CHAPTER 2

INDIANS BY STOCK AND TRIBE

Tribal organization based on kinship ls universal 8.llXlng pr1m1t1ve peoples, and ror such. peoples the social organization based on kinship or adoption ls more slgnltlcant than geographic dlstrlbutlon. Among the American Indians, betore they came in contact with Europeans, tribal organization was highly developed. Contllcts with the white invaders, and, even more, the 1ntus1on or white blood and acceptance or the customs and the economic lite or the white people, have weakened and ln many cases destroyed the tribal organization. The tribal tradltlon,however, ls still an important social bond ln the great 1111.jor­ lty or the A.'118r1can Indlans,and a class1r1catlon by tribes ls still at least as important as a geographic classltlcatlon. LINGUISTIC STOCKS.-on the basis or resemblances between languages, the Indian tribes are grouped into 11ngu1st1c stocks or tam111es. These linguistic stocks are analogous to the Semitic and Inda-European stocks within the white race, while the languages or the tribes within a stock d1tter just as Germn dltters rrom Russian, or English rrom Greek. Tribes with related languages were probably at a remote period related by blood, althoUgh the prevalence or adop­ tion and 1ntermrr1age with other tribes has weakened the tie or blood and also the bond or c0111DOn ceremonial observances until there ts orten little resem­ blance between tribes or the same stock other than that or language.

ENUMB:RATION 'IN STOCK AND TRIBE, 1930 AND 1910.-Classtrication by stock and tribe, on the basis or a census enumeration, ls very d1tticult, and the results are subject to a considerable margin or error. The popular local designations or Indian tribes do not always correspond with the scient1t1c name, and the enumerator, who ls rarely an ethnologist, could do no better than to give the name by Which the tribe was locally known. It this name was not readily 1den­ t1t1ed with one or the recognized tribes, the Indian was necessarily assigned to the miscellaneous group and lost to the tribal.class1ticat1on. No instructions were given as to the tribal allocation or Indians or mixed tribal blood. Such Indians are probably inclUded in the tribes which they prerer to claim, or in wllich they have the reputation or membership. The tabulation by stock and tribe rrom the Census or 1910 d1rterent1ated 52 linguistic stocks, divided into 280 tribes. In 1930, tor convenience or tabula­ tion, many or the smaller tribes were thrown together into groups or tribes, reducing the number or tribes and groups to 100, and the number or linguistic stocks to 40. The two schemes or classit1cat1on may be presented ln a tabular rorm as tallows:

CLASSIFICATION DI 1930 CLASSIFICATION DI 1910

Algonquian stock Algonquian stock Arapaho Arapaho Black:reet Blaak:reet, Piegan Ch•renn• Cheyenne Chippewa Chippewa Delaware Delaware• Kun••• Oro• Ventre• (Ateina) Gros Ventre• (At•ina) IClckapoc Kickapoo llenomln•• Menominee lllaml an4 Illinois Miami, Peoria, Piankallhaw, Wea Ottawa Ottawa Potawatoml Potawatoml Sauk an4 I'm: Sauk an4 l!'ox Shawnee Shawnee

Saetern Al8>nquians Brotherton, lfaahpee, Mohegan, llontauk, Narra­ ganeett, Niantic, Paeumaquo447, Penobscot, Pequot, Poospatuck, Shinnecock,Stockbr14gee, Wempanoag

33 IHDIAR POPULATION or TllB UNITED STATIS

CLASSIFICATION IR 1930--Continue« CLASSIFICATION DI 1910--Continued

Virginia-Carolina Indians Croat.an Group and Virginia Algonquians, Croatan, Chickahominy, llattapony, Pamunksy, Powhatan

Athapaskan stook Athapaskan stock Apache Chiricahua Apache, Coyotero Apache, Jicarilla Apache, Lipan Apache, Mescalero Apache, San Carlos Apache, Tonto Apache, White Mountain Apache.

