con.

Large-stemmed hy ~ brids-Continued 89______.... U.S. 57-97-1 ______(e) Se~kRiver between 4°5' S. 142°55' E ____ 100 W & G 669 ~ agwi and Ambunti. ~ U.S. 57-97-2 ______ca. 85______do______4°5' S. 142°55' E ____ 88 ______(e) ______do______100 W & G 669 "" U.S. 57-97-3 ______(e) 4°5' S. 142°55' E ____ 100 W & G 669 c:j U.S. 57-97-4______87______a ______do______4°5' S. 142°55' E ____ 73______C} ______do______100 W & G 669 U.S. 57-97-5 ______(e) 4°5' S. 142°55' E ____ 100 W & G 669 ~ U.S. 57-97-6______72______do______4°5' S. 142°55' E ____ (e) ______do______100 W & G 669 ~ U.S. 57-97-7______87______(e) 4°5' S. 142°55' E ____ l>l 86______do______100 W & G 669 U.S. 57-97-9 ______(e) 4°5' S. 142°55' E ____ 100 W & G 669 79______~ U.S. 57-120-6______(D5' Sepik River drninage 3°35' S. 142°15' E ___ 1,800 W & G 697 1o o lOO______at Lumi. ..., U.S. 57-141-1 ______(e) Stream bank at Kota 2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ <100 W & G 741 ______Nica, do Hollandia.______U.S. 57-141-2______10L ______(e) 2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ <100 W & G 741 ~ 98______do______::tI U.S. 57-141-3______(e) 2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ <100 W & G 741 ... U.S. 57-141-4______97______do______(e) ______do______2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ <100 W & G 741 U.S. 57-141-5______ca. 102______(8) 2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ 100 ______do______<100 W & G 741 U.S. 57-141-9______(e) 2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ <100 W & G 741 U.S. 57-141-10______99______(e) ______do______2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ ~ ______do______<100 W & G 741 ::tI U.S. 57-142-L ______98-100______(e) 2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ W& G742 l>l U.S. 57-142-2______100 ______do______<100 99______(e) ______do______2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ <100 W & G 742 U.S. 57-142-3______(0) ______do______2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ <100 W & G 742 IOL ______(e) 2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ U.S. 57-142-4______100 ______<100 W & G 742 U.S. 57-142-6______(e) ______do______2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ <100 W & G 742 U.S. 57-142-S___ - ___ 95+frug. or (6) ______do______2°35' S. 140°45' E <100 W & G 742 06. ______do______U.S. 57-142-1O____ ~_ 07-100______(6) 2°35' S. 140°45' E <100 W & G 742 U.S. 57-143-1. ______99-100______(6) Jubau IUvt!r ncar KotlL 2°35' S. JoIo045' Iii <100 W & G 755 \)S______Nicll, do Hollalldill.