Vogelspinnen

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Vogelspinnen Peter Klaas Klaas Vogelspinnen Schön und schauerlich Tauchen Sie ein in eine andere Welt. Die Lebensweise der Vogel- spinnen zeigt, wie phantasievoll sich in der Natur die Anpassung von Organismen an spezifische Lebensräume präsentieren kann, wie etwa die oben links abgebildete Monocentropus balfouri. Dieses Buch gibt einen Überblick über die meisten der bisher ent- deckten Vogelspinnenarten und informiert darüber, wie sich auch bisher als selten im Terrarium geltende Vogelspinnen pflegen und züchten lassen. Erfahren Sie mehr über Vogelspinnen • Systematik, Verbreitung, Lebensweise und Verhalten • Pflege, Fütterung, Zucht und Aufzucht • Krankheiten und natürliche Feinde der Vogelspinnen Peter Klaas ist anerkannter Vogelspinnenspezialist. Ihm gelangen viele Erstnachzuchten auch schwieriger Arten. Zusammen mit nationalen und internationalen Institutionen entdeckte, erforschte und beschrieb er einige neue Vogelspinnenarten. www.ulmer.de Peter Klaas Vogelspinnen 4. Auflage 180 Farbfotos 10 Zeichnungen Inhalt Vorwort .............................. 4 Verbreitung und Lebensweise......... 24 Baumbewohnende Vogelspinnen......... 24 Aus der Entwicklungsgeschichte ...... 6 Bodenbewohnende Vogelspinnen ........ 24 Verwandtschaftskreise ................. 6 Unterirdisch lebende Vogelspinnen ...... 24 Ordnung: Skorpione (Scorpiones)...... 6 Ernährung ........................... 27 Ordnung: Geißelskorpione (Uropygi)... 6 Wachstum ............................ 28 Ordnung: Geißelspinnen (Amblypygi) .. 6 Fortpflanzung und Eientwicklung ........ 30 Ordnung: Walzenspinnen (Solifugae) ... 8 Krankheiten und natürliche Feinde....... 34 Ordnung: Milben (Acari) ............. 8 Verletzungen bei Vogelspinnen .......... 37 Ordnung: Bücherskorpione (Pseudoscorpiones) .................. 9 Richtige Pflege im Terrarium ......... 38 Ordnung: Weberknechte (Opiliones) ... 10 Selbstbau eines Terrariums ............. 38 Ordnung: Webspinnen (Araneae) ...... 10 Einrichtung der Terrarien .............. 41 Regelmäßige Arbeiten.................. 42 Vogelspinnensystematik .............. 12 Fütterung ............................ 43 Zur Systematik von Lasiodora klugi Häufige Fehler bei der Spinnenpflege..... 44 KOCH, 1842 ........................... 12 Futterkauf und Futterzucht ............. 45 Die Einordnung von Vogelspinnen Umgang mit Vogelspinnen .............. 45 innerhalb der Gliedertiere .............. 19 Die Zucht............................ 46 Der Habitus einer Vogelspinne........ 20 Auswahl von Zuchttieren ............... 46 Der Vorderleib (Prosoma) .............. 20 Zusammensetzung einer Zuchtgruppe .... 46 Der Hinterleib (Opistosoma) ............ 20 Aggressivität zwischen den Geschlechtern 48 Die Extremitäten ...................... 20 Das Zusammensetzen eines Paares....... 48 Die Behaarung........................ 22 Beschaffenheit des Bodengrunds ........ 49 Die Zeitigung des Kokons .............. 49 Erwerb .............................. 52 Import oder Nachzucht................. 52 Zur Gefährdung von Vogelspinnen ....... 54 Vorsorge gegen Unfälle................. 55 „Zähmung, Dressur und Gehorsam“...... 56 Ausgesuchte Vogelspinnenarten....... 58 Acanthoscurria AUSSERER, 1871 .......... 60 Aphonopelma POCOCK, 1901 ............. 61 Avicularia LAMARCK, 1818 ............... 63 INHALT Bonnetina VOL, 2000 ................... 67 Brachypelma SIMON, 1891............... 68 Ceratogyrus POCOCK, 1897 . 78 Chaetopelma AUSSERER, 1871 ............ 79 Chilobrachys KARSCH, 1891.............. 80 Chilocosmia SCHMIDT & VON WIRTH, 1992 . 80 Chromatopelma SCHMIDT, 1995 .......... 81 Citharacanthus POCOCK, 1901............ 82 Citharischius POCOCK, 1900 ............. 83 Cyclosternum AUSSERER, 1871 ........... 84 Cyriopagopus SIMON, 1887 .............. 85 Ephebopus SIMON, 1892 ................ 86 Euathlus AUSSERER, 1875 ................ 87 Eucratoscelus POCOCK, 1898............. 87 Grammostola SIMON, 1892 .............. 88 Hapalotremus SIMON, 1903 .............. 91 Haplopelma SIMON, 1892................ 92 Heteroscodra POCOCK, 1899 ............. 93 Hysterocrates SIMON, 1892 .............. 94 Lasiodora KOCH, 1850 .................. 94 Lasiodorides SCHMIDT & BISCHOFF, 1997... 96 Megaphobema POCOCK, 1901 ............ 97 Nhandu LUCAS, 1981 ................... 99 Pamphobeteus POCOCK, 1901 ............ 100 Phormictopus POCOCK, 1901............. 101 Poecilotheria SIMON, 1885............... 103 Psalmopoeus, POCOCK, 1895 ............. 109 Verzeichnisse ........................ 122 Pterinochilus POCOCK, 1897 ............. 110 Artenliste ............................ 122 Schizopelma CAMBRIDGE, 1897 . 111 Literatur ............................. 134 Selenocosmia AUSSERER, 1871............ 112 Glossar .............................. 135 Sericopelma AUSSERER, 1875 ............. 