r ~ ~F8 1.0 w ~ IIIII~ 1.0 ~ W ~~I~ ~W 2 2 Iii : w 1 . 1:.1 W 1:.1 W ~ '" iii 1.1 ........= ~ ~ 1.1 ..= ....~ ~ - I 111111.25 1111/1.4 111111.6 111111.25 111111.4 111111.6 .' MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART NATIONAL BUREAU Of STANDARDS-1963-A NATIDNAL BUREAU Of STANDARDS-1963-A REFERENCE DO NOT LOAN Cytology of Saccharum robustum and Related Syn1patric Species and Natural Hybrids Technical Bulletin No. 1337 Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE CONTENTS Pap Sources of material_ ______ ___ ___ __ ___ ______ _____ _ _ _ ____ ___ ___ ______ ___ _ 2 Cytologcal methods_ _ ___ ___ _ _ ______ ____ ____ __ ____ _ _ __ __ _ ______ __ __ __ __ 3 Chromosome numbers__ ______ __ __ __ _________ __ _ _ _ _ ___ __ ____ _ _____ _____ _ 4 ~eiOB~_______________________________________________________________ 7 Classification___ __ __ ____ __ ___ ____ ____ __ _ _ ___ _______ __ ___ __ ___ __ ____ __ __ 7 Distribution_ ______ ___ __ __ __ _ _ __ __ ___ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ __ ___ _ __ ___ _ ___ __ __ __ __ 16 Literature cited_________________ ,... ___ __ _____ __ _ _ __ __ ___ ___ ____ _ __ _ _ __ _ 19 Appendix____________________ .. __ .~___ ___ ____ ___ __ __ ___ ___ _____ __ _ __ ____ 22 Washington, D.C. Issued June 1965 Cytology of Saccharum robustum and related sympatric species and natural hybrids 1 By S.Ul PRICE, geneticist, Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service Dutch sugarcane sp<lcinJists col­ fully intended to name the Ilew lected wild Saccharum fl'Ont nOI,th­ species Saccharu.m sanctum, the holy ern Celebes and south~ast Bomeo cune, but his in ten tion rema.ined in 1921. In the breeding piots of unfulfilled. the Proefstation Oost-J nva (PO.T) , In 1928 n sugllrcane-collecting the Tanangge clone:.- from the Cel­ expedition to New Guinea (6) also ebes lLne! the 'reboe Salah (01' 1'ebu found wild Saccharum that agreed Snlah) clones from Bomeo exhibitf.'d with no described species. It grew fentul'es of two distinct specie,; !lIong the silty bnnks of several New (10).~ In certain minute floml char­ Guinen rivers. It hnd large pani­ tlcteristics and in luwing htll'd cles n,nd large exposed stalks nnd fibrous stalks that lacked sweet lacked rhizomes. The collectors juice, they re~embled wild S. spo/!­ called these clones S. 1'0bustllm, but tanewn L. In h!lving hll'ge com­ this name remained undocumented pound paniC'les illld hu'ge exposed until Gmssl (19) described S. 1'0­ stnlks and in lltcking" rhizomes, they bustllm Brandes & Jeswiet ex Grassl. reSell1 bled "noble" sugtlrCane, S. Clone 2S N.G. 251 from the Laloki ojJicinaruln L. Bremer' (10, 12, 1S) River near Port ~foresby becnme learned thn.t Ttlntll1gge n nd 'l'eboe the type. Snlahs, with one exception, hnd J. Jeswiet, first one of the 1928 2n=60 chromosomes. The excep­ expedition to find S. robustum, later tional done hnd 2n=89-90 and concluded thnt 1'anangge and Teboe probably arose from hybridization. Stllah clones belonged to the same Bremer pointed out that forms with species (11). When 2n=80 not 2n=60 could not be intel'llleditltc 2n=60 was found in Port Moresby hybrids uetween S. ojJicinaram., S. robustll1n (actually first nccounts 2n=80, and sympntric S. span­ incorrectly reported 2n=84) Jeswi­ taneUtn, 2n=80, 96, or 112. He el's view became unpopular, Nev­ concluded tiltLt he WtlS dettling with ertheless, as further expeditions an unnamed species. Acconling to filled sugarcnne breeders' collections C. L. Rumke,3 O. Posthumus with clones identified as S. robustum, (POJ) , who collected wild Sac­ it became increasingly difficult to charum from Borneo and the Oele­ distinguish 60- from 80-chromosome bes in 1930, recHlled that the Dyaks forms' by their morphology, The of Bomeo planted Teboe Salah to task WtlS complicated by the exist­ ward off evil spirits, Posthumus ence of mnny nneuploid derivntives from hydridizntion. Finally, it 1 In cooperation with the Hawaiian seemed advisable to include both Sugar Planters' Association. 60- and SO-chromosome forms in 8. 2 Italic IIl1111bers in parentheses refer to J~iterature Cited, p. 19. robostum. und to distinguish groups J Personal communication. within the species on the combined 1 2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 1337, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE basis of tllorphological and cytologi­ groups are documented with a list cal characteristic,; (3.9). Neither of clones, their chromosome num­ alone would do. bel's, and their origins. Their geo­ This bulletin describes the cy­ graphical distribution is discussed. tology and gross morphology of The cytology of closely related wild S. robllstum and of related hybrid species from the geographic range deri vatives. Oytomorphological of S. rob1lstum is included. SOURCES OF MATERIAL The World Sugarcane Oollection Industry. Several of the clones of the United States Department eventually reached the USDA's of Agriculture (USDA) and the World Sugarcane Oollection. su,;arcane-bl'eeding collection of the 1\. 