(Platyhelminthes, Polycladida, Cotylea) from the Persian Gulf, Iran
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Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. III - Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, and "Aschelminthes" - A. Schmidt-Rhaesa PLATYHELMINTHES, NEMERTEA, AND “ASCHELMINTHES” A. Schmidt-Rhaesa University of Bielefeld, Germany Keywords: Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Gnathifera, Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, Rotifera, Acanthocephala, Cycliophora, Nemathelminthes, Gastrotricha, Nematoda, Nematomorpha, Priapulida, Kinorhyncha, Loricifera Contents 1. Introduction 2. General Morphology 3. Platyhelminthes, the Flatworms 4. Nemertea (Nemertini), the Ribbon Worms 5. “Aschelminthes” 5.1. Gnathifera 5.1.1. Gnathostomulida 5.1.2. Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia maerski) 5.1.3. Rotifera 5.1.4. Acanthocephala 5.1.5. Cycliophora (Symbion pandora) 5.2. Nemathelminthes 5.2.1. Gastrotricha 5.2.2. Nematoda, the Roundworms 5.2.3. Nematomorpha, the Horsehair Worms 5.2.4. Priapulida 5.2.5. Kinorhyncha 5.2.6. Loricifera Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary UNESCO – EOLSS This chapter provides information on several basal bilaterian groups: flatworms, nemerteans, Gnathifera,SAMPLE and Nemathelminthes. CHAPTERS These include species-rich taxa such as Nematoda and Platyhelminthes, and as taxa with few or even only one species, such as Micrognathozoa (Limnognathia maerski) and Cycliophora (Symbion pandora). All Acanthocephala and subgroups of Platyhelminthes and Nematoda, are parasites that often exhibit complex life cycles. Most of the taxa described are marine, but some have also invaded freshwater or the terrestrial environment. “Aschelminthes” are not a natural group, instead, two taxa have been recognized that were earlier summarized under this name. Gnathifera include taxa with a conspicuous jaw apparatus such as Gnathostomulida, Micrognathozoa, and Rotifera. Although they do not possess a jaw apparatus, Acanthocephala also belong to Gnathifera due to their epidermal structure. ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE FUNDAMENTALS AND SYSTEMATICS – Vol. -
Research Article
Ecologica Montenegrina 10: 58-70 (2017) This journal is available online at: www.biotaxa.org/em Suborders Acotylea and Cotylea (Polycladida): Study on morphological, ecological and reproductive features of some representative species from Tunisian coasts (Mediterranean) MEHREZ GAMMOUDI1 & SAÏDA TEKAYA2 1Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, UR11ES12 Biologie de la Reproduction et du Développement animal, 2092, Tunis, Tunisie. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Corresponding author's e-mail: [email protected] Received: 24 November 2016 │ Accepted by V. Pešić: 27 December 2016 │ Published online: 10 April 2017. Abstract The aim of this work is to provide some important morphological, ecological and reproductive features of 8 polyclad species from Tunisian waters belonging to Acotylea: Echinoplana celerrima Haswell, 1907, Leptoplana mediterranea (Bock, 1913), Discocelis tigrina (Blanchard, 1847) and Imogine mediterranea (Galleni, 1976) and Cotylea: Thysanozoon brocchii (Risso, 1818), Prosthiostomum siphunculus (Delle Chiaje, 1822), Yungia aurantiaca (Delle Chiaje, 1822) and Prostheceraeus moseleyi (Lang, 1884). New data on distribution of some species are added. Moreover, morphological data are provided for the first time in living specimens of D. tigrina. Based on our specimens, we confirm characterization of the two sub-orders Acotylea and Cotylea that have been already made in previous studies. Function of attachment organs in polyclads is discussed. On the other hand, data dealing with associated fauna are offered for all species. The two acotyleans E. celerrima and I. mediterranea were seen to cover their egg plates practicing thereby a parental care. This work could be a baseline for future taxonomic and behavioural investigations. -
Platyhelminthes) at the Queensland Museum B.M
