Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area Air Quality in Epping Forest District

2019 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

November 2020

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Epping Forest District Council

Local Authority Claire Jaggard Officer Department Public Health Team Civic Offices, High Street, Address Epping, Essex CM16 4BZ Telephone 01992 564000

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference WK/202044100 number Date November, 2020

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 Epping Forest District Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area Air Quality in Epping Forest District

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

The Council continues to monitor air quality across the district, using nitrogen dioxide as the key indicator. Air quality in the district is reasonably good with only small pockets of increased concentrations of pollution related to vehicle emissions, which are limited to congested high street areas and busy junctions.

The results for 2018 indicate an improvement in nitrogen dioxide concentrations across the district, with just one location measuring a slight rise in its annual mean concentration.

The Council retains one small Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) near the B1393 / Theydon Road junction at Epping, Bell Common. Although the concentration measured here remains above the 40µg/m3 annual mean objective, it has reduced from 64µg/m3 to 55µg/m3. As this is below 60µg/m3 (the concentration used to determine if the hourly objective is likely to be exceeded) should we continue to measure concentrations at this level we will be able to consider a revocation of the AQMA in respect of the 1-hourly objective in the future. Details of the Epping Bell Common AQMA (No.2) can be found at: http://www.essexair.org.uk/AQInEssex/LA/EppingForest.aspx?View=aqma , alternatively a map showing its location can be found in Appendix D of this document.

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 i Epping Forest District Council

At the start of 2018 additional nitrogen dioxide monitoring locations were set up in Buckhurst Hill and Ongar in order to better understand the concentrations in busy and congested areas.

No new significant sources of emissions were identified, nor were any new AQMAs declared, however the results highlighted that additional monitoring would be prudent at further locations in Ongar and Chigwell to enable a better understanding of the concentrations in these areas.

The Council continues to work with our partners including Essex County Council and the Environment Agency on environmental protection and air quality matters.

Actions to Improve Air Quality

Because the single largest influence on air quality in the District is from motor vehicles, the Council is generally reliant on national strategies and vehicle emissions regulations for the improvement of air quality.

The Council is currently reviewing its Air Quality Action Plan with a view to introducing a new range of measures aimed at reducing concentrations of pollutants, both within the AQMA at Epping Bell Common, and across the district. Measures will be aimed at developing appropriate infrastructure to support the anticipated increased uptake in electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, as well as promoting sustainable transport choices by both local businesses and residents. In addition, we are still exploring possibilities of taking steps that will directly improve the traffic flow at the Epping Bell Common AQMA however we have been unable to progress this at this time.

Conclusions and Priorities

The results from diffusion tube monitoring undertaken show that the annual mean concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the district has reduced or stayed the same during 2018 at all except one location in Waltham Abbey (where the increase was just 1µg/m3). Concentrations at ‘3.Epping Bell Vue’ continue to be elevated due to the amount of road traffic using the B1393. The concentration here was significantly lower than that measured in 2017. Should it continue to be below 60µg/m3, we will be able to consider amending the AQMA to remove the designation in respect of the 1-hourly mean objective. The results continue to show that the annual mean objective

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 ii Epping Forest District Council concentration is still exceeded. No exceedances were identified outside of the Air Quality Management Area where relevant receptors were present.

Particular challenges faced by Epping Forest Council include an ageing bus fleet which provides a rural transport service to the northern half of the district, where the London transport network ends. This also means that the motor car remains the first transport choice for many residents.

At present local priorities are aimed at the overall improvement of air quality via a range of methods. These include raising awareness of the impact of log burners, idling vehicles, and changing habits especially with regards to the choice of transport methods. We are developing a new Action Plan in which we hope to introduce a more targeted focus on the AQMA.

Local Engagement and How to get Involved

Get involved – it’s easy! Ride your bike, walk or scoot to work, walk your children to school. Make it fun!

If you must use your car and you are waiting for others or find yourself stuck in traffic, turn your engine off! As well as wasting money and polluting the environment, idling is illegal.

Have you considered updating your vehicle to an electric or plug-in hybrid? There may be grants available to assist with the cost of doing so.

The Essex Air Web site can provide you with useful information which may help you get out and about, see: http://www.essexair.org.uk/

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iii Epping Forest District Council Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in Epping Forest District ...... i Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... ii Conclusions and Priorities ...... ii Local Engagement and How to get Involved ...... iii 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 1 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 2 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 2 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Epping Forest District ...... 4

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations...... 8 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 10 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 10 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 12 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 12 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 12

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 12

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10) ...... 13

3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) ...... 14

3.2.4 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) ...... 14 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 15 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018 ...... 25 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 32 Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs ...... 35 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 42 Glossary of Terms ...... 443 References ...... 44

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 iv Epping Forest District Council

List of Tables

Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 3 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 7

Table A.1 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 15

Table A.2 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 18

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2018 ...... 26 Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 42

List of Figures

Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Epping Bell Common Air Quality Management Area (No.2) ...... 22

Figure A.2 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at Epping ………………23

Figure A.3 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at Loughton…………….24

Figure A.4 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations at Waltham Abbey….....25

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 v Epping Forest District Council

1 Local Air Quality Management

This report provides an overview of air quality in Epping Forest District during 2018. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Epping Forest District Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Table E.1 in Appendix E.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 1 Epping Forest District Council

2 Actions to Improve Air Quality

2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of compliance with the objectives.

A summary of AQMAs declared by Epping Forest District Council can be found in Table 2.1. Further information related to declared or revoked AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available online at https://essexair.org.uk/AQInEssex/LA/EppingForest.aspx?View=aqma

Alternatively, see Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs, which provides a map showing the location of the Epping Bell Common AQMA (No.2) as well as a number of maps showing the locations of other monitoring sites throughout the district.

We do not propose to make any changes to the Epping Bell Common (No.2) AQMA, and no other declarations are required at this time.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 2 Epping Forest District Council

Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas Is air Level of Exceedance quality in (maximum the AQMA monitored/modelled Action Plan Pollutants influenced concentration at a location AQMA Date of and Air City / One Line by roads of relevant exposure) Name Declaration Quality Town Description controlled Objectives by At Date of Now Name Link Highways Declaration Publication England? An area AQMA encompassing Nitrogen Epping 2 properties at Air See Declared dioxide: Bell Forest the junction of Quality comments 1st August Annual Common, NO 68 µg/m3 55 µg/m3 2012 District Epping High Action below 2010 mean Epping Council Road and Plan table Objective No.2 Theydon Road. An area AQMA encompassing Nitrogen Epping 2 properties at Air See Declared dioxide: Bell Forest the junction of Quality comments 1st August 1-hour Common, NO 68 µg/m3 55 µg/m3 2012 District Epping High Action below 2010 mean Epping Council Road and Plan table Objective No.2 Theydon Road.

