Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09657-8 — Bartolomeo Cristofori and the Invention of the Piano Stewart Pollens Index More Information

Index

Academie´ royale des sciences, 328, 329, 330 Beck, Frederick, 345 Accademia Patavina, 9 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 338 Adlung, Jakob, 290, 291, 305, 363 Berni, Agnolo, 24 Agricola, Johann Friedrich, 288, 290 Berti, Antonfrancesco, 18 Agricola, Martin, 292 Berti, Niccolo,` 18, 30, 40, 57, 58, 220, 241 Alberti, Domenico, 346 Beyer, Adam, 345 Albizzi, Luca Casimiro degli, 28 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 73, 221 Albizzi, Rinaldo degli, 28 Biblioteca Capitolare, Verona, 350 Amati, family of violin makers, 224 Biblioteca del Conservatorio di Musica “Luigi Amati, Nicolo,` 10 Cherubini”, 235 Antonius Patavinus, 13 Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, 220, 221 Antunes, 262, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272, Bibliothek des Priesterseminars, 221 273, 274, 275, 276, 278, 280 Bitter, Carl Hermann, 308 Antunes, Joachim Joze,´ 249, 264, 265, 275 Bitti, Martino, 24, 32, 68, 212, 218, 219, 220, Antunes, Manuel, 249, 264, 267 222, 223, 224, 226, 234, 235 Aranjuez, Palace at, 246, 247, 248 Blanchet, Franc¸ois-Etienne´ II, 331 Arpicimbalo . . . che fa’ il piano, e il forte, 15, 66, Boalch, Donald H., 332, 363 72, 119, 120 Bolgioni, Antonio, 16 Art du faiseur d’instruments de musique et Brancour, Rene,´ 333 lutherie, 334 Broadwood, John, 346 Assolani, Francesco, 24, 219, 222, 223, 224 Brown, Mrs. John Crosby, 159 Augustus I, Frederick, 284 Bruschi (Brischi), Bartolommeo, 24, 219, 222 Buechenberg, Matheus, 33 Babel, William, 346 Buen Retiro theater, 248 Bach, Carl Philipp Emanuel, 289, 293, 308, Buini, Giuseppe Maria, 57, 212 343, 346 Buntebart, Gabriel, 345 Bach, Johann Christian, 344 Buoni, Giuseppe, 30, 39 Bach, Johann Sebastian, 290, 291, 295, 296, 344 Burnett, Richard, 265 Musical Offering,57 Burney, Charles, 181, 182, 239, 250, 251, 289, Bach,Wilhelm Friedemann, 295, 296 293, 344, 345, 346, 347, 364 Backers, Americus, 337, 345, 346 Buterne, Jean-Baptiste, 329 Badura-Skoda, Paul and Eva, 165 Baffo, Giovanni Antonio, 30 Caldera, Antonio, 212 Balbastre, Claude-Benigne,´ 330 Caligula delirante, 219, 221, 234 Barbara,´ Maria, Queen of Spain, 244, 245, 246, Canavese, Giuseppe, 23, 219, 221 248, 249, 250, 251 Canovese, Giosefo, 48 inventory of her keyboard instruments, Casella, Antonio, 30, 364 246–248 Casini, Giovanni Maria, 212 Bartolomei,Christofaro,10 Caspar, Adam, 12 Bas, Louis, 334 Casparini, Eugen, 5, 12, 13, 292 Basilica of S. Antonio, Padua, 12 Cassana, Niccolo,` 228 Basilica of S. Giustina, Padua, 12 castrati, 23, 69, 181, 220, 221, 242, 245, 250, Bassilichi, Luigi, 18 348 378

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09657-8 — Bartolomeo Cristofori and the Invention of the Piano Stewart Pollens Index More Information

