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THESIS FINAL Copy.Pages AUSTRIAN NEUTRALITY TO SERVE AN EXAMPLE FOR THE NEUTRALISATION OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA By SARAH AL RAEESI ID no. 016201400195 A thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanities President University In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Bachelor’s Degree in International Relations Major in Diplomacy 2018 THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER This thesis entitled “Austrian Neutrality to Serve an Example for the Neutralisation of the Korean Peninsula” prepared and submitted by Sarah Al Raeesi in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelors in International Relations, Major in Diplomacy in the Faculty of Business and International Relations has been reviewed and found to have satisfied the requirements for a thesis fit to be examined. I therefore recommend this thesis for Oral Defense. Cikarang, Indonesia, April 19th 2018 Endi Haryono S.IP., M.Si. II DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I declare that this thesis, entitled “Austrian Neutrality to Serve an Example for the Neutralisation of the Korean Peninsula” is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, an original piece of work that has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university to obtain a degree. Cikarang, Indonesia, April 19th 2018 Sarah Al Raeesi III PANEL OF EXAMINERS APPROVAL SHEET Panel of examiners stated that the thesis entitled “AUSTRIAN NEUTRALITY TO SERVE AN EXAMPLE FOR THE NEUTRALISATION OF THE KOREAN PENINSULA” that was submitted by Sarah Al Raeesi majoring in International Relations from the School of Humanities was assessed and approved to have passed the Oral Examinations on Thursday, May 17th 2018. Hendra Manurung, S.IP, M.A Chair Panel of Examiners Drs. Teuku Rezasyah M.A., Ph.D Examiner 1 Endi Haryono S.IP., M.Si. Thesis Adviser IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Page THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER ……………….….………II DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY……………………..………….…………III EXAMINERS APPROVAL SHEET….…….……………………….…..…….…IV ABSTRACT………………………………………………………….…..……..VII AKCNOWLEDGEMENTS….………………….………………….….………VIII LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………….….…..….…IX LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………….…….….….X LIST OF ACRONYMS……………………………………………….………….XI CHAPTERS I. INTRODUCTION I.1. Background…………….……………………………………………..…1 I.2. Problem Identification & Significance..….……………………………10 I.3. Problem Statement……..………………………………………………20 I.4. Research Question & Objectives………………………………………21 I.5. Readings on Austria & Principal Theory………………………………23 I.6. Theoretical & Research Framework…………………………,…,….…32 I.7. Research Method………………………………………………………38 I.8. Outline of Chapters ……………………………………………………42 I.9. Scope and Limitations of the Study……………………………………44 I.10.Definition of Terms…………………………….……..………………46 II. FURTHER READINGS: UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE IN DEPTH, THE KOREAN PROBLEM & ONGOING ISSUES……………………47 V II.1.Origins of the Korean War, Vol. 1: Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regimes, 1945-1947 (1981)…………………………………47 II.2.Syngman Rhee: the Man Behind the Myth (1955) by Robert T. Oliver…………………………………………………………………..48 II.3.Routledge the Failure of Socialism in South Korea 1945-2007 Yunjong Kim (2015)……..………………………………………………………49 III. AUSTRIAN MODEL: BUILDING THE NUCLEAR NEUTRALISATION OF KOREA ………………………………………58 III.1.The Austrian Neutralisation Model………………………………..…58 III.2.Neutralisation of the Korean Peninsula..….………………………….64 IV. ANALYSIS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AUSTRIAN MODEL IN KOREA…………………………………………………..…69 IV.1.“Korean Neutralisation Attempts (1882-1907): Retracing the Struggle for Survival and Imperial Intrigues”…………….……………………..76 IV.2.“A Neutral Democratic People’s of Korea?”..….…………………….78 IV.3. “The Korean Peninsula: Peaceful engagement for humanitarian concerns”………………………………………………………………81 V. CONCLUSION………………………………….………….……………92 VI. APPENDIX………………………………………………………………95 VII. REFERENCES………………………………………….…………..…..136 VI ABSTRACT Austrian neutrality to serve an example for the neutralisation of the Korean peninsula By Sarah Al Raeesi After the Japanese occupation of Korea in 1945 the Korean peninsula has operated as two different countries. Since then, there have been numerous efforts to reunite the two states. Different interests from external powers such as the US, China, and modern day Russia, propelled by the politics of the Cold War, have proven a major hinderance to the unity of the two Korean states. Despite the prospect of success in uniting the two nations, a divided mistrust exists among them. Intrinsically, the two differ in the unification formula that should be used. In this pursuit, it is believed that the neutralisation approach offers the best hope for the unification process. The study proposes for the nations