☒ Epping Forest District Council confirm the information on UK-Air regarding their AQMA is up to date

The Council is working on a comprehensive updated Action Plan. We have been unable to complete this to date due to unavoidable delays with the Local Plan which have prevented major stakeholders from engaging in discussions. We are currently working on a range of general measures to improve air quality across the district and will publish these in the updated Action Plan together with measures to specifically address the AQMA as soon as we are in a position to do so.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 3 Epping Forest District Council

2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Epping Forest District

Defra’s appraisal of last year’s ASR concluded that on the basis of the evidence provided by the local authority the conclusions reached were acceptable for all sources and pollutants, with the provisos listed in the commentary. The commentary made suggestions for improving future monitoring, which have since been implemented and results will be reported in the 2020 ASR. It also suggested further discussion around the estimated averages for the fraction of mortality attributable to PM2.5 in the Public Health Outcomes Framework. This has been addressed in this report, as well as making changes to the attached tables, standardising the references and names of monitoring locations to enable easier comparisons to be made.

Epping Forest District Council has taken forward a number of direct measures during the current reporting year of 2018 in pursuit of improving local air quality. Details of the measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table 2.2. These measures have been funded from existing resources.

Air quality has been a consideration in the Councils emerging local plan and greater liaison with regards to development and its impact on air quality takes place as a result.

Epping Forest District Council expects the following measures to be completed over the course of the next reporting year:

➢ Clean Air Day – undertake additional promotional work outside schools, focussing on known problem areas, speaking to parents in vehicles and also raising awareness with the children.

➢ Idling vehicles promotion campaign – Raise awareness of the impacts of idling vehicles and that idling is an offence that may lead to the issuing of an FPN. This is to include commercial vehicles.

➢ Targeted enforcement in respect of idling vehicles (subsequent to promotional campaign), especially of taxis and buses at train stations.

➢ Use of powers granted to nominated officers in respect of the issuing of fixed penalty notices (FPNs) for the idling of stationary vehicles.

➢ Liaising with Epping Forest Conservators and Essex County Council Highways Department in relation to options to improve air quality in the Air Quality

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 4 Epping Forest District Council

Management Area, with the aim of making sufficient progress to continue updating the Air Quality Action Plan.

➢ Liaising with internal departments regarding the emerging Local Plan to ensure that policies facilitate mitigation to protect human health going forward.

➢ Work with Development Control to update standard conditions placed on planning applications, to ensure that they address current and future issues as a result of development.

Epping Forest District Council’s priorities for the coming year are:

➢ Continue liaison with key partners including Essex County Council Highways Department with regards to workable options that will address air quality issues in the Epping Bell Common AQMA. Discussions will be informed by outputs from air quality modelling commissioned by the Council to support the emerging Local Plan. These review the potential for longer term improvements in air quality arising from interventions together with the application of policies proposed in the Plan. As soon as we are in a position to, we will publish a revised Air Quality Action Plan.

➢ Targeted enforcement of idling vehicles where complaints are received and following the promotional campaign

➢ Further enhance our programme of nitrogen dioxide monitoring to ensure that busy and congested roads are fully assessed, and appropriate action can therefore be taken in the event that elevated concentrations are identified.

The principal challenges and barriers to implementation that Epping Forest District Council anticipates facing are:

➢ Availability of land adjacent to the Epping Bell Common AQMA which would facilitate making adjustments to the road network and therefore improve traffic flow throughout the area

➢ Effective partnership working where interests and required outcomes differ.

➢ Financial costs of implementing preferred options for measures to reduce pollution concentrations

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 5 Epping Forest District Council

Progress on the following measures has been slower than expected due to:

➢ Local Plan: The Local Plan has been delayed following a legal challenge which prevented it from being submitted.

➢ Air Quality Action Plan update: there are very limited direct actions that will be effective in reducing concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in the Epping Bell Common AQMA. A knock on effect of the delay to the Local Plan is that it has not been possible to progress the possibility of implementing any of these at this time. However, as a result of further assessment of Air Quality in the vicinity due to the content of the Local Plan, it is hoped that this delay will enable better focus and effectiveness of measures.

Whilst the measures stated above and in Table 2.2 will help to contribute towards compliance, Epping Forest District Council anticipates that further additional measures not yet prescribed will be required in subsequent years to achieve compliance and enable the revocation of the Epping Bell Common AQMA No.2. These will be fully considered as part of the new Action Plan, which will be completed as soon as we are able to assess the impact of the emerging Local Plan.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 6 Epping Forest District Council

Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Organisations Estimated / Key Reduction in Comments / Measure EU EU involved and Planning Implementation Progress to Actual Measure Performance Pollutant / Emission Barriers to No. Category Classification Funding Phase Phase Date Completion Indicator from Measure implementation Source Date Introduction / increase of Environment environment 100% of Applicable to the Environment 100% completed 1 al Permitting charges through EFDC N/A N/A inspections whole district no just 100% to date Ongoing al Permits during 2017 Inspections permit systems due completed the AQMA and economic instruments Updates to Applicable to the Public Website updates 2 Essex Air Via the Internet Essex Air N/A N/A None whole district no just Ongoing Ongoing Information undertaken Website the AQMA Company Vehicle Electric vehicles Fleet Promoting Procurement - Applicable to the have replaced some Vehicle Low 3 Prioritising EFDC 2017 TBC TBC whole district no just Ongoing Ongoing corporate vehicles. standards Emission uptake of low the AQMA Further work for CO2 Transport emission required. vehicles

New measures will be incorporated into this table following the completion of the Councils revised Air Quality Action Plan.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 7 Epping Forest District Council

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and/or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

Epping Forest District Council is taking the following measures to address PM2.5:

Existing / Ongoing Measures:

➢ Authorisation of officers to issue fixed penalty notices in respect of idling vehicles on the public highway (May 2018)

➢ Effective regulation of Part B and Part A2 regulated activities including solvent emission activities.

➢ Investigation of complaints regarding, and regular reviews to search for unpermitted industrial activities.

➢ Investigation of complaints and effective regulation in respect of industrial and domestic bonfires.

➢ Investigation of complaints, provision of information and effective regulation of smoke control areas (Loughton and Waltham Abbey).

➢ Participation in ‘Clean Air Day’ anti-idling promotion initiatives with a focus outside schools.