______U.S. ______57-143-2 100______(6) ______do_____ . ______2°35' S. 140°45' Iii <100 W & G 755 U.S. 57-.143-3______(6) ______do______2°35' S. 140°45' E ___ <100 W & G 755 U.S. 57-143-4______OS-101. ______(6) ______do______2°;{5' S. 140°45' E __ <100 W & G 755 cu. U.S. 57-143-6 ______101. ______(6) ______do______2°35' S. JoIo045' E ___ <100 W & G 755 U.S. 57-143-7______99-102______(6) 2°;{5' S. 140°45' E ___ <100 W & G 755 OS______4°5' S. 144°50' E ____ U.S. 57-155-L ______(6) Edge______of do Awur______uirstrip__ <100 W & G S02 ~ 100-10L _____ U.S. 57-155-2 ______101 ______(6) ______do______4°5' S . .144°50' Ii: <100 W & G S02 i-3 U.S. 57-155-3 ______(6) 4°5' S. 144°50' E <100 W & G 802 0 100______do______4°5' S. 144°50' E ____ t"' U.S. 57-155-4 ______(6) ______do______<100 W & G 802 0 U.S. 57-155-5 ______- 07-100______(6) 4°5' S. 144°50' E ____ <100 W & G S02 (;) ______do______~ U.S. 57-155-6______100______(6) 4°5' S. 144°50' E ____ W & G 802 70______<100 U.S. 57-156-1. ______(6) 4°5' S. 14ao E ______100 W & G 806 0 Se~ikl~iver bank ut ":l ______agwi. do ______U.S. 57-156-3 ______(6) ,e5' S. 143° E ______100 W & G 806 rTl 73 + fru.g. > 7:30or______74. ______do______("l U.S. 57-156-4 ______- (6) ______do______4°5' S. 14:3°E ______100 W & G 806 U.S. 57-156-5 ______75+frug. (6) 4°5' S. 143° E ______100 W & G 806 76 or______76. ______do______~ (6) 4°5' S . .14ao E ______100 W & G 806 U.S. 57-156-6 ______77______do______U.S. 57-156-7 ______(6) 4°5' S. 143° E ______JOO W & G S06 ~ U.S. 57-160-1. ______72-74______(6) Sepik Hiver Bunk 4° S. 144°5' E ______50 W & G S12 ut ~ 03 ______Angomm. do______13 0 U.S. 57-HiO-2______tJ:j (6) ______do______4° s. 144°5' E_. __ -- 50 W & G 812 U.S. 57-160-5______85-86______(6) 4° S. 144°5' E ______50 W & G 812 cj ______do______rTl U.S. 57-160-6______82-84______(6) 4° S. 144°5' E ______50 W & G 812 00______do______U.S. 57-160-7 ______(6) 4° S. 144°5' E_. ____ 50 W & G 812 73______do______U.S. 57-160-8______(6) 4° S. 144°5' E_. ____ 50 W & G 812 ~ Smull-stemmed hybrids: Molokai 5198 ______.1 65-66 ______1 (33)1 Bulolo River ut W uu, 1 7°20' S. 146°45' E ___ I 2, 000 I L & P 34 Markham River drainuge. ______do______146°45' E ___ Molokui 520S ___ ----I63-64 ______1 (33)1 17°20'S. I 2, 000 I L & P 34 Molokui 5210______70-73______(33) ______do______7°20' S. 146°45' E ___ 2,000 L & P 34

