DOCUMENT RESUME UD 007 707 ED 026 428 By-Greenberg, Morris S.; And Others Adventures in United States History.Unit 3: Americans Move West. Los Angeles City Schools,Calif. Div. of Secondary Education. Repor t No- L ACS -Pub-ESEA 1-3 Pub Date 67 Note-57p. EDRS Price MF-$0.25 HC-$2.95 Descriptors-Activity Units, American History,Enrichment, *High School Curriculum,*Instructional Materials. *United States History, *Units ofStudy (Subject Fields), Urban Schools Identifiers-California, Great Plains Unit Three in an Americanhistory curriculum preparedfor the Los Angeles high schools is concerned with thewestward movement. Discussed arethe early explorers and trappers, the acquisitionof new lands, California'searly history, and the settlement of the GreatPlains. The chapters include a summaryreading, several activities, some enrichmentmaterial, and a review discussion.For other units in this series, see UD 007705,UD 007706, and UD 007708.(NH) ^'« '' U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION & WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE

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ADV URES IN UNITED STATESHISTORY

UNIT 3: AMERICANS MOVEWEST

FOR PUPILS IN UNITED STATES HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY1

4)1 LOS ANGELES CITY SCHOOLS

DIVISION OF SECONDARY EDUCATION ACA PUBLICATION NO. ESEA 1-3

1967 This publication was developed with funds provided by the federal government under Title I, Elementary andSecondary Education Act of 1965.

APPROVED:

EVERETT CHAFFEE Associate Superintendent Division ot Instructional Planningand Services

ROBERT E. KELLY Associate Superintendent Division of Secondary Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

members to this publication are The guidance andcontributions of staff gratefully acknowledged. S. GREEN- This booklet waswritten in its presentform by MORRIS and LIONEL BERG, EUGENEPHELPS, ROBERTM. ALMANZO, RILEY, Consultants,Division of SecondaryEducation, Specially-Fund- by R. WHITNEYDRA- ed Programs. Theillustrations were prepared NEY. The cover wasdesigned by MARIONSAMPLER.

Valuable guidance andassistance were contributedby the following staff members.

Division of SecondaryEducation

Helen Burge Supervisor, English /SocialStudies Donald T. Perryman Supervisor, English /SocialStudies Walter J. Lansu Asst. AdministrativeCoordinator, SFP

Division of InstructionalPlanning and Services

Alfred T. Clark, Jr. Supervisor, SecondarySocial Studies Albert J. Dunkel Supervising Illustrator,Audio-Visual Section

the Particular appreciationis expressed to thefollowing members of Teacher AdvisoryCommittee:

Joseph Arguello Mark Twain JuniorHigh School John Avakian Lincoln High School Addison Clark Stevenson Junior HighSchool Laverne Deal Virgil Junior HighSchool Oscar Ossorio Griffith Junior HighSchool Virgil Patterson Hollenbeck Junior HighSchool Grateful acknowledgment is made to thefollowing persons for their valuable suggestions and contributions inevaluating and testing the material:

Fred Baumeister Berendo Junior High School Addison Clark Stevenson Junior High School George Edwards Edison Junior High School Luis F. Hernandez Emerson Junior High School Lillian Lipton Virgil Junior High School Dan McCarthy Foshay Junior High School Wayne Marshall Drew Junior High School Gordon Wilk Drew Junior High School

HARRIETTE F. WILLIAMS Pilot Projects Coordinator Specially-Funded Programs

THOMAS 0. LAWSON Administrative Coordinator Specially-Funded Programs

iv TABLE OFCONTENTS

Page iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CHAPTER ONE: EARLYEXPLORERS AND TRAPPERS 1 LEAD THE WAY TOTHE WEST 1 Summary Reading 4 Enrichment 1: The Trapperand the Hunter 6 Enrichment 2: Daniel Boone,Man of the Frontier 9 Enrichment 3: JamesBeckwourth 11 Chapter Review Discussion 13 CHAPTER TWO: AMERICAGAINS NEW LANDS INTHE WEST 13 Summary Reading 17 Enrichment 1: Map of LandAcquired by U.S. After WarWith Mexico 19 Enrichment 2: Tom MeetsSam Houston 22 Enrichment 3: Inheritance FromSpain and Mexico 25 Chapter Review Discussion 27 CHAPTER THREE:CALIFORNIA'S EARLY HISTORY 27 Summary Reading 30 Enrichment 1: Ray DiscoversFather Serra Enrichment 2: The CaliforniaGold Rush 33 35 Enrichment 3: Map of California 37 Chapter Review Discussion 39 CHAPTER FOUR: AMERICANSSETTLE THE GREAT PLAINS 39 Summary Reading 42 Enrichment 1: The AmericanCowboys 45 Enrichment 2: The Cowboys Meet 48 Enrichment 3: The Indians of theGreat Plains 50 Chapter Review Discussion j_0 a ' ; Or' 401*- ..1..-

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garly Explorers and Trappes LEAD THE WY to the W re, ' SUMMARYREADING

VOCABULARY understand how Watch for these words intoday's reading. They areunderlined in the story. Try to these underlined words areused in the story. 1. pioneer 5. rich soil 2. settle 6. game 3. trapper 7. hostile 4. self-reliant Most of us Are you sometimes afraid to tryto so something youhave never done before? brave are afraid to trysomething new. In today's story, youwill read about people who were enough to do something new.

They had to be on the WHO MOVED WESTBEFORE hardships and dangers. lookout for hostile Indians.They had to clear THE SETTLERS? that they could grow settled west of the thir- the trees from their land so Many pioneer families homes; late 1700's and early1800's. crops. Theyhad to build their log cabin teen states in the make their own furniture. However, the settlers owed a greatdeal to the and, often, they had to Sometimes, they used greased paperfor windows hunters and trappers who wentwest before them. and leather straps forhinges. Life was not easy. WHY WERE HUNTERSAND TRAPPERS SO IMPORTANT? WHAT KIND OF PEOPLE The hunters and trappers wereimportant for WERE THE PIONEERS? two reasons. First,their stories made other peo- The pioneer was a specialkind of person. He ple interested in the land tothe west. The hunters was glad toshare things with hisneighbors. He and trappers told excitingstories about what they worked very hard, doing manythings for him- saw there.They said, "There is richsoil, and self. Someone who doesthings for himself is plenty of game outthere!" The second reason self-reliant. Althoughpioneers had to be self- that these men were soimportant was that they reliant, they depended ontheir friends and neigh- made new trails or discoveredold ones; usually, bors at times. Pioneers wereglad to help each old Indian trails. Otherpeople then could follow other in the time ofneed. The pioneer had per- these trails. A hunter or trapperfound the best sonal qualities that weoften admire. Some ex- way to get torich land. Often, he"marked" the amples would be that he wasself-reliant, friendly, trail so that other mencould follow. He might and willing to help others. mark a trail by cuttingnotches in trees or by placing logs in a certain way.As these trails of- WHY DID SETTLERSCHOOSE A ten were along ariver, he found the bestplaces CERTAIN PLACE TOSETTLE? to cross rivers, too. In time, many pioneerschose the same place might be WHAT WERE SOMEHARDSHIPS to settle, usuallyfor a good reason. It land, because it was a THE PIONEERSFACED? because there was rich because it was near a river. Pioneer familiesfollowed the trails of the center for trading, or As more people came to asettlement in the trappers andhunters. These families faced many

1 ilmsrrar.

West, it grew into a town.Sometimes, it even west : first, the trappersand hunters who led the grew into a city. way; then,the pioneer settlerswho were not We owe much to the brave menwho moved afraid to start a new life.

ACTIVITY 1

VOCABULARY The words below were underlinedin the story. Copy eachword and match it with the meaning it hasin this story. Then, writethe meaning next to the word. 1. pioneer a. able todo things for yourself 2. settle b. animals that can behunted 3. trapper c. a place crops can grow 4. rich soil d. someone who settles aplace first 5. game e. not friendly 6. hostile f. to live in one place 7. self-reliant g. a manwho traps animals

ACTIVITY 2

READING FOR MAIN IDEAS Under each topic are two sentences.Copy the one sentence thatis correct for each part of the story. 1. Moving west a. Thesettlers owed much to the government. b. The settlers owedmuch to the hunters and Itrappers. 2. Hunters and trappers a. Huntersand trappers interestedother people in the land to the west. b. Hunters and trappershid the trails to the west. 3. Pioneers a. Pioneersusually refused to share thingswith their neighbors. b. Pioneers wereself-reliant. 4. A place to settle a. Manypioneers chose the same place tosettle. b. The government madepioneers settle in the sameplace.

2 ACTIVITY 3

WHAT WAS SAID FIRST? Next to each number are two sentences.For each number, copy the sen- tence that was said FIRST.Remember, the hunter and the trapper came first; then came the settler. I. a. "Ah! What a finebeaver I trapped!" b. "This looks like a good spotto grow our crops." 2. a. "Say! Some trapperleft a mark on the tree toshow us the trail." b. "Ah! What a finecollection of furs' have." 3. a. "Yep! I just shot anotherdeer. I like it here all alone." b. "We are building ourcabin near the river."