Kiowa Apaoh e Kiowa Apache Navaho Navaho

Oregon Athapaskans Chastaoosta, Chetco, Cow Creek, Rogue aiver, Tlatskanai, Tolowa, Umpqua, Upper Coquille

California Athapaskans Hupa, Kai-Pomo, llattole, Redwood (Whilkut.), Salaz, 'Naile.kki

Caddoan stock Caddoan stock Arikara Arikara Caddo Caddo Pawnee Pawnee Wichita and Kichai Kichai, Tawakoni, Waoo, Wichita

Chimskuan stook Chimakue.n stock Chimakum, Hoh, Q.uilai ta

Chinookan stook Chinookan stock Chinook, Clackamas, Clatsop, Wasoo, WiBhram

Chitimaohan stock Chitimaohan stock Chitill:acha Chitimaoha Chumashan stool< Chumashan stock San Lula Ohispo, Santa Barbareno, Santa Ynez Cos tanoan stock Costanoan stock Santa Cruz Santa CIU~

Iroquoian stook Ircquoien stock Iroquois Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, St. ltegis, Seneca, Tuscarora

Wyandot Wyandot Cherckee Cherckee

Kalapooian stook Kalapooian stock Kalapooia, LakDliut, Mary• s River, Sant lam, Wapato, Yllllel, Yonkalla Karok stock Karok stook Orleans Orleans

Keresan stock Keresan stook Acoma, Cochiti, Laguna, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Santa Domingo, Sia

Kiowan st.oak Kiowan stook Kiowa Kiowa Kusan stook Kusan stock Kua a KUtenaian stock Kutenaian stock Kutenai Kut anal Maidu atook 14aidu stook llaidu 14aidu Iiiwok s t.ook 14iwol< stook Karin, lilddlstown, Mi'IC>k

161.skhogean s took lluskhogean stook Chickasaw Chickasaw Choctaw Choctaw Craek Alibamu, Creek, Koaaati S-inole Seminole

Pi.man atook Piman stook Pap ago P&p1160 Pima Pima U.'DIANS BY STOCK AllD TRIBll:

CLISSD'ICATIOR DI 1930-Continued CLASSIFICATION DI 1910-Continued

Pomo stock Pcmo stock Clear Lake, Gynomehro, L1 ttle Lake, Lower Lo.ke, Pocc

Salinan atock Salinan stock San Antonio San Antonio

Saliahan stock Sal ishan stock Waabington Coaet Sallah Chehalis, Clallam, Cowlitz, Dwaml~h, LWTl1\l, lllucldeahoot., Nisqualli, Nookaak, Puyallup, ~inalelt, Skr.git, Skokomish, SnohOlllish, Snoqualmu, Squuon, Suquamish, Swir.01tiah, Twana

Interior Sallah Coeur d'Alene, Columbia, Colville, Flathead, Kalispel, Methow, Neapelill:, Okinagan, Pend d'Ore11lee, Piscpow, Sanpoil, Spokan Tillamook Tillamook

Bhllpwailutan stock Klamath and llocloc Lutuemian stock Klamet.II , Modoc

Shahaptiana Shahaptian stool< Klickitat, Nez Paroee, Pelooa, Top1niah, tlllla­ tilla, Walla Walla, Warm Springs, Yakima

Cayuse and llolala Waiilatpuan stock Cayua e, llolala

Bhutan stock Sheatm stock Hat Creek, P1t River, Shasta

Shoab. onean stock Shoshonean stock Bannock Bannock CClllllmohe Commche Hopi Hopi Mono-Pa•iotso ).!ono, Panamint, Paviotao Paiute Cbemehuevi, Paiute Shoshoni Shoshoni Ute Pahvan t, Ute Sout.lle111 Calitornia Gabri eleno, Juaneno, Kawaliau, Kewal, Kern River, Luiseno (San Luiaeno), Serrano, Teha- chapi

Siouan stool< Siouan stool< Catawba Catawba crow Crow Hidatsa Hidatsa Iowa Iowa Kanae Kansa Mandan llandan Oto and Kiasouri Oto, Missouri Ollllha Omaha Osage Osage Ponca Ponca Q.uapaw Q.uapaw

Dakota Santee Sioux, Sioux, Sisseton Sioux, Teton Sioux, Yanktonai S1wx, Yankton Sioux

.us1n1bo1n .r.ss1niboin Winneb1181D Wimebago

T1111can stock Tanoan stock Isleta, Jemez, Nanlbe, Pecos, Piourla, PoJoaque, San Ildatonso, San Juan, Sandia, Senta Clara, Taos, Teai que