Sec footnotes ut end of table. Ct.:) C11 Ci:l ~. TABLE I.-Ohromosome numbers and origins oj Saccharum robustum clones and related. S'/Jmpatric species and. hybruls excluding S. officinarum and S. edule-Continued 8 Origin Species, type, and Collection ~ clone I 2n 2 Authority number I a Place Latitude and Elevation, longitude feet r: - t11

Saccharum robu8tum ~ X S. robustum-Con. t'l 8 Small-stemmed hy Z brids-Continued Molokai 6077 ______79+frag ______(0) Baiyer River bank, 5°30' S. 144° E ______3,800 W & G 725 to> to> Sepik River ... drainage. U.S. 57-125-1 ______77______(0) ______do______5°30' S. 144° E ______do______3,800 W & G 725 U.S. 57-125-2______79+frag. or (0) 5°30' S. 144° E ______3,800 W & G 725 ~ 80. f11 U.S. 57-125-3______78______do______(0) 5°30/ S. 144° E ______3,800 W & G 725 '=' ~ Saccharum robustum X S. officinarum ~ o 70______'":1 28 N.G. 218, Imp. 72 ______(33) Sepik River at 4°15' S. 142° 50'E ___ 100 663. 80______(4) Ambunti. 51 82, Chimbu District______6° S. 145° E ______~ N.G. Imp. (33) 6,000 ~ 1968. 80 ______..... 51 N.G. 142, Imp. (33) Fly River 14______2007. ------ ~ Saccharum robWltum X ~ S. 8pontaneum ~ 80 ______Ura, Imp. 1581 16 ____ (0) Department of Agri ------ culture, Port Mores by. 57-76-1. ______1 80+frag ______1 u.s. (8) Bubu River edge near I 7°55' S. 147°15' E ___I 2, 000 I W &: G 571 G!lmina, 'Varia River dminage. U.~.57-76-3 ______1 ______/ ______dO______0 55' S. 147°15' E ___ 80 (8) /7 I 2, 000 W & G 571 U.S. 57-76-4______80______(8) ______do______7°55' S. 147°15' E ___ I U.S.57-85-L ______100 ______2, 000 W & G 571 (8) Snake River near 7° S. 146°40' E ______2,000 W & G 627 .Mumeng, l\.farkham River dminnge. U.S. 57-85-2______100______do______7° S. 146°40' E ______(8) ______do______2,000 W & G 627 U.S. 57-85-3______100-1OL _____ (8) 7° S. 146°40' E ______U.S. 57-85-4______97 + frag ______do______2,000 W & G 627 98______(8) 7° S. 146°40' E ______2,000 W & G 627 U.S. 57-85-5______(8) ______do______~ 7° S. 146°40' E ______2,000 W & G 627 8 0 Saccharum X Miscanthu8 t"' 0 Molokai 608L ______ca. 17L ______0 (8) Near Am River mouth, 3°55' S. 136°15' E ___ 5, 700 W &: G 783 ~ Wissel Lakes. Molokai 6083 ______do______0..., 166-170______(8) 3°55' S. 136°15' E ___ 5, 700 W & G 783 Purari River drainage: rIJ 57 N.G. 6, Imp. 1918_ 156-157______(33) Goroka ______6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 > 51 N.G. 28, Imp. ca. 156______(8) In a garden fence at 6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 n 1936. Goroka. ca. 162______51 N.G. 70, Imp. (8) On n hillside, Chim- 6° S. 145° E ______6,000 ~ 1963. ::tl 164______bu do District.______51 N. G. 71, Imp. (33) 6° S. 145° E ______6,000 1964. ~ 16 152-159____ 6° S. 145° E ______51 N.G. 88, Imp. 158______(8) Chimbu District____ 6,000 ::tl 1970. (17) 0 51 91, 164______t:rl N.G. Imp. 162______(33) On Ii gully wall near 5?55' S. 145° B ______6,000 c:I 1973. (17) Gogrne, Chirnbu rIJ District. 8 51 N.G. 91A, Imp. 164-165______(33) Near Mt. Hagen 5°50' S. 144°10' E ___ 5,500 ~ 1974. Station. 51 N.G. 106, Imp. 193-194______(33) MendL ______6°10' S. 143°40' E ___ 5,500 1986. See footnotes at end of table.

~ ~ ~ 00

TABLE I.-Ohromosome numbers and origins oj Saccharum robustum clones and 7'elated sympatric species and hybrids "'3 excluding S. officillarum and S. edule-Contillued trl

Origin ~ .... Spccics, t.ype, and Collection (") ;.. clone I 2n 2 Authority number 3 Place Latitud'l and Elcvation, t" longitude fcet t:d