ACTIVITY 4

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION I. Do you think the earlypioneers would have beenin favor of the government paying theirdoctor bills? Explain your answer. 2. Would you like toLye in a frontier areatoday, such as some parts of Alaska?Explain your answer. Enrichment 1: THE TRAPPER AND THEHUNTER

Today, when someone wants a man for a job, KNOW YOUR WAY he may put an ad in a newspaper. Imagine that "You have to know your business. It's hard someone wanted to place anad for a trapper or to outsmart animals. You have toknow how to skin hunter in the early 1800's. Here are some things follow their trails. You have to know how to them. You'd better be able to handle a knife and he might write in his ad. "Wanted: Boy brave enough to fight off hos- an ax, too. "Of course, after you have been hunting or tile Indians or to face a 1200-pound grizzly bear. trapping for a few months, you will have a good You may run into rattlesnakes, too. Cowards supply of furs or skins. You have to hide them need not apply for the job." in a safe cave. More than one trapper or hunter TRAPPER AND HUNTER WANTED has had his furs or skins stolen. But, if you're A person wanting one of these jobs might be luckyif you get your supply out, if you beat the told this by the person doing the hiring. weather, if the Indians leave you alone, and if the "I need someone who likes hard, dirty, and rattlesnakes don't bite youyou will make your- dangerous work. You may run into a grizzly self some money." bear that weighs ten times as much as you do. BE YOUR OWN BOSS You must be careful he doesn't catch you. A rat- Do you think you would have answered that tlesnake may bite you. Just in case one does, take ad? Not many men want that kind of life now, some gunpowder along toburn out the poison. and not many did then. It took a special kind of That usually does the trick. man, one who was willing totake a chance to "Dress warmly. You will be going up moun- make money. But also he wanted to be free and alone, to be his own boss. The settlers who came tain streams to trap beavers and other animals. later owed a great deal to this kind of man. The The winter can be rough. Your feet might freeze. hunters and trappers never meant to stay in one You might run out of food and starve to death. place. What they did, though, was to make trails Of course, if you're lucky, you'll remember that from east to west. The settlers were afraid to go you always can eat your moccasins. west without trails, but once the hunters and "When you get into Indian country, watch trappers made trails, the settlers soonfollowed. out! Some Indians don't like you taking their The settlers7and we todayhave to thank these game. Keep that rifle out infront of you all the trappers and hunters for leading the way to the time." West. We followed their trails.

ACTIVITY 1

FIND THE TRAPPER OR HUNTER Copy ONLY those sentences which are things a trapper or a hunter might have said. Do not copy the others. 1. "I will never go where it's cold." 2. "I'm willing to take a chance." 3. "I'm a pretty fussy eater."

4 4. "Ouch! I never did learn how touse an ax." 5. "I know how to get along with the Indians." 6. "I can't stand dirt." 7. "I made trails from east to west." 8. "A good place at last. i'mnever moving from here!"

ACTIVITY 2

ON THE LOOK-OUT What are some thingsa trapper or a hunter might have seen in the wilder- ness? Copy ONLY those things that he mighthave seen while moving west. Do not copy the others. I. a beaver 10. an elephant 2. a tiger 11. a grizzly bear 3. a school 12. a canoe 4. Indians 13. a snake 5. a mountain 14. animal skins 6. a river 15. birds 7. arrows l 6. store 8. signs 17. flashlight 9. a deer 18. a rabbit

ACTIVITY 3

TAKE YOUR CHOICE Trappers and hunters had to travel light. Theywould have liked to take many things with them besides their weapons, but they knew the impor- tance of speed in the wilderness. Pretend you are a trapperor a hunter. Here is a list of ten things you probably would like to take withyou into the wilderness, but you have room for only five. List on your paper the five thingsyou think would be most important for you to have along. a. extra pair of socks f.medicine kit b. beads and mirrors g. fishing string and hooks for trading h. frying pan c. canteen for water 1. ax d. guitar j.heavy blanket e. sewing kit

5 Enrichment 2: DANIEL BOONE,MAN OF THE FRONTIER

Do you think there is adventure in your life tains to get into Kentucky. Later, Daniel Boone today? Compare your life with Daniel Boone's, blazed (marked out) a trail through the moun- in Kentucky. tains into Kentucky. In 1775, he led his family Most of the settlers who moved west were and other pioneers to a spot near the Kentucky brave. Why, then, do we make something special River. Here they started a settlement they named out of Daniel Boone? Well, some ofthe bravest Boonesborough. men were the oneswho came firstthe ones who paved the way. Daniel Boone was one of the BOONE ESCAPES FROM INDIANS brave men who paved the way. Daniel Boone had some exciting adventures when he was opening upKentucky. took BOONE HELPS HIS FAMILY Once, he was captured by Indians. They Daniel Boone was born in a log cabin on the his furs and horses and then set himfree. He frontier in 1734. When he was only twelve, his trailed the Indians and took back his horses. father gave him a rifle. Daniel soon became a Again, Indians trailed him; and, this time, they later, "crack shot." At thirteen, he already was bring- took him, along with the horses. A few days ing in meat for his family of five brothers and Daniel Boone managed to escape for good. Another time, Daniel Boone wassurrounded sisters. Daniel Boone learned all there was to learn by Indians. He jumped from a cliff,landed in a about the wilderness. He got to know Indians tree, and escaped. He had other narrow escapes well. He learned how to trap animals. Because from Indians. he did not go to school like you, he did not learn to read books well, but he did learneverything BOONE HAS SOME BAD TIMES he needed to know about the wilderness. A bent Daniel Boone was not always so lucky. Once, twig or a footprint in the wilderness told him he was shot in the ankle, and wouldhave been many things he wanted toknow. tomahawked had a friend not carried him tosafe- As Daniel grew up, first in Pennsylvania and ty. Another time, he spent awhole winter trap- later in North Carolina, he became a hunter and ping and hunting. He stored his furscarefully. a trapper. Sometimes, hewould spend months Then, Indians took all the stored fursand skins. alone in the woods. He was a natural outdoors- Daniel Boone and his family suffered a great man. deal. One of his sons was killed andscalped by Indians. Later, Boone's daughter waskidnapped by the Indians, but he was able o get herback. BOONE HEADS FOR KENTUCKY One day, a peddler came by Daniel Boone's cabin. He told Daniel about a beautiful land to PEOPLE ADMIRE DANIEL BOONE the westthe land of Kentucky. It had fine soil The people who knew Daniel Booneadmired and was rich in game. It had no settlers yet be- him and said he was a great man. If youasked cause it was on the otherside of the Appalachian them why, these are some of the answersthey mountains, That was all Daniel Boone had to gave: hear. By this time, he was married and had chil- "Even though he had fights with Indians,he dren, but the wilderness called him, and he an- really hated bloodshed." swered that call. "He was a natural leader." in 1767, Daniel Boone, along with three other "He was brought up as a Quaker. As aQuaker, men, used an old Indiantrail to cross the moun- he did not believe in hating other people.Even

6 though he fought the Indians to save hislife, he THE EXAMPLE OF BOONE never hated them." We admire Daniel Boone today. He is an ex- "He had plenty to get excited about, butnoth- ample of the brave men who were notafraid of ing seemed to bother him. He wasalways calm." "He loved the outdoors because itmade him the wilderness. He made it possiblefor other feel free." settlers to move into Kentucky. "He was always ready to help others. He was Now that you have read about DanielBoone, honest." "He did not like to brag." what do you admire most about him?

ACTIVITY 1

CHECKING THE FACTS Number from 1 to 9 on a sheet of paper.For each number, write the answer that shouldbe in each blank below. My name is Daniel Boone. I wasborn in a 1 in 1734. I learned how to hunt and 2 animals. A 3 told me about Kentucky. I used an old Indian trail to crossthe mountains to , 4 .I was captured by the_5 .I lost one of my 6 but I did not give up. Peoplethink I am a natural 7 .Even though I fought some Indians, I never 8 them. 1 think I will be remembered most becauseof my love for the 9 .It makes me feel free.

7 ACTIVITY 2

TELL THE TRUTH Boone. Imagine that youoverheard some peopletalking about Daniel TRUE. Copy the statementsabout Daniel Boonethat you think are 1. "He was bornrich." 2. "He liked toread books." 3. "He was partof a large family." 4. "He knew aboutKentucky before anyoneelse." 5. "He was afraidof Indians." 6. "He hated theIndians." 7. "He did notgive up easily." 8. "He loved theoutdoors." 9. "He tried to helpother people." 10. "He bragged agood deal."