VOLUME 53 ME M OIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEU M BRIS B ANE 30 NOVE mb ER 2007 © Queensland Museum PO Box 3300, South Brisbane 4101, Australia Phone 06 7 3840 7555 Fax 06 7 3846 1226 Email [email protected] Website www.qm.qld.gov.au National Library of Australia card number ISSN 0079-8835 Volume 53 is complete in one part. NOTE Papers published in this volume and in all previous volumes of the Memoirs of the Queensland Museum may be reproduced for scientific research, individual study or other educational purposes. Properly acknowledged quotations may be made but queries regarding the republication of any papers should be addressed to the Editor in Chief. Copies of the journal can be purchased from the Queensland Museum Shop. A Guide to Authors is displayed at the Queensland Museum web site www.qm.qld.gov.au/organisation/publications/memoirs/guidetoauthors.pdf A Queensland Government Project Typeset at the Queensland Museum THE STUDY OF TURBELLARIANS (PLATYHELMINTHES) AT THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM B.M. ANGUS Angus, B.M. 2007 11 30: The study of turbellarians (Platyhelminthes) at the Queensland Museum. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 53(1): 157-185. Brisbane. ISSN 0079-8835. Turbellarian research was largely ignored in Australia, apart from some early interest at the turn of the 19th century. The modern study of this mostly free-living branch of the phylum Platyhelminthes was led by Lester R.G. Cannon of the Queensland Museum. A background to the study of turbellarians is given particularly as it relates to the efforts of Cannon on symbiotic fauna, and his encouragement of visiting specialists and students. -
(Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Polycladida) from Karachi Coast
International Journal of Research Studies in Zoology (IJRSZ) Volume 2, Issue 2, 2016, PP 23-28 ISSN 2454-941X http://dx.doi.org/10.20431/2454-941X.0202005 www.arcjournals.org Short Notes on Marine Polycladids (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria, Polycladida) from Karachi Coast Quddusi B. Kazmi Marine Reference Collection and Resource Centre, University of Karachi, Pakistan Abstract: Ten new records of marine polycladid worms are subject of the present notes from Pakistan. Each species is photographed and discussed briefly. 1. INTRODUCTION The Polycladida represents a highly diverse clade of free-living marine turbellarian flatworms. They are known from the littoral to the sub littoral zone. Although not related to molluscs, they are often mistaken for sea slugs because of their brilliant colour patterns. There is little known about the biodiversity of polycladid flatworms from the Indian Ocean. In Pakistan, studies on polycladids have remained neglected, first report was by Kazmi (1996), then Fatima and Barkati (1999) as Stylochoplanapallida reported Emprosthopharynxpallida (Quatrefage,1845) and latelyKazmi and Naushaba (2013) listed 4 unidentified species or only identified to genus level, of these , their unspecified genus Pseudocerosis now identified as belonging to Pseudocerossusanae Newman and Anderson ,1997 ,an undetermined pseudocertid is now named as Tytthosoceroslizardensis Newman and Cannon,1996 and another undetermined genus is given as Cestoplanarubrocinta (Grube, 1840) ,more species are added here;all are briefly described here -
Neotype Designation for the Marine Flatworm, Acanthozoon Alderi
Zoological Studies 57: 45 (2018) doi:10.6620/ZS.2018.57-45 Open Access Neotype Designation for the Marine Flatworm, Acanthozoon alderi (Polycladida: Cotylea: Pseudocerotidae), from India with Comments on the Taxonomical Status of the Genus Sudhanshu Dixit1, Verónica N. Bulnes2,*, and Chelladurai Raghunathan3 1Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology, Kochi, India. E-mail: [email protected] 2Laboratorio de Zoología de Invertebrados I. INBIOSUR-CONICET-UNS. San Juan 670. 8000 Bahía Blanca. Buenos Aires. Argentina 3Zoological Survey of India, M - Block, Alipore, Kolkata, India. E-mail: [email protected] (Received 16 April 2018; Accepted 16 August 2018; Published 27 September 2018; Communicated by Benny K.K. Chan) Citation: Dixit S, Bulnes VN, Raghunathan C. 2018. Neotype designation for the marine flatworm, Acanthozoon alderi (Polycladida: Cotylea: Pseudocerotidae), from India with comments on the taxonomical status of the genus. Zool Stud 57:45. doi:10.6620/ZS.2018.57- 45. Sudhanshu Dixit, Verónica N. Bulnes, and Chelladurai Raghunathan (2018) Acanthozoon alderi is an ovoid, medium-sized pseudocerotid. Body margin ruffled; pseudotentacles black and pointed, with white tips. Dorsal surface covered with papillae, except for the cerebral region. Background colour light brown, with marbled blackish pattern, middorsal black band with white blotches; black submarginal band and marginal white rim. This species was described from Borneo; however, no type specimen was designated or deposited in any museum by the author. Many nomenclature problems and misidentification have been encountered with this species (it has been identified as Acanthozoon sp. in many instances). Thus, it is necessary to designate a neotype to solve the problems of doubtful and confusing identities and maintain nomenclature stability. -