~ Saccharum X Afiscan trl thus-Continued "'3 ~ 57 N.G. 131,17 Imp. 158-17L _____ In It gardcn fencc at 5°50' S. 144°40' E ___ 5, 700 ... 2587. NOlldugl. <:.0> ____ do______<:.0> 57 N.G. 132, Imp. 169-170______5°50' S. 144°40' E ___ 5,700 -.J 2588. ____ do______57 N.G. 133, Imp. 163-164______5°50' S. 144°40' E ___ 5, 700 q 2835. 140______do__ - ______fJl 57 N. G. 134, Imp. 5°50' S. 144°40' E ___ 5, 700 2590 t;; 57 N.G. 145, Imp. ca. 190______In a garden fcncc at i 5°50' S. 142°45' E ___ 5,200 trl 260l. Tari, Kikori ~ ____Riverdo______drainagc. 57 N. G. 153,18 Imp. 197-200______5°50' S. 142°45' E ___ 5,200 2609. ~ 57 N.G. 193, Imp. 176______Kcncapa, Wisscl 3°55' S. 136°15' E ___ 5,700 ~ 2649. Lakcs. ::0 164______3°55' S. 136°15' E ___ .... 57 N.G. 194, Imp. Ara River bank, Wis- 5,700 (") 2650. sci Lakes. q U.S. 57-98-2______ca. 154______Strcam bank at Tcle- 5°10' S. 141°35' E ___ 4,800 W&G686 Comin, Scpik Rivcr ~ drainagc. ::0 U.S. ______ca. 154______do______trl 57-98-3 ______do______5°10' S. 141°35' E_. __ 4,800 W & G 686 U.S. 57-98-5 ______154-155______5°10' S. 141°35' E ___ 4,800 W & G 686 U.S. 57-98-6 ______ca. 152______do______do______5°10' S. 141°35' E ___ 4,800 W & G 686 U.S. 57-98-7______150-152______5°10' S. 141°35' E ___ W & G 686 ______do______4,800 U.S. 57-9H-H ______ca. 154______(C) 5°10' S. 141°35' E ___ 4.800 W& G 686 158______U.S. 57-119-2______(6) Upper Sepik River 5°10' S. 141 °35' E ___ 4,600 W & G 690 near Telefomin. U.S. 57-119-4______152-154______do______(6) ______do______5°10' S. 141°35' E ___ 4,600 W & G 690 U.S. 57-11!)-5 ______152-154-_____ (6) 5°10' S. 141°35' E ___ 4,600 W & G 690 U.S. 57-119-7______152______do______(6) ______do ______5°10' S. 141°35' EL __ 4,600 W & G 690 U.S. 57-119-8______164-166______(6) 5 0 10' S .141°35' E ___ 4,600 W & G 690 U.S. 57-122-1______114-117 ______(6) Cultivated at Nondugl, 5°50' S. 144°40' E ___ 5, 700 W & G 713 Puntri River dmin age. U.S. 57-124-3______-' 180+2 fmgs-I (6) In an old garden near 5°30' S. 144° E ______3,800 W & G 724 184+2 frags. the Baiyer River, c >< Sepik River drain '"'3 age. 0 U.S. 57-124-4______182______do______5°30' S. 144° E ______t" (6) ______do______3,800 W & G 724 0 U.S. 57-124-!L _____ ca. 179______(6) 5°30' S. 144° E ______do______3,800 W& G724 0 U.S. 57-124-7______176-179______(6) 5°30' S. 144° E ______3,800 W & G 724 >< U.S. 57-124-8______184-185______do______5°30' S. 144° E ______(6) ______do______3,800 W & G 724 0 U.S. 57-124-10______ca. 183 ______(6) 5°30' S. 144° E ______3,800 W & G 724 "'.I Kikori River drainage: Cfl U.S. 57-126-4______195-205______(6) Swamp near TarL ___ 5°50' S. 142°45' E ___ 5,200 W & G 733 > U.S. 57-126-5______ca. 196______(6) _~ ____do______5°50' S. 142°45' E ___ c ______do______5,200 W & G 733 c U.S. 57-126-7______l!)6______(6) 5°50' S. 142°45' E ___ 187______5,200 W & G733 U.S. 57-127-1______(6) Kamba near Tari ____ 5°50' S. 142°45' E ___ 5,200 W & G 734 ~ U.S. 57-127-2______ca. 182 ______do______::d (6) ______do______5°50' S. 142°45' E ___ 5,200 W & G 734 U.S. 57-127-3______188-189______(6) 5°50' S. 142°45' E ___ 172______5,200 W & G 734 ~ U.S. 57-145-L ______(6) Ara River bank, 3°55' S. 135°15' E ___ 5,700 W& G 783 1u ::d ______Wisseldo ______Lakes. 0 U.S. 57-145-2______170-17L _____ (6) 3°55' S. 135°15' E ___ 1u 17L ______do______5,700 W & G 783 til U.S. 57-145-3______(6) 3°55' S. 135°15' E ___ 5, 700 W&G7S3 Iu c:l ~ Saccharum sponll.weum Celebes: ~ 96-97______2° S. 120° E ______Biroh Bewoeloeh 96______(13) River bank in moun- Koelawi. (32) tains of northwest 96______central do ______Celebes. Biroh Goenoeng (13) 2° S. 120° E ______Torimanoe. ______do______Biroh Koelawi A _____ ca. 96______(13) 95-96______- _____ do ______2° S. 120° EE------______------ Biroh Soengi 95______(13) Moepanga. (32) T ~ See footnotes at end of table. 1:0 ~