ACTIVITY 3

A LETTER short letter to a Imagine you took atrip with DanielBoone. Write a wilderness. friend. Tell himabout your adventureswith Boone in the

8 Enrichment 3: JAMESBECKWOURTH

with your class- "He did many differentthings. That's what "Danny, are you finished For example, he was the history teacher. made his life so exciting. work?" asked Mr. Stokes, and a fur trader. He even "Almost," said Danny, ashe closed the book a hunter, a trapper, served as a guide for wagontrains. Because he he was reading. of the Indian lan- "Then put away that bookand complete the could speak a little of some also an interpreter.Sometimes assignment. We only have ten moreminutes be- guages, he was for both the settlers andthe fore the bell," said Mr.Stokes. he was a translator finish his classwork Indians when they wanted totalk to each other. Danny was just able to tell the Indians what was asked row monitors tocollect You know, he would when the teacher and then tell the the papers. The bell rang,the teacher dismissed being said by the white men, Indians were saying." the dass, and thestudents started to their next white men what the class. Robert in his his- Danny had a friend named ADVENTURES OF JAMESBECKWOURTH tory class. The twoboys also had the sameEng- of his exciting adven- lish class the next period.As they startedwalking "Tell me about some down the hall, Robertsaid, "Trying to catch up tures," said Robert. on yourEnglish homework inhistory, huh? But "Well, he had quite afew," said Danny."Phy- you gotcaught." sical danger became a partof his daily living. "I wasn't doing myhomework," said Danny. Beckwourth loved the rugged typeof life, though. "I did my homeworklast night. The bookthat On the frontier, menhad to be rough-and-ready I was reading was abook I got from thelibrary." fighters. They had tobe able to defendthem- Danny showed the coverof the book to his selves, not only againsthostile Indians, but some- friend and continuedtalking. times even against eachother. Beckwourth was "I checked this book outyesterday, and I can't always able to protecthimself. about the put it down.Since we were studying "After Beckwourthreturned to St. Louisfrom about western frontier,I wanted to know more one job onthe frontier, the manhe worked for some of thefrontiersmen like DanielBoone and another tough assignment. I asked him to accept Davy Crockett. WhenI went to the library, This job would takehim back into thewilder- Negro frontiersmen, found out there were some ness.Beckwourth agreed, andit was fourteen too." years beforehe got back to St.Louis. Every one know that," said Robert. "No kidding. I didn't of those fourteen yearshad its share ofdanger and adventure.They were all spent inthe wilds JAMES BECKWOURTH,FRONTIERSMAN among Indiansand frontiersmen. "I'm almost "For a time, Beckwourthlived among the "Ididn't either," said Danny. off with the braves to James Beckwourth now. Crow Indians. He went finished reading about outstand- had. I learned that fight the neighboringtribes. He was an What an exciting life that guy respected by all of theCrow life on the frontier wasdifferent than ing fighter, and was a Negro's Indians. Beckwourth was evenadopted by an it was in other places inthe country. Color didn't Indian family as their son.His Indian 'father' matter much outthere. For the most part, a man went out in searchof the finest unmarried women was a man onthe frontier." Beckwourth could pick one tobe "What did you find out aboutthis James Beck- of the tribe so place in the bookthat Mr. wourth?" asked Robert. "Whatdid he do on the his wife. It was at this Stokes told me to put itaway." frontier?"

9 This "I can see what you meanwhen you said it's to Beckwourthbut did not stop fighting. book," said Robert. "When you was Beckwourth'slast opportunity to serve his an interesting afterward, he became ill, and died finish it, let me know. Iwould like to check that country. Soon book out of the library, too." among his Indianfriends. James Beckwourth wasimportant in Califor- nia history. In 1851, hediscovered a pass through OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS the mountains to reachnorthern California. In in the Sierra Valley, Yes, James Beckwourthdid do the things Dan- 1852, he built the first house The pass and a small ny said, and many more.Beckwourth was in his and set up a trading post. of California still carry sixties when the UnitedStates government asked town in the northern part him to return to the CrowIndians. At that time his name. his country well. Crow Indians were onthe warpath, and the gov- James Beckwourth served Beckwourth could talk theminto The many outstanding thingsthat he did in help- ernment hoped West are now a part being more peaceful. JamesBeckwourth was ing open up the way to the well received by the Crows.The Indians listened of United States history.

ACTIVITY 1

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS Copy the questions below and answerthem on your paper. 1. Name three of thejobs James Beckwourth had as afrontiersman. 2. Why was it helpfulfor James Beckwourth tobe able to speak some of theIndian languages? 3. Why did the men onthe frontier have to berough-and-ready fighters? 4. Which group ofIndians did James Beckwourthlive with for awhile? 5. What did the governmentask James Beckwourth todo when he was in hissixties? 6. What state has asmall town named after JamesBeckwourth? CHAPTER REVIEWDISCUSSION

THOUGHT QUESTIONS 1. What are someexamples of modern daypioneers? 2. In what ways aremodern pioneers like theearly pioneers? 3. What kind of mandid the pioneeer admire?What kind of man do we admire today? 4. We have laws todaythat limit the numberof animals and fish sportsmen can hunt orcatch. Do you think suchlaws are good? Explain your answer. 5. James Beckwourth, aNegro; Sacajawea, anIndian; and many Mexicans had an important partin "winning the West."Why is it important forpeople to know this?

PETE AND BOB:BEING INDEPENDENT did The pioneer did nothave most of the things wehave today, but he not have to worryabout smog and trafficand many otherpresent-day problems. things Pete says: "Oh, forthe good old days.Sure, we have some that make life easiertoday, but the pioneer was asfree as a bird. Iwish I had lived in thosedays." Bob says: "You can havethe good old days. Iwould miss television, movies, and school toomuch. I'm glad I live nowand not then. What do you think? Do you agreewith Pete or Bob?Why?

11 ....,..,,, u,...at .ty

1 I

, CHAPTER/, SUMMARY READING

VOCABULARY Watch for these words in today's reading. They areunderlined in the story. Try to understand how these underlined words are used in the story. 1. independent 3. boundary 2. develop 4. acquired Have you ever had a big argument with someoneand later made friends with him? Do you think countries cando the same thing? You will find outabout this in today's reading.

WHY DID MEXICO battled to the last man there. In April of 1836, WELCOME AMERICANS? a Texas army led bySam Houston defeated the Americans were interested in all the land to Mexican army at San Jacinto. General Santa the west. There was rich soil there and achance Ana was captured, and was forced to give Texas for a new life. Texas lay to the west. Atfirst, its independence. Texas became an independent Texas had belonged to Spain, but in the 1820's country called the Lone StarRepublic. Mexico owned Texas. Because so few people lived there, Mexico said, "We want Americans WHAT CAUSED THE WAR BETWEEN to come to Texas." Many Americansrushed in THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO? when they heard this.Many of the American set- Texas wanted to become a part of the United tlers were slave-owners from southern states. States. In 1845, the United States made Texas a state. This madeMexico angry because Mexico still felt that Texas belonged to Mexico.The WHY DID MEXICO CHANGE ITS MIND? United States and Mexico did not agree on In 1829, the Mexican government passed a the southern boundary of Texas. This was the law that said there would be no more slavery in boundary separating Texas from Mexico. The Mexican territory. By 1830, there were over United States claimed the southern boundaryof twelve thousand Americans in Texas. The Mexi- Texas was the Rio Grande. Mexico said that the can governmentfelt there were enough Ameri- Rio Grande was part of her country andthat the cans in Texas, so theysaid, "We do not want any Neuces River was the boundary. Arguments over more Americans to come toTexas." This made the boundary that separated Texas fromMexico Americans in Texas angry. led to war in 1846. In 1836 the Americans in Texas answered, "We do not want to be under the rule of Mexi- co." Then, they went on to say, "Texas is not HOW DID THE WAR END? part of Mexico any more. It is independent. The Mexican War ended in 1848. The United States won the war. Look at the map on page 17. You can see the large amount of land that the WHAT HAPPENED AT THE ALAMO United States gained. The United States paid AND SAN JACINTO? Mexico fifteen million dollars for the land she Mexico, of course, was not willing to give up gained after the war. Few people fromMexico Texas. A Mexican army defeated the Texans at were livingthere. Some people feel that the the famous Battle of the Alamo. The Texans United States did not do the right thing in taking

13 this land; others believe that it was right. In any taking a different trail by covered wagon.This case, it gave manypeople a chance to develop other trail was longer and much moredangerous. the land; and before that time, the land had not The trail led to the Oregon country, a rich,beau- been developed. tiful land. Along with Americans, Englishfur There is no point now in arguing who was traders came to Oregon. At first,both England right. All of this happened more than one hun- and the United States agreed to own and rule all dred years ago. What is important is that, for a of the Oregon territory together.Then, in 1846 long time now, Mexico and the United States the United States and England agreed to separate have learned to live at peace with eachother. the land into two parts. Through this agreement, Each country likes to think of itself as working the United States gained a new landwhich now toward being a better neighbor. Many reminders makes up the states of Washington,Oregon, and of the Mexican way of life can still be seen in the Idaho. This is an example of how twonations land acquired by the United States. made an agreement about land withoutgoing to HOW DID WE GET OREGON? war. In the 1840's, some Americans traveled to By 1850 the United States hadgained many Texas. At the same time, other Americans were new lands in theWest.

ACTIVITY 1

VOCABULARY Many of the words below were underlinedin the story. Copy each word and match it with the meaning it hasin this story. Then, write the mean- ing next to the word. 1. independent a. to improve 2. develop b. to get 3. boundary c. not to be a partof another country 4. acquire d. that which separates one country from another

14 ACTIVITY 2

READING FOR MAIN IDEAS Under each topic are two sentences. Copy the one sentencethat is correct for each section. 1. Americans in Texas a. Many Americansmoved to Texas because of the chance for a new life. b. Very few Americans went to Texasbecause the soil was so poor. 2. No More Americans a. No Americans went toTexas after 1829 because they couldn't have slaves. b. In 1830, the Mexican government saidthey did not want any more Americans to come toTexas. 3. Alamo and San Jacinto a. The Mexican armydefeated the Texans at the Alamo and San Jacinto. b. The Texans gained theirindependence after their victory at San Jacinto. 4. The End of the War a. The UnitedStates gained a lot of land from the MexicanWar. b. The United States did not take anyland from Mexico after winning the war. 5. On to Oregon a. Oregonbecame part of the United States after along and bloody war with England. b. The United States was able togain Oregon by a peaceful agreement with England.

