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A Survey of Early Washington County and a Study of the Development of Hollenberg, Kansas

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A Survey of Early Washington County and a Study of the Development of Hollenberg, Kansas Fort Hays State University FHSU Scholars Repository Master's Theses Graduate School Summer 1949 A Survey of Early Washington County and A Study of The Development of Hollenberg, Kansas J. Holland Vernon Fort Hays Kansas State College Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.fhsu.edu/theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Vernon, J. Holland, "A Survey of Early Washington County and A Study of The Development of Hollenberg, Kansas" (1949). Master's Theses. 436. https://scholars.fhsu.edu/theses/436 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at FHSU Scholars Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of FHSU Scholars Repository. A SURVEY OF EARLY WASHINGTON COUNTY AND A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOLLENBERG , KANSAS . being A thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty of the Fort Hays Kansas St ate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Ma ster of Science. by J. Holland Vernon, A. B. Date__M.;1.:1,, l?f/f'. Approved~;(.@~ (} ·C Major Professor Chairman Graduate Council 31 i .1.2 3 46 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer recognizes his indebtedness to Dr. Raymond L. Welty, under whose supervision this thesis has been prepared. His suggestions anl criticisms -have been needed and are appreciated. The interest and helpful suggestions of Dr. Floyd B. St reeter were ver y val uable. Mrs. Margaret Barley, daughter of Pioneer historian , Dr. Charles Wi lliamson, and retired editor of the Washing ton County Register, has evidenced a keen interest in this work and was especially helpful in allowi ng free access to her files of old newspapers. To Miss Janice Congleton, student of Haddam Rural Hi gh School, for h er translati on of this paper from my longhand to readable t ype special consideration is g iven. Hers was a trul y r emarkable f eat. ii ·TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. I NTRODUCT ION Reasons f or mak ing this st udy .•. 1 Source s of information available • . 2 I I. WASHI NGTON COUNTY BEFORE SETTLEMENT Location. 4 Resources 5 Earliest inhabitants 6 Spanish exploration 11 U. S. explorations ·. 12 III. WESTWARD ACROSS THE PLAI NS Mormon Trai l ••.. •• 14 Fort Riley to Rocky Mountain Road 16 Ind ian Road . • • • . ••• 16 Oregon Tr ail. 17 I mmi gr ant Travel . 18 Overland Fr ei gh ting . 25 Overland Stagi ng 28 Th~ Pony Expr e ss .. 31 Hollenber g Station •. 31 G. H. Hollenberg •• · 34 IV. LIFE I N EARLY WASH INGTO N COUNTY, KANSAS. Early Settlers. • • • . 36 Organization of county 38 i i i County seat "wrangl e " •• 39 Vital Statistics •••. 41 Economic hardsh i p s. 44 Indian "neighbors". 51 Industry ••• . 56 Agriculture .•.. 56 Mills and shops • 59 Quarry ing . 61 Transportation. 63 Railroads • 63 Roads • • • 64 Education 66 Firs t Schools •. 66 Friend's Academy •• 68 Relig ious Development • . 70 First Church Organizations •. 70 11 11 Big -me eting s •• 71 Rec:reation. - . 72 Vis iting with ne i ghbors 72 Literary Societies ••.• 73 V. THE GROWTH AND DEVE LOPME NT OF HOLLENBEftG, KANSAS Location •••.•. 75 Early Settlers .. 7 5 Economic Development •. 76 First Developments .•. 76 iv The Coming of the Railroad •• 77 Mills and -Stores g row up ••.. 77 Development in the eighties . 78 Decline in business follows 1900 ••. 82 Business in t h e 1940's •. 84 Hollenbe r g ' s economy tied to agricultu re . • 86 Other t ypes of emp l oyment. • 86 Education • • • 88 First school. 88 Development of t he Hi gh Sch ool ... 8 9 Religion. 92 Th e Meth od ists org anize t he firs t chu r ch . • 92 The Bap tists org anize . 96 11 11 Tb.e Saints • • • • • • 9 7 The Lutheran Ch urch es • 9 7 Camp Meet ing s .. , .... 99 Crime 100 The sh erif f i s k illed .. 101 The Whit ling Gang . 101 Recreation an d Relaxation 103 Indians are f.irst ne i ghbors . 103 Parties . 1 04 Fraternal org anizations . 105 Li t ~rary societies. 1 06 -Hollenbe r g 's Carnival. 106 V Baseball • . 107 Rumor. • . 108 A new bonnet. 109 Cubans a t tack t h e tovm 109 The Gold Rush. 110 BIBLIOGRAPHY .•.• . .. 111 vi ILLUSTRATIONS Kit Carson's Signature. following P • 21 Old Stable at Hollenberg Station •. fl II II 29 Hollenberg Ranch House .. II II 11 35 Hollenberg Baseball Team. 11 II II 106 Holl~nberg Band •.•••. II fl 11 106 Grou.r,J Sketch showing approximate loc~tions, 1860-70., in Wa shington County, Kansas . 