Index 379

Castris, Francesco de, 23, 69, 70, 212, 218, 219, bill of 1693 for oval spinet, 49–52 220, 221, 222, 235, 251, 343, 376 bill of 1697 for upright harpsichord, 59–61 Castro, Francesco de, 219 bill of 1698 for a cembalo, 61–62 Catini, Antonio, 224 birth, 8 Cazzati, Mauritio, 45 cemballo of 1692, 40–41 Celestini, Giovanni, 48, 55 cembalo with tiorbino stop, 47–48 cemballo of Cortona, 39 cited in Pratolino opera payment records, 219 Ceroti, Giuseppo, 24 clavichord of 1719, 77–78, 119 Challis, John, 5 critical reception of the piano, 67–68 Charles II, King, 28 death in 1732, 73–74 Chevalier de Piis, Pierre-Antoine-Augustin, ebony harpsichord, 79–88 333 fakes, 79 chinoiserie, 254, 256 final itemized bill to court, 64 Church of S. Luca, Padua, 8 first impression of Florence, 18–19 Church of S. Maria Maggiore, Rome, 227 first record of payment in Medici court, 16 Church of S. Maria Nuova, Florence, 17 first work for Medici court, 22–24 Ciampi, Sabatino, 12 Gatti-Kraus action, 166–180 Citerni, Antonio, 63, 214, 242 harpsichord of 1722, 100–105 Clari, Giovanni Carlo Maria, 212 harpsichord of 1726, 105–112 Clavering, George Nasau, Third Earl Cowper, household supplies provided by Medici 235 court, 20–22 clavichord, 2, 5, 6, 29, 40, 67, 72, 77, 95, 97, 99, how many instruments he made, 68–73 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 252, 276, interviewed by Maffei, 121–129, 350–355 285, 289, 306, 307, 308, 338, 363, 374 invention of the piano, 66–67 claviorgano, 57 invitation to work in Medici court, 14 Cocomero theater, 215, 216, 228 last bill for constructing a harpsichord, Compagnia de San Sebastiano, 225 61–62 Compagnia dell’Arcangelo Raffaello detta la last will and testament, 74–76 Scala, 225 nicknames, 9 Compagnia della Purificazione di Maria no record of apprenticeship, 9–12 Vergine e di San Zenobi detta de San organ of 1693, 46–47 Marco, 225 oval spinet of 1690, 33–38 Compagnia di San Jacopo detta del Nicchio, oval spinet of 1693, 49–52 225 oval spinets compared, 88–93 Congregazione dell’Oratorio, 225 piano of 1720, alterations, 161–166 Conservatorio´ de Musica,´ Mafra, 265 piano, earliest formal documentation, Conti, Cosimo, 160 119–121 Coppa, Luzia di Francesco, 57 pianos compared, 129–157 Cosimo III de’ Medici, Grand Duke, 19 pianos, evidence of original stringing, Couperin, François, 329 157–159 Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, 228 pianos, keyboard ranges, 129 Crisp, Samuel, 344 portrait, 76–77 Cristofori, Bartolomeo provenance of 1720 piano, 159–161 address in Florence, 22 spinettone da orchestra or da teatro, 42, 43, alternate spellings of his surname, 8 45, 94, 100 appointed keeper of Medici instrument supplemental bills submitted to court, 24–27 collection, 64–66 upright harpsichord of 1697, 59–61 assistants, 180–211 use of his instruments in Florence, 241–242 bill of 1690 for a spineta, 33–35 workshop in Florence, 22 bill of 1692 for a cembalo, 40–41 Curtis, Alan, 4, 332, 333, 334 bill of 1692 for cembalo for the theater, 42–43 da Palermo, Marcantonio, 219 bill of 1693 for an organ, 46–47 de Bricqueville, Eugene,` 331