15 ACTIVITY 3

WHO SAID IT? Write American if youthink an Ametican mighthave made the statement. Write Mexican if youthink a Mexican mighthave made the statement. Write both if you thinkeither a Mexican or anAmerican might have trade the statement. 1. "Just a minute, too manyof you are coming toTexas." 2. "We do not want togive up Texas." 3. "We won the Battleof the Alamo." 4. "We won theBattle of San Jacinto." 5. "We claim theRio Grande as thesouthern boundary ofTexas." 6. "You cannot have any moreslaves here." 7. "The Neuces Riveris the southern boundaryof Texas." 8. "We can developthe land." 9. "I think of you as agood neighbor now." 10. "I don't care what yousayTexas belongs tous." nrichment 1: MAP OFLAND ACQUIRED BY U.S. AFTER WAR WITHMEXICO

MEXICAN CESSION, 1848

MAP A

ACTIVITY 1

MAP STUDY Trace Map A above. Then on your tracing papercolor or shade the land the United States received inthe Mexican Cession in 1848. Then on a piece of notebook paper, answer the followingquestions. You may look at Map B for the answers. 1. Which four complete states are in the land gainedin the Mexican Cession? 2. Parts of which three statesare also in this land?

17 1 NEVA

CESSIO MEXICANr-

ALIFORNIA % Enrichment 2: TOM MEETS SAM HOUSTON

Torn usually slept or daydreamed in class. But and said, "Now, this is the part I want you to today he was wide awake, Mr. Weaver, his his- think about." tory teacher, was telling an exciting story to the class. It was about Sam Houston. TOM GETS READY TO SLEEP Here, Tom got ready to fall asleep. Whenever SAM HOUSTON LEADS THE TEXANS Mr. Weaver said, "This is important," or, "I "And so, things looked pretty bad for the Tex- want you to think," Tom became bored. This ans after the Battle of the Alamo in 1836. There time, however, Tom listened long enough to get were about one hundred and eighty men at the interested again, Alamo, and every one of them was killed. There "It is one thing to be a good military leader, were about eight hundred Texans left who were but Sam Houston was more than that. He went willing to carry on the fight. They chose Sam on to be the first president of Texas. When Texas Houston as their leader. Sam never was one to became a part of the United States, he served as quit a fight, but he took his men and retreated. the senator from Texas and as governor of Texas His men complained about this. They did not for many years. People agreed he did a good job. know that Houston was just getting them into a Now then, what do you know about Houston better position." that made him such a good leader? Remember, Here the teacher took a breath, and then con- he was a good leader in peace and a good leader tinued. Tom was now listening to every word. in war. The people of Texas think he was one of the greatest leaders they ever had." HOUSTON IS WOUNDED Tom raised his hand. fHe had read a book "When they finally got the order to start fight- about Houston, and he thought he knew a right ing, Sam himself was in the middle of it. Twice, answer. The teacher looked in Tom's direction. his horse was shot right out from under him. He Torn got ready to answer, but Mr. Weaver jumped on a third horse. During the battle, a said, "Yes, Mary." Mary sat right behind Tom. bullet hitting his ankle knocked him out of the Tom was angry, but he listened to what Mary fighting. This was not the first time in his life that had to say. Houston had been hurt. When he had fought some Indians years before, an arrow had ripped SAM HOUSTON'S FAMILY into his leg. That time, people thought he was a "Well, Sam Houston had a strong family back- goner, but they did not figure on the toughness ground. His people before him lived in Scotland of Sam Houston. And so now, Sam just took the and in Ireland. They fought very hard for re- pain as he had done years before." ligious freedom. His mother told him stories about his people in Scotland and Ireland. They TEXAS WAS INDEPENDENT fought very hard for religious freedom. This "The battle ended in a victory for the Texans. made him proud. Because he was proud of him- Sam Houston was happy they had won and that self, he worked hard to become a leader." Texas was independent. Texas was going to be- come a 3eparate country. The people wanted SAM HOUSTON'S EARLY INDIAN LIFE Texas to become a part of the United States, but "That's one answer," said Mr. Weaver. Tom's that would have to wait for almost ten more hand kept waving. "Yes, Tom." years." Tom said, "When Sam was sixteen, he got Here, Mr. Weaver took another deep breath, tired of working on a farm and in a store. He

19 found an Indian friend, aCherokee, who took a WHO IS RIGHT? liking to him. Then, Sam stayedwith the Indians When Tom finished, the teacherasked the for more than three years. AnIndian chief class, "Who is right, Mary or Tom?" adopted him. Sam did more thanjust live with Some of the class members said that Mary was the Indians. He really became anIndian himself, right. Some said Tom. think thinking of his Indian step-brothers asreal "Well, then," said Mr. Weaver, "do you that both of them may be right?" brothers. He learned the Indianlanguage and The class thought about this; then, Joespoke Indian customs. He often joinedin the circle out: "I think they are bothright. I am a Mexican- listened to the around the Indian campfire, and American. I am very proud of the stories my wonderful 'Indian wise, old men of the tribe tell mother tells me about how hard my peoplehave stories. At heart, he was an Indian.He was al- struggled to get their rights. I am proud to be an ways proud tobe called by his Indian name, American, too." which was Raven. He was alwaysinterested in The teacher smiled. "Well, maybe welearned helping the Indians, too, Years later, peoplesaid something today." he had dignity. It was a dignityhe had learned Tom agreed that he had. Then, beforehe from the Indians. All the peopleliked him and could settle down to his daydreams,the bell respected him because of this dignity." rang. He thought,"Gosh, this period went fast."

1

20 ACTIVITY 1

FILL ME IN Copy the followingparagraph and fill in themissing words, Sam Houston was thefirst of Texas. He proved to be a good in peace and war. Hispeople had lived in and Sam had lived among the and had learned a greatdeal from them. Hehad dignity, and this madepeople him.

ACTIVITY 2

ARE YOU ALEADER? Copy the followingchart on your paper. Onthe left side are some de- scriptions of a good leader.Put an X under the nameSam Houston for each of the things thatdescribe him. Put an Xunder the word Myself for each of the thingsthat you think describe you.See how you compare with Sam Houston. Do youhave the qualities of agood leader, too? Sam Houston Myself

1.Interested in other people

2.Proud of family

3.Brave

4.Eager to learn new things

5.Willing to respect the rights of other people

21 MEXICO Enrichment 3:INHERITANCE FROMSPAIN AND cooler in the summerand warm- Jack, and his friendManuel, were walking because they are winter." home from schoolin Los Angeles. er in the missions were madeof "Say, Manuel," saidJack, "let's meet in the "So that's why the patio of the PlazaHotel before the dance.Re- adobe bricks!" saidJack, member, the hotel's onthe corner of La Cienega "That's right, and it wasalso cheaper to build and La Tijera." with adobe. InCalifornia, the priestsbuilt 21 "You know, what youjust said sounds funny, missions, and there are manymore inArizona, coming from you,"remarked Manuel. New Mexico, andTexas. They werebuilt to "What do you mean,Manuel?" bring the Catholicreligion and the Spanish way "Well, many of t!'ewords you used are of life to the Indians." Spanish." "Dad said that manyof our cities todayhave grown upwhere the missions werestarted," said Jack. "You know,cities like San Diego,Santa THOSE SPANISHWORDS Barbara, and SanFrancisco." "Now that I think ofit, you're right,"said Jack. "Your name,patio, plaza, LaCienega, andLa Tijera areall Spanish words.How about TOWNS ANDBUSINESS that!" "He's right, Jack.But not all towns atthat "Well, it's not toosurprising when you stop to time grew up that way.One summer when we think that Californiabelonged to Spain orMex- were driving upthrough the state, we ran across ico for over 300 years,Jack." several towns that werestarted by families or "Wow, that's a longtime." groups ofpeople who came fromSpain or Mex- "Yes, I know. Thefirst Spanish explorers ico. They gave these townsnames likeLos Gatos came intothis area in the 1500's,"said Manuel. The Cats,' andLasPu lgasThe Fleas.'Some "They took it all forSpain. It became aSpanish of the people whosettled in these townsstarted colony." some of ourmost importantbusinesses." "You know, I didn'tknow that the Spanish "Well, I know theystarted the cattlebusiness," Why, that was were herethat early, Manuel. said Jack. "That'swhy there are manySpanish about 100 yearsbefore the Pilgrimslanded." words used in thecattle business. Forexample, later became a partof "That's right! The area words likerodeo, lariat,andchaps." Mexico was a Spanishcolony, Mexico. You see, "Many of the wordsthat are used in themin- and in 1820 it broke awayfrom Spain, just like ing industry areSpanish, too, Jack. Forexample, from England, in1776," said Manuel. we did bonanza,arroyo,andbarranca.Mining was a "Well, now I understandwhy you see so many big business withthe Mexicans." Spanish or Mexicanthings around,"remarked Manuel." Jack. "That's interesting, "Another interestingthing, Jack. Mexicoalso did a lot of tradingwith the Far East; infact, so much that, at onetime, China used onlyMexi- REMINDERS OF SPAINAND MEXICO in their businessaffairs." Jack. can gold "Yes, and it's not onlyin street names, forget how much of this in different typesof "You know, sometimes we We are still reminded done here before theAmeri- buildings, music, andhandcrafts. Why, in the the Mexicans had said Jack. desert, people are stillbuilding houses of adobe cans came,"

22 A GREAT INHERITANCE "From a friend of my father," answered Jack. "He's a lawyer. He told my dad that even the first "I know what you mean, Jack. They really constitution of California was written in Spanish gave this area its beginning. We've inherited a and English." great deal from them." "Wow, it's getting late," said Manuel. "If we "Did you know that when California became do.ft hurry, we'll be late getting to the Plaza a state, the leaders just kept many of thelaws Hotel. See you at the corner of 'the swamp' and that the Mexicans had?" asked Jack, "Especially 'the scissors'," laws about water, mining, and boundary rights." " 'The swamp' and 'the scissors'? What's that?" "No, 1 didn't know that, Jack. Where did you "Well, Jack, in Spanish, La Cienega means learn that?" 'the swamp', and La Tijera means 'the scissors'."