Platyhelminthes: Polycladida) in Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia
TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGY OF PREDATORY MARINE FLATWORMS (PLATYHELMINTHES: POLYCLADIDA) IN BOTANY BAY, NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA by Ka-Man Lee A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science by research University of New South Wales April 2006 ORIGINALITY STATEMENT ‘I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge it contains no materials previously published or written by another person, or substantial proportions of material which have been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at UNSW or any other educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom I have worked at UNSW or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the thesis. I also declare that the intellectual content of this thesis is the product of my own work, except to the extent that assistance from others in the project’s design and conception or in style, presentation and linguistic expression is acknowledged.’ Signed Ka-Man Lee April 2006 II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Without the encouragement and enthusiasm of my supervisor, Dr. Emma Johnston, this thesis would not have been possible. Thank you for allowing me to pursue some innovative experiments and for your inspiration and criticism along the way. I thoroughly appreciated your patience and guidance. I am eternally grateful to my co-supervisors, Assoc. Prof A. Michel Beal and Dr. Alistair Poore. Assoc. Prof Michel Beal has been incredibly supportive and generous with his time. I thoroughly enjoyed and appreciated your endless supply of patience and guidance. -
Marine-Flatworms-Of-The-Tropical-Indo-Pacific-Look
Marine Flatworms of the Tropical Indo-Pacific Photographic guide on marine polyclads with 580+ species Andrey Ryanskiy PICTORIAL INDEX TO POLYCLAD FAMILIES AND GENERA PSEUDOCEROTIDAE: ACANTHOZOON - 9 THYSANOZOON - 14 BULACEROS - 16 MAIAZOON - 17 NYMPHOZOON - 17 PHRIKOCEROS - 18 PSEUDOBICEROS - 21 PSEUDOCEROS - 38 EURYLEPTIDAE: CYCLOPORUS - 86 EURYLEPTA - 92 EURYLEPTID - 101 STYLOSTOMUM - 101 DIPOSTHIDAE: PROSTHIOSTOMIDAE: MARITIGRELLA - 102 PROSTHECERAEUS - 105 PERICELIS - 106 ENCHIRIDIUM - 107 CESTOPLANIDAE: BONINIIDAE: LURYMARE - 107 PROSTHIOSTOMUM - 112 CESTOPLANA - 112 BONINIA - 113 PLANOCERIDAE: CALLIOPLANIDAE: PARAPLANOCERA - 115 PLANOCERA - 120 CALLIOPLANA - 121 HOPLOPLANIDAE - 122 STYLOCHIDAE: GNESIOCEROTIDAE: LIMNOSTYLOCHIDAE - 122 ILYELLA - 123 STYLOCHID - 123 ECHINOPLANA - 126 NOTOPLANIDAE: UNIDENTIFIED ACOTYLEANS3 GNESIOCEROS - 126 NOTOPLANA - 127 LEPTOPLANIDAE - 128 - 129 FLATWORMS: BASIC KNOWLEDGE Why are they flat? Polyclads are considered the most primitive bilaterally symmetrical animals (left side mirrors the right). They evolved from hydra-like animals about 550 million years ago. Flatworms have no body cavity other than the gut. Respiratory and blood vessel systems are completely missing and diffusion is used for transport of oxygen inside the body. This constrains flatworms to be flat as possible for maintaining metabolism, since no cell can be too far from the outside, making a flattened body shape necessary. How do they eat? Flatworms/Polyclads have a mouth with pharynx inside: a muscular tube through which the flatworm can suck food. Pharynx may be tubular or ruffled with numerous folds (more details on External Morphology Basics pages) Flatworms are carnivorous, feeding on small invertebrates, suctioning entirely their prey or digesting a part of it. Many species of the Pseudocerotidae family prefer ascidians, sponges, and bryozoans. For feeding, the pharynx protrudes and can be expanded into the individual zooids of colonial ascidians. -
From Cape Verde and Related Regions of Macaronesia