➢ Consideration of planning applications in respect of dust creation on building sites and appropriate mitigation strategies.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 8 Epping Forest District Council

The above measures will link to the Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator ‘D01 : Fraction of mortality attributable to particulate air pollution’ and help to bring about a reduction in particulate air pollution (PM2.5).

This Public Health Outcomes Framework Indicator for Epping Forest shows that the district has a higher percentage of mortality attributed to particulate air pollution than both the East of England and England. The percentage has been tracking above the regional and national percentages by approximately 0.4% and 0.7% respectively in recent years. The percentages for 2018 are as follows:

Epping Forest District 5.9%

East of England 5.5%

England 5.2%

Further information regarding this indicator can be found at: https://fingertips.phe.org.uk/public-health-outcomes- framework#page/4/gid/1000043/pat/6/par/E12000006/ati/301/are/E07000072/iid/30 101/age/230/sex/4/cid/4/tbm/1/page-options/ovw-do-0

As Epping Forest District Council do not currently undertake monitoring of particulate matter (either PM10 or PM2.5), we are unable to determine the effectiveness of measures in reducing concentrations of this pollutant. It is anticipated that the measures already being taken in respect of other pollutants will assist in the reduction of both primary PM2.5 and secondary PM2.5.

As the District comprises of a mainly urban south and mainly rural north, the approaches to reduce PM2.5 will differ according to the sources present in the local area. As much PM2.5 within the district will have originated outside of the district, we will continue to work with neighbouring authorities to achieve a consistent approach to air quality improvement.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 9 Epping Forest District Council 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance

3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

The monitoring undertaken in 2018 was a continuation of that undertaken by Epping Forest District Council in 2017 with the following alterations:

Additional nitrogen dioxide monitoring locations were set up at the start of 2018:

• 25. Buckhurst Hill, Palmerston Road • 26. Buckhurst Hill, Roding Lane • 27. Ongar, 131 High Street • 28. Ongar, Queens Terrace A414 • 29. Ongar, 3 Bowes Drive • 30. Ongar, 31 Bowes Drive • 31. Ongar, 51 Bowes Drive

The monitoring locations in Buckhurst Hill were chosen in order to better assess concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in the vicinity of the crossroads between Palmerston Road, Roding Lane, Victoria Road and Loughton Way. This is a busy area close to the Underground station, with congestion during times of peak traffic flow. There are residential properties along the road, and it was therefore necessary to quantify the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in the vicinity.

Monitoring locations ‘27. Ongar 131 High Street’ and ‘28.Ongar Queens Terrace A414’ were set up in response to concerns that whilst Heavy Goods Vehicles regularly use Ongar High Street, there were no monitoring locations in the town and therefore the level of pollution was not known.

The 3 monitoring locations in Ongar, Bowes Drive were set up specifically to monitor the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in the environment as a result of the operations of the Epping Ongar Heritage Railway. This study was originally

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 10 Epping Forest District Council undertaken in 2013 and it was considered appropriate to repeat it to determine whether concentrations remained under the objective concentrations.

Monitoring was discontinued at: • Buckhurst Hill, Westbury Lane • Waltham Abbey, Howse Road • Waltham Abbey, Burrows Close

The Buckhurst Hill Westbury Lane location measured concentrations below 30µg/m3 and it was felt that the diffusion tubes would be better utilised elsewhere in the district where they may identify elevated concentrations. Likewise, the Waltham Abbey locations did not record concentrations above the annual mean objective and as they were close to the Hayden Road monitoring location, which remains in place, it was considered that this location provided an adequate measurement for this area.

The majority of concentrations monitored in 2018 revealed a downward trend across the district. Three sites measured the same annual average concentration of nitrogen dioxide as 2017 (‘5.Epping High Street Superdrug’, ‘11.Loughton, Goldings Hill’, and ‘13.Roydon, High Street’) and only one site (‘19. Waltham Abbey, Hayden Road’) showed an increase, of 1µg/m3 .

No changes to declarations are proposed at this time however if this trend continues, this will be something that can be considered in the future.

Following consideration of results obtained to date, additional nitrogen dioxide monitoring locations will be set up with effect from January 2019. These will provide a better understanding of concentrations along busy and congested sections of road in Ongar, Chigwell, and in the vicinity of the Epping Bell Common AQMA. In addition to this, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide on the façade of a residential property at Epping Underground Station is to be measured.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 11 Epping Forest District Council

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

Epping Forest District Council did not undertake automatic (continuous) monitoring during 2018. National monitoring results are available at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Epping Forest District Council undertook non- automatic (passive) monitoring of

NO2 at 31 sites during 2018. Table A.1.1 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites.

Maps showing the location of the monitoring sites are provided in Appendix D. Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) for the diffusion tubes, including bias adjustments and distance correction, are included in Appendix C.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for bias, “annualisation” and distance correction. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A. in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

For diffusion tubes, the full 2018 dataset of monthly mean values is provided in Appendix B.

An exccedance of the annual mean objective was monitored at the following site:

➢ ‘3. Epping, Bell Vue’ (55µg.m3)

This monitoring location is representative of relevant exposure as it is located on the façade of a residential property. No distance calculation is therefore required for this site. As the concentration recorded is above 40µg/m3 the annual objective for nitrogen dioxide has been exceeded, however as it was below 60 µg/m3 it can be assumed that the hourly objective of 200 µg/m3 has not been exceeded more than 18 times during 2018. This monitoring location is located within the Epping Bell Common AQMA, which has been declared for both an exceedance of the hourly

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 12 Epping Forest District Council and annual mean objectives. Should the annual mean concentration for nitrogen dioxide continue to be below 60µg/m3, the Council will look to revoke the delcaration of the AQMA for the 1-hourly mean only, however at this time the Council will continue to monitor concentrations in order that a decision as to whether this is appropriate can be made in the future.

As one of the triplicate tubes at ‘1.Chigwell, Hainault Road’ measured slightly over the 40µg/m3 objective (raw data) a distance from road calculation was undertaken for that site. This resulted in all 3 results being significantly below the objective concentration, with an average of 30µg/m3. This location therefore did not exceed the objective in 2018 and further action is not required.

No other locations measured annual mean concentrations in excess of the objective, and no further designations are therefore required at this time.

The graph in Appendix A, Figure A.1 shows the trend of monitoring data at ‘3. Epping, Bell Vue’, located within the AQMA. This chart also reflects the recent results that were obtained from the alternative monitoring location during 2015 and 2016. Whilst the result from 2017 did not show an improvement in concentrations compared to 2013 and 2014, the 2018 annual mean concentration has improved signigficantly, being lower than all other results obtained since 2011. Whilst it cannot be ruled out that this decrease is a result of meterological conditions during 2018, it is welcomed and the Council will work towards continued improvement to reduce concentrations to below the annual mean objective.

