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Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. III - Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A. Schmidt-Rhaesa PLATYHELMINTHES, NEMERTEA, AND “ASCHELMINTHES” A. Schmidt-Rhaesa University of Bielefeld, Germany Keywords: Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Gnathifera, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera, Acanthocephala, Cycliophora, Nemathelminthes, Gastrotricha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera Contents 1. Introduction 2. General Morphology 3. Platyhelminthes, the Flatworms 4. Nemertea (Nemertini), the Ribbon Worms 5. “Aschelminthes” 5.1. Gnathifera 5.1.1. Gnathostomulida 5.1.2. Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia maerski) 5.1.3. Rotifera 5.1.4. Acanthocephala 5.1.5. Cycliophora (Symbion pandora) 5.2. Nemathelminthes 5.2.1. Gastrotricha 5.2.2. Nematoda, the Roundworms 5.2.3. Nematomorpha, the Horsehair Worms 5.2.4. Priapulida 5.2.5. Kinorhyncha 5.2.6. Loricifera Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary UNESCO – EOLSS This chapter provides information on several basal bilaterian groups: flatworms, nemerteans, Gnathifera,SAMPLE and Nemathelminthes. CHAPTERS These include species-rich taxa such as Nematoda and Platyhelminthes, and as taxa with few or even only one species, such as Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia maerski) and Cycliophora (Symbion pandora). All Acanthocephala and subgroups of Platyhelminthes and Nematoda, are parasites that often exhibit complex life cycles. Most of the taxa described are marine, but some have also invaded freshwater or the terrestrial environment. “Aschelminthes” are not a natural group, instead, two taxa have been recognized that were earlier summarized under this name. Gnathifera include taxa with a conspicuous jaw apparatus such as Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and Rotifera. Although they do not possess a jaw apparatus, Acanthocephala also belong to Gnathifera due to their epidermal structure. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. -
(Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Cotylea) from the Persian Gulf, Iran
A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 31: 39–51 (2009)First record of the family Pseudocerotidae the Persian Gulf, Iran 39 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.31.136 RESEARCH ARTICLE www.pensoftonline.net/zookeys Launched to accelerate biodiversity research First record of the family Pseudocerotidae (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Cotylea) from the Persian Gulf, Iran Zahra Khalili1, Hassan Rahimian2, Jamile Pazooki1 1 University of Shahid Beheshti, G.C, Tehran, Iran 2 University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Corresponding authors: Hassan Rahimian ([email protected]), Zahra Khalili ([email protected]) Academic editor: E. Neubert, Z. Amr | Received 7 March 2009 | Accepted 14 August 2009 | Published 28 December 2009 Citation: Khalili Z, Rahimian H, Pazooki J (2009) First record of the family Pseudocerotidae (Platyhelminthes, Po- lycladida, Cotylea) from the Persian Gulf, Iran. In: Neubert, E, Amr, Z, Taiti, S, Gümüs, B (Eds) Animal Biodiversity in the Middle East. Proceedings of the First Middle Eastern Biodiversity Congress, Aqaba, Jordan, 20–23 October 2008. ZooKeys 31: 39–51. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.31.136 Abstract In this paper, two species of cotylean Platyhelminthes are recorded for the fi rst time from Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf, Iran. Pictures are taken from living specimens to illustrate shape and colour, and stained sec- tions and drawings are used to describe shape and organisation of some organs. Morphological characters of Persian Gulf specimens of Tytthosoceros lizardensis Newman and Cannon 1996 are compared to those of the type specimens of this species. Keywords Platyhelminthes, new records, Qeshm Island, Persian Gulf, Iran Introduction Most polyclad fl atworms inhabit coral reefs in tropical and subtropical waters, and are espe- cially species-rich throughout the Indo-Pacifi c. -
(Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Polycladida) from Karachi Coast