European Journal of Taxonomy 736: 1–43 ISSN 2118-9773 https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.736.1249 www.europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu 2021 · Cuadrado D. et al. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0). Research article urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:FC9085BE-73C4-4F33-BD9B-6A9F573AB01D Polycladida (Platyhelminthes, Rhabditophora) from Cape Verde and related regions of Macaronesia Daniel CUADRADO 1, Jorge RODRÍGUEZ 2, Leopoldo MORO 3, Cristina GRANDE 4 & Carolina NOREÑA 5,* 1,5 Departmento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain. 2 Marine Invertebrates Department, Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, 1 William Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia. 3 Servicio de Biodiversidad, Gobierno de Canarias, Edif. Usos Múltiples I, Av. Anaga n° 35, Pl. 11, 38071 S/C de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. 4 Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain. * Corresponding author: [email protected] 1 Email: [email protected] 2 Email: [email protected] 3 Email: [email protected] 4 Email: [email protected] 1 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:F0C14D94-9996-4A20-9D56-B02DDA1A78CA 2 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:B833502E-CBA4-40CA-AE5A-BAD02F539062 3 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:B66DDDE6-98E6-42FD-8E58-A1DF6A386BE5 4 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:C8634A50-D3EC-467A-A868-225C231B40F2 5 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:author:DD03B71F-B45E-402B-BA32-BB30343E0D95 Abstract. The systematics and distribution of the order Polycladida within the Macaronesian archipelagos are analysed. New species (Marcusia alba sp. -
Platyhelminthes, Polycladida)
The following supplement accompanies the article A molecular framework for the taxonomy and systematics of Japanese marine turbellarian flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida) Tadasuke Tsunashima, Morio Hagiya, Riko Yamada, Tomoko Koito, Nobuaki Tsuyuki, Shin Izawa, Keita Kosoba, Shiro Itoi*, Haruo Sugita *Corresponding author: [email protected] Aquatic Biology 26: 159–167 (2017) Table S1. List of polyclad samples used in this study Sample Sampling location Suborder Family Genus Species Sampling date number Lat. Long. Location 1 Acotylea Hoploplanidae Hoploplana villosa 26 Apr 2013 34° 39' N 138° 57' E Shimoda, Shizuoka (Ebisu Island) 2 Acotylea Hoploplanidae Hoploplana villosa 26 Apr 2013 34° 39' N 138° 57' E Shimoda, Shizuoka (Ebisu Island) 3 Acotylea Stylochoplanidae Amemiyaia pacifica 26 Apr 2013 34° 39' N 138° 57' E Shimoda, Shizuoka (Ebisu Island) 4 Acotylea Stylochidae Leptostylochus gracilis 26 Apr 2013 34° 39' N 138° 57' E Shimoda, Shizuoka (Ebisu Island) 5 Acotylea Stylochidae Stylochus ijimai 07 Sep 2013 35° 15' N 139° 34' E Hayama, Kanagawa 6 Acotylea Ilyplanidae Discoplana gigas 07 Sep 2013 35° 15' N 139° 34' E Hayama, Kanagawa 7 Acotylea Planoceridae Planocera multitentaculata 22 Feb 2011 35° 15' N 139° 34' E Hayama, Kanagawa 8 Acotylea Planoceridae Planocera multitentaculata 22 Feb 2011 35° 15' N 139° 34' E Hayama, Kanagawa 9 Acotylea Planoceridae Planocera multitentaculata 06 Apr 2012 35° 15' N 139° 34' E Hayama, Kanagawa 10 Acotylea Callioplanidae Callioplana marginata 01 Nov 2013 34° 39' N 138° 59' E Shimoda, Shizuoka -
Phylum Porifera
790 Chapter 28 | Invertebrates updated as new information is collected about the organisms of each phylum. 28.1 | Phylum Porifera By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Describe the organizational features of the simplest multicellular organisms • Explain the various body forms and bodily functions of sponges As we have seen, the vast majority of invertebrate animals do not possess a defined bony vertebral endoskeleton, or a bony cranium. However, one of the most ancestral groups of deuterostome invertebrates, the Echinodermata, do produce tiny skeletal “bones” called ossicles that make up a true endoskeleton, or internal skeleton, covered by an epidermis. We will start our investigation with the simplest of all the invertebrates—animals sometimes classified within the clade Parazoa (“beside the animals”). This clade currently includes only the phylum Placozoa (containing a single species, Trichoplax adhaerens), and the phylum Porifera, containing the more familiar sponges (Figure 28.2). The split between the Parazoa and the Eumetazoa (all animal clades above Parazoa) likely took place over a billion years ago. We should reiterate here that the Porifera do not possess “true” tissues that are embryologically homologous to those of all other derived animal groups such as the insects and mammals. This is because they do not create a true gastrula during embryogenesis, and as a result do not produce a true endoderm or ectoderm. But even though they are not considered to have true tissues, they do have specialized cells that perform specific functions like tissues (for example, the external “pinacoderm” of a sponge acts like our epidermis). -