Tonkawan stock Tonkawan ato ok Tonkawa Tonkawa TUnic an ato ok Tunloan stock TUnioa Tunica 36 DIDIAN POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES

CLASSIFICATION IN 1930--Continued CLASSIFICATION IN 1910--Continued

Washoan stock Washoan stock 'Nasho Washo Wintun stock \Vintun stock Namelaki, Pa twin, Wintun Wiyot stock IHyot stock Humboldt Bay Humboldt Bay

Yakonnn stock Yakonan stock Alsea, Siuslaw, Yaquina Yanan stock Yanan stock Yana Yana

Yokuts stock Yokuts stock Choinimni, Chookiminah, Chukchansi, Kashowoo,

Tachi, Wechikhi t, Wikohamni 1 Yokuts, Yow­ danchi

Yuchean stock Yueh ean stock Yu chi Yuch1 Yukian stock Yukian stock Coast Yuki, Redwood (Huchnom), Wappo, Yuki

Yumnn stock Yuman stock Cooopa Cooopa Diegueno Diegueno Northern Yumnns Havasupai, Walapai, Yavapai, Yuma Apache Maricopa Maricopa Mohave Mohave Yuma Yuma

Yurek stock Yurek stock Weitspek ·11eitspek Zunian stock Zunian stock Zuni Zuni

Other tribes of' Ute United States, Chlmari kan stock including tribe not reported Chimariko Takelman stock Takelma Other tribes Tribe not reported

Canadian and Mexican tribes Algonquian stock Abnak:i, Cree, Malecite, Micmac Piman stock Mayo, Opata, Yaqui Salishan stock Bellacoola, Comox, Cowiohan, Shuswap, Songish

Tsimshian stock Tsimshinn Wakashan stock Kitamat, Kwakiutl, Makah, Nootka

Alaskan tribes Athapaskan stock Ahtena, Tenanlrutchin Eskimauan stock Aleut, Malemiut Haidan stock Haida Tlingit stock Auk, Chilkat, Kake

Indians born in other foreign No corresponding classification countries

Aside from the combination or tribes into groups or tribes, only a rew changes have been made from the classification used in 1910. or these tew changes, one ot the most important is the separation ot the Virginia tribes trom the Algonquian stock and their combination with the North Carolina Indians into the group designated as "Virginia-Carolina Indians". This group is or mixed and somewhat uncertain origin, and in the 1930 classification is not included in any 11ngu1st1c stock. Another change was the comb1nat1on ot the Lutuamians, the Shahaptlans, and the WS.11latpuans into the Shapwa1lutan stock. IHDIAHS BY STOCK AND TRIBE 37