TABLE l.--Ohromosome numbers and origins of Saccharum robustum clones and related sympatric species and hybrids "i excluding S. officinarum and S. edule-Continued ~

Origin c..... Species, type, and Collection clone 1 2n 2 Authority number 8 E: Place Latitude and Elevation, ttl longitude feet

~ Saccharum spontaneum- Continued ~ 112______Borneo: I Djantoer ______High places on Maha- 0°20' S. 116°30' E ___ .... (13) ------Co> kam River banks. Co> Kinggoerang Oewis ___ ca. 112______do______0°20' S. 116°30' E ___ (13) ------~"" Celebes: Koelawi A ______96-97 ______(13) River bank in the 2° S. 120° E ______c:I mountains of ------~ northwest central ~ Celebes. I!!l Koelawi B ______94 ______(13) ______do______2° S. 120° E ______Koelawi C ______96-98______(13) ______do______2° S. 120° E ______------~ Borneo: ------M. Moentai, Imp. ca. 112______(13) High places on Maha- 0°20' S. 116°25' E ___ <300 ~ 1537. (8) 105 or 105+ kam River bank > frag. near Mil. Moentai o (Moara Moentai). ~ 80 ______New Guinea: Molokai 580L ______(33) Near Port Moresby____ 9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ WI Molokai 5802 ______80 ______do______<100 (33) ______do ______9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ <100 W2 Molokai 5903 ______ca. 80______(33) 9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ Molokai 5904 ______80 ______do______<100 WI (33) 9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ <100 W2 II!!l 80 ______Solomon Islands: Molokai 6000 ______(8) Edge of roads and air------<100 W & G 819 field at Honiara, Guadalcanal Island. SO______New Guinea: 2S N.G. 101, Imp. 76______(8S) Kemp Welsh River at 9°55' S. 147°50' E ___ 200 652. 80______(4) Niuinuka. 2S N.G. 291, Imp. (8S) Eriana Swamp near 9°25' S. 147°10' E ______1 L 1935 S75. SO______Port I\loresby. 28 N.G. 292, Imp. (4,38) Rouna Falls Road, S 9°25' S. 147°10' E ______L 1935 S76. miles from Port 80______Moresby. 51 N.G. 2,20 Imp. (17, Sf, SS) Near Port Moresby____ 9°25' S. 147°10' E ______1914. SO______51 N.G. 25, Imp. (17, SS) Goroka, 6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ Purari River 5,000 ~ 1933. ______drainage. do______t-3 51 N.G. 26, Imp. SO-S2______(17) 6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 0 S2______5,000 t"' 1934. (8S) 0 Celebes: C) Paloe______80-SL ______0°55' S. 119°50' E ___ o- BrowII and Laloki l.l Rivers near Port Moresby. ~ U.S. 57-6S-2______SO______do______::0 80______(8) ______do______9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ <100 W & G 555 U.S. 57-6S-3______(8) 9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ SO______do______<100 W & G 555 ~ U.S. 57-6S-4______(8) 9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ <100 W & G555 ::0 SO______RouIllL Falls Road: 0 U.S. 57-69-L ______(8) 9 miles from Port 9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ 800 W & G 556 III c:l 80______Moresby.do______(Jl U.S. 57-69-2______(8) 9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ 80______do______SOD W & G 556 t-3 U.S. 57-69-3 ______(8) 9°25' s. 147°10' E ___ SOD W& G 556 U.S. 57-69-4 ______SO______do______80______(6) 9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ 800 W & G 556 ~ U.S. 57-69-5 ______(8) ___ -do______!J°25' S. 147°10' E ___ 80______(8) 800 W & G 556 lUi. 57-70-1. ______8 miles from Port 9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ ------W & G 557 Moresby. U.S. 57-70-2 ______8lL ______do______80______(6) ____ do______9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ ------ W & G 557 U.S. 57-70-3______(8) 9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ ------ W& G 557 U.S. 57-70-4______80______(8) ____ do______SO______do______9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ ------ W & G 557 U.S. 57-70-5 ______(8) 9°25' S. 147°10' E ___ ------W & G 557 See footnotes at end of table. ~ I-" ~