International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology (IJRSZ) Volume 2, Issue 2, 2016, PP 23-28 ISSN 2454-941X http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-941X.0202005 www.arcjournals.org Short Notes on Marine Polycladids (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Polycladida) from Karachi Coast Quddusi B. Kazmi Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre, University of Karachi, Pakistan Abstract: Ten new records of marine polycladid worms are subject of the present notes from Pakistan. Each species is photographed and discussed briefly. 1. INTRODUCTION The Polycladida represents a highly diverse clade of free-living marine turbellarian flatworms. They are known from the littoral to the sub littoral zone. Although not related to molluscs, they are often mistaken for sea slugs because of their brilliant colour patterns. There is little known about the biodiversity of polycladid flatworms from the Indian Ocean. In Pakistan, studies on polycladids have remained neglected, first report was by Kazmi (1996), then Fatima and Barkati (1999) as Stylochoplanapallida reported Emprosthopharynxpallida (Quatrefage,1845) and latelyKazmi and Naushaba (2013) listed 4 unidentified species or only identified to genus level, of these , their unspecified genus Pseudocerosis now identified as belonging to Pseudocerossusanae Newman and Anderson ,1997 ,an undetermined pseudocertid is now named as Tytthosoceroslizardensis Newman and Cannon,1996 and another undetermined genus is given as Cestoplanarubrocinta (Grube, 1840) ,more species are added here;all are briefly described here -
Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Stylochidae) from the Brackish North Sea Canal, the Netherlands
Helgol Mar Res (2005) 59: 310-314 DOI 10.1007/s 10152-005-0006-3 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Ronald Sluys • Anno Faubel • Sanjeevi Rajagopal Gerard van der Velde A new and alien species of “oyster leech” (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Stylochidae) from the brackish North Sea Canal, The Netherlands Received: 3 March 2005/ Revised: 30 June 2005/ Accepted: 30 June 2005 / Published online: 27 August 2005 © Springer-Verlag and AWI 2005 Abstract A new species of polyclad flatworm,Imogine invasions of exotic animals and plants are to be expected necopinata Sluys, sp. nov., is described from a brackishin the North Sea Canal. Establishment of exotic species habitat in The Netherlands. Taxonomic affinities within the North Sea Canal mainly depends on their toler Asian species and the ecology of the animals suggest thatance to existing variations in brackish water conditions the species is an introduced, exotic component of theand temperature regimes. The area along the North Sea Dutch fauna. The new species belongs to a group ofCanal is highly industrialized and houses several power worms with species that are known to predate onstations. For studying the biofouling in cooling water oysters. circuits, PVC panels were suspended in the inlet and outfall of cooling water conduits of the Velsen and Keywords Platyhelminthes • PolycladidaImogine ■ Hemweg power stations from June 1994 to October necopinata Invasive ■ species • The Netherlands 1994. During this study period, numerous flatworms were observed on the PVC panels during the month of Au Introduction gust. The objective of the present study is to describe this polyclad species and to present information on its hab The North Sea Canal or Noordzeekanaal is situated in itat, ecology, and the type of potential ecologial impact the Province of North Holland and forms the connecof this animal. -
Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) in Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia
TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGY OF PREDATORY MARINE FLATWORMS (PLATYHELMINTHES: POLYCLADIDA) IN BOTANY BAY, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA by Ka-Man Lee A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science by research University of New South Wales April 2006 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed Ka-Man Lee April 2006 II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the encouragement and enthusiasm of my supervisor, Dr. Emma Johnston, this thesis would not have been possible. Thank you for allowing me to pursue some innovative experiments and for your inspiration and criticism along the way. I thoroughly appreciated your patience and guidance. I am eternally grateful to my co-supervisors, Assoc. Prof A. Michel Beal and Dr. Alistair Poore. Assoc. Prof Michel Beal has been incredibly supportive and generous with his time. I thoroughly enjoyed and appreciated your endless supply of patience and guidance. -