112 Register .............................. 137 Sphaerobothria KARSCH, 1879............ 113 Bildquellen ........................... 142 Stromatopelma KARSCH, 1881 ............ 114 Impressum ........................... 142 Tapinauchenius AUSSERER, 1871 .......... 115 Theraphosa THORELL, 1870 .............. 116 Vitalius LUCAS, SIlva & BERTANI, 1993 ..... 119 Xenesthis SIMON, 1891.................. 120 3 Vorwort Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), Tochter des sie gefährlich beißen können, und dabei lassen Verlegers und Stechers Matthäus Merian, reiste sie gleichzeitig eine Flüssigkeit in die Wunde im Jahre 1699 nach Surinam, um dort die „Ver- fließen. Ihr gewöhnliches Futter sind Ameisen, wandlung der surinamischen Insekten“ zu stu- die ihnen nicht entgehen, wenn sie den Baum dieren und dokumentieren. hinauflaufen, weil diese Spinnen (wie alle ande- Von Jugend an erforschte sie die Insekten ren) acht Augen haben. Mit zwei sehen sie nach und war besonders fasziniert von der Entwick- oben, mit zwei nach rechts und mit zwei nach lung der Schmetterlinge. Sie sammelte ver- links. Sie holen in Ermangelung von Ameisen schiedenste Raupen aus ihrer Geburtsstadt auch die kleinen Vögel aus den Nestern und Frankfurt am Main, um deren Verwandlung zu saugen ihnen alles Blut aus dem Körper. Sie häu­ studieren. Zugleich übte sie sich in der Mal- ten sich von Zeit zu Zeit wie die Raupen, aber ich kunst und zeich nete die Insekten auf Perga- habe nie fliegende gefunden.“ ment. Zur Freude von Naturforschern veröf- Lange Zeit zweifelte man an der Glaubwürdig- fentlichte sie 1679 ihre ersten Werke. Später in keit dieser Naturbeobachtung, zumal Merian Holland lebend, erhielt sie Einblicke in Samm- mehrere Fehler auf ihrem Bild unterliefen, die lungen kostbarer indischer und südamerika- aber den Wert des herrlichen Werkes in keiner nischer Schmetterlinge und war fortan voller Weise schmälern. So sind die Vogelspinnen nur Verwunderung über die Schönheit der tro- mit einer statt zwei Krallen abgebildet und bei pischen Insekten. Der Mangel an Informationen der hühnereigroßen Wohnhöhle der Spinne wird über die genaue Herkunft und Entwicklung sol- es sich wohl eher um einen Eikokon gehandelt cher Tiere veranlasste sie schließlich im Juni haben. Die Beobachtung, dass die baumbewoh- 1699 zur Reise nach Surinam, die sie zwei Jahre nenden Vogelspinnen der Gattung Avicularia später aus gesundheitlichen Gründen beenden insbesondere Kolibris erbeuten können, scheint musste. Zurück in Holland entschloss sie sich, heute nicht nur glaubhaft, sondern sogar aus- auf Drängen von Naturliebhabern, die sechzig gesprochen wahrscheinlich zu sein, kennt man mitgebrachten Zeichnungen von den berühm- die Lebensweise der Vögel: Viele Kolibriarten testen Meistern stechen zu lassen und in dem benötigen zur Anfertigung ihrer kunstvollen Werk „Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamen- Nester Spinnfäden, die sie aktiv suchen und mit sium“ oder „Verwandlung der Surinamischen ihren Schnäbeln aufsammeln. Die Spinnen der Insekten“ zu veröffentlichen. Gattung Avicularia legen, oft weithin sichtbar, Eines der berühmtesten Blätter des Werkes große Wohngespinste an, die von den Vögeln im zeigt im Ausschnitt eine große haarige Spinne Schwirr flug auf Tauglichkeit als Nistmaterial un- mitsamt erbeutetem Kolibri. Dieses Bild war es, tersucht werden. Gerade der bekannte Schwirr- das den Systematiker Linné dazu veranlasste, flug der Kolibris entspricht oft dem Bewegungs- das Tier Aranea avicularia (von lateinisch: avis muster anfliegender Insekten. Terrarienbeob- = der Vogel, avicula = der kleine Vogel, avicula- achtungen zeigen, dass flatternde, brummende ria = einem kleinem Vogel ähnlich) zu nennen Insekten einen starken Beutereiz auf Avicularia – und so erhielten diese Spinnen den Namen ausüben. „Vogelspinnen“. Dies spiegelt sich heute im wis- senschaftlichen Gattungsnamen Avicularia wi- der. Widmung und Dank Zitat: „Auf diesem Blatt stelle ich Spinnen, Ameisen und Kolibris auf einem Guajavazweig Niemand konnte 1989 vorausahnen, welchen Er- vor, weil ich die größten Spinnen an den Guajava- folg die Erstausgabe dieses Werkes haben sollte. bäumen gefunden habe. Solch großen schwarzen Die Vogelspinnenpflege steckte gerade in den Spinnen habe ich viel auf den Guajavabäumen Anfängen und wurde nicht zuletzt durch die Ver- gefunden. Sie wohnen in einem solchen runden öffentlichung des Buches stark gefördert. Seine Nest wie es das Gespinst der Raupe darstellt. Sie Aufgabe war es, die sehr spärlichen Informati- spinnen keine langen Fäden, wie uns einige Rei- onen über Lebensweise, Vorkommen und Hal- sende glauben machen wollten. Sie sind rundum tungsansprüche von Vogelspinnen, zumindest 4 voller Haar und haben scharfe Zähne, mit denen der wichtigsten Arten, zusammenzutragen und VORRT WO einem breiten Publikum
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