23 ACTIVITY 1

KNOWING THE FACTS Copy each statement on your paper,and then complete it withthe correct answer. 1. Before the Pilgrimslanded at Plymouth Rock,in 1620. a. Mexicobroke away from Spain andbecame an independent nation. b. California was aSpanish colony. 2. After Mexico becameindependent of Spain a. Californiabecame part of the UnitedStates. b. California became partof Mexico. 3. Looking at the style ofbuildings and of the missionsin California a. reminds usthat California belonged toSpain and Mexico for over 300 years. b. shows us that thePilgrims were the firstpeople to settle in this area. 4. Missions were builtin Arizona, New Mexico,and a.Virginia. b. California. 5. San Diego and SanFrancisco are examples ofCalifornia cities which a. grew upin places where missionshad been started. b. were started beforethe 1500's. 6. Some words that we usetoday, such as patio,and rodeo, are really a. Spanishwords. b. Indian words. 7. When Californiabecame a state a. the firstconstitution was writtenin Spanish and English. b. all the missions were torndown.

ACTIVITY 2

JUST FOR FUN Below are some Spanishwords. Try to matchthe words with their mean- ings. Number from 1 to5 on your paper. Copyeach word with its mean- ing beside it. 1. casa a. book 2. amigo b. money 3. libro c. house 4. escuela d. school 5. dinero e. friend

24 sm.w..

CHAPTER REVIEWDISCUSSION

THOUGHT QUESTIONS 1. Do you respect a personwho respects you? Explainwhy. 2. Why do people want tobe independent? 3. Some pupils inCalifornia speak onlySpanish. Should the law require the state to printbooks in Spanish for them?

PETE AND BOB: BEINGAN AMERICAN Should Americans think ofthemselves as Americans andnothing else? Can they be good Americansand still be proud of ancestorswho had a different way of life? Pete says: "I believe I am agood American. I'm proudof America and nothing else. I cannotbe a good American andstill be proud of the customsof my ancestors. Afterall, they lived in another country." Bob says: "I believe I am agood American. I amproud to be an American. I am also proudof the way of life of my an- cestors. I can beproud of both and still be agood Ameri- can." What do you think? Do you agreewith Pete or Bob? Why?

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VOCABULARY understand how Watch for these words intoday's reading. They areunderlined in the story. Try to these underlined words areused in the story. 1. port 4. pueblos 2. founded 5. treaty 3. missions younger? Have you looked at picturesof yourself that weretaken when you were much California when Did you notice howdifferent you looked? We aregoing to take a look at it was very young.Notice how different earlyCalifornia "looks." founded, the WHAT KINDS OF PEOPLELIVED The Spanish priests started, or first mission in California in1769. This was the IN EARLY CALIFORNIA? they founded twenty Mexico in 1846. San Diego Mission. In time, California broke away from other missions. The missions wereplaced where However, the history ofCalifornia goes back the Spanish priests taughtthe Indians about the before that. Let us take aminute now many years European way of life. Thepriests taught the In- about this early Californiahis- to find out a little dians about the Christianreligion. They also tory. It is an interesting story. taught the Indians manythings about farming. Indians. The In- California's first people were The Indians learned how totake care of cattle dians of California are amongthe last known and horses, and how tobuild and make useful did group ofIndians of North America. They things. place to another as much as not move from one Many times pueblos, or towns grew uparound Indians. They did little other North American the missions. Some of thepueblos grew into large hunting for big game animals.Small game ani- cities. For example, SanDiego, San Francisco, mals were hunted, though.The Indians ate a pueblos did not start fish. The California and Santa Barbara. Some good deal of vegetables and around missions. They werestarted by people Indians seldom went on thewarpath. They were from Spain and Mexico. Thecity of Los Angeles people who enjoyed apeaceful way of life. was startedthis way in 1781.

WHY WERE THESPANIARDS MEXICO REVOLTS INTERESTED IN CALIFORNIA? Spain owned Californiauntil 1822. During The next people to livein California were that time, Mexico also belonged toSpain. The Spanish. When the Spaniardsfirst came to Cali- Mexicans wanted to be independentand free, fornia, in 1542, they thoughtthey had reached however, and in 1822 Mexicobroke away from an island.They named the area California.Spain Spain. When that happened,California became was interestedin starting a settlement onthe a territoryof Mexico. Most of thepeople who coast of California in1602. This settlement had settled in California hadalways felt far away would serve as a art to getfresh supplies for from Spain, and they felt far awayfrom the main Spanish ships trading in Asia.However, these part of Mexico, too.Many of the Spaniards and plans failed to take place. Notmuch was done Mexicans in California thoughtof themselves to start settlementsbefore 1769. only as Californians.

27 the Bear Flag Revolt becausethe flag WHY DID PEOPLECOME was called bear on it. This flag TO CALIFORNIA? the Californians used had a flag. As it turned out, Even before gold was discoveredin 1848, is still California's state already gone to war with many peoplefrom the United States came to the United States had California. They came for different reasons.At Mexico when the BearFlag Revolt began. The first, they came in ships to tradewith the Cali- United States took controlof California in 1846 fornians. Jed Smith, a hunter and trapper,found during the war withMexico. When the peace a way throughthe desert and mountains toCali- treaty was signedbetween the United Statesand fornia in 1826. Soon, other trappersand traders Mexico in 1848, Californiabecame a territory followed him to California.When these men re- of the United States. turned to the East, they toldstories that made At that time, there were not manypeople in other people want to come."California is a land California. Then, in 1848,gold was discovered of rich soil and beautifulweather," they said. in northern California at a sawmill owned by Soon more Americans beganthe dangerous trip John Sutter. The news ofthe discovery spread, to California. California by the thou- who had settled in and people rushed to In time, the Americans sands. They hoped tofind gold and get rich. California, and some Californianswanted to To get their in- Although many of themfailed to find gold, some be independent from Mexico. rich soil and beau- dependence, they broke awayfrom Mexico in remained, because they found 1846. This was called the BearFlag Revolt. It tiful weather for farming.

ACTIVITY 1

VOCABULARY The words below wereunderlined in the story. Copy eachword and match it with the meaning ithas in this story. Then,write the meaning next to the word. 1. port a. to start 2. founded b. a place where ships pick upsupplies 3. missions c. an agreementby two nations 4. pueblos d. places where the Indians weretaught many things by Spanish priests 5. treaty e. small towns

ACTIVITY 2

READING FOR THE MAINIDEAS Under each topic, are two sentences.Copy the one sentence that is correct for each part of the story. 1. Indians of EarlyCalifornia a. TheCalifornia Indians werewarlike and enjoyed fighting and hunting. b. The California Indians werepeaceful and seldom went onthe warpath.

28 2. Spaniards in California a. TheSpa,liards were interested inCalifornia, and set up missions. b. The Spaniards were notinterested in California because it was too farfrom Spain. 3. Mexico revolts a. Mexicobroke away from Spain becauseshe wafited to be free and independent. b. Mexico broke awayfrom Spain because Spain did notkeep her promise to give Mexicoits independence. 4. Other People in California a. Peoplefrom the United States werekorced by the government to go to Californiain 1822. b. People came toCalifornia to make a better life forthemselves.

ACTIVITY 3

WHO SAID IT? If you had lived in earlyCalifornia and listened carefuliy, youmight have heard the following statements.Can you match what mighthave been said with who might havesaid it? List the five peoplebelow on your paper. Then, readwhat was said, and write the statementnext to the early Californian who might have said it. 1. A young Indian boy a. "I amhere trying to teach the In- dians about God." 2. An early Spanish b. "I came here lookingfor gold, but explorer now I thinkI'll stay and farm this rich land." 3. A Spanish priest c. "Mypeople were the very first ones here." 4. An American trapper d. "I was one of the firstAmericans in California. It is a nice place,but I don't want to staytoo many peo- ple here now." 5. A miner e. "WhenI arrived, there wereonly Indians here."