Marine-Flatworms-Of-The-Tropical-Indo-Pacific-Look
Marine Flatworms of the Tropical Indo-Pacific Photographic guide on marine polyclads with 580+ species Andrey Ryanskiy PICTORIAL INDEX TO POLYCLAD FAMILIES AND GENERA PSEUDOCEROTIDAE: ACANTHOZOON - 9 THYSANOZOON - 14 BULACEROS - 16 MAIAZOON - 17 NYMPHOZOON - 17 PHRIKOCEROS - 18 PSEUDOBICEROS - 21 PSEUDOCEROS - 38 EURYLEPTIDAE: CYCLOPORUS - 86 EURYLEPTA - 92 EURYLEPTID - 101 STYLOSTOMUM - 101 DIPOSTHIDAE: PROSTHIOSTOMIDAE: MARITIGRELLA - 102 PROSTHECERAEUS - 105 PERICELIS - 106 ENCHIRIDIUM - 107 CESTOPLANIDAE: BONINIIDAE: LURYMARE - 107 PROSTHIOSTOMUM - 112 CESTOPLANA - 112 BONINIA - 113 PLANOCERIDAE: CALLIOPLANIDAE: PARAPLANOCERA - 115 PLANOCERA - 120 CALLIOPLANA - 121 HOPLOPLANIDAE - 122 STYLOCHIDAE: GNESIOCEROTIDAE: LIMNOSTYLOCHIDAE - 122 ILYELLA - 123 STYLOCHID - 123 ECHINOPLANA - 126 NOTOPLANIDAE: UNIDENTIFIED ACOTYLEANS3 GNESIOCEROS - 126 NOTOPLANA - 127 LEPTOPLANIDAE - 128 - 129 FLATWORMS: BASIC KNOWLEDGE Why are they flat? Polyclads are considered the most primitive bilaterally symmetrical animals (left side mirrors the right). They evolved from hydra-like animals about 550 million years ago. Flatworms have no body cavity other than the gut. Respiratory and blood vessel systems are completely missing and diffusion is used for transport of oxygen inside the body. This constrains flatworms to be flat as possible for maintaining metabolism, since no cell can be too far from the outside, making a flattened body shape necessary. How do they eat? Flatworms/Polyclads have a mouth with pharynx inside: a muscular tube through which the flatworm can suck food. Pharynx may be tubular or ruffled with numerous folds (more details on External Morphology Basics pages) Flatworms are carnivorous, feeding on small invertebrates, suctioning entirely their prey or digesting a part of it. Many species of the Pseudocerotidae family prefer ascidians, sponges, and bryozoans. For feeding, the pharynx protrudes and can be expanded into the individual zooids of colonial ascidians. -
From Cape Verde and Related Regions of Macaronesia
European Journal of Taxonomy 736: 1–43 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.736.1249 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2021 · Cuadrado D. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). Research article urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FC9085BE-73C4-4F33-BD9B-6A9F573AB01D Polycladida (Platyhelminthes, Rhabditophora) from Cape Verde and related regions of Macaronesia Daniel CUADRADO 1, Jorge RODRÍGUEZ 2, Leopoldo MORO 3, Cristina GRANDE 4 & Carolina NOREÑA 5,* 1,5 Departmento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain. 2 Marine Invertebrates Department, Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia. 3 Servicio de Biodiversidad, Gobierno de Canarias, Edif. Usos Múltiples I, Av. Anaga n° 35, Pl. 11, 38071 S/C de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. 4 Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 1 Email: [email protected] 2 Email: [email protected] 3 Email: [email protected] 4 Email: [email protected] 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F0C14D94-9996-4A20-9D56-B02DDA1A78CA 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:B833502E-CBA4-40CA-AE5A-BAD02F539062 3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:B66DDDE6-98E6-42FD-8E58-A1DF6A386BE5 4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:C8634A50-D3EC-467A-A868-225C231B40F2 5 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:DD03B71F-B45E-402B-BA32-BB30343E0D95 Abstract. The systematics and distribution of the order Polycladida within the Macaronesian archipelagos are analysed. New species (Marcusia alba sp. -
Platyhelminthes, Polycladida)