The only other important change was the inclusion or tour new miscellaneous groups, the first includinc all Indians born ln the United States either with tribe not reported or With a tribal des1gnat1on not included ln the code list. The second miscellaneous grouP was me.de up or tribes mainly resident ln canada or Mexico, includlnc certain tribes or Algonquian., Pime.n, and Salisha.n stock which in 1910 were reported with these stocks. The third or these miscellaneous groups was similarly made up or tribes 1111.inly resident ln AlaSka, incluRocky Mountains, and rrorn HUdson Bay to the Carolinas. From a large part or this area, these tribes have practically disappeared, but the Algonquians are still well represented ln Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Montana, and ln 1111.ny parts or Canada. In 1910 the Algon­ quian stock was numerically the largest in the United States, but ln 1930, although with no decrease in numbers, lt was the third largest or the 11ngu1s­ t1c stocks, with a total population or 40,670, not includlfli the Crees and other Canadian Algonquians, who are present in considerable numbers 1n the northern border States. This number would probably be increased by rrom 3,000 to 5,000 by the 1nclus1on or Algonquians who were not reported by tribe. In Michigan alone, there were 3,291 Indians not reported by tribe, the great najority or whom were undoubtedly or Algonquian.stock. In 1910, on the 1930 class1t1cat1on basis, there were 39,926 or Algonquian stock, with an est1- nated total or 42,000, including Algonquians amonc Indians not reported by tribe. ARAPAHO.-Th1s tribe, which formerly re.need over a large area in the pre­ sent States or NebraSka, KanSR.s, and Oklahoma, ls now located on two reserva­ tions, one in Fremont County, Wyominc, and the other in Blaine and canadian Counties in Oklahona. The number enumerated 1n 1930 was 1,241, as compared with 1,419 in 1910. It is not at all certain, however, that there has been an actual decrease in numbers. The Arapaho in Wyoming 1ncre~sed rrom 703 to 863 in 20 years. The members or the tribe 1n Oklahoma are closely associated with the Cheyenne, with whom they share a reservation. The enume"rat1on mde by the otrice or Indian Attairs on this reservation in 1932 shows a resident popula­ tion or the two tribes combined or 2,417, as compared with the census figure or 1,580. The early reports or the conm1ss1oner or Indian Attairs show a gradual decrease in the number or Arapaho rrom 3,229 1n 1875 to 1,753 in 1910, BLACKFEET.-The name Blackfeet (or S1ks1ka) ls applied both to a single tribe and to a confederacy me.de up or these and the Kainah or Bloods, and P1egans. The Blackfeet proper and the Kainah are now mostly in Canada. The a.mbers or the contederacy 1n the United States are mostly P1egan, although generally known as Blackfeet. The tribes or the Blackfeet Contederacy ronnerly ranced over a large area 1n Montana, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, east or the Rocky Mountains. For some 60 years, the P1egan and Blackfeet south or the canadian Boundary have been largely concentrated in the Blackfeet Reservation in Glacier County, Montana. The number enumerated 1n 1930 was 3,145, or Whan 3,033 were 1n Montana. In 1910 the correspond1nc tlgures were 2,367 and 2,254, 1nd1cat1ng a large increase in population. The reports or the Indian orr1ce are 1n close agreement with the census as to the population or this tribe. The enumeration or 1932 showed an Indian population or 3,242 on the Blackfeet Reservation, or whom 2,955 were Blackfeet and 283 or mixed Blackfeet and other tribal origin. CHEYENNE.-The Cheyenne have lone been closely associated with their rela­ tives, the Arapaho, although their habitat was generally north and west or that or the Arapaho. About 1835, the tribe divided, one portion rena1n1nc 1n wyominc, and the other mov1nc rart!'ler south and east. The southern Cheyenne are now located on the Arapaho and Cheyenne Reservation 1n Oklahoma, while the northern branch ls concentrated on the Tongue River Reservation ln Rosebud and Big Horn counties 1n Montana.. The number or the tribe enumerated in 1930 was 2,695, as compared with 3,055 in 1910. As ln the case or the Arapaho, this de­ crease Dll.Y be more apparent than actual. The number or Cheyenne ln Montana showed a slight increase in 20 years, while the southern Cheyenne showed a decrease rrom 1,522 to 1,220. CHIPPEWA.-This is the largest or the Algonquian tribes and the fourth largest Indian tribe within the boundaries or the United States. The Chippewa were woodland Indians and originally occupied much or the present State or Michigan and parts or the northern shores or Lakes Superior and HUron. Many or the tribe moved westward after their first contact with Europeans and are at present scattered over a large area, in a number or reservetions, and mixed with the white population. The number or Chippewa. Indians showed an increase in Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, and Montana, but a considerable decrease in Michigan. The decrease in Michigan, however, was probably due to failure to return the Indian population or DBny areas by tribe. The Chippewa have had a large admixture or white blood ever since the early days or French settlement in the region or the Great Lakes. As compared with 34.5 percent in 1910, only 18.7 percent are now reported as full blood. Even this probably includes as full blood many who are only predominantly or Indian blood. DELAWARE.-The Delaware confederacy at the time or white settlement occupied a large area in Delaware, eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and south­ ern New York. They moved successively west to Ohio, Indiana, Missouri, and finally to Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. The great majority or the reDBining members or the tribe are now in Oklahoma, DBinly in Craig, Nowata, and WS.·shing­ ton Counties. The number enumerated in 1930, including the related Munsee, was 971, as compared with 985 in 1910. Only 20.2 percent were reported as full blood, as compared with 29.7 percent in 1910. GROS VENTRES (ATSINA) .-This tribe is probably an offshoot or the Arapaho. The Gros Ventres, since their first contact with the white race, have always lived in the present area or Montana. For some 60 years they have been located on the Fort Belknap Reservetion in Blaine and Phillips Counties, Montana. The name Gros Ventres has been applied to two wholly distinct tribes, the Atsina, the Gros Ventres or the Prairie, and the Hidatsa, the Gros Ventres or the Missouri. At the census or 1930, both tribes were indiscriminately returned as Gros Ventres, and the separation was made entirely on a geographic basis. The number classed as Gros Ventres (Atsina) was 631, as compared with 510 in 1910. Of these, 615 in 1930 and 503 in 1910 were in Montana. KICKAPOO.-This is a small but well-known tribe formerly living in Wiscon­ sin, but now located in the Kickap00o Reservetion in Brown County, Kansas, and in Lincoln and Pottawatomie Counties, Oklahollll. The number enumerated in 1930 was 523, as compared with 348 in 1910. Perhaps as many more are located in the State or Chihuahua in Mex1co. or the Kickapoo in Kansas, only 14.7 percent were returned as run blood, but or those in Oklahol!ll, 95.0 percent were so returned. MENCllINEE.-This tribe in the seventeenth century lived in northern Michi­ gan and Wisconsin, just south or the lands or the Chippewa, alth8ugh they appear to have been more closely related to the SS.uk, Fox, and Kickapoo than to the Chippewa and Ottawa. Nearly all or the tribe now live on the Menominee Reservation in Shawano and Oconto Counties, Wisconsin. The number enumerated in 1930 was 1,969, as compared with 1,422 in 1910. These numbers check very closely with the enumerations or the Office or Indian Affairs. In 1930 the number or Menominee enumerated in Shawano and Oconto Counties was 1,889, as compared with 1,855 enumerated in 1932 on the Menominee Reservation. The tribe is no larger than at any other time in the last 70 years, but only 25.2 percent were returned as run blood in 1930, as compared with 49.5 percent in 1910. MIAMI AND ILLINOIS.-This is a group or small Algonquian tribes l!llde up or the Miami and the remnants or the Wea, Piankashaw, and Peoria. The number enumerated in 1930 was 284, as compared with 360 in 1910. or these, 173 in 1930 were located in Ottawa County, OklahoDB, and 47 in Indiana. only 21 or this group or tribes (l? in Oklahoma and 4 in Indiana) were returned as tull blbod. OTl'AWA.-The habitat or the Ottawa when tirst met by Europeans was along the northern shore or Georgian Bay in Canada. In consequence or Indian wars in the 17th century, the Ottawa moved west into Wisconsin, but later many or them moved back into the Lower Peninsula or Michigan. They are now mainly located in ElllDBt, Charlevoix, and Leelanau Counties, Michigan. A smaller bam is located with the ~uapaw in Ottawa County, Oklahollll. Another small band was enumerated in Vilas County, Wisconsin. The total number or the Ottawa enumer­ ated in 1930 was 1,745, as compared with 2,717 in 1910. There were also 359 Indians with tribe not reported in Enmet, Charlevoix, and Leelanau Counties, who should probably be added to the number or Ottawa. There has, however, undoubtedly been a definite decrease in the Ottawa population in 20 years. The Ottawa, like the Chippewa and Menominee, are largely mixed with white blood. IRDUllB BY B'l'OCI: AJlD TllID 39