The remaining graphs in Appendix A, Figures A.2, A.3, and A.4 show trends of monitoring data obtained from Epping, Loughton, and Waltham Abbey. Whilst concentrtions fluctuate over time, there is a continued overall trend in favour of a reduction in nitrogen dioxide concentrations at most sites during 2018.

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10)

Particulate Matter (PM10) moniotirng is not undertaken in the district.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 13 Epping Forest District Council

3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Particulate Matter (PM2.5) monitoring is not undertaken in the district, and because

Particulate Matter (PM10) is not undertaken either, it is not possible to estimate

PM2.5 from PM10.

3.2.4 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)

Sulphur dioxide monitoring is not undertaken in the district.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 14 Epping Forest District Council

Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites Distance Distance Tube to kerb to collocated X OS Y OS Pollutants In of Height Site ID Site Name Site Type Relevant with a Grid Ref Grid Ref Monitored AQMA? nearest (m) Exposure Continuous road (m) (m) (1) Analyser? (2) 1 : Chigwell: Hainault Kerbside 544234 192236 NO2 NO 8.5 1 NO 2 Hainault Road Road 2 : Epping: 15 15 High Urban 541320 200020 NO2 NO 0 13.7 NO 2 High Street Street Background 3 : Epping: Bell Bell Vue Roadside 544928 201281 NO2 YES 0 1.8 NO 2 Vue 4 : Epping: High High Street Street (Ladbrokes) Roadside 546196 202355 NO2 NO 0 5.6 NO 2.5 (Ladbrokes) 5 : Epping: High High Street Street (Superdrug) Roadside 546058 202193 NO2 NO 0 4 NO 2.5 (Superdrug) 6 : Hastingwood: A414 (Canes Urban A414 (Canes Cottages) 547838 206819 NO2 NO 0 15.6 NO 2 Background Cottages) 7 : Loughton: 1 1 Church Hill Roadside 542505 196668 NO2 NO 0 4.2 NO 2 Church Hill 8 : Loughton: 72 72 Church Urban 542664 196868 NO2 NO 0 12.7 NO 2 Church Hill Hill Background 9 : Loughton: 249 High 249 High Road Road Roadside 542339 196360 NO2 NO 0 6.4 NO 2 (Timpson) (Timpson) 10:Loughton: 252 High 252 High Rd Road Roadside 542373 196478 NO2 NO 0 5.7 NO 2 (Bojangles) (Bojangles)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 15 Epping Forest District Council

11:Loughton: Goldings Hill Roadside 543091 197316 NO2 NO 4.8 1 NO 2 Goldings Hill 12 : North Weald Tempest Urban 549648 203671 NO2 NO 4.2 1 NO 2 : Tempest Mead Mead Background 13 : Roydon: High Street Roadside 540919 209956 NO2 NO 0.75 1.2 NO 2 High Street 14 : Roydon: Netherhall Urban 539711 208662 NO2 NO 16 1.7 NO 2 Netherhall Road Road Background 15:Sewardstone: Sewardstone Sewardstone Road (Albion Roadside 537727 196187 NO2 NO 3.1 4.6 NO 2 Road (Albion Terrace) Terrace) 16 : Waltham 13 The Elms Urban Abbey: 13 The 541308 200037 NO2 NO 0 36.6 NO 2 Centre Elms 17 : Waltham 15 The Elms Urban Abbey: 15 The 541320 200020 NO2 NO 0 55.8 NO 2 Background Elms 18 : Waltham Abbeyview Urban Abbey: 537808 200644 NO2 NO 6.1 1.5 NO 2 Background Abbeyview 19 : Waltham Hayden Urban Abbey: Hayden Road 538386 199557 NO2 NO 0 12 NO 2 Background Road 20 : Waltham Lodge Lane Abbey: Lodge Roadside 538710 199860 NO2 NO 7.3 0.5 NO 2 Lane 21 : Waltham Roundhills Urban Abbey: 538954 199973 NO2 NO 6.7 1 NO 2 Background Roundhills 22 : Buckhurst BHH Hill: Underground Roadside 541719 193979 NO2 NO 7 1.6 NO 2 Underground Station Station 23 : Buckhurst High Road Hill: High Road (St Johns Roadside 540902 194240 NO2 NO 11 2.5 NO 2 (St Johns School) School)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 16 Epping Forest District Council

24 : Sheering: Sheering Roadside 548842 212102 NO2 NO 30 2 NO 2 Sheering Road Road 25 : Buckhurst Palmerston Hill: Palmerston Road Roadside 541723 194041 NO2 NO 0 4 NO 2 Road 26 : Buckhurst Roding Lane Hill: Roding Roadside 541913 194020 NO2 NO 5 2 NO 2 Lane 27 : Ongar: 131 131 High Roadside 555253 202921 NO2 NO 0 1 NO 2 High Street Street 28 : Ongar: Queens Queens Terrace Terrace, Roadside 555125 203944 NO2 NO 0 7 NO 2 A414 A414 Ongar 29 : Ongar: 3 3 Bowes Other 555117 203531 NO2 NO 0 17 NO 2 Bowes Drive Drive 30 : Ongar: 21 21 Bowes Other 555044 203530 NO2 NO 0 19 NO 2 Bowes Drive Drive 31 : Ongar: 51 51 Bowes Other 554906 203550 NO2 NO 0 16 NO 2 Bowes Drive Drive

Notes: (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property). (2) N/A if not applicable.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 17 Epping Forest District Council

Table A.2 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results

Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture Type Monitoring 2018 (%) (2) Period (%) (1) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 1 : Chigwell: Kerbside Automatic 100 100 35 39 48 39 Hainault Road 45 2 : Epping: 15 Urban Diffusion 100 100 31 25 28 24 High Street Background Tube 28 3 : Epping: Diffusion Roadside 100 100 63 42(4) 46(4) 55 Bell Vue Tube 64 4 : Epping: Diffusion High Street Roadside 100 100 36 34 33 28 Tube 31 (Ladbrokes) 5 : Epping: Diffusion High Street Roadside 100 100 42 36 39 36 Tube 36 (Superdrug) 6 : Hastingwood: Urban Diffusion 100 100 26 16 26 22 A414 (Canes Background Tube 26 Cottages) 7 : Loughton: Diffusion Roadside 100 100 35# 28 33 25 1 Church Hill Tube 27 8 : Loughton: Urban Diffusion 100 100 28 26 27 23 72 Church Hill Background Tube 26 9 : Loughton: 249 High Diffusion Roadside 100 100 38 32 36 32 Road Tube 33 (Timpson) 10 : Loughton: 252 High Diffusion Roadside 100 100 38 34 39 32 Road Tube 38 (Bojangles) 11 : Loughton: Diffusion Roadside 100 100 37 45 42 39 39 Goldings Hill Tube