29 Enrichment 1: RAY DISCOVERS FATHERSERRA

"Oh, no, It's too far to walk, Joe," Ray had FATHER SERRA'S DREAM a tired look on his face,"Why do I have to walk "Father Serra was interested in making the to the store? It's a long walk, and myfeet are Indians Christians, so he stayed in Mexico. That killing me." was in the 1750's,Remember, at that time, Spain Ray's older brother, Joe, looked at Ray, He owned California, too, Spain never paid much put down the book he had been reading, "You attention to California, though, Then, something know, Ray, I have just been reading about Father happened to change this. Russia became inter- Serra and the California missions." ested in California, too; so Spain sent people to "Oh, no," Ray moaned. "Do I have to hear California to keep the Russians out, about the good old days again? All I said was "Father Serra saw this as a great chance to that my feet ate killing me." set up missions, These missionswould be used Indians in Califor- Joe gave Ray a strange look. to make Christians out of the "Alt right, Joe. All right, Telt me about this nia, So off he went, He started the first mission in 1769, in San Diego. Since he was fifty-six Father Serra. What did he do? Walk a mile to years old then, you mightfigure it was time for get to church?" him to restbut not Father Serra. During the "Nope. He walked thousands of miles," Joe next fifteen years, he helped start ninemissions. answered. They ranged from San Diego to San Francisco." "Are you kidding? No one walks thousands of miles. Who was this Father Serra?" Now, Ray FATHER SERRA WALKS was getting interested.Besides, he thought, if he Ray interrupted Joe. "What has this got to do kept Joe talking, maybe he would not have to with me walking to the store?" walk to the store. "Not so fast," Joe answered, "Do you know how Father Serra got from one of those missions FATHER SERRA GOES to another? He walked to thembadleg and all. TO THE NEW WORLD And he did this as an old man, walking hundreds of miles. By the way, he called the path he took "Father Serra," Joe began, "played an impor- El Camino Real, which means The King's High- tant part in California history. He was a professor way. You still can seethe route he took. Some (teacher) in Spain back in the 1700's. He could of our highways and freeways use the same route, have led a pretty easy life there. Instead, he and there are signs along the way to remind us." decided to go to the New World, to teach the Indians to be Christians. In 1749, he made plans THE INDIANS AND THE MISSIONS to go to Mexico, which belonged to Spain. When "Father Serra found that the Indians were not his ship got to Mexico, do you know what he very eager to come to the missions atfirst. But did? He said he would walk from the place where he had a way that won many of them over." the boat landed all the way to Mexico City. That "Did they use missions only to make Chris- walk was hundreds of miles. Well, he was bitten tians out of the Indians?" Ray asked. by a snake on that walk. The wound never did "No," Joe answered. "Of course, this was one heal right, and for the rest of his life he had of their main purposes, but the Indians worked trouble with his leg. You might think he would in the missions, too. The missions had a good take it easy on the walking after that, wouldn't deal of land that the Indians cared for, and many you? Not Father Serra." cattle, horses, and sheep. The Indians worked on

30 Here Joe paused. the farms, and made manyuseful things in the sion and never complained," Are you ready to walk mission shops, TheSpanish taught the Indians "So, how about it, Ray? missions from adobe andplaster. to the storenow?" bow to build the his brother. He had They made red tile for theroofs," Ray had to smile at thought he was going to beable to fool Joe, but that much THE MISSIONS TODAY now he thoughtthat anyone who knew fool. Besides, it had missions were started in history must be too smart to "In time, twenty-one listening to the story ofFather California, Today, you canstill visit them. Thou- been interesting Serra, and the Californiamissions, sands of people visitthem each year because they "Yes, yes. I'm leaving!"Ray said, walking like are such animportant part of our history.We with a bad leg. of the Californiamissions to one an old man owe the start back to his California manFather Serra, He never wasafraid to walk Joe laughed and went history book. great distances. Hewalked from mission tomis-

31 ACTIVITY 1

I CAN'T STAND ALONE Here are the parts of five sentences. The parts on the left side can not stand alone because they have no meaning until something from the right side is added. Can you do this? Copy each sentence part and complete ii.

I. Father Serra made missions to a. many missions in California. 2. El Camino Real was b. red tile for the roofs of missions. 3. Father Serra started c. teach the Indians to be Christians. 4. The Indians learned how to maked. walk many miles to set up missions. 5. Father Serra had to e. a path in California.

ACTIVITY 2

RIGHT OR WRONG Answer each of the following questions correctly by writing YES or NO on your paper. 1. Was Father Serra an educated man? 2. Was Spain the only country interested in California? 3. Did the Indians gain anything by coming to the missions? 4. Did Father Serra really walk from mission to mission?

32 Enrichment 2: THECALIFORNIA GOLDRUSH Gold was After California became a partof the United States,something very excit ing happened. Cali- discovered at Sutter's Mill in northernCalifornia in 1848. Manythousands of people rushed to the East often fornia after hearing about thediscovery, all hoping to findgold and get rich People in asked these two questions: Whatis the best way to get toCalifornia? Can 1 get rich there? in California was writing aletter To find the answers to thesequestions, let's imagine that someone in 1849 to a friend in the East.What would the letter say?Let's read it and lind out.

San Francisco, California try to get across theRockies, or the Sierra Ne- December 3, 1849 vada mountains in the winter.A group of people called the Donner Partytried that a few years Dear Joe, back. Many of them died. You asked me the best way to getto Califor- Well, if you're not discouraged, comeon. But nia. Well, take your pick.You can get a ship let me tell you before you come,mining for gold to take you aroundthe southern tip of South is very hard work. Iknow a miner who made America. This is called CapeHorn. I hear that $10,000 in one week. Sure, oncein a while some- though, so many people wantto take this route, one like himfinds a big nugget. Most of thetime, that they are using some prettyold ships. Many though, you have to takelittle bits of gold out of of these old ships are unsafefor such a long and tons of sand andgravel. You travel downdan- rough voyage. A lot of these"floating coffins" gerous trailsand into deep canyons. Ittakes a start the trip but neverfinish it. tough man. Sometimes you staysoaked in cold Well, if that long sea tripidea bothers you, water all day. Some men use asmall pan, but how about this? Take aship to Panama. From most of us havelong cradles. Either way,it is the dock, some muleswill take you across the hard work. Panama jungle. Then, when youreach the Pa- If you do make some money,it doesn't mean will bring you to San cific Ocean, another ship you aregoing to get rich. I paid$3 for an egg Francisco. There is one littleproblem with that, today and $2 for an onion.The gamblers and too. You might not getout of the junglealive. saloons are always trying to get yourmoney. It's dangerous; and, besidesthat, many people Right now, there is not much a poor guycan do coming through the jungle get adisease called here except mine for gold. malaria. If you get malaria you maydie from it. I'll tell you something,though. The soil here Of course, you can always go acrossthe coun- is rich. The weather isnice, too. This gold rush try by wagon. Youhave a few problems that won't last, but this landhas a future. I'm going way, too. Becertain you take the right route. to stay. Californiais going to grow, for sure. Otherwise, you can end uplost in Death Valley Why don't you take achance? Come on out and lost and or someother place. Some people get join me. die from the heat or coldweather. Be sure to Sincerely yours, leave Missouri at the righttime of the year, too. Sam Williams Plan to leave there in theearly spring. Don't ever in the East. This is the kind of letter someoneliving in California mighthave written to someone Of course, it would take along time for the letter to getthere. California? If you had received thisletter in 1849, would youhave wanted to go to

33 ACTIVITY 1

MAKE IT RIGHT Each of the sentences below is wrong. You can make it right by just changing one word. Number from 1 to 5 on your paper, and then write each of the sentences, changing just one word so that it will be a true statement. 1. The trip to California by ship was very safe. 2. Traveling across the Panama jungles was healthy. 3. No people died trying to reach California by land routes. 4. It was easy work mining for gold. 5. Food was cheap in California during the gold rush.

ACTIVITY 2

TAKE YOUR CHOICE If you had your choice, which of the people below would you rather have been in the Gold Rush days? Write your choice on your paper, and ex- plain the reasons for your choice. 1. a miner 2. a man who sold supplies to the miners 3. a man who took the miners to California 4. a gambler

34 Enrichment 3: MAP OFCALIFORNIA

Sacramnto

San.A Oakland Francisio *san Jos, Frsno

Glendale 4Pasadena Los Angeles Long Beach

San Digo ACTIVITY 1

CALIFORNIA'S BIGGEST CITIES IN 1960 Below is a chart of the ten cities inCalifornia that had the most people in 1960. After looking at the chart, answer theeight questions on your paper. Ten Cities in California With the Most People in 1960 1960 1950 Fresno 133,929 91,669 Glendale 119,442 95,702 Long Beach 344,168 250,767 Los Angeles 2,479,015 1,970,358 Oakland 367,548 384,575 Pasadena 116,407 104,577 Sacramento 237,712 137,572 San Diego 573,224 334,387 San Francisco 740,316 775,357 San Jose 204,196 95,280 1. Which city in California hadthe most people in 1960? 2. Which cities had the second andthird largest numbers of people in 1960? 3. If you added the number ofpeople in 1960 in the second and third largest cities, would they have morepeople than the largest city? 4. Which city north of Los Angeleshad the most people in 1960? 5. Which city south of LosAngeles had the most people in1960? 6. Which cities had fewer peoplein 1960 than in 1950? 7. Which city gained the mostpeople from 1950 to 1960? 8. Which cities had less than100,000 people in 1950?

