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Chapter 2. Indians by Stock and Tribe

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Chapter 2. Indians by Stock and Tribe CHAPTER 2 INDIANS BY STOCK AND TRIBE Tribal organization based on kinship ls universal 8.llXlng pr1m1t1ve peoples, and ror such. peoples the social organization based on kinship or adoption ls more slgnltlcant than geographic dlstrlbutlon. Among the American Indians, betore they came in contact with Europeans, tribal organization was highly developed. Contllcts with the white invaders, and, even more, the 1ntus1on or white blood and acceptance or the customs and the economic lite or the white people, have weakened and ln many cases destroyed the tribal organization. The tribal tradltlon,however, ls still an important social bond ln the great 1111.jor­ lty or the A.'118r1can Indlans,and a class1r1catlon by tribes ls still at least as important as a geographic classltlcatlon. LINGUISTIC STOCKS.-on the basis or resemblances between languages, the Indian tribes are grouped into 11ngu1st1c stocks or tam111es. These linguistic stocks are analogous to the Semitic and Inda-European stocks within the white race, while the languages or the tribes within a stock d1tter just as Germn dltters rrom Russian, or English rrom Greek. Tribes with related languages were probably at a remote period related by blood, althoUgh the prevalence or adop­ tion and 1ntermrr1age with other tribes has weakened the tie or blood and also the bond or c0111DOn ceremonial observances until there ts orten little resem­ blance between tribes or the same stock other than that or language. ENUMB:RATION 'IN STOCK AND TRIBE, 1930 AND 1910.-Classtrication by stock and tribe, on the basis or a census enumeration, ls very d1tticult, and the results are subject to a considerable margin or error. The popular local designations or Indian tribes do not always correspond with the scient1t1c name, and the enumerator, who ls rarely an ethnologist, could do no better than to give the name by Which the tribe was locally known. It this name was not readily 1den­ t1t1ed with one or the recognized tribes, the Indian was necessarily assigned to the miscellaneous group and lost to the tribal.class1ticat1on. No instructions were given as to the tribal allocation or Indians or mixed tribal blood. Such Indians are probably inclUded in the tribes which they prerer to claim, or in wllich they have the reputation or membership. The tabulation by stock and tribe rrom the Census or 1910 d1rterent1ated 52 linguistic stocks, divided into 280 tribes. In 1930, tor convenience or tabula­ tion, many or the smaller tribes were thrown together into groups or tribes, reducing the number or tribes and groups to 100, and the number or linguistic stocks to 40. The two schemes or classit1cat1on may be presented ln a tabular rorm as tallows: CLASSIFICATION DI 1930 CLASSIFICATION DI 1910 Algonquian stock Algonquian stock Arapaho Arapaho Black:reet Blaak:reet, Piegan Ch•renn• Cheyenne Chippewa Chippewa Delaware Delaware• Kun••• Oro• Ventre• (Ateina) Gros Ventre• (At•ina) IClckapoc Kickapoo llenomln•• Menominee lllaml an4 Illinois Miami, Peoria, Piankallhaw, Wea Ottawa Ottawa Potawatoml Potawatoml Sauk an4 I'm: Sauk an4 l!'ox Shawnee Shawnee Saetern