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 18 Epping Forest District Council

12 : North Weald: Urban Diffusion 100 100 20 19 19 16 Tempest Background Tube 18 Mead 13 : Roydon: Diffusion Roadside 100 100 25 22 24 23 High Street Tube 23 14 : Roydon: Urban Diffusion Netherhall 100 100 21 21 21 17 Background Tube 18 Road 15 : Sewardstone: Diffusion Sewardstone Roadside 100 100 33 27 34 30 Tube 33 Road (Albion Terrace) 16 : Waltham Diffusion Abbey: 13 Urban Centre 100 100 32 32 34 27 Tube 32 The Elms 17 : Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: 15 100 100 30 30 31 28 Background Tube 30 The Elms 18 : Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: 100 100 28 23 29 25 Background Tube 28 Abbeyview 19 : Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: 100 100 31 29 30 27 Background Tube 26 Hayden Road 20 : Waltham Diffusion Abbey: Lodge Roadside 100 100 30 28 35 33 31 Tube Lane 21 : Waltham Urban Diffusion Abbey: 100 100 34 24 30 27 Background Tube 31 Roundhills 22 : Buckhurst Hill: Diffusion Roadside 100 100 - - 33 29 Underground Tube 31 Station

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 19 Epping Forest District Council

23 : Buckhurst Hill: High Diffusion Roadside 100 100 - - 34 29 Road (St Tube 32 Johns School) 24 : Sheering: Diffusion Sheering Roadside 100 100 - - 33 27 Tube 29 Road 25 : Buckhurst Hill: Diffusion Roadside 100 100 - - - - 23 Palmerston Tube Road 26 : Buckhurst Diffusion Hill: Roding Roadside 94.44 100 - - - - 37 Tube Lane 27 : Ongar: Diffusion 131 High Roadside 97.22 100 - - - - 38 Tube Street 28 : Ongar: Diffusion Queens Roadside 100 100 - - - - 27 Tube Terrace A414 29 : Ongar: 3 Diffusion Other 100 41.67 - - - - 16 Bowes Drive Tube 30 : Ongar: 21 Diffusion Other 90 41.67 - - - - 16 Bowes Drive Tube 31 : Ongar: 51 Diffusion Other 100 41.67 - - - - 13 Bowes Drive Tube

☒ Diffusion tube data has been bias corrected ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75%

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%).

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 20 Epping Forest District Council

(3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Boxes 7.9 and 7.10 in LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details. (4) These results were obtained from an alternative monitoring location with advantageous dispersal of pollutants (Grid Reference 544944, 201293). This was considered not to reflect relevant exposure and therefore the monitoring location was returned to the façade of the property.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 21 Epping Forest District Council

Figure A.1 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Epping Bell Common Air Quality Management Area (No.2)

60 3. Epping: Bell Vue 50 Bell Common (alternative 40 location) Annual Objective 30

0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

This figure shows that the 2018 measured concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the Epping Bell Common Air Quality Management Area has decreased significantly from that measured in 2017. The dotted line reflects the concentrations recorded during 2015 and 2016 when the monitoring location was moved slightly away from the receptor property which resulted in a reduced concentration being measured at that alternative location. When the monitoring tube was restored to its previous location for 2017 it measured a similar result to that made in 2014 however the annual mean concentration measured in 2018 was the lowest recorded since 2011.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 22 Epping Forest District Council

Figure A.2 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Epping

2. Epping: 15 High 70 Street

3. Epping: 60 Bell Vue

3 50 Bell Common 40 (alternative location) 4. Epping: 30 Ladbrokes

20 5. Epping: Superdrug 10 Annual

Mean annual concentratrion µg/m concentratrion annual Mean 0 Objective 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year

This chart shows the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide measured in Epping. All locations show an improvement with the exception of ‘5. Epping Superdrug’, which remained stable. The only site to be above the annual mean objective was ‘3.Epping Bell Vue’ which is located in the Epping Bell Common AQMA.

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Figure A.3 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Loughton

50 3 45 7. Loughton: 2 Church Hill 40 8. Loughton: 72 35 Church Hill 30 9. Loughton: 249 High Road 25 10. Loughton: 252 20 High Road 15 11. Loughton: Goldings Hill 10 Annual Objective 5

Mean annual concentrations µg/m concentrations annual Mean 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year

This chart shows the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide measured from monitoring locations in Loughton were all under the objective. There was an improvement at all locations from the previous year.

It should be noted that whilst the ’11.Loughton Goldings Hill’ location has previously measured above the objective and is currently marginally below it, this location is not representative of public exposure. The closest residential property to this site is set back from the monitoring location.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 24 Epping Forest District Council

Figure A.4 – Trends in Annual Mean NO2 Concentrations in Waltham Abbey

40 16. Waltham Abbey: 13

The Elms 3 35 17. Waltham Abbey: 15 The Elms 30 18. Waltham Abbey: Abbeyview 25 19. Waltham Abbey: Hayden Road 20 20. Waltham Abbey: Lodge Lane 15 21. Waltham Abbey: 10 Roundhills

Meanannualconcentrations µg/m Annual Objective 5

0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Year

This chart shows concentrations of nitrogen dioxide measured at monitoring locations in Waltham Abbey have all remained under the objective level. There is a downward trend at all locations with the exception of ’17.Waltham Abbey Hayden Road’, which although it showed a 1µg/m3 increase, still recorded the second lowest concentration at that location since 2011.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 25 Epping Forest District Council

Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2018

Table B.1 – NO2 Monthly Diffusion Tube Results - 2018

3 NO2 Mean Concentrations (µg/m ) Annual Mean Distance Bias Site ID Corrected Adjusted Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Raw to (0.93) and Data Nearest Annualised Exposure (1) (2) 1 : Chigwell: Hainault Road A 51.1 52.3 55.2 54.2 49.7 29 52.1 42.5 48.3 56.5 61.3 49 50.10 38.08 29.20 1 : Chigwell: Hainault Road B 66.4 48.2 58.9 49.7 48.2 38.1 46 46.7 47.2 58.5 54.7 51.8 51.20 38.91 29.70 1 : Chigwell: Hainault Road C 62.4 62.1 61.6 50.3 48.5 42.5 49.1 46.2 46.4 57.1 59.7 53.8 53.31 40.51 30.60 2 : Epping: 15 High Street A 44.4 34.1 34.7 35.6 24.2 19.7 27.9 28.6 29.4 31.9 42.9 37.4 32.57 24.75 2 : Epping: 15 High Street B 34.4 32.2 38.9 33.2 24.4 18.3 28.2 27.3 28.9 32.2 43.7 43.1 32.07 24.37 2 : Epping: 15 High Street C 37.5 32.1 42.7 30.8 25.2 19 26.2 29.1 28.9 34.8 38.5 39.5 32.03 24.34 3 : Epping: Bell Vue A 71.3 74.7 84.1 76.6 67.9 56.9 79.8 71.7 80.2 67.7 68.1 79.8 73.23 55.66 55.66 3 : Epping: Bell Vue B 50 55.8 83.2 78.5 67.5 56.5 79.6 80.5 67.2 78.8 73.4 75.3 70.53 53.60 53.60 3 : Epping: Bell Vue C 90 66.2 77.5 74.4 61.8 53.7 67.1 73.8 69.8 76.6 74.2 84.1 72.43 55.05 55.05 4 : Epping: High Street (Ladbrokes) A 50.2 37.8 30.8 36.6 28.2 27.2 36.1 37.2 40 37.4 43.4 41.9 37.23 28.30

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 26 Epping Forest District Council

4 : Epping: High Street (Ladbrokes) B 48.5 38.5 42.6 40 29 28 36.2 35.1 39 36.7 41.1 35.2 37.49 28.49 4 : Epping: High Street (Ladbrokes) C 45.8 34.4 42.7 39.3 28.8 27.1 34.2 36.7 39.5 35.9 44.6 36.1 37.09 28.19 5 : Epping: High Street (Superdrug) A 44.4 58.6 48.6 48.9 40.9 48.6 39.9 39.9 46.3 54.8 41.5 46.58 35.40 5 : Epping: High Street (Superdrug) B 49 51.1 56.1 49.8 46.9 41.3 52.1 39.8 41.4 45.2 36.7 46.7 46.34 35.22 5 : Epping: High Street (Superdrug) C 52.6 51.6 59.2 53.8 44 43.2 53 44.2 41.1 44.4 52.8 46 48.83 37.11 6 : Hastingwood: A414 (Canes Cottages) A 29.6 32.9 13.2 30.1 26.2 19.5 25.1 30.6 32.5 33.4 35.5 28.05 21.32 6 : Hastingwood: A414 (Canes Cottages) B 25.2 31.6 36.6 28.2 23.2 20 25.2 26.3 30.4 35.4 27.9 30.7 28.39 21.58 6 : Hastingwood: A414 (Canes Cottages) C 27 37.8 27.6 25.8 19.6 25.8 29.3 32 33.7 36.3 29.49 22.41 7 : Loughton: 1 Church Hill A 40.7 35 42.5 32.8 27.9 28.7 26.3 26.1 30.8 33.5 39.9 38.3 33.54 25.49 7 : Loughton: 1 Church Hill B 39.9 39.7 39.1 32.9 28.9 28.1 26.7 26.5 28.4 30.9 42.1 36.6 33.32 25.32 8 : Loughton: 72 Church Hill A 38.1 36.7 37.7 29.8 26.4 19.9 27.1 25 24.8 33.1 37.3 38.5 31.20 23.71 8 : Loughton: 72 Church Hill B 36.5 28.5 34.7 31 24.7 20.1 24 25.4 27.3 32.4 36.1 37.9 29.88 22.71 9 : Loughton: 249 High Road (Timpson) A 51.1 41.5 51.1 43 41.2 32.5 45.1 39.7 34.7 38.1 49.1 40.5 42.30 32.15 9 : Loughton: 249 High Road (Timpson) B 46.7 41.4 54.9 47.2 39.8 34.7 47.5 40.5 33.7 47.1 43.8 43.39 32.98 9 : Loughton: 249 High Road (Timpson) C 47.1 43.1 51.8 46.1 38.5 36.7 42.8 40.7 35.6 39 44.6 42.36 32.20

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 27 Epping Forest District Council

10 : Loughton: 252 High Road (Bojangles) A 49.2 40.7 46.4 42.2 38.9 30.8 44 41.7 40.8 41.5 44.5 43.2 41.99 31.91 10 : Loughton: 252 High Road (Bojangles) B 52.9 42 45.1 42.7 39.1 31.6 42 44.4 39.6 36.2 42.3 47.1 42.08 31.98 11 : Loughton: Goldings Hill A 55.5 50.7 60.1 49.5 52 47 48.6 39.8 41.4 51.8 54 50.4 50.07 38.05 11 : Loughton: Goldings Hill B 58.5 55.9 62.4 49 52.6 49.9 49.3 44.6 41.1 50.9 57.8 51.7 51.98 39.50 12 : North Weald: Tempest Mead A 27 24.5 26.5 17.7 13.2 10.6 15.5 19.4 21.3 24 22.8 30.2 21.06 16.00 12 : North Weald: Tempest Mead B 28.2 19 25.3 19.4 16.8 10.8 15.9 18.7 22.2 24.2 24.9 26 20.95 15.92 12 : North Weald: Tempest Mead C 27.4 24.7 26.3 19.1 13.1 10.7 15.1 19.3 21.5 23.9 25.2 28.7 21.25 16.15 13 : Roydon: High Street A 35.7 28 36.4 27.5 22.4 15.8 23 23.8 24.9 32.5 47.8 34.9 29.39 22.34 13 : Roydon: High Street B 35.9 31.3 38.4 27.9 22.7 17 23.4 25.1 31.2 47.3 32.2 30.22 22.53 13 : Roydon: High Street C 37.8 33.8 36.3 26.5 23.1 16.8 23.9 24.6 25.1 34.8 49.2 33.8 30.48 23.16 14 : Roydon: Netherhall Road A 29.9 25.7 27.2 22.1 17.1 13.6 17 19.1 18.6 25.5 29.6 22.31 16.95 14 : Roydon: Netherhall Road B 31.1 25.7 28.3 22.2 17.8 12.3 17 19.9 20 24.7 28.7 22.52 17.11 14 : Roydon: Netherhall Road C 32.5 24.9 29.6 22.5 15.3 11.4 15.7 19.6 19.4 24.2 28 22.10 16.80 15 : Sewardstone: Sewardstone Road (Albion Terrace) A 38.1 32.4 49.7 39.3 38.6 32.1 41.6 35.2 36.4 47 49.4 36.4 39.68 30.16 15 : Sewardstone: Sewardstone Road (Albion Terrace) B 38.3 43.4 42.8 40.4 35.5 30.4 38.2 35.6 40.7 45.6 46 44.5 40.12 30.49 16 : Waltham Abbey: 13 The Elms A 43.2 42 35.8 37.5 30.4 32.5 34.5 35.4 41 32 31.5 35.98 27.35