36 CHAPTERREVIEWDISCUSSION

THOUGHT QUESTIONS 1. Imagine that gold was neverdiscovered in California.Would other attractions havebrought people toCalifornia? 2. What are some ofthe ways gold is used? 3. Father Serra did notgive up. Name somepeople living today who have shown this samequality. PETE AND BOB:TAKING A CHANCE Many men who tried toreach California duringthe gold rush lost their dangerous. The men lives. Traveling toCalifornia in those days was very who went to Californiaknew about these dangers,but this did not stop them from going. Theywanted to get rich inthe gold fields. They were willing to take a chance. chance to get Pete says: "Danger meansnothing to me. If I have a rich, I will face anydangers." Bob says: "I don'tbelieve in taking chances.People who risk their lives to get rich arefoolish." What do you think? Do you agreewith Pete or Bob?Why? ipcft

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I. frontier 3. reservations windmills 4. drought

Have you ever promised something to someone and thenfound out later that you could not keep your promise? You %yinfind that the Amerkan government made certain promises to the Indians. too. Later the governmentfound that it could not keep all of the promises.

WHAT LAND STILL WAS NOT SETTLED? Some were going to Oregon, and many were We have read about how our country grew as going to California after gold was discovered the settlers kept moving west. As these settlers there in 1848. During the 1850's the trafficof moved west, the frontier moved west, too, be- Americans continued across the Great Plains. cause the frontier is the placewhere the unsettled Men from the United States goVernment were land begins. At first, settlers moved/as far as the busy making treaties with the Indians. Underthe Allegheny Mountains. Then, they moved on, past treaties some Indians agreed to move.Others the Mississippi River all the way to the Rocky gave permission forroads to be built that ran Mountains. Much of this land was called the across their lands.Soon afterwards, thousands Great Plains. The story of how this land was of Americans traveled over the roads.Plans were settled between the 1860's and the 1880's is an also being made to run a railroad acrossthe exciting one. Great Plains to California. WHY WAS THIS LAND UNSETTLED? PIONEERS ON THE PLAINS The area of the Great Plains was much differ- At first, most Americans movingWest were ent from the areas that Americansettlers were only interested in crossing theGreat Plains. used to on the westward march. The land was Later, some pioneers began a new life onthe dry, and it rained very little. Thisinformation Great Plains. There were differentkinds of pio- was found in the reportsthat were made to the neers who made a newlife on the Great Plains. government by Lewis and Clark andother ex- There were the miners, the cowboys,the ranch- plorers. These reports also showed thatliving ers, and thefarmers. These men helped settle the on the Great Plainswould be very difficult. As last frontier. The miner wandered intothe moun- a result, the areabecame known as the Great tain country looking for gold andsilver. His American Desert. At this time the government wanderings led him through the landswhich now told the Sioux, Comanches, Apaches, andother are the states ofNevada, Colorado, and Wyo- Indian tribes that the Great Plains wouldalways ming. The cowboys drove thousandsof cattle be I ndian Country. across the grasslandsof the Plains on their way WHAT HAPPENED ON to the railroad towns.Soon, many Americans THE GREAT PLAINS? were eating the meatfrom these cattle. During the late 1840's. thousands of Ameri- The farmer in the Great Plainsfaced many can settlers and minerscrossed the Great Plains. different problems. He found it difficult to grow

39 things there, since much of the land was dry and to the Indians, and theyhad believed it. The hard. He faced such enemies as grasshoppers government had not dreamedthat this land and very dry weather we call a drought. Some- would soon be needed. Now, when the settlersin- times he gave up. Sometimes he won out.The vaded the land that had been promised tothem, farmer dug wells to find water, and used machines the Indians went on the warpath. After yearsof called windmills to pump it from the ground. He fighting, the Indians had to give up. The Indians tore at the hard ground with asteel plow. He finally had to agree to move to areas the govern- brought in better machinery. The farmer put ment had set up for themcalled reservations. up barbed wire fences to protecthis crops. The Forcing the Indians on reservations is one ofthe farmer fought a hard fight. Finally, greatfields saddest stories in American history. of wheat showed that he had conquered theland. TIMES CHANGE He had met the Great Plains in battle and hehad Until the 1880's the miner, the cowboy,the won. rancher, and the farmer all were part of a great WHAT HAPPENED TO THE INDIAN frontier. Each did things in his own way. In time, WHILE ALL THIS WAS GOING ON? however, all of this changed. As morepeople The Indians, as you would expect, were un- moved into what was once the frontier,people happy when the Plains were being settled. Years could not do as they pleased. Law andorder was before, they had been pushed into theGreat needed. The pioneers who helped open upthe Plains. They had been told by the United States way to the Westplayed an important role in the government that this land wouldalways belong growth of the country.

ACTIVITY 1

VOCABULARY Many of the words below were underlined inthe story. Copy each word and match it with the meaning it has in this story.Then, write the mean- ing next to the word. 1. frontier a. areas set up bythe government where Indians live. 2. windmills b. no rain for a long time 3. reservations c. where the startof unsettled land begins 4. drought d. a machine used to pump water fromthe ground

40 ACTIVITY 2

CHECKING THE FACTS Copy the first part of each sentenceand then write the correct answer to complete it. 1. The last land to be settled was a. the landbetween the Mississippi River and theRocky Moun- tains. b. California and Oregon. 2. One reason the Great Plains wereunsettled was because a. livingconditions there were very difficult. b. the Indians wanted too much moneyfor the land. 3. Most Americans crossedthe Great Plains in the 1840's a. on their way toOregon and California. b. on their way to railroad townsin the West. 4. The main hardships facedby the farmers on the GreatPlains were a. too much waterand floods b. hard, dry land and little water. 5. As the Great Plains weresettled, the Indians a. foughtthe settlers. b. asked to be taken to thereservations. 6. The farmers in the GreatPlains a. got waterfor their crops by using thewindmill. b. were not able to grow cropsbecause the land was too dry.

ACTIVITY 3

QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 1. Some people thought theGreat Plains were useless, butthey were wrong.Can you think of some areasin California which are thought tobe useless today? Do youthink they could become useful? 2. For what purposes do we now usethe sea? Can you think of some ways that manmight use the sea in the future?

41 Enrichment 1: THE AMERICAN COWBOYS

The life of American cowboys today is not as many of the vaqueros'words, such as chaps, rough as it was in the 1800's. For example, the poncho, corral, rodeo, and lariat. early cowboys suffered many hardships on long cattle drives. Choking dust storms, sleeping out- AMERICAN COWBOYS side in all types of weather, and Indian raids Many books have been written about the cow- helped make life rugged and dangerous. Often boys. What many people don't know, though, it was hard to find a steady job as a cowboy and is that while most of the cowboys were white, the pay was very low. These were only some of there were many Negro cowboys, too. Negro the hardships in the life of the early cowboy. cowboys found that life for them was much dif- Motion picture films sometimes give a differ- ferent in the West than it was in other places. ent picture of the early West and theAmerican For the most part, a man's ability to do a job was cowboy. They picture the early cowboy as a more important than his race orcolor. hero whose life was full of glamour. These films, however, only show one type of cowboy. THE LONG DRIVE Let's read a report about the real life of the All of the cowboys worked very hard. The early American cowboys who helped our coun- toughest part of all was getting the cattle to mar- try grow strong. This report was given in a his- ket. The cowboys faced many dangers on the tory class that was studying about the early West. trail. The stampede was one danger that was always present. Cattle might stampede for many FIRST COWBOYS different reasons. All it took was a loud noise, or History books about the early West tell us that being frightened by wild animals. Many times, men who became cowboys came from manydif- the cowboys didn't know what had caused a ferent groups. The Spanish vaqueros (cowmen ) stampede. were the new world'sfirst cowboys. The vaque- Once a stampede was started, though, there ros first came to Mexicofrom Spain. They ar- was very little the cowboys coulddo to slow the rived with the first cattle herds being sent to the cattle down. They had to ride along with the New World. Some people in Spain were given herd until they reached the leader. Then, the large areas of land in New Mexico and Califor- cowboys would lead the cattle to run around and nia. They came to these ranches with large herds around in a circle, and try to slow them down. of cattle. The vaqueros were brought along to Sometimes, both men and cattle were killed dur- take care of the cattle. ing stampedes. The vaquero in Mexico and California did As we look back at the life of the cowboys, not face all of the same probiems as the American we can see the importantrole they played in our cowboy. For example, the early vaqueros did not history. Because they were willing to do a diffi- have to drive their herds of cattle long distances cult job and face many dangers, people living in to the market or to the railroad. Later, however, the cities had plenty of fresh meat to eat. The many vaqueros did join the Americancowboys cowboys didn't only help feed our nation. They in the cattle drives along the famous trails of also helped develop the western part of the Texas. The American cowboys learned and used United States.

The Long Drive

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ACTIVITY 1

FILL IN THE BLANKS Write each of the following statements onyour paper, andfill in the miss- ing words. 1. The early cowboys had tosuffer many hardships on the long drives. 2. The Spanish vaquero wasthe New World's first 3. Negro cowboys foundthat life for the Negro was differentin the than it was in other parts ofAmerica. 4. The toughest part of thecowboy's job was getting thecattle to 5. The stampede was one that wls always present. 6. One important job thecowboys did was to help feed our

7. Early American cowboyshelped to develop the part of our country.

ACTIVITY 2

HELP FOR THE COWBOY After reading the story, "TheAmerican Cowboys," make a listof things that we have and use todaythat would have made the lifeof the early cowboys easier.