POTAWATCllI.-This tribe, when tirst known, inhabited what is now the Lower Peninsula or Michigan. Later they moved to the Upper Peninsula and then gradu­ ally to the south and west to their present locations in Kansas and Oklahana. The tribe is widely scattered. The greatest concentration ls in Jackson County, Kansas, Where 573 were enumerated. There were 347 Potawatomi in Pottawatomie county, Oklahana, and. 288 in Forest County, Wisconsin. Indians were retumed as Potawatomi tran 19 dirterent States, tram New York to Calitornia. The total number enumerated in 1930 was 1,854, as canpared with 2,440 in 1910. or the total number in 1930, 38.0 percent were retumed as tull blood. The largest proportion or run bloods was in the Wisconsin bend, the Oklahoma and Kansas Potawatomi being nainly or mixed blood. SAllC ARD :rox:.-The Sauk and. the Fox are two separate tribes, but they have been so closely associated tor over a century tbat they are us1.&lly considered together. Their original habitat was probably the Lower Peninsula or Michigan. They moved early to Wisconsin and then beyond the Mississippi. In 1930 th& total number enumerated was 887, as compared with 724 in 1910. The largest band, 11111.inly or the Fox tribe, is located in Tallll County, Iowa. The number in Iowa -.s 344 in 1930, as canpared with 257 in 1910. The ottice ot Indian Artairs enumerated 363 or the tribe on the Iowa Reservation in 1932. There were 478 1n Oklahona in 1930, mainly in Lincoln, Payne, and Pottawatanie Counties. SHAIND.-Th1s is the southernmost tribe or the Algonquian stock. The his­ tory or the tribe is very caopl1cated and 1n sane details uncertain. It is probable that tbey had moved tram the north to the habitat on the Cumberland River Where they wre rtrst known to Europeans. Later, a part or the tribe settled on the Savannah River. Some or the Shawnee were in Pennsylvania early in the nineteenth century, and others am:>ng the Creeks in the South. All were eventually pushed west across the Mississippi River. The greater part or the tribe is nOll' in OklahODB, 11111.inly in Cleveland, Craig, Ottawa, and Pottawatanie Counties. Tile number enumerated as Shawnee in 1930 was 1,161, as compared with 1,338 in 1910. In 1930, 412, or 35.5 percent or the Shawnee were retumed as tull blood.