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 28 Epping Forest District Council

16 : Waltham Abbey: 13 The Elms B 41.7 31.1 34.7 36.5 30.5 31.3 32.8 35.7 41.9 33.6 38.3 35.28 26.81 16 : Waltham Abbey: 13 The Elms C 44.5 41.3 34.8 35.7 30.2 31.8 34.2 35.8 40.3 32.9 38.2 36.34 27.62 17 : Waltham Abbey: 15 The Elms A 47.8 46.8 41.2 32.4 37.3 28.7 30.6 31.2 37.3 35 34.8 40.8 36.99 28.11 17 : Waltham Abbey: 15 The Elms B 50.4 38.9 41.4 34.8 35 29.4 31.3 31.4 34.7 39.8 33.3 41.8 36.85 28.01 17 : Waltham Abbey: 15 The Elms C 40.1 44.6 39.5 34.4 36.8 29.7 29.2 33.6 36 37.7 32.1 39.5 36.10 27.44 18 : Waltham Abbey: Abbeyview A 42.8 33.5 42.9 30.1 19.9 20.3 25.4 28.7 26.5 29 43.4 39.9 31.87 24.22 18 : Waltham Abbey: Abbeyview B 45.4 34.7 42.7 32.2 21.5 20.5 27.1 28 28.4 31.5 42 39 32.75 24.89 19 : Waltham Abbey: Hayden Road A 42.3 40.2 47 31.7 36.2 29 31.9 29.8 30.8 41.2 35.5 40.7 36.36 27.63 19 : Waltham Abbey: Hayden Road B 38.1 38.7 41.8 30.3 35.4 27.8 31.2 30.1 31.5 39.9 36.6 38.5 34.99 26.59 20 : Waltham Abbey: Lodge Lane A 49.2 43.1 50.9 33.1 35.5 36.3 33.5 34.4 41.2 44.5 39.6 42.5 40.32 30.64 20 : Waltham Abbey: Lodge Lane B 46.4 48 33.6 37.6 40.1 34.3 33.2 35.4 36.9 43.5 43.4 50.3 40.23 30.57 20 : Waltham Abbey: Lodge Lane C 46.9 40.8 43.8 36.5 39.3 33.6 34.4 32.6 37.2 45 39.9 49.9 39.99 30.39 21 : Waltham Abbey: Roundhills A 48.9 22.3 46 36.8 23.8 18 26.8 33.6 35.6 35.3 46.9 49.3 35.28 26.81 21 : Waltham Abbey: Roundhills B 54.7 38 46.3 31.5 23 19.2 27.8 32.6 33.3 31.9 38.8 44.7 35.15 26.71 22 : Buckhurst Hill: Underground Station A 45.9 43.9 45.5 34.9 32.9 26.4 30.6 32.1 35.1 39 44.8 44.1 37.93 28.83 22 : Buckhurst Hill: Underground Station B 47.2 34.9 48.4 37.7 30.4 27.2 31.3 28.7 35 36.8 46.8 47 37.62 28.59 23 : Buckhurst Hill: High Road (St Johns School) A 45.3 39.8 45.6 38.6 30.8 26.5 35.3 36.2 46.7 43.1 38.79 29.48

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 29 Epping Forest District Council

23 : Buckhurst Hill: High Road (St Johns School) B 49.2 34.8 48.2 36.9 31.7 26.1 32.1 35.2 36.6 40.3 44.3 43.7 38.26 29.08 23 : Buckhurst Hill: High Road (St Johns School) C 46.8 37.3 45.2 36.3 31.9 25.2 32.5 34.4 36.7 38.2 48.2 45.8 38.21 29.04 24 : Sheering: Sheering Road A 44.9 44 32.2 30.6 31.7 29.7 32.7 31.5 32 38 42.5 39.2 35.75 27.17 24 : Sheering: Sheering Road B 44.3 46.5 42.4 33.1 28.2 26.1 30.9 30.7 35.1 37.7 35.4 35.49 26.97 24 : Sheering: Sheering Road C 46.8 44.5 42.1 32 34.2 28 29.2 31.2 28.3 35.2 42.6 41.1 36.27 27.56 25 : Buckhurst Hill: Palmerston Road A 38.4 34 37.2 26 23.4 18.2 26.5 27.4 27.7 30.8 37.3 34.7 30.13 22.90 25 : Buckhurst Hill: Palmerston Road B 39.2 29.4 34.3 32.2 24.1 17.2 27.4 27 37.8 31.5 35 35.5 30.88 23.47 25 : Buckhurst Hill: Palmerston Road C 38.5 34.2 39.1 28.3 21.6 17.2 26.5 26.2 26.1 29.8 37.5 38.4 30.28 23.02 26 : Buckhurst Hill: Roding Lane A 60.6 51.2 58.7 49.3 43.9 33.7 47.9 43.5 48.1 50.5 52.4 55.7 49.63 37.72 26 : Buckhurst Hill: Roding Lane B 58.6 48.9 41.9 35.2 43.6 46.9 32.4 53.3 41.8 59.4 46.20 35.11 26 : Buckhurst Hill: Roding Lane C 65.7 53.5 57.3 50.7 38.6 35.9 45.1 45.8 47.1 66.2 57.3 51.20 38.91 27 : Ongar: 131 High Street A 47.7 53.5 47.4 50.3 50.1 42.7 55 51.6 52.4 56.8 35.7 48.4 49.30 37.47 27 : Ongar: 131 High Street B 49.3 56 55.4 50.1 54.6 50.1 53.3 49.6 56.5 34.4 52.1 51.04 38.79 27 : Ongar: 131 High Street C 52.9 54.9 56.6 52.5 52.8 44.9 56.6 52.4 50.9 53.2 33.4 49.8 50.91 38.69 28 : Ongar: Queens Terrace A414 A 40.1 35.8 43.2 32.6 33 26.3 29.9 33.8 31.2 34.9 48 39.9 35.73 27.15 28 : Ongar: Queens Terrace A414 B 37.5 34 38.5 34.2 32.8 25.6 32.3 32.8 29.9 39.6 37.9 43.8 34.91 26.53 28 : Ongar: Queens Terrace A414 C 34.1 31.9 38.9 35.5 32.8 26 32.6 30.2 32.3 38.5 40.6 41.4 34.57 26.27

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 30 Epping Forest District Council