ACTIVITY 3

MAKE A CHOICE Write a short paragraphtelling why you would or would nothave liked to be an early cowboy.

44 Enrichment 2: THE COWBOYSMEET

Cast: Narrator Cowboy Slim TV Clem TV Bill Cowboy Bob Cowboy Tex TV Pete

cowboys of the old days met some tele- NARRATOR: What would happen if some real vision cowboys? We know this nevercould happen. Never? Well, never, unless we use our imagination. Let's dothat right now. Let's see what happens when some real cowboys meet sometelevision cowboys. Now, the real cowboys that we are talkingabout are the cowboys who drove great herds of cattle outof Texas. They drove the cattlenorthward to railroad centers. They did this fromthe 1860's to the 1880's. Let'stake these hearty cowboys out of their timeand put them in the present with a gang of today'scowboys at a television studio.What would the cow- boys say to each other? Well, let'sfind out.

Hey! TV CLEM: Say, look at those guys walkingthis way. Get a load of their outfits. What are you guys wearing, anyway?

COWBOY BOB: Wise guy, huh? What do you meanwhat are we wearing? I'm wearing my spurs, myMexican hat, my lariat, my holster, myboots. It's YOU guys I'm wonderingabout. I've never seen such fancyoutfits in my life.

TV PETE: Well, I guess we have about what youhave. We've just got them prettied up a bit. (pause)Hey! Just watch it, there! Don't get anydust on me. How come you guys don't look cleanand pretty, like us? drive COWBOY SLIM: Well, you'd be kinda dirty, too,doing what we do. You know, we cattle from Texas to the railroad towns.MeI'm a drag rider. My job's at the backpushingthe herd of cattle. My job's eatin'dust. Pardon me, while I twirl my gun. TV BILL: Well, you'd never make a hit on TV. COWBOY TEX: Is your gun loaded? TV BILL: Only with blanks. Do you havereal bullets in your gun? COWBOY TEX: You bet I do. We have to beready for trouble if it comes our way. TV CLEM: Tell me more about your job. and hundreds of miles acrossthe Great COWBOY BOB: Well, we drive cattle hundreds Plains. We move 'em from Texas torailroad towns. Sometimes, we move 'em as far as a thousand miles.

45 keeping a herd ofhundredsmaybe thousandsofcattle COWBOY SLIM: It's no easy job, together. It's what wecall the long drive. right off the grassland onthe way, too. COWBOY TEX: The cattle feed tough spots? Once I gotsunburned from the tele- TV PETE: You ever get into any vision lights. Wellsometimes we havetrouble with Indians. What COWBOY BOB: Tough spots? really bothers us most arestampedes. of a new saloon? TV BILL: Stampedes? Is that the name the cattle get scaredand start running inall COWBOY BOB: No, no! You knowwhen directions. Longhornsstampede more than anyother kind of cattle, too. When they dowatch out.

TV CLEM: What makes 'emstampede? Might be other animals, orlightning, or thunder. COWBOY SLIM: Oh, different things. Sometimes Indians get 'emstarted, too. 'em to quiet 'em down sothey won't stampede. COWBOY TEX: You know, we sing to of your music, andit's pretty square stuff.Why not TV PETE: Say, I've heard some give 'em some of thebeat music we gotgoing? stampede on our handsif we did that. COWBOY TEX: We'd have a real bad time? TV BILL: Anything else give you a heat waves, or maybe emptywater holes. COWBOY BOB: Well, we run into blizzards, times, why do you moveall those cattle around? TV CLEM: If you have such rough leather. Are you kidding?People in the towns andcities need meat and COWBOY SLIM: Last We drive the cattle tothe places where therailroads can pick 'em up. make our month we drove athousand head of cattle.This is the way we money. make for your work? TV PETE: How much do you guys dollars a month. Howabout you? COWBOY SLIM: Oh, maybe thirty in one day than youmake in one month. TV PETE: Well, I make more believe, partner. COWBOY TEX: That's hard for me to doing with so manyhorses? TV BILL: Say, what are you have maybe We need 'em all.You guys alwaysstick with one horse. We COWBOY BOB: death. three or four horsesfor each man, so wedon't work one of 'em to Well, we work hard, too.We practice twirlingsix-shooters. We practice TV CLEM: bottles. And fighting with eachother. We get hit onthe head with fake what we do. we do allthis in front of some veryhot TV lights. That's

46 supposed to COWBOY SLIM: Hey, wait a minute, there.Wait just a minute. Say, are you be like real cowboys?

TV PETE: That's us. TV CLEM: That's us. the Negroes? And the Mexicans? COWBOY TEX: Oh, you must be kidding. Where are Take a good look at us. Why,I know from riding the rangeall these years, there areplenty of Negro and Mexicancowboys. think about. TV BILL: No kidding. Well, thatgives us something to really helped our country TV CLEM: You know, you real guysdid something special. You grow into somethingbig. Americans have a lot tobe proud of when they think about the cowboy. cowboys who COWBOY BOB: Well, when you pass out thecredit, save a little for the came 'way before us.You know, the ones that gave us someideas about what to wear and how to dothings.

TV PETE: Like who? know, we got COWBOY SLIM: Well, I'm talking about theearly Spanish vaqueros. You a lot of ourideas from them. They werethe first real cowboys.

47 Enrichment 3:THE INDIANSOF THE GREATPLAINS their whole way of lifearound of years, only Indianslived on dians had built For hundreds riding horses to huntbuffalo. the GreatPlains. By the 1860'sAmericans be- gan tolive on the GreatPlains too. Now, cow- miners, and farmers camein THE BUFFALO boys, ranchers, The buffalo meant life tothe Indians. Millions larger and largernumbers. The Indians sawthat the plains. It was easyfor taking their last hunting of buffaloes roamed these newcomers were the Indian on horsebackto hunt themdown. The grounds. The Indiansfought to protect their food. The hide meant moc- that the Indians fought buffalo meat meant land. We know, of course, casins and clothes.The buffalo's summerskin a losingbattle. meant tepees. Thebones meant tools forfarm- ing. The horns meant spoonsand cups. EARLY INDIANS the Great Plains were The earliest Indians of THE INDIANS FIGHTBACK Indians that the settlers met.The not like the The Indians watchedthe settlers in the plains early Indians wanderedabout on foot, following they tried to fight back.They were When the Indians could not at first; then, large buffalo herds. no matchfor the settlers. Thesettlers had rifles. keep up with the buffalo,they suffered or died. bring in many more menby dogs to haul their be- They could quickly These early Indians used railroad. They had onegovernment, inWash- longings. ington, D.C.; while, mostof the time, the many Then, in 1541, someIndians saw a strange fight separately. It wasonly as hundreds Indian tribes tried to sight. They watched in amazement of time until thesettlers crushed the their lands on strange, a matter of Spaniards rode across of the Indians. By1890, practically first, they thought the way of life four-footed animals. At all Indian resistancehad ended. man and thehorsefor that is what the strange animal waswere all oneanimal. They did not know it then, but this strangeanimal was going WHAT TO DO? was neverquite to change theirwhole life. The United States government sure what todo with the Indians.The govern- ment tried to placeIndians on large areasof land WILD HORSES farmers and brought more called reservations. Italso tried to make Soon, other Spaniards came tried to make them of the horses. Some ofthese horses escaped; and of them. The government One day an part of theAmerican way of life.Nothing seemed soon, wildhorses roamed the plains. to be horses, tamed him, to work verywell. There just did not seem Indian caught one of these life. The story Indians caught other horses room forthe old Indian way of and rode him. Other The reser- Indians could now have fast of the AmericanIndian is a sad one. and did the same. problems of the Indians. horses to help them huntbuffalo. Of course, all vations did not solve the Americans have notsolved these problems yet, of this did not happen at once.It took time. But, but they continue to try. by the time theAmerican settlers came,the In-

48 ACTIVITY 1

LOST AND FOUND All of these things recently wereturned in to lost-and-found. Help us return them to their owners. On your paper,make four columns and write Indian at the top of one of thecolumns, Cowboy at the top of the second, Miner at the top of the third, andFarmer at the top of the fourth. Now, place each thing in this list in the correctcolumn. empty six-shooter one spur worn-out saddle tangled lariat (rope) 10-gallon hat tired old mule tepee cup made from buffalohorn dull ax pick and shovel broken plow rusty barbed wire rusty pan torn moccasins cracked wagon wheel arrow

ACTIVITY 2

FOR OR AGAINST Pretend that you lived over a hundred years ago.Your father wants to move west. He calls for afamily meeting to talk it overand decide whether the family should go. If you are agirl, list three good arguments why you should not go west. If you are aboy, list three good arguments why you should go west.

49 CHAPTER REVIEW DISCUSSION

THOUGHT QUESTIONS 1.What is meant by the word pioneer when we use it today? 2. Why did the settlers become interested in the Great Plains? 3. What are some of the differences between real cowboys and most TV cowboys? Is it important to know these differences? Explain your answer. PETE AND BOB: THE INDIANS Pete says: "Too bad about the Indians, but they stood in the way of progress. If we had not pushed them aside, we could not have grown into a great nation." Bob says: "I do not care about what we call progress. We should not have pushed the Indian off his land." What do you think? Do you agree with Pete or Bob? Why?

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