380 Index

de l’Epine,´ Adrien, 331 Frederick II “the Great” of Prussia, 290, 293, de Piis, Chevalier, 333 295, 296, 344 del Mela, Domenico, 61, 75, 201, 203, 204, 348 Frescobaldi, Girolamo, 57, 241, 367 female relations mentioned in Cristofori’s Friederici, Christian Ernst, 203, 206, 283, 307, will, 202–203 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 315, 316, lack of evidence he assisted Cristofori, 201 319, 323, 324, 327, 365 upright pianoforte, 201–211 Friederici, Christian Gottfried, 307 Denner, Johann Christoph, 29, 33, 227 Friederici, Christian Gottlob, 307 Dieffopruchar, Magno, 33 Fritz, Barthold, 308 Dolmetsch, Arnold, 112, 113, 252 Fuga, Giovanni, 24, 32, 222, 223, 224 Don Antonio, Infante of Portugal, 343 Fumiani, Giovanni Antonio, 228 Dowd, William, 330 Furnari, Antonello, 67, 376 Dussek, Jan Ladislav, 339 Gabbiani, Anton Domencio, 19, 24, 99, 223, ebony harpsichord, 14, 31, 41, 66, 74, 80, 81, 224, 228 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 93, 156, 167 Gabriel de Borbon,´ Infante, 235 Echavarr´ıa, Pedro de Liborna, 248 Galleria dell’ Accademia, 4, 66, 72, 88, 168, 176 Encyclop´edie m´ethodique, 181 Ganer, Christopher, 345 Erard, Jean-Baptiste, 337 Ganzaga, Princess Eleonora, 63, 64, 214, 242 Erard, Pierre, 337, 339 Garcka, George, 345 Erard, Sebastien,´ 5, 336, 337, 338 Gasparini, Francesco, 212 Erdtmann, Ludovico, 226, 227 Gaular, Phelipe, 248 Geib, John, 345 Fabbri, Mario, 11, 67, 227, 372 George I, King, 234 Falconi, Giuseppe, 18 Gerber, Ernst Ludwig, 283, 308 Farinelli (Carlo Broschi), 181, 182, 245, 248, German action, 338 250, 251, 292, 343, 348, 364, 370 Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg, Fernandez,´ Diego, 193, 248, 369 4, 293, 301, 302, 305, 310, 317, 327 Fernandez,´ Julian, 248 Gigli, Giovanni, 24, 68, 219, 222, 223, 224, 234, Feroci, Michele, 18 235 Ferrini, Giovanni, 22, 56, 74, 75, 78, 81, 83, 84, Giornale de’ letterati d’Italia, 8, 18, 121, 122, 85, 96, 110, 170, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 123, 168, 212, 220, 222, 243, 281, 344 186, 187, 188, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, Gisberti, Domenico, 219 200, 202, 206, 243, 244, 246, 292, 330, Giustini, Lodovico, 235, 343 348, 373, 375 Goethe-Haus, Frankfurt, 311 cembalo traverso of 1731, 194–198 gold strings, 54 combination pianoforte/harpsichord of Grantorto, 9 1746, 183–194 Grassi Museum, Leipzig, 94 documentary references, 180–182 Grassi Museum fur¨ Musikinstrumente der restoration of Zenti harpsichord, 201 Universitat¨ Leipzig, 14, 29, 44, 51, 77, virtual disinheritance in Cristofori’s will, 203 88, 89, 94, 101, 104, 106, 107, 114, 115, Ferrini, Giuseppe, 56, 81, 83, 87 153 Ficker, Wahl Friedrich, 283 Graun, Karl Heinrich, 293 Figli, Giovanni (probably misspelling of gravecembalo, 68, 125, 127, 128, 151, 169, 181, Giovanni Fuga), 219, 222 356, 357, 359, 360, 361 Flade, Ernst, 12, 13, 289, 290, 292 Graziani, Domenico, 219 Florentine currency, 7 Gustadt, Errico, 348 Floriani, Benedetto, 78 Forkel, Johann Nikolaus, 293, 295, 296, 366 Haka, Richard, 29, 33, 227 Francesco of Padua (“Il Ongaro”), 13, 30 Handel, George Frideric, 67, 212, 228, 376 Franciolini, Leopoldo, 112, 116, 159, 374 Harding, Rosamund, 6, 208, 238, 312, 320, Franciscus Patavinus (Francesco of Padua), 13, 338, 340, 341, 368 30 Hardouin, Pierre J., 334

Index 381

Hass family, 308 Lucio Manlio, 228 Hebenstreit, Pantaleon, 288, 289, 305 Lutgendorff,¨ Willibald Leo Freiherrn von, 79 Henkel, Hubert, 48, 68, 71, 72, 93, 94, 95, 109, lute register, 347 156, 159, 292, 368 Henley, William, 79 machine stop, 347 Heyer, Wilhelm, 166, 167 Maffei, Marchese Francesco Scipione, 4, 8, 12, Hill, William Henry, Arthur, and Alfred 14, 18, 19, 26, 67, 69, 77, 102, 116, 118, Ebsworth, 79 121, 122, 123, 124, 130, 131, 132, 133, Hipkins, A. J., 161 134, 135, 138, 140, 142, 144, 151, 152, Hubbard, Frank, 28, 38, 331, 334, 346, 368 153, 157, 168, 169, 222, 238, 239, 240, Hullmandel, Nicholas, 346 241, 243, 245, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 290, 291, 328, 336, 340, 341, 342, Il figlio delle Selve, 227 343, 350, 351, 356, 369, 370, 372, 377 Il Greco in Troia, 215, 216, 220, 234 Magnelli, Giovanni Battista, 30 Il Lisamaco, 221 Mahillon, Victor-Charles, 264, 370 Il Numa Pompilio, 221 Mannucci, Franceso Maria, 67 in sesta, 32, 36, 49, 54, 55 Marcantonio (see Marcantonio da Palermo), 23, 219 Jeckel, Christian, 288 Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 337 Jeckel, Johann Christoph, 288 Marius, Jean, 5, 29, 328, 329, 330, 365 Joao˜ V, King of Portugal, 73, 243, 244, 245, Marmol,Juandel,249 246, 343, 374 Marpurg, Friedrich Wilhelm, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 293, 347, 370 Kaufmann Collection, 264 Martelli, Diego, 160, 161 Kenyon de Pascual, Beryl, 248, 252, 253, 254, Martini, Angelo, 7 369 Martini, Giovanni Battista, 180, 348 Kinsky, Georg, 168 Mattheson, Johann, 243, 281, 284, 369, Kirckman, Jacob and Abraham, 347 370 Kirkman, family of harpsichord makers, meantone temperament, fifth comma, 240 345 Measurement Kirkpatrick, Ralph, 69, 222, 227, 246, 248, 249, Florentine units, 7 250, 251, 369 Meccoli, Federigo, 66, 242 Koch, Heinrich Christoph, 286, 308 Medici Konig,¨ Johann Ulrich, 243, 281, 282, 283, 286, archives, 11 290, 291, 295, 336, 369 changes in court billing procedure, 62–63 Kraus, Alessandro, 166 court musicians, 8 Kreuzschule, Dresden, 286 court pays for repairs to Cristofori’s house, 58 L’Avantcoureur, 331 inventories of musical instruments, 31–66 L’Encyclopédie méthodique, 332 musical instrument collection, 27–31 L’Ipocondriaco,57 musical instrument inventories, 31–33 “L’Ongaro,” 13, 30 Medici, Anna Maria Luisa de’, 42, 64 Landi, Agostino, 18 Medici, Ferdinando de’, 3, 9, 12, 15, 16, 22, 32, Lassagnini, Giovanni Battista, 17, 66 33, 39, 53, 62, 77, 121, 122, 215, 218, 227, Lebegue,` Nicolas-Antoine, 329 245, 366, 367, 371, 375 Legrenzi, Giovanni, 212 as a keyboard player, 228–235 Leipzig University, 166 communication with Cardinal Pietro Lester, Harold, 264 Ottoboni, 222 Liszt, Franz, 339 travels to Padua in 1688, 15 Loccatelli, Antonio, 348 Medici, Ferdinando II de’, 57 Longo, Magno, 33 Medici, Francesco Maria de’, 64, 182 Lorenzo da Pavia, 13 Medici, Gian Gastone de’, 42, 64, 70, 71, 123, Louis XVI, King of France, 337 213, 225, 226, 228, 234, 235, 244