KA.STIRN .ALOCllQUIANS.~This group includes all or the Algonquian tribes tor­ merly inhabiting the area or the present New England States, Long Island, and other parts or New York adjacent to the New England States. These Indians are now widely scattered and practically all have 1arge adm1xtures or wh1 te or Necro blood. The total number enumerated in 1930 was 2,015, or whom 813 were in Wisconsin and 761 in Maine. In 1910, the corresponding total was 2,027, with 693 in Wisconsin and 634 in Maine. Those in Wisconsin in 1910 were 11111.inly Stockbridges, a tribe rormerly living in western Massachusetts, and Brother­ tons, I!- name applied to a group or !I'a8Jllllnts or Eastern Algonquian tribes which united to torm a camnunlty in Oneida County, New York, and later moved to Wis­ consin. Tfle Maine Algonquians belong 11111.inly to the PasS81113.qUoddy and Penobscot tribes and are located in Penobscot and \Yashington Counties. The Indians or llUsachusetts and Rhode Island, or whom 184 ware reported as Eastern Algon­ quians and 937 without tribal designation, were probably or the Mashpee and WilDIJl.llOllS tribes. These trlbee are all or mixed Indian, White, and Negro blood. or all the Bastern Algonquians returned 1n 1930, only 144, or 7.1 percent, were reported as run blood, and it la very doubtrul U any are anti rely tree tram white or Negro blood. VIRGINIA-<:ARIJLIHA INDIANS.-These Indians, residiDB in the lowland counties or Virginia, North carolina, and South Carolina, are almost entirely or mixed origin. Tbose in Virginia were classed as Algonquians ln 1910 and shown under the tribal names or Pamunkey, Mattapony, Chickllhaniny, and Powhatan. The Indians or the southeastern part or North Carolina are ottlcially designed as Croatans and are not detinltely assigned to any linguistic stock. A better dHi8111ltion tor this group would be Cheraw, as they are undoubtedly descended in part rram the i•rtant tribe or that name, probably or Siouan stock, whioh formerly inhabited this region. The greater part or the North Carolina Indians were returned on the scbedules in 1930 as Cherokee, but those 1n the lOll'land counties were arbitrarily deducted tram the Cherokee tribe and assigned to the V1rg1n1a-<:arol1na group. The total number assigned to this group in 1930 was 12,975, as compared •1th 6,195 in 1910. or these, 10,452 were returned tram Robeson County, North carouna. The rapid increase 1n numbers aay be accounted ror in part by a desire on the part or those or the younger generation with even a trace or Indian blood to be classed as Indians rather than Negroes. Tbere bas, honve~1 been a det1nite natural increase, as indicated by the tact that in 1930, 4.."'911 nre under 10 years old, and 7L932• er 61.1 percent, were under 20. Tile Nturns sbOll'lDB 43.4 percent or lfirllnia-ciu'ollna Indians as "full-blood" aay be ascribed either to ignorance or racial admixture or to a desire to cenceal the tact or admixture rrom the enumerator. 40 IllDIAN POPULATION Ol!' THE UNITED STATES