to become the first nuclear armed neutral state; which, along with unification, can be extremely beneficial for the region as well as the international system, which may ostensibly be balanced with time. The optimum end result for the two nations would be unification, however the issue lies within the nations, their corresponding influential nations and their heightened sensitivity to conflict. For a country to achieve neutralisation there are certain conditions that are required to be in order, one of them includes unilaterally declaring neutralisation. This being the largest obstacle to achieve for both nations as the majority of the peoples are not centrists. Hence, for unification to become perceivable, declaring neutrality and removing all external factors comes before the centralisation of the political attitudes of the people. Aspects covered are internal, using data varying from polls, to religion, to ethnicities, as well as geography; which evidently, are enough to bring the peninsula to neutralisation, excluding the external aspects, which will be limited and abolished once neutrality is achieved. Once having achieved neutrality via unilateral declaration through having met the appropriate result of the formula assembled in the study, the Korean Peninsula can successfully become an armed neutral state. The study shows that the only limitation and constraint the peninsula has, is the ability to unilaterally declare neutralisation accordingly, which is limited to either one of the heads of state, heads of government and the minister of foreign affairs. The approach of neutrality has a history of success in countries such as Switzerland, Belgium, and Austria. Inferring from Austria’s data and applying it to the formula, the study seeks to propose the ability of the neutralisation process for the end goal of the unification of both North Korea (DPRK) and South Korea (ROK). Keywords: Neutralisation, Unification, Unilaterally declaring neutralisation, Centralism, Internal VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe my deepest gratitude to my parents, Walid Darwish Al Raeesi and Mariam Saeed Al Shaiba for the amount of understanding I received while writing this thesis. I would like to thank my family for enduring me during this thesis, for my moods have been in a constant change. I also appreciate the efforts to help me that came with this long process. Sultan and Shaikha I’m sorry I couldn't play video games or watch series with you, please wait until I present this paper. I would like to thank Mariam Saeed Al Darmaki for her support and mainly enduring all my rants and not blocking me on WhatsApp. I would also like to thank Shambaih, Hanafi, Othman, Bu Slaiman, Dhaim, Bu Amabar, Sbeet, Um Sayyed, Afari, and Atoga for their ultimate contribution to this project. Although my time with you has been limited and considering I am thousands of kilometres away, I thank you from the bottom of my heart. I would also like to thank Um Saeed, Um Saloom, Um Allawi, Um Khammas for their constant help in aiding me to question and therefore further analyse my studies. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to everyone at Mubadala Petroleum for supporting my studies in every way imaginable. This work would not have been possible without the support of Vincent Vega. I am especially indebted to Dr. Butch Coolidge and Dr. Jules Winnfield, who have supported my career goals. I am grateful to all of those with whom I have had the pleasure to work during this and other related projects. I would especially like to thank Mia and Marsellus Wallace, Catherine and Eliot Ness, and Walter Payne for their continuous support throughout the writing of this thesis. Not forgetting to mention the constant advice from Mehad Hamad Al Muhairi, as well as the guidance from Ali Bin Rougha Al Zaabi. Aziza Jalal, I could not express enough gratitude for all those nights you stayed up with me and helped me with this paper. I would also like to thank the support I received from Jaber Jassim as well as Ibrahim Habib. Abdulmohsin Al Muhana, I would like to thank you for your kindness. Hussain Jasim, your help has been crucial in the pursuit of this project and your guidance has brought out the best in this thesis. I am grateful to my drivers that took me back and forth to university everyday. For without you I probably wouldn't have considered PU an option. This thesis would not have been possible without Apple’s autosave function and Redbull. It is a pleasure to thank those who made this thesis possible. VIII LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Table of Population of Austria & Korea (Before & After) …..…91 Table 2: Ethnic Groups in Austria……………………………..……..…..94 Table 3: Religious Groups in South Korea……………………….….…..95 Table 4: Religious Groups in North Korea……………………….…..….96 Table 5: Religious Groups in Austria ………………………..……….….97 Table 6: Ethnic Groups in South Korea……………….….……..…….…98 Table 7:
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