>-3 'l'ABIJE I.-Chromosome numbers and origins oj 81lcchnrum rooustum clones and related sympalric species and hybrid.s tJ1 exclu.diny 8. officinn,rum and 8. edule-Continued ()

~ Origin () Collection Species, Lype, !Lnd number a ~ clone 1 2n ~ Authority Plnce Latitude and ElevlLtion, longitude fect @ t"'

~ Saccharum sponlaneum- Continucd Z ..... SO______U.S. 57-71-1 ______(0) ] 5 miles from Port !l°25' S. 147°10' E ___ 450 W & G 558 CWaria River dminage.22 80. ______do______0 U.S. 57-77-:L ______(6) 7°55' S. 147 E ______2,400 W & G 572 ~ SO______do______0 U.S. 57-77-5______(6) 7°55' S. 147 E ______2,400 W & G 572 ::1l t':l U.S. 57-!l2-L. ______81 or 80+frng_ (6) Between Ernp and 6°35' S. 146°40' E ___ 350 W & G 587 RUffiU Rivers, Markham Hiver 80______drainage. do______U.S. 57-92-2______(6) 6°35' S. 146°40' E ___ 350 W & G 587 U.S. 57-118-1.. _____1 80______1 (6) Edge of Gusnp nir- 1604' S. 145°58' E ____ I 1, 600 I W & G 634 field 011 the dividc beiw('l'n i\lurklmrn and Hall1u Rivcr 80______helldwulcrs. U.S. 57-118-2 ______(6) ______do______<.______6°4' S. 145°58' E ____ SO______do ______1,600 W & G 634 U.S. 57-118-4 ______(6) 6°4' S. 145°58' E ____ 1,600 W & G 634 80______Solomon lslnnds: U.S. 57-163-1 (I.) Edges of oac\s and ------<100 W & G 819 airfield at H onillru, 80______Guudalcallal do______Island. U.S. 57-163-2 ______(6) & 819 ~ ______do______------<100 W G 1-'3 U.S. 57-163-3______ca. 80______(6) <100 W & G 819 0 U.S. 57-163-4 ______80______do______------t" (6) ______do______------<100 W & G 819 0 U.S. 57-163-5______ca. 80 ______(6) ------<100 W & G 819 0 84 ______New Guinca: >< U.S. 57-170-L _____ (6) Roadside near Epo 8°45' S. 146°35' E ___ 50 W & G 831 0 (.Mckco). "l U.S. 57-170-4______S3 ______do______80______(6) 8°45' S. 146°35' E ___ 50 W & G 831 (Jl U.S. 57-171-L _____ (6) NClll' airfield nt Epo 8°45' S. 146°35' E ___ <100 W & G 832 .... (iVlekeo) . (') U.S. 57-172-1. ______ca. 80______(6) Grassy plain near 8°45' S. 148°10' E ___ 300 W & G 835 Popondetta, Endesi ~ ~ 80______Creekdo drainage.______U.S. 57-172-2 ______(6) 8°45' S. 148°10' E ___ 300 W & G 835 U.S. 57-172-3 ______80______do______~ 80______(6) ______do______8°45' S. 148°10 E___ 300 W & G 835 U.S. 57-172-4 ______() 8°45' S. 148°10' E ___ 300 W & G 835 ~ 80______do______0 U.S. 57-172-5 ______(6) 8°45' S. 148°10' E ___ 300 W & G 835 ttl 96 ______Celebes: cj Wnrentoewa Tosale, (33,41) South of Paloe ______1°55' S. 119°55' E ___ 1,000 (Jl Imp. 1534. 1-'3 ~ Miscanlhus floridulus 38______New Guinea: 51 N.G. 24, (17,33) Goroka, Purari River 6°5' S. 145°25' E ____ 5,000 Imp. 1932. 38______drainage. U.S. 57-82-2 ______(37) Near Edie Creek Road 7°25' S. 146°45' E ___ 6,100 W & G 623 38______above Wau. U.S. 57-82-3 ______(37) ______do______7°25' S. 146°45' E ___ 6,100 W & G623 See footnotes at end of table. ~ ~ t