AIHAPASKAN STOCK.-The Athapaskan tribes, rorming the most widely distribu­ ted linguistic stock in North America, rormerly ranged rrom the Arctic ocean to Mexico and rrom Hudson Bay to the Pacir1c. At present, the Athapaskan ls the second largest stock in the United States and by rar the largest or those stocks whose members are predominantly or Indian blood. The Athapaskan stock ls now der1n1tely separated into three general divisions, the Northern, in the Canadian Northwest and Alaska; the Southern, centered in New Mexico and Ari­ zona; and the Pacir1c, consisting or scattered tribes ranging rrom just north or the Columbia River to Mendocino County, Cal1rornia. or the Athapaskans in the United States, the Southern Division is by rar the most important, the Navaho alone comprising 82.4 percent or the total number included in the stock. APACHE.-The term Apache is applied to a large group or Atllapaskan tribes in Arizona and New Mexico. The most important or these tribes are the Coyotero Apache, San Carlos Apache, Tonto Apache, Jicar1lla Apache, and the Mescalero Apache. The total number in this group in 1930 was 6,537, as compared with 6,119 in 1910. This probably represents a true increase, as the Apache tribes are well der1ned and generally located on reservations where the enumeration in both years would be rairly accurate. The enumerations or the orrice or Indian Arrairs indicate that the Apache have been increasing in numbers at least since 1890. The Apache have comparatively little admixture or white or Negro blood. In 1930 only 3.4 percent were reported as or mixed blood, and or the 28.4 per­ cent with "blood not reported" it ls probable that a large proportion are really or rull blood. The counties with the largest Apache population were Navajo, Gila, and Graham in Arizona, and Otero and Rio Arriba in New Mexico. KIOWA APACHE.-The name Apache, as applied to this tribe, is a misnomer, as the tribe has nothing in carunon with the Arizona Apache, except a similarity or language. The Kiowa Apache are Indians or the western plains. Their habitat at a remote period was in Montana and northern Wyoming, where ror llll.ny genera­ tions they were closely associated with the Kiowa, a tribe or entirely dirrer­ ent linguistic stock. These two tribes are now located together on a reserva­ tion in Oklahollll.. The number enumerated in 1930 was 184, an increase rrom 139 in 1910. or these, 78 in 1930 and 117 in 1910 were returned as rull blood. NAVAHO.-The Navaho constitute the largest tribe or the Athapaskan stock, and with the one exception or the Cherokee, the largest Indian tribe in the United States. The Navaho still live in their early habitat in Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah, although since 1867 they have been orric1ally located on reservations. The total number enumerated in 1930 was 39,064, as compared with 22,455 in 1910. The enumeration or 1910 was, however, considered by Dr. Dixon to be incomplete. The Indian orrice reported the Navaho population in 1910 as 28,000. Dr. Dixon believed that the true Navaho population in 1910 was some­ where between the Census and the Indian Bureau rigure • .!!/ The orr1ce or Indian Arrairs in 1932 enumerated about 42,000 Navaho. The discrepancy between the rigures or the Census and the Indian orrice is thus much less than in 1910. There can be no question but that there has been a great increase in the Navaho population in aJ years. This is conrirmed by the age rigures showing that 56.3 percent or the Navaho population in 1930 was under 20 years or age. This great increase llll.Y be accounted ror by the relative prosperity or the tribe, due to the popularity or its industrial products. or the total Navaho population, 97.2 percent were reported in 1930 as rull blood. Living as they do on reservations in a region sparsely settled by other races, it seems quite probable that, with the possible exception or their Hopi neighbor, the Navaho tribe has maintained its purity or blood to a greater extent than has any other important tribe in the United States. The Navaho are located mainly in Apache, Navajo, and Coco­ nino Counties in Arizona, and in San Juan and McKinley Counties in New Mexico; Apache County alone has a Navaho population or 11,599. OREGON ATHAPASKANS.-This is a group or eight small Atllapaskan tribes and tribal groups,.thrown together on a ge0graphical basis. The most important or these tribes are the Rogue River or Tututni, the Tolowa, and the Umpqua, all Oregon tribes, except the Tolowa, who live mainