Recent Shuttle and ISS Radiation Measurements: STS-121, STS-115, STS-116, STS-117 and ISS Expedition 13

Recent Shuttle and ISS radiation measurements: STS-121, STS-115, STS-116, STS-117 and ISS Expedition 13

Ramona Gaza1,2,Edward Semones1, Dazhuang Zhou1,2, Steve Johnson3, Neal Zapp1

1Space Radiation Analysis Group, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Pkwy, Houston, TX 77058, USA

2Division of Space Life Sciences, Universities Space Research Association, 3600 Bay Area Blvd., Houston, TX 77058, USA

3Lockheed Martin Space Operations, 1300 Hercules, Houston, TX 77058, USA

Operational passive dosimetry at SRAG

• Monitoring crew members and ISS area locations since May 1999 • Total of 19 passive radiation monitoring increments • 3035 day continuous crew/area ISS monitoring

• Monitoring crew members and STS area locations since April 1981 • Total of 117 Shuttle Missions flown

Summary of ISS Expeditions ISS Passive Radiation Duration Module Detector Types Monitoring Increments (days) 05/20/99-05/29/00 Node 1 (3 locations) 375 TLD-100

TLD-100, TLD-300 Node 1 (3 locations) 124 05/19/00-09/20/00 TLD-600, TLD-700

Node 1 (3 locations) TLD-100, TLD-300 93 09/08/00-12/11/00 Service Module (4 locations) TLD-600, TLD-700 Node 1 (3 locations) TLD-100, TLD-300 151 12/01/00-05/01/01 Service Module (6 locations) TLD-600, TLD-700 Node 1 (3 locations) TLD-100, TLD-300 Service Module (6 locations) 96 04/19/01-07/24/01 TLD-600, TLD-700 US Lab Module (5 locations) Node 1 (3 locations) Service Module (6 locations) TLD-100, TLD-300 40 07/12/01-08/22/01 US Lab Module (5 locations) TLD-600, TLD-700 Airlock (2 locations) TLD-100, TLD-300 16 locations 128 08/10/01-12/17/01 TLD-600, TLD-700 TLD-100, TLD-300 16 locations 134 12/05/01-04/19/02 TLD-600, TLD-700 04/08/02-06/19/02 16 locations 71 TLD-100, TLD-300 TLD-600, TLD-700 06/05/02-12/07/02 16 locations 184 TLD-100, TLD-300 TLD-600, TLD-700

Summary of ISS Expeditions ISS Passive Radiation Duration Module Detector Types Monitoring Increments (days) TLD-100, TLD-300 16 locations 160 11/24/02-05/04/03 TLD-600, TLD-700 TLD-100, TLD-300 16 locations 195 10/18/03-04/30/04 TLD-600, TLD-700 17 locations –added the TEPC TLD-100, TLD-300 188 04/19/04-10/24/04 RAM TLD-600, TLD-700 TLD-100, TLD-300 17 locations 192 10/14/04-04/24/05 TLD-600, TLD-700 TLD-100, TLD-300 04/15/05-10/11/05 17 locations 178 TLD-600, TLD-700, Luxel, CR-39 TLD-100, TLD-300 10/01/05-04/08/06 17 locations 189 TLD-600, TLD-700, Luxel, CR-39 TLD-100, TLD-300 18 locations-added extra Lab 182 TLD-600, TLD-700, 03/30/06-09/29/06 Module location Luxel, CR-39 TLD-100, TLD-300 09/18/06-08/21/07 18 locations 337 TLD-600, TLD-700, Luxel, CR-39 TLD-100, TLD-300 08/08/07- 18 locations TLD-600, TLD-700, Luxel, CR-39

ISS RAM - TEPC location (attached to the TEPC)

ISS RAM SM-242 location (sleeping crew quarters)

ISS Radiation Area Monitor (RAM) Locations

Lab OS0 Lab PD2 (forward) Lab OS6

NODE 1-1 Lab D3 Lab TeSS NODE1-2 ( window) (sleeping station)

NODE1-3 Lab D4_D2 (CHeCS rack)

Airlock (under truss)

Airlock (under panel)

Service Module W14 ( window)

Service Module P242 Service Module P442 (port crew quarters) (starboard crew quarters)

Service Module P327 Service Module P307 Service Module P339 (overhead R-16 location) (TsP overhead) (behind treadmill) Summary of ISS RAM Dose Rates

300 Node 1

y) SM a 280 LAB d Airlock Standard Deviation

y/ 260

G • Node1: 10-20 %

µ 240 (

e 220 • SM: 20-50 % t a 200 • US LAB: 25-50 % R

e 180 s • Airlock: 5-15 % o 160 D

0 140 0 1

- 120 D

L 100 0 0 2 2 T 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 3 4 4 5 5 6 / / /0 /0 0 /0 / /0 / / 0 /0 /0 /0 /0 /0 9 0 1 1 / 2 7 9 9 7 / 0 4 4 1 8 /2 /2 /1 0 4 2 /1 1 /1 /0 4 3 2 2 1 0 5 9 2 / /2 / 2 / 6 2 /0 / / / / / 0 0 1 5 7 8 1 4 0 1 5 4 0 4 0 4 - - - -0 0 -0 - -0 - - 0 -0 -1 -0 -1 -0 9 0 0 0 - 1 1 1 2 2 - 3 4 4 5 5 /9 /0 /0 0 1 0 /0 0 /0 /0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 8 / /0 / 0 / 8 5 /0 / / / / / 2 1 0 1 9 2 1 5 0 0 4 8 9 4 5 1 / / / /0 /1 /1 / /1 / / /2 /1 /1 /1 /1 /0 5 5 9 2 4 7 8 2 4 6 1 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

Solar Cycle Progression and Altitude Profile

400

390 ) km

( 380

e d u

t 370 i t l A

e 360 g a r 350 ve A

340 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 ISS Radiation Monitoring Increments

Current SRAG Operational Passive Radiation Measurements

Personal Radiation Monitoring – each crew member carries a radiation detector for the whole duration of the mission

• TLDs: LiF:Mg,Ti, CaF2:Tm

• OSLD: Al2O3:C (Luxel) • PNTD: CR-39 Area Radiation Monitoring • Passive Radiation Dosimeters (PRDs) to monitor the radiation environment inside the Shuttle (6 locations) • Radiation Area Monitors (RAMs) to monitor the radiation environment inside ISS (18 locations)

NASA-SRAG Passive Radiation Detector

• Crew Passive Dosimeters (CPDs) • Radiation Area Monitors (RAMs) • Passive Radiation Dosimeters (PRDs) TLD-100 (8 detectors) TLD-300 (6 detectors) TLD-600 (2 detectors) TLD-700 (2 detectors) OSLD/Luxel (6 detectors) CR-39 (2 detectors)

NASA-SRAG Radiation Detection Lab Equipment Risø TL/OSL-DA-15C/D Reader

NASA-SRAG Radiation Detection Lab Equipment Two (semi-automatical and manual) Optical Microscopes

NASA-SRAG Radiation Detection Lab Equipment Two Harshaw 5500 TL Readers

ISS Expedition 13/12S Missions Parameters

Mission Delivery to ISS: Date: Average Orbit 12S (Soyuz TMA-8) 03/29/06 Altitude (km): 349.3 Mission Return from ISS: Date: Inclination (deg): 51.6 12S (Soyuz TMA-8) 09/28/06 Expedition Duration (d): 182 days 23 hours 44 minutes

• 18 RAM locations • TLD/OSL/CR-39 included • CHeCS RAM at location for 86 days

Results: Dose rate for ISS RAM locations

Highest: 300 TLD100 • SM-P442 – SM-442 LAB-D3 TLD300 280 LUXEL sleeping crew ) y 260 quarters a

d AL/AD3 / • LAB-D3 – window y 240 SM-242

G Lowest µ 220 ( AL/OF3

NOD1-1 SM-W14 • TESS – US e t 200 a SM-327 sleeping station LAB-PD2 R NOD1-3 180 LAB-OS0 • TEPC – RAM at e s SM-P307 TEPC location o 160