The following supplement accompanies the article A molecular framework for the taxonomy and systematics of Japanese marine turbellarian flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida) Tadasuke Tsunashima, Morio Hagiya, Riko Yamada, Tomoko Koito, Nobuaki Tsuyuki, Shin Izawa, Keita Kosoba, Shiro Itoi*, Haruo Sugita *Corresponding author: [email protected] Aquatic Biology 26: 159–167 (2017) Table S1. List of polyclad samples used in this study Sample Sampling location Suborder Family Genus Species Sampling date number Lat. Long. Location 1 Acotylea Hoploplanidae Hoploplana villosa 26 Apr 2013 34° 39' N 138° 57' E Shimoda, Shizuoka (Ebisu Island) 2 Acotylea Hoploplanidae Hoploplana villosa 26 Apr 2013 34° 39' N 138° 57' E Shimoda, Shizuoka (Ebisu Island) 3 Acotylea Stylochoplanidae Amemiyaia pacifica 26 Apr 2013 34° 39' N 138° 57' E Shimoda, Shizuoka (Ebisu Island) 4 Acotylea Stylochidae Leptostylochus gracilis 26 Apr 2013 34° 39' N 138° 57' E Shimoda, Shizuoka (Ebisu Island) 5 Acotylea Stylochidae Stylochus ijimai 07 Sep 2013 35° 15' N 139° 34' E Hayama, Kanagawa 6 Acotylea Ilyplanidae Discoplana gigas 07 Sep 2013 35° 15' N 139° 34' E Hayama, Kanagawa 7 Acotylea Planoceridae Planocera multitentaculata 22 Feb 2011 35° 15' N 139° 34' E Hayama, Kanagawa 8 Acotylea Planoceridae Planocera multitentaculata 22 Feb 2011 35° 15' N 139° 34' E Hayama, Kanagawa 9 Acotylea Planoceridae Planocera multitentaculata 06 Apr 2012 35° 15' N 139° 34' E Hayama, Kanagawa 10 Acotylea Callioplanidae Callioplana marginata 01 Nov 2013 34° 39' N 138° 59' E Shimoda, Shizuoka -
Phylum Porifera
790 Chapter 28 | Invertebrates updated as new information is collected about the organisms of each phylum. 28.1 | Phylum Porifera By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Describe the organizational features of the simplest multicellular organisms • Explain the various body forms and bodily functions of sponges As we have seen, the vast majority of invertebrate animals do not possess a defined bony vertebral endoskeleton, or a bony cranium. However, one of the most ancestral groups of deuterostome invertebrates, the Echinodermata, do produce tiny skeletal “bones” called ossicles that make up a true endoskeleton, or internal skeleton, covered by an epidermis. We will start our investigation with the simplest of all the invertebrates—animals sometimes classified within the clade Parazoa (“beside the animals”). This clade currently includes only the phylum Placozoa (containing a single species, Trichoplax adhaerens), and the phylum Porifera, containing the more familiar sponges (Figure 28.2). The split between the Parazoa and the Eumetazoa (all animal clades above Parazoa) likely took place over a billion years ago. We should reiterate here that the Porifera do not possess “true” tissues that are embryologically homologous to those of all other derived animal groups such as the insects and mammals. This is because they do not create a true gastrula during embryogenesis, and as a result do not produce a true endoderm or ectoderm. But even though they are not considered to have true tissues, they do have specialized cells that perform specific functions like tissues (for example, the external “pinacoderm” of a sponge acts like our epidermis). -
Regeneration Capacity and Stem Cell Dynamics of Theama Mediterranea (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes)
Cell and Tissue Research (2020) 379:301–321 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-019-03094-8 REGULAR ARTICLE No head regeneration here: regeneration capacity and stem cell dynamics of Theama mediterranea (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes) Philip Bertemes1 · Alexandra L. Grosbusch1 · Bernhard Egger1 Received: 4 February 2019 / Accepted: 12 August 2019 / Published online: 11 September 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Research on the regeneration potential of flatworms (Platyhelminthes) has been mainly undertaken with planarians (Tricladida), where most species can regenerate a head and no proliferation takes place in the blastema, i.e. the early undifferentiated regenerative tissue. Only few studies are available for an early-branching group within the Platyhelminthes, the Polycladida. Head regeneration in polyclads is not possible, with a single exception from a study performed more than 100 years ago: Cestoplana was reported to be able to regenerate a head if cut a short distance behind the brain. Here, we show that ‘Cestoplana’ was misdetermined and most likely was the small interstitial polyclad Theama mediterranea. We revisited regeneration capacity and dynamics of T. mediterranea with live observations and stainings of musculature, nervous system, and proliferating and differentiating stem cells. In our experiments, after transversal amputation, only animals retaining more than half of the brain could fully restore the head including the brain. If completely removed, the brain was never found to regenerate to any extent. Different from planarians, but comparable to other free-living flatworms we detected cell proliferation within the posterior regeneration blastema in T. mediterranea. Similar to other free-living flatworms, proliferation did not occur within, but only outside, the differentiating organ primordia. -