TABLE I.-Ohromosome numbers and origins ofSaccharum robustum clones and related sympatm species and hybrids excluding S. officinarum and S. I edule-Continued ~ Origin tC Species, type, and Collection clone I 2n 2 Authority number I ~ Place Latitude and Elevation, longitude feet ~ ... MicronthuB j/oriduluB- ~ ~ Continued ~

U.S. 57-209-1______38+acce8- (37) Nondugl, Purari River 5°50' S. 144°40' E ___ 5,700 W & G 716 c:l ::lory drainage. rn chromo somes. t:1 U.S. 57-210-L ______do______(37) Tari, Kikori River 5°50' S. 142°45' E ___ 5,200 W & G 735 t;oj _____ do______drainage.do______~ U.S. 57-210-2______(37) 5°50' S. 142°45' E ___ 5,200 W & G 735 U.S. 57-210-3______do______do______(37) 5°50' S. 142°45' E ___ 5,200 W & G 735 ~ 38______Celebes: Unnamed clone 23 ____ (13) Near KoelawL ______2° S. 120° E ______------~ ::a Eulalia /astigiata 18 ______New Guinea: U.S. 57-79-3______WI} Ncar airstrip at 6°20' S. 146°35' E ___ 3,700 W&G593 Wantoat. j Erianthu. arundinaceu8 ::a t;oj 60 ______28 N.G. 7 ______(33,46) Near Lake Murray, 7° S. 141°35' E ______------Fly River drainage. I Authorities Ilre given in text. All clones studied were in the II Seed from 57 N.G. 44. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association collection or in the U.S. 12 Hybrid from artificially crossing a Rabaul clone with one Department of Agriculture collection. The latter arc identified from the Wurangoi River (33). by their "U.S." numbers or by appended "Imp." (USDA im 13 Pink flesh. portation) numbers. 14 Collected ne1\r Port Moresby but said to be from the Fly 2 Preferred chromosome counts are shown in boldface, i.e., Hiver. 78-80; frug., fragment. 16 Native name is "Aiyura." a P, Pemberton; L, Leigh; L « P, Lennox and Pemberton; 16 2n=152-159 is considered more accurate tlian 2n=161-164 W, Warner; and W & G, Warner and Grassl. previously reported (33). 4 See footnote 4, p. 4. 17 No midrib. 6 The typo species. 18 Thin albino stripes in stalk and leaf. 6 Previously unpublished. Ig Seed from 57 N.G. 194. ~ 20 Perhaps the same as 28 N.G. 292. o 71)ossibly not indigenous on the Vogelkop Peninsula. See I:'" text. 21 Seed from a pla.ilt in the Lae Botanical Garden said to have o 8 Seed from 57 N.G. 201. come from the Saidor Coast east of Madang. ~ g Tananggc and Tananggc Lakea arc probably one and the 22 Collected as a "primitive" form. same clone. 23 Reported as Miscanlhus japonU:uB. 10 III occasional clumps as if ill old gardens. ~ I ~

1:11

~ <:n 0')toI:> TABLE 2.-Meiosis in Saccharum robustum and related plants 8 Cell frequency with indicated number of Lagging Micro uniVlllellts at diakinesis and first metaphase first ana nuclei in Species, type, clone 2n I and ~ 7 I R I I I p~~seo~:a~-BP~:,o~er o _I_,-=- 10+ pef' cell 2 quartet! ~ I I I~ ~I I~ I~,~~~ 1 ~ t:n