D NOD1-2 LAB-OS6 TEPC • CheCS – 140 TESS CHeCS SM-P339 pharmaceuticals 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 rack Radiation Area Monitoring Locations

Operational passive dosimetry at SRAG:ISS

300 Node 1 ) ISS EXPD 13

y SM

a 280 LAB d Airlock

y/ 260 G

µ 240 (

e 220 t a 200 R

180 se o 160 D

0 140 0 1

- 120 D

L 100 0 0 2 2

T 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 / /0 /0 /0 0 /0 /0 /0 /0 /0 0 0 0 0 0 /0 0 9 0 1 1 / 2 7 9 9 7 / / / / / 8 / 2 2 1 4 2 1 1 0 4 0 4 4 1 9 / / / /0 /2 / / /1 / / /0 /3 /2 /2 /1 /0 /2 5 9 2 5 7 8 2 4 6 2 5 4 0 4 0 4 9 -0 -0 1 0 0 0 -1 0 -0 -1 0 1 0 1 0 0 9 0 - - - - 1 - 2 2 -0 ------9 0 0 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 / /0 /0 /0 0 /0 /0 /0 /0 /0 0 0 0 0 0 /0 0 0 9 8 1 / 2 0 5 8 5 / / / / / 1 / 2 1 0 9 1 1 0 0 4 8 9 4 5 0 / / / /0 /1 / / /1 / / /2 /1 /1 /1 /1 /0 /3 5 5 9 2 4 7 8 2 4 6 1 0 4 0 4 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0

1.2 LUXEL l

a 1.1 n Fading properties g i

S 1.0

L S

O 0.9

e v i • TLD-100 (363 days) t 0.8 a l e - preirradiation bleaching for 3 min/ 525 nm green • TLD-300 (363 days) R 0.7 - power ~43mW/cm2 - emmision filters Hoya U-340 (7.5 mm) • Luxel (168 days) 0.6 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Elapsed Time (d) )

1.2 a

) 1.2 e a TLD-100 r TLD-300 A re 1.1 1.1 P -a T H MP 1.0 ( ( 1.0 l l a a n n

0.9 g i g

0.9 S Si

L L 0.8 T 0.8 T

e - preirradiation annealing 1h at 400C & 2h at 100C v i ve - preirradiation annealing 1h at 400C & slow cool i 0.7 t - postirradiation annealing 30min at 100C t 0.7 - postirradiation annealing 30min at 100C a l a - heating rate 6C/s l

- heating rate 6C/s e e

0.6 R R 0.6 0.1 1 10 100 1000 0.1 1 10 100 1000 Elapsed time from irradiation (d) Elapsed time from irradiation (d) Dose Equivalent and Quality Factor Calculated with the TLD/OSLD/CR-39 combination

= = × H ∑ Hi ∑ Di Q(Li ) i i • NCRP 142, 2002 Recommendation 11, Equation 6.1:

= + H QDOSLD /TLD ∫Q(L) DPNTD (L) dL

OSLD / TLD + CR−39 H H < µ H > µ Q = total = LET 10keV m LET 10keV m OSLD / TLD + − ε CR−39 Dtotal D (1 ave )DLET >10keV µm

Dose equivalent for ISS RAM locations

Dose Dose CR-39 Low-LET High-LET TL/OSL Detector Detector (<10 keV/ (>10 keV/ Total Dose Dose Equivalent Quality Measured Dose Location Type μm water) μm water) (mGy) (mSv) Factor (mGy) Q=1 Q>11 (mGy) (mGy)