Regeneration Capacity and Stem Cell Dynamics of Theama Mediterranea (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes)
Cell and Tissue Research (2020) 379:301–321 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-019-03094-8 REGULAR ARTICLE No head regeneration here: regeneration capacity and stem cell dynamics of Theama mediterranea (Polycladida, Platyhelminthes) Philip Bertemes1 · Alexandra L. Grosbusch1 · Bernhard Egger1 Received: 4 February 2019 / Accepted: 12 August 2019 / Published online: 11 September 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Research on the regeneration potential of flatworms (Platyhelminthes) has been mainly undertaken with planarians (Tricladida), where most species can regenerate a head and no proliferation takes place in the blastema, i.e. the early undifferentiated regenerative tissue. Only few studies are available for an early-branching group within the Platyhelminthes, the Polycladida. Head regeneration in polyclads is not possible, with a single exception from a study performed more than 100 years ago: Cestoplana was reported to be able to regenerate a head if cut a short distance behind the brain. Here, we show that ‘Cestoplana’ was misdetermined and most likely was the small interstitial polyclad Theama mediterranea. We revisited regeneration capacity and dynamics of T. mediterranea with live observations and stainings of musculature, nervous system, and proliferating and differentiating stem cells. In our experiments, after transversal amputation, only animals retaining more than half of the brain could fully restore the head including the brain. If completely removed, the brain was never found to regenerate to any extent. Different from planarians, but comparable to other free-living flatworms we detected cell proliferation within the posterior regeneration blastema in T. mediterranea. Similar to other free-living flatworms, proliferation did not occur within, but only outside, the differentiating organ primordia. -
Pseudoceros Astrorum, a New Species of Polycladida (Cotylea, Pseudocerotidae) from Northeastern Brazil
Zootaxa 3881 (1): 094–100 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2014 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3881.1.7 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9C0FB9F8-C565-4627-87A2-D44FDFAB6781 Pseudoceros astrorum, a new species of Polycladida (Cotylea, Pseudocerotidae) from Northeastern Brazil VERONICA N. BULNES1 & YAN TORRES2 1Zoología de Invertebrados I, Universidad Nacional del Sur. San Juan 670. 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina 2Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Ceará, Brasil Abstract Pseudoceros astrorum n. sp. is characterized by a smooth dorsal surface with a brown ground colour, and with net-like pattern of small black granules, white spots of different sizes uniformly distributed, a thin black sub-marginal band, and a white marginal rim. The pseudotentacles are dark brown with white tips and the anterior margin and cerebral region is devoid of pigmentation. The male system is characterised by conspicuous spermiducal bulbs, a conical curved penis stylet, and the sucker lies more or less posterior. With this contribution, the number of known species from Brazil is now 72, and has created new interest in the lesser-known polyclad fauna from the northeast coast of Brazil. Key words: biodiversity, morphology, Marine flatworms, Western Atlantic, Cotylea Introduction The Pseudocerotidae is one of the largest families within the Cotylea, with a large number of described species. The phylogeny as well as the monophyly of some genera are still unclear (Rawlinson & Litvaitis 2008). Pseudoceros is one of the most common tropical polyclad genera, and species of Pseudoceros are determined on the basis of their colour patterns (Newman & Cannon 1995), external morphological features, as well as the reproductive biology, and microanatomy (Hyman 1951; Prudhoe 1985; Faubel 1984; Bolaños et al.