Pseudoceros Astrorum, a New Species of Polycladida (Cotylea, Pseudocerotidae) from Northeastern Brazil
Zootaxa 3881 (1): 094–100 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3881.1.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9C0FB9F8-C565-4627-87A2-D44FDFAB6781 Pseudoceros astrorum, a new species of Polycladida (Cotylea, Pseudocerotidae) from Northeastern Brazil VERONICA N. BULNES1 & YAN TORRES2 1Zoología de Invertebrados I, Universidad Nacional del Sur. San Juan 670. 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina 2Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ceará, Brasil Abstract Pseudoceros astrorum n. sp. is characterized by a smooth dorsal surface with a brown ground colour, and with net-like pattern of small black granules, white spots of different sizes uniformly distributed, a thin black sub-marginal band, and a white marginal rim. The pseudotentacles are dark brown with white tips and the anterior margin and cerebral region is devoid of pigmentation. The male system is characterised by conspicuous spermiducal bulbs, a conical curved penis stylet, and the sucker lies more or less posterior. With this contribution, the number of known species from Brazil is now 72, and has created new interest in the lesser-known polyclad fauna from the northeast coast of Brazil. Key words: biodiversity, morphology, Marine flatworms, Western Atlantic, Cotylea Introduction The Pseudocerotidae is one of the largest families within the Cotylea, with a large number of described species. The phylogeny as well as the monophyly of some genera are still unclear (Rawlinson & Litvaitis 2008). Pseudoceros is one of the most common tropical polyclad genera, and species of Pseudoceros are determined on the basis of their colour patterns (Newman & Cannon 1995), external morphological features, as well as the reproductive biology, and microanatomy (Hyman 1951; Prudhoe 1985; Faubel 1984; Bolaños et al. -
Marine Biodiversity in India
MARINEMARINE BIODIVERSITYBIODIVERSITY ININ INDIAINDIA MARINE BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA Venkataraman K, Raghunathan C, Raghuraman R, Sreeraj CR Zoological Survey of India CITATION Venkataraman K, Raghunathan C, Raghuraman R, Sreeraj CR; 2012. Marine Biodiversity : 1-164 (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata) Published : May, 2012 ISBN 978-81-8171-307-0 © Govt. of India, 2012 Printing of Publication Supported by NBA Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700 053 Printed at Calcutta Repro Graphics, Kolkata-700 006. ht³[eg siJ rJrJ";t Œtr"fUhK NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY AUTHORITY Cth;Govt. ofmhfUth India ztp. ctÖtf]UíK rvmwvtxe yÆgG Dr. Balakrishna Pisupati Chairman FOREWORD The marine ecosystem is home to the richest and most diverse faunal and floral communities. India has a coastline of 8,118 km, with an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) of 2.02 million sq km and a continental shelf area of 468,000 sq km, spread across 10 coastal States and seven Union Territories, including the islands of Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep. Indian coastal waters are extremely diverse attributing to the geomorphologic and climatic variations along the coast. The coastal and marine habitat includes near shore, gulf waters, creeks, tidal flats, mud flats, coastal dunes, mangroves, marshes, wetlands, seaweed and seagrass beds, deltaic plains, estuaries, lagoons and coral reefs. There are four major coral reef areas in India-along the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands, the Lakshadweep group of islands, the Gulf of Mannar and the Gulf of Kachchh . The Andaman and Nicobar group is the richest in terms of diversity.