29 : Ongar: 3 Bowes Drive A 16.6 18.1 22.1 18.8 28.7 20.86 15.54 29 : Ongar: 3 Bowes Drive B 17.1 18.2 22.2 27.3 30.1 22.98 17.12 30 : Ongar: 21 Bowes Drive A 16.4 19.5 18.9 8.1 8.6 14.30 14.72 30 : Ongar: 21 Bowes Drive B 16.8 18.2 18.5 24.9 19.60 15.79 31 : Ongar: 51 Bowes Drive A 13.4 17 16.1 20.6 20.4 17.50 13.03 31 : Ongar: 51 Bowes Drive B 14.7 17.2 16.1 20.9 22.5 18.28 13.61

☒ National bias adjustment factor used ☒ Annualisation has been conducted where data capture is <75% ☒ Where applicable, data has been distance corrected for relevant exposure

Notes: 3 Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) See Appendix C for details on bias adjustment and annualisation. (2) Distance corrected to nearest relevant public exposure (where the monitoring location measures in excess of the annual average objective concentration).

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 31 Epping Forest District Council

Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

Laboratory QA/QC

Socotec Didcot participates in the AIR NO2 PT laboratory performance scheme. Rounds AR024, AR025, AR027, AR028 of the testing scheme cover the monitoring period contained in this air quality status report. All results were satisfactory, with 100% performance scored for all rounds. Full details can be found at https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/assets/laqmno2performancedatauptonovember2019v1.pdf

Bias Adjustment

A bias adjustment factor of 0.76 was calculated based on the co-location studies that fed in the national bias adjustment calculation undertaken by the national Physics Laboratory for tubes produced by Socotec Didcot using a 50% TEA in Acetone preparation. The version of the spreadsheet used was 3/19. Epping Forest District Council does not have a local co-location study.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 32 Epping Forest District Council

Adjustment for Distance

Where the nearest receptor is further away from the source of pollution than the monitoring location, and the bias adjusted annual average result is above the 40µg/m3 objective, an appropriate adjustment has been made. This was required for the following monitoring site, although only 1 of the triplicate tubes measured above the objective concentration:

1.Chigwell, Hainault Road:

Annualisation of Data

Where capture was less than 75%, an annualisation calculation was undertaken using data from AURN (Automatic Urban and Rural Network) monitoring stations. The stations that were selected for this comparison were chosen as they were background sites with good data collection in the south and east of England.

Monthly Data for sites where annualisation is required:

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 29. Ongar, 3 Bowes Drive 16.6 18.1 22.1 18.8 28.7 29. Ongar, 3 Bowes Drive 17.1 18.2 22.2 27.3 30.1 29. Ongar, 3 Bowes Drive Average 16.85 18.15 22.15 23.05 29.4 30. Ongar, 21 Bowes Drive 16.4 19.5 18.9 30. Ongar, 21 Bowes Drive 16.8 18.2 18.5 24.9 30. Ongar, 21 Bowes Drive Average 16.6 18.85 18.7 24.9 31. Ongar. 51 Bowes Drive 13.4 17 16.1 20.6 20.4 31. Ongar, 51 Bowes Drive 14.7 17.2 16.1 20.9 22.5 31. Ongar, 51 Bowes Drive Average 14.05 17.1 16.1 20.75 21.45

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 33 Epping Forest District Council

Annualisation Ratio Calculation for ‘29.Ongar,3 Bowes Drive’:

Site Site Type Annual Mean Period Mean Ratio Market AURN Rural 7.83 8.24 0.95 Harborough Background London Haringey AURN Urban 22.44 22.62 0.99 Priory Park Background Wicken Fen AURN Rural 8.05 8.18 0.98 Background Average 0.98

Annualisation Ratio Calculation for ’30.Ongar,21 Bowes Drive’:

Site Site Type Annual Mean Period Mean Ratio Market AURN Rural 7.83 7.70 1.02 Harborough Background London Haringey AURN Urban 22.44 21.26 1.06 Priory Park Background Wicken Fen AURN Rural 8.05 7.37 1.09 Background Average 1.06

Annualisation Ratio Calculation for ’31.Ongar, 51 Bowes Drive’:

Calculation of Annualised Concentration:

Measured Annualisation Annualised Average of Bias Adjustment Annualised & Bias Period Mean Factor Result these results Factor Adjusted Result

29. Ongar, 3 Bowes Drive 20.86 0.98 20.44 0.76 15.54 29. Ongar, 3 Bowes Drive 22.98 0.98 22.52 0.76 17.12 29. Ongar, 3 Bowes Drive Average 21.92 0.98 21.48 0.76 16.33 30. Ongar, 21 Bowes Drive 18.27 1.06 19.36 0.76 14.72 30. Ongar, 21 Bowes Drive 19.60 1.06 20.78 0.76 15.79 30. Ongar, 21 Bowes Drive Average 19.76 1.06 20.95 0.76 15.92 31. Ongar. 51 Bowes Drive 17.50 0.98 17.15 0.76 13.03 31. Ongar, 51 Bowes Drive 18.28 0.98 17.91 0.76 13.61 31. Ongar, 51 Bowes Drive Average 17.89 0.98 17.53 0.76 13.32

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 34 Epping Forest District Council Appendix D: Maps of Monitoring Locations and AQMAs

AQMA Epping Forest District Council No.2 – Bell Common

Overview of all District Monitoring Locations in 2018:

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 35 Epping Forest District Council

Buckhurst Hill and Chigwell:

Epping:

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 36 Epping Forest District Council

Hastingwood:

Loughton:

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 37 Epping Forest District Council

North Weald:

Ongar:

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 38 Epping Forest District Council

Roydon:

Sewardstone:

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 39 Epping Forest District Council

Sheering:

The Elms, Waltham Abbey

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 40 Epping Forest District Council

Waltham Abbey:

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 41 Epping Forest District Council

Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective4 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO2) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM10) 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

4 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m3).

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 42 Epping Forest District Council

Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air quality Annual Status Report

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Air quality screening tool produced by Highways England

EU European Union

FDMS Filter Dynamics Measurement System

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 43 Epping Forest District Council

References

Nitrogen Dioxide Bias Adjustment Factor Spreadsheet: https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/bias-adjustment-factors/national-bias.html

Distance from Road Calculation: https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/tools-monitoring-data/no2-falloff.html

Local Air Quality Management Technical Guidance LAQM:TG(16) https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/LAQM-TG16-February-18-v1.pdf

Summary of Laboratory Performance in Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency (AIR-PT) https://laqm.defra.gov.uk/diffusion-tubes/qa-qc-framework.html

LAQM Annual Status Report 2019 44