Al8>nquians Brotherton, lfaahpee, Mohegan, llontauk, Narra­ ganeett, Niantic, Paeumaquo447, Penobscot, Pequot, Poospatuck, Shinnecock,Stockbr14gee, Wempanoag 33 IHDIAR POPULATION or TllB UNITED STATIS CLASSIFICATION IR 1930--Continue« CLASSIFICATION DI 1910--Continued Virginia-Carolina Indians Croat.an Group and Virginia Algonquians, Croatan, Chickahominy, llattapony, Pamunksy, Powhatan Athapaskan stook Athapaskan stock Apache Chiricahua Apache, Coyotero Apache, Jicarilla Apache, Lipan Apache, Mescalero Apache, San Carlos Apache, Tonto Apache, White Mountain Apache. Kiowa Apaoh e Kiowa Apache Navaho Navaho Oregon Athapaskans Chastaoosta, Chetco, Cow Creek, Rogue aiver, Tlatskanai, Tolowa, Umpqua, Upper Coquille California Athapaskans Hupa, Kai-Pomo, llattole, Redwood (Whilkut.), Salaz, 'Naile.kki Caddoan stock Caddoan stock Arikara Arikara Caddo Caddo Pawnee Pawnee Wichita and Kichai Kichai, Tawakoni, Waoo, Wichita Chimskuan stook Chimakue.n stock Chimakum, Hoh, Q.uilai ta Chinookan stook Chinookan stock Chinook, Clackamas, Clatsop, Wasoo, WiBhram Chitimaohan stock Chitimaohan stock Chitill:acha Chitimaoha Chumashan stool< Chumashan stock San Lula Ohispo, Santa Barbareno, Santa Ynez Cos tanoan stock Costanoan stock Santa Cruz Santa CIU~ Iroquoian stook Ircquoien stock Iroquois Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, St. ltegis, Seneca, Tuscarora Wyandot Wyandot Cherckee Cherckee Kalapooian stook Kalapooian stock Kalapooia, LakDliut, Mary• s River, Sant lam, Wapato, Yllllel, Yonkalla Karok stock Karok stook Orleans Orleans Keresan stock Keresan stook Acoma, Cochiti, Laguna, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Santa Domingo, Sia Kiowan st.oak Kiowan stook Kiowa Kiowa Kusan stook Kusan stock Kua a KUtenaian stock Kutenaian stock Kutenai Kut anal Maidu atook 14aidu stook llaidu 14aidu Iiiwok s t.ook 14iwol< stook Karin, lilddlstown, Mi'IC>k 161.skhogean s took lluskhogean stook Chickasaw Chickasaw Choctaw Choctaw Craek Alibamu, Creek, Koaaati S-inole Seminole Pi.man atook Piman stook Pap ago P&p1160 Pima Pima U.'DIANS BY STOCK AllD TRIBll: CLISSD'ICATIOR DI 1930-Continued CLASSIFICATION DI 1910-Continued Pomo stock Pcmo stock Clear Lake, Gynomehro, L1 ttle Lake, Lower Lo.ke, Pocc Salinan atock Salinan stock San Antonio San Antonio Saliahan stock Sal ishan stock Waabington Coaet Sallah Chehalis, Clallam, Cowlitz, Dwaml~h, LWTl1\l, lllucldeahoot., Nisqualli, Nookaak, Puyallup, ~inalelt, Skr.git, Skokomish, SnohOlllish, Snoqualmu, Squuon, Suquamish, Swir.01tiah, Twana Interior Sallah Coeur d'Alene, Columbia, Colville, Flathead, Kalispel, Methow, Neapelill:, Okinagan, Pend d'Ore11lee, Piscpow, Sanpoil, Spokan Tillamook Tillamook Bhllpwailutan stock Klamath and llocloc Lutuemian stock Klamet.II , Modoc Shahaptiana Shahaptian stool< Klickitat, Nez Paroee, Pelooa, Top1niah, tlllla­ tilla, Walla Walla, Warm Springs, Yakima Cayuse and llolala Waiilatpuan stock Cayua e, llolala Bhutan stock Sheatm stock Hat Creek, P1t River, Shasta Shoab. onean stock Shoshonean stock Bannock Bannock CClllllmohe Commche Hopi Hopi Mono-Pa•iotso ).!ono, Panamint, Paviotao Paiute Cbemehuevi, Paiute Shoshoni Shoshoni Ute Pahvan t, Ute Sout.lle111 Calitornia Gabri eleno, Juaneno, Kawaliau, Kewal, Kern River, Luiseno (San Luiaeno), Serrano, Teha- chapi