1928 sugarcane-collecting ex­ H,Hvaiian Sugar Planters' Associa­ pedition to New Guinea (6) was ti:m (HSPA) were immediate sponsored by the USDA and was sources of the elones studied. Theil' led by E. W. Brandes (USDA), original SOlll'ces nre shown in Ap­ J. Jeswiet (POJ) , and O. E. Pem­ pendix, table 1. Clones derived berton (HSPA). After J eswiet from seeds collected in the wild found the large-stemmed clone, 28 '.1I1YO "U.S." numbers if gl'Own by N.G. 251, neal' Port Moresby, the the USDA; they lut \'e "~r olokni" party collected similar S. l'Obustl£m numberR if g['()wn by HSPA (Ap­ as well as S. spontanell1n from the pendix, table 1). Exceptions itre Kemp Welsh River, S. 7'obustllm the clones X. B. Robustum, 28 from Lae, "red-fleshed" S. l'obllstnm X.G. 2R9, 2S X.G. 290, 28 N.G. fOrl1111 sangllinellm Grassl from the 291, and 2R X.G. 292, which lllso Sepik River, a hairy-leafed S. grew from :-;eed collections. All I'Ob!lstlim (a Teboe Salah t.ype?) other clones :-;tudied were first col­ from the Strickland River, and lected ns cu ttingR. El'ianthlls a1'1mdinaCe1Ls (Retz.) The clones ,yere nssembled for Jesw. from Lake :Murray. Their many yeill's by SUgnl'cane specinlists collections have "28 N.G." num­ from se\'cl'lll countries. SUgal'cane bers. Representative clones from collccting in the islands of the neal' Port ),:Ioresby, the Kemp Pacific hegan \'ery early (3, 7), but Welsh River, and Lake Murray in the geographicnl l'llnge of S. survi\Ted. In 1937, after repeated robllstllm wild l'elati \'es of sugarcane correspondence and through the were ignored. In 1921, howe\rer, independent efforts of G. H. Mur­ Ph. van HalTe\'eld (POJ) collected ray, Director of Agriculture, Terri­ Tanangge clones and Tabongo, a tory of New Guinea, and Father clone of S. spontaneum, from the F. J. Kirschbaum, a missionary in northern Celebes; in the same year New Guinea, Brandes (9) obtained J. G. ,Yo AspersIng (POJ) collected two replacements for the red-fleshed TeboeSalnhs from southeast Borneo form that had died. These replace­ (10). ments appear in the World Oollec­ In 1930, O. Posthumas collected tion as 28 N.G. 219 and 28 N.G. 'l'eboe Salahs, S. sponlanetlm, and 219A. JJ;liscant!ws spp. along Borneo's In 1929, C. E. Pemberton col­ Mahakam RiYer ancl Teboe Salahs lected seeds from a wild Saccharum and S. spontanell1n in the central plant near Rabaul, New Britain. Celebes ncar Paloc (13). He made Germination of these seeds gave these collections for the Jlwa Sugar rise to HSPA's clone N. B. Ro­ CYTOLOGY OF SACCHARUM ROBUSTUM 3 bustum and to the USDA's clones along the Markham River, near 28 N.G. 289 and 28 N.G. 290. In Aiyura, and in the Ko'mperi Valley. 1930 Percival H. Leigh, agricultural More important, they extended officer of Port Moresby, New their exploration to new areas in Guinea, sent S. robllstum seeds col­ N e'" Guinea's high interior around lected near Port Moresby to HSPA Goroka, Chimbu, Mt. Hagen, and where they gave rise to clones Mendi. Among their collections Molokai 1101-1410. In 1935, he were S. rObllstlLm, S. spontaneum, sent S. spontaneum seeds to the "Nliscanth1lS fioridublS (Labill) Warb. USDA where they gave rise to 28 ex Sehum. & Laut., and suspected N.G. 291 and 28 N.G. 292. SaccharlL1n X.1Vliscanth'lls hybrids. Brandes collected S. robustum clone Clones they collected as cuttings N.H. 1 in 1935 from the New have "51 N.G." numbers. Warner's Hebrides (3, 7). seed collections were germinated by The Hawaiian Sugn,r Planters' HSPA ilnd the seedlings have "Mo­ Association sponsored a 1937 ex­ lokai" numbers. They are identi­ pedition to New Guinea, New fied by "'N" collection numbers in Britain, New Ireland, and New Appendix, table 1. Hanover (24). On this expedition, In 1957 Warner and Grassl (48) C. G. Lennox and C. E. Pemberton revisited :\lelanesia and collected collected seeds from New Britian's in severul ltreas visited by their Gazelle Peninsuht, from New predecessors; also, they extended Guinea's eastel'll goldfields near their expedition to ne\\. sites in WIlU and Bulolo, from the high Papua, in the Territory of New plateaus abo,'e the goldfield::; near Guinell, in Irian Barat (formerly Aiyura, and from the Ko'mperi Dutch New Guinea), and in the Valley at the Purari River head­ Solomon Islands.