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The first perinanent settlement in Washington County was made in the late eighteen fifties. Beginning in the 18301 s, emigrants from the East had crossed it repeatedly. This small trickle of travelers was to grow to impressive proportions in the late forties and early fifties when thousands rushed westward to the fertile land of the Paci- fic Northwest and to the gold fields of the Sierr as and the Rockies. During the late sixties, the county was settled rapidly and by 1875 it was well beyond the pioneer stage. Its growth and development has been gradual and consistent-typical of numerous other Kansas counties. - The early settler found conditions se ere at times, but he set about trying to improve his lot and by dint of hard work and an occasional extra boost from a kind Providence he succeeded. The little town of Hollenberg, located near the old Oregon Trail in the northeastern corner of the county, was chosen for special consideration in this t hesis for several reasons. First, the author,having lived there for t hree years~has a personal interest in it. Second, it bears the name of the earliest settler in this county who, perhaps, more than any other, influenced the early development of t h e 2 county. Then again, it is located near several historic sites. The town,lying on the Old Trail1 was bordered on the east by the Otoe Indian Reservation. Numerous historic spots worthy of preservation are located within a short distance of this town. Finally, the growth and development of Hollenberg, though unique in many respects, is typical of the development of the county's other small towns. Al- though it is one of the oldest towns, it has failed to keep pace with others in the county because of its isolation. Changes in the transportation system have apparently doomed it to remain a rather small village. Information for this study has been gathered from various sources. In 1876 Dr. Charles Williamson wrote the first "History of Washington County" and published it in an edition of the Washington County Renublican. This was the account used by Andreas in his History of Kansas. In 1936 the Washington County Register published a special anniver- sary edition which contained valuable historical material on the county. These and other newspaper items have been studied and used. Information has also been obtained from the publications and Reports of the State's Departments of Agriculture and Public Instruction. The publications of the Kansas Historical Society as well as a study of various old newspapers, bulletins, handbills, etc., housed in the Historical Library at Topeka have been very helpful. The 3 author has enjoyed numerous enlightening interviews with many of the older people of the northern part of the county. Since many of this rapidly diminishing group were among the first to settle here, he has received from them first-hand information on conditions in the county in the late sixties and thereafter. Writing about the old trails across this region is almost limitless. Various widely lmown writers, including Edward Everett Hale, have discussed the subject. We have attempted to limit our study of these trails t o the part directly concerning only Washington County. Frank Root, an agent on the old stageline, stated that this is the most beautiful section of the trail. Many others apparently felt the same because much has been written about it. Some of the material of this paper is trivial. It is hoped that some is valuable. It is the humble belief of this writer that some information has been gathered which, on being preserved, may grow in value and aid later students of the growth and development of our country to a better un- derstanding of the problems involved. 4 CHAPTER II WASHINGTON COUNTY BEFO RE SETTLEMENT Washington County, Kansas, is located in the first tier of counties south of the Nebraska line~and it is the fourth county west of the Missouri River lying 78 miles from this river at its nearest point. Washington County, which was named after the first President, is bounded on the north by Jefferson and Gage Counties in Nebraska, on the ea st by Marshall, on the south by Riley, Clay and Cloud, and on t h e west by Republic. As it is 30 miles square it contai ns 900 square miles which are divided into 25 townships. The surface of the county varies but, in general, it is an undulating prairie with the northern half somewhat higher and more rolling than he southern. According to an early government study, two per cent of the land was covered by trees. The largest growth of these orig inally stood east of Morrowville along Mill Creek. Approximately one t welfth of the land is bottom and the entire county is well-watered . The largest stream, the Little Blue River, enters from Ne- braska 2 miles northwest of Hollenberg and flows in a south- easterly direction along the eastern border of the ~ounty to a point three miles northeast of Barnes where it passes into Marshall County.
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