382 Index

Medici, Grand Duke Cosimo III de’, 19, 39, 42, Orlandini, Giuseppe Maria, 212, 213, 226, 234 57, 59, 62, 161, 182, 212, 213, 214, 221, Osterreichische¨ Nationalbibliothek, 221 225, 234 ottava bassa, 47, 61 Medici, Violante Beatrice de’, Grand Princess ottava stesa, 32, 41, 43, 47, 49, 51, 60, 61, 80, (formerly Violante Beatrice of Bavaria), 119, 121 17, 39, 161, 213, 215, 220 Ottoboni, Cardinal Pietro, 69, 70, 121, 222, Melani, Alessandro, 212, 221 245, 345, 350, 353, 364 Melani, Domenico, 235 Melani, Niccolo,` 75 Padua Mercken, Johann Kilian, 331 Cristofori’s place of birth, 8 Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1, 3, 4, 11, 29, Drio Domo, 9 78, 79, 81, 84, 102, 121, 129, 130, 147, Pagliardi, Giovanni Francesco, 19, 23, 53, 57, 154, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 67, 212, 215, 218, 219, 220, 221, 234, 235, 167, 177, 200, 202, 238, 282, 348, 370, 371 241 Meyer, Meincke, 345 Pagliardi, Giovanni Maria, 23, 24 Migliai, Antonio, 18 Palazzo Pitti, 223 Mizler, Lorenz, 283 Palermo, Marcantonio da, 23 Mocenni, Ernesta, 161 Pantaleon/Pantalon, 288, 290, 301, 305, 367 Mocenni, Dr. Fabio, 160, 161 Papafava, 9 Mondini, Giuseppe, 30, 48, 58 Laura, 9 Montal, Claude, 339 Roberto, 9, 18 Morellati, Paolo, 348 Papi, Iacopo, 18 Moscheles, Charlotte, 340 peau de bufﬂe, 334 Moscheles, Ignaz, 340 Perez´ Mirabal, Francisco, 248, 252, 253, 254, Mozart, Leopold, 308 257, 270 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 308 Pergola theater, 39, 215, 216, 220 Musee´ des arts et metiers,´ Paris, 331 Peri, Francesco, 219 Muziekinstrumentenmuseum, Brussels, 264 Perotti, Carlo, 167 Museo Bardini, 14, 35 Perti, Giacomo Antonio, 67, 212, 218, 228, Museo Correr, 13 234, 366, 370 Museo degli Strumenti Musicali del Pertici, Giovanni, 18 Conservatorio “Luigi Cherubini,” Pesaro, Domenico da, 30, 32, 49, 57, 78, 114, Florence, 14, 35, 61, 79, 80, 88, 167, 203, 115, 128, 219, 229, 232, 242, 351, 354, 361 204 Pfeiffer, Walter, 312 Museo degli Strumenti Musicali, Milan, 43 Pianoforte (see also Cristofori, Bartolomeo) Musical Offering, Johann Sebastian Bach, English, 346 344 First mention in Medici documents, 15 Muthel,¨ Johann Gottfried, 346 French, 328–342 German, 281–327 Nacchianti, Christofano, 74 Portuguese, 262–277 National Music Museum, Vermillion, 266, 271, Spanish, 252–262 334, 335, 336 Pichileri, Giovanni, 18 Neues Palais, 293, 294, 301, 303, 304, 306, 321, Pierre, Constant, 331 322, 323 Pini, Bartolomeo, 18 Neupert, Johann Christian, 312 Pisauriensis, Dominicus (see Pesaro, Neupert, Wolf Dieter, 312 Domenico da), 28 Nivers, Guillaume-Gabriel, 329 Pitti Palace, 19, 26, 46, 47, 212, 225, 228, 235, 244 O’Brien, Grant, 7 Plenius, Roger, 344 Olivicciani, Vincenzo di Pietro, 235 Poggi, Francesco, 18 Onofri, Nicola, 60 Poggio a Caiano, 59, 224, 233 Opera, 215–225 Pohlmann, Johannes, 345 Oratorio, 225–227 Pollarolo, Carlo Francesco, 212, 218