147.00 ± SM-P442/ TLD-100 50.14 ± 0.79 45.02 53.72 ± 1.19 2.74 10.39 Inside ± 8.70 ± Starboard TLD-300 53.17 1.08 46.50 55.20 ± 1.41 148.49 ± 10.41 2.69 0.88 SM Crew ± Quarters LUXEL 51.51 0.68 46.52 55.22 ± 1.13 148.51 ± 10.38 2.69 TESS/ TLD-100 30.00 ± 0.44 27.06 32.63 ± 0.57 92.48 ± 4.83 2.83 Inside the Polyethyle TLD-300 27.84 ± 0.38 23.59 29.16 ± 0.57 89.01 ± 4.83 3.05 5.57 ± 0.41 ne lined Sleep LUXEL 30.06 ± 0.35 26.95 32.51 ± 0.57 92.37 ± 4.83 2.84 Station TLD-100 29.79 ± 0.47 26.55 32.17 ± 0.58 92.79 ± 3.56 2.88 TEPC/ Attached TLD-300 30.92 ± 0.48 26.67 5.62 ± 32.29 ± 0.58 92.90 ± 3.56 2.88 to TEPC 0.30 detector Luxel 30.92 ± 0.33 27.74 33.36 ± 0.42 93.97 ± 3.54 2.82

STS Passive Radiation Dosimeter (PRD) Locations

• Crew Passive Dosimeters (CPDs) – 6-7 crew members • Passive Radiation Dosimeters (PRDs) – 6 locations

Recent Shuttle Radiation Measurements

Mission Launch Landing Duration Inclination Total Intl EVAs Date Date Crew Crew # (GMT) (GMT) STS-121 7/4/2006 7/17/2006 12d 18h 51.6 7 1 3 18:38 13:14 36min STS-115 9/9/2006 9/21/2006 11d 19h 51.6 6 3 15:14 10:21 6min

STS-116 12/10/2006 12/22/200 12d 20h 51.6 7 1 4 1:47 6 22:32 45min STS-117 6/8/2007 6/22/2007 13d 20h 51.6 7 4 23:38 19:49 10min

Recent Shuttle Radiation Measurements: Dose Rate (µGy/d)

Detector PRD1 PRD2 PRD3 PRD4 PRD5 PRD6 STS- TLD-100 187 ± 2 240 ± 2 240 ± 4 179 ± 3 228 ± 3 205 ± 3 121 TLD-300 186 ± 4 236 ± 4 230 ± 7 174 ± 4 236 ± 5 194 ± 6 Luxel 179 ± 4 232 ± 5 216 ± 5 180 ± 4 211 ± 5 196 ± 4 TLD-100 158 ± 2 174 ± 3 226 ± 2 184 ± 3 192 ± 2 187 ± 2 STS- TLD-300 145 ± 6 165 ± 5 220 ± 4 180 ± 4 188 ± 4 172 ± 3 115 Luxel 157 ± 3 177 ± 4 227 ± 4 182 ± 4 187 ± 4 185 ± 4 TLD-100 177 ± 2 294 ± 3 303 ± 3 191 ± 2 252 ± 3 220 ± 2 STS- TLD-300 182 ± 5 313 ± 8 328 ± 10 191 ± 5 284 ± 9 234 ± 6 116 Luxel 182 ± 2 295 ± 4 299 ± 2 192 ± 2 258 ± 4 222 ± 2 TLD-100 168 ± 3 253 ± 4 251 ± 4 183 ± 4 195 ± 5 193 ± 4 STS- TLD-300 170 ± 3 254 ± 6 260 ± 8 184 ± 4 203 ± 4 194 ± 4 117 Luxel Not Not Not Not Not Not analyzed analyzed analyzed analyzed analyzed analyzed