Saccharum robusturn ~ t" Port "Moresby type: o 1______1______Molokai 1236 ______80 !) o 1 o o 0 o 0 o o o Molokai 488L ______--- 80 10 o 0 o o 0 o 0 o o o o ~ Moloklli 5855 ______- -- 80 10 o 0 o o 0 o 0 o o o o ... 28 N. O. 25L ______80 10 o 0 o o 0 o 0 o o o o Co) N. II. 1______1.10 1______Co) SO 15 o 1 o o 0 o 0 o o o o ~ Goroka type: o 1______1____ _ Molokui 5248______80 !) o 1 o o 0 o 0 o o o q Molokui 582!L ______80 10 o 0 o o 0 o 0 o o o o .05 o lVlolokui 5842 ______80 10 o 0 o o 0 o 0 o o o o ~ IVlolokai 5905 ______80 8 o 1 o 1 0 o 0 o o o o t:I Red-fleshed type: t'.l l\lolokai 6103______.30 60 9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o ~ Molokni 6107______60 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o .10 .05 Molokui 6108______60 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o .15 .05 o 28 N.G. 219 ______60 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o o o I'>j Teboe Salnh type: Molokni 6069______~ 60 9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o .05 o ::tl Wau-Bulolo type: Molokui 4730______60 10 0 o 0 o 000 o o o o .25 .05 Molokni 4826______60 10 0 o 0 o o o o o o o Molokni 5685______60 10 0 o 0 o o o o o o 81______, ______~ Molokni 6006__ _ 60 10 0 o 0 o 000 o o o ::tl Molokni 6007______60 10 0 o 0 o 000 o o o o t'.l Molokni 6008__ _ 60 10 0 o 0 o 000 o o o o o o Molokni 6010___ _ 60 8 0 2 0 o 000 o o o o - - --""'C.:: - -1 -- -- ---- Molokai 6020__ _ 60 6 0 o 0 o 000 o o o o U.S. 57-75-3 ______- _ - - - 60 10 0 o 0 o 000 o o o o .10 .05 000 S. robustllm X S. robustum Large-stemmed hybrids: .Molokai 6036 ______------88 0 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 4.00 .50 l\lolokai 6038______100 7 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .15 0 Molokai 606S__ _ 73 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 0 5.!lO 1. gO Molokai 6075__ _ 100 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2. 10 . ~5 Small-stemmed hybrid: Molokai 6077____ _ qg 0 6 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 l. 20 .20 S. robustum X S. spontaneum ~ U.S. 57-76-3 ______------80 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .15 .25 ~ U.S. 57-85-1 100 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 (J 0 0 .35 .as ot"' U.S. 57-85-3 ______- _____ ------100-101 ------2.10 .35 U.S. 57-S5-5 ______------98 --t------.15 ~ Saccharum X M iscanthus ~

Molokai 60SL __ ca. 171 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ______~ F Molokai 6083______166-170 -- ______--- ______5.50 2.25 C") '" Molokai 6135 ___ _ (1!l5-205) --______.30 .50 ~ 156-157 ______2.70 .45 !:l 51 N. C. 6____ _ ~ :z 51 N.C. 28 ______156-159 -- ______-______3.55 1. 80 :l:l 3: ca. 162 --______4.05 ______~ 51 N.C. 70 ______-< ~ ." 51 N.C. 88 ______152-159 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 3 3 7.65 .60 114-117 ______6.26 "Z U.S. 57-122-L ______1. 15 ::d ::! U.S. 57-124-7 ______------176-179 ______6.70 H.OO o ~ U.S. 57-124-8 ______184-185 ______2.00 4.55 (195-205) ______.20 ~ ~ U.S. 57-126-2 ______.10 (195-205) ______~ ~ U.S. 57-126-3 ______------.20 ~ ~------~------~--~--~--~--~--~--~--~----~--~------~------Q 1 Assumed chromosome numbers shown in parentheses are the 3 20 microspore quartets each. I somatic numbers of siblings. I Plus one fragment in each diakinesis-first-metaphase cell. a: 2 20 first-anaphase cells each. '1' u; ....

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