Siouan stool< Siouan stool< Catawba Catawba crow Crow Hidatsa Hidatsa Iowa Iowa Kanae Kansa Mandan llandan Oto and Kiasouri Oto, Missouri Ollllha Omaha Osage Osage Ponca Ponca Q.uapaw Q.uapaw Dakota Santee Sioux, Sioux, Sisseton Sioux, Teton Sioux, Yanktonai S1wx, Yankton Sioux .us1n1bo1n .r.ss1niboin Winneb1181D Wimebago T1111can stock Tanoan stock Isleta, Jemez, Nanlbe, Pecos, Piourla, PoJoaque, San Ildatonso, San Juan, Sandia, Senta Clara, Taos, Teai que Tonkawan stock Tonkawan ato ok Tonkawa Tonkawa TUnic an ato ok Tunloan stock TUnioa Tunica 36 DIDIAN POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES CLASSIFICATION IN 1930--Continued CLASSIFICATION IN 1910--Continued Washoan stock Washoan stock 'Nasho Washo Wintun stock \Vintun stock Namelaki, Pa twin, Wintun Wiyot stock IHyot stock Humboldt Bay Humboldt Bay Yakonnn stock Yakonan stock Alsea, Siuslaw, Yaquina Yanan stock Yanan stock Yana Yana Yokuts stock Yokuts stock Choinimni, Chookiminah, Chukchansi, Kashowoo, Tachi, Wechikhi t, Wikohamni 1 Yokuts, Yow­ danchi Yuchean stock Yueh ean stock Yu chi Yuch1 Yukian stock Yukian stock Coast Yuki, Redwood (Huchnom), Wappo, Yuki Yumnn stock Yuman stock Cooopa Cooopa Diegueno Diegueno Northern Yumnns Havasupai, Walapai, Yavapai, Yuma Apache Maricopa Maricopa Mohave Mohave Yuma Yuma Yurek stock Yurek stock Weitspek ·11eitspek Zunian stock Zunian stock Zuni Zuni Other tribes of' Ute United States, Chlmari kan stock including tribe not reported Chimariko Takelman stock Takelma Other tribes Tribe not reported Canadian and Mexican tribes Algonquian stock Abnak:i, Cree, Malecite, Micmac Piman stock Mayo, Opata, Yaqui Salishan stock Bellacoola, Comox, Cowiohan, Shuswap, Songish Tsimshian stock Tsimshinn Wakashan stock Kitamat, Kwakiutl, Makah, Nootka Alaskan tribes Athapaskan stock Ahtena, Tenanlrutchin Eskimauan stock Aleut, Malemiut Haidan stock Haida Tlingit stock Auk, Chilkat, Kake Indians born in other foreign No corresponding classification countries Aside from the combination or tribes into groups or tribes, only a rew changes have been made from the classification used in 1910. or these tew changes, one ot the most important is the separation ot the Virginia tribes trom the Algonquian stock and their combination with the North Carolina Indians into the group designated as "Virginia-Carolina Indians". This group is or mixed and somewhat uncertain origin, and in the 1930 classification is not included in any 11ngu1st1c stock. Another change was the comb1nat1on ot the Lutuamians, the Shahaptlans, and the WS.11latpuans into the Shapwa1lutan stock. IHDIAHS BY STOCK AND TRIBE 37 The only other important change was the inclusion or tour new miscellaneous groups, the first includinc all Indians born ln the United States either with tribe not reported or With a tribal des1gnat1on not included ln the code list. The second miscellaneous grouP was me.de up or tribes mainly resident ln canada or Mexico, includlnc certain tribes or Algonquian., Pime.n, and Salisha.n stock which in 1910 were reported with these stocks. The third or these miscellaneous groups was similarly made up or tribes 1111.inly resident ln AlaSka, inclu<Hnc two tribes or AthapaSkan stock reported with that stock in 1910. Several
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