Index 383

Ponsicchi, Cesare, 4, 136, 158, 160, 163, 168, Sheveloff, Joel Leonard, 250, 374 174, 176, 177, 180, 201, 203, 208, 373 Shudi, Burkat, 345 Porpora, Niccolo,` 212 Sievers, Christoph 345 Pratolino, 17, 22, 24, 25, 39, 45, 49, 52, 57, 58, Silbermann, Andreas, 13 59, 60, 68, 77, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, Silbermann, Gottfried, 12, 13, 248, 254, 257, 220, 221, 222, 228, 241, 370, 374 276, 282, 285, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, “Prete da Imola” (Giuseppe Mondini), 30 293, 294, 297, 298, 300, 301, 302, 304, Public Advertiser, 346 305, 307, 313, 316, 319, 321, 322, 327, Pucini (or Puccini), Signor, 59 331, 343, 345, 366, 371, 373 Puertas, Augustin de, 248 Silbermann, Jean-Henri, 331 Puliti, Leto, 16, 160, 161, 163 Sodi, Vincenzo, 348 Pyramide piano, 206, 264, 309, 310, 311, 312, Soldini, Agostino, 18 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, Soler, Antonio, 55, 166, 235 323, 324, 325, 326, 327 Sorgenti theater, 215, 216 Spada, Laura, 18 Querci, Vincenzio, 18 Spath,¨ Franz Jacob, 283, 288 Spighi, Francesco, 348 Rameau, Jean Philippe, 346 Spinettina with strings of gold, 54–55 Redi, Francesco, 212 spinettone da orchestra, 2, 30, 31, 43, 44, 45, 52, Rees, Abraham, 344 68, 72, 77, 78, 94, 95, 97, 99, 100, 108, 110, Ricci, Sebastiano, 228 114, 153, 154, 194, 198, 221, 230, 231, 241 Ricevuti, Aurelio, 18 Stampiglia, Silvio, 228 Ripin, Edwin, 1, 163 Stein, Matthaus¨ Andreas, 338 Royal College of Music, 61 Stodart, Robert, 346 Russell, Raymond, 252 Stradivari, Antonio, 3, 10, 35, 53, 65, 66, 74, 153, 224, 244, 364, 372 Sachs, Curt, 156, 163, 177, 372 Susier, Niccolo,` 8, 73, 244, 251 Salvetti, Pietro, 24, 32, 212, 219, 222, 242 Sanssouci, 293, 294, 298, 301, 303, 304, 306, Taglia, Giovanni, 219, 224 321, 322, 323, 324, 327 Taskin, Pascal, 333, 334 Santiago Kastner, Dr. Macario, 264 Taxis, Count, 250 Santos, Andres´ Fernandez,´ 248 theorbo, 68, 73, 129, 136, 221, 222, 224, 226, Sauveur, Joseph, 240 240, 241, 244, 351 Scarlatti, Alessandro, 212, 218, 221, 227–228 Thompson, Mrs. Launt, 159 Scarlatti, Domenico, 6, 57, 69, 165, 166, 218, tiorbino, 48, 61 220, 222, 227, 234, 235, 244, 245, 246, Tito Manlio, 221 248, 249, 250, 251, 343, 346, 365, 366, Transcription of Scipione Maffei’s “Nuova 369, 371, 373, 374, 375 invenzione d’un Gravecembalo col piano, Schmahl, Christoph Friedrich, 288 e forte; aggiunte alcune considerazioni Schobert, Johann, 346 sopra gli strumenti musicali,” Giornale de’ Schoene, George, 345 letterati d’Italia 5 (Venice, 1711), Schroter,¨ Christoph Gottlieb, 5, 283, 284, 285, Appendix 2. See Chapter 3 for the 286, 287, 288, 290, 291, 292, 305, 347 translation, 124–129 Schubart, Christian Friedrich Daniel, 283, 288, Trost, Tobias Heinrich Gottfried, 307 289 “Twelve Apostles,” 345 Schunemann,¨ Georg, 76, 136, 137 Seixas, Carlos de, 166 Universita` di Por San Piero e dei Fabbricanti, Seixas, Giovanni de, 238 18, 20, 58, 182 Sengher, Filippo, 212 Senta, Fabritius, 224 vanAudenaerd,Robert,220 senza spezzati, 41, 43, 48, 49, 51, 54, 60, 80, 119 Van Casteel, Henrique, 263, 264, 267, 268, 269, Seven Years War, 345 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 278, 280 Seyffartt, Hermann, 312 Van der Meer, John Henry, 349

384 Index

Veltman, Andries, 330 Weaver, Robert Lamar, 220 Venetian swell, 347 Westerhout, Arnold, 220 Veracini, Antonio, 24, 212, 223, 368 Wise, Christopher, 29 Viennese action, 338 Vignoli, Luigi, 348 Zanardi, Carlo Antonio, 23, 69, 70, 219, 221, Vincenti, Ferdinando, 18 222, 251, 343 Violante Beatrice de’ Medici, Grand Princess, Zannetti, Giuseppe, 348 17, 39, 161, 213, 215, 220 Zarlino, Gioseffo, 66, 239, 240 Vitali, Carlo, 67, 70, 222 Zenti Girolamo, and instruments made by Vivaldi, Antonio, 212 him, 16, 28, 29, 45, 47, 48, 55, 56, 61, 81, Viviani, Vincenzio, 212 84, 152, 200, 201, 202, 224, 229, 230, 232, Volpini, Bastiano, 71 367, 374 Voltaire, 333 Zipoli, Domenico, 166 Zolfanelli, Giuseppe, 18 Wagenseil, Georg Christoph, 346 Zumpe, Johann Christoph (Johannes), 338, Walther, Johann Georg, 244, 376 344