Shuttle Maximum and Minimum Dose Rates

TLD100 340 TLD300 320 Luxel )

d 300

y/ 280 G

µ 260 ( Maximum

e 240 t

a 220 R 200

se 180 o Minimum

D 160

D 140

R 120 P 100 STS-121 STS-115 STS-116 STS-117 Mission

Dose equivalent for STS-116 and STS-121 STS-116 Detector TL/OSL Dose Dose CR-39 Total Dose Total Dose Q Detector Dose LowLET High LET All LET Equi. All LET All Location All LET Q=1 Q>10 (mGy) (ICRP 60) LET (mGy) (mGy) (mGy) (mSv) PRD-1 TLD-100 2.28 ± 0.03 2.06 0.37 ± 0.04 2.43 ± 0.05 6.41 ± 0.48 2.64 TLD-300 2.34 ± 0.06 2.06 2.43 ± 0.07 6.41 ± 0.48 2.64 Luxel 2.34 ± 0.02 2.13 2.50 ± 0.04 6.48 ± 0.48 2.59 PRD-2 TLD-100 3.79 ± 0.04 3.47 0.54 ± 0.04 4.01 ± 0.06 9.51 ± 0.48 2.37 TLD-300 4.03 ± 0.10 3.61 4.15 ± 0.11 9.65 ± 0.49 2.32 Luxel 3.80 ± 0.05 3.49 4.04 ± 0.06 9.53 ± 0.48 2.36

STS-121 Detector TL/OSL Dose Dose CR-39 Total Dose Total Dose Q Detector Dose LowLET High LET All LET Equi. All LET All Location All LET Q=1 Q>10 (mGy) (ICRP 60) LET (mGy) (mGy) (mGy) (mSv) PRD-1 TLD-100 2.39 ± 0.03 2.18 0.36 ± 0.04 2.54 ± 0.05 6.44 ± 0.47 2.53 TLD-300 2.38 ± 0.05 2.10 2.47 ± 0.06 6.37 ± 0.47 2.58 Luxel 2.29 ± 0.05 2.08 2.45 ± 0.06 6.35 ± 0.47 2.59 PRD-2 TLD-100 3.07 ± 0.03 2.79 0.49 ± 0.06 3.28 ± 0.07 8.53 ± 0.68 2.60 TLD-300 3.01 ± 0.05 2.64 3.13 ± 0.08 8.38 ± 0.68 2.68

Luxel 2.97 ± 0.06 2.70 3.19 ± 0.08 8.44 ± 0.68 2.65 Qualitative Neutron Contribution: Dose ratio TLD-600/TLD-700

PRD1 1.5 PRD2 PRD3 0

0 PRD4

7 1.4 PRD5 - PRD6 D

L 1.3 T / 0

0 1.2 6 -

D 1.1 L T

o 1.0 i t a

R 0.9

e s

o 0.8

D STS-121 STS-115 STS-116 STS-117 STS Mission

Qualitative Neutron Contribution: Dose ratio TLD-600/TLD-700

NOD11 1.5 NOD12 0 NOD13 300 TLD100 0

7 SMP339 SM-442 LAB-D3 TLD300 - 1.4 SMP327 280 LUXEL D )

L SMP307 y

T 260 1.3 SMW14 a /

d AL/AD3 0 SMP242 / y 0 SMP442 240 SM-242

6 1.2 G

- LAB1OS6 µ 220 ( AL/OF3 D

LAB1D3 NOD1-1 SM-W14 L 1.1 LAB1PD2 e t

T 200

SM-327 LAB1OS0 a

o LAB-PD2

R NOD1-3 i

TESS t 1.0 180 LAB-OS0 e a AL1AD3

s SM-P307

R AL1OF3 o 160 0.9 e RAMTEPC D NOD1-2 LAB-OS6 TESS TEPC s CHeCS LAB1CHeCS 140 SM-P339 o 0.8 D EXPD13 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 ISS Expedition Radiation Area Monitoring Locations

Future Work

• Addition of extra ISS RAM detectors at several locations inside the Node 2, European Columbus Module and Kibo Japanese Experimental Module

• Investigate the feasibility of using Blue OSL stimulation of the Al2O3 detectors which can lead to shorter post-flight measurement times

• Continue to evaluate the efficiency of the current SRAG’s Passive Radiation Detector package and chose the best configuration for the passive radiation monitoring of the next generation space vehicles

• Continue to be part of international collaborations such as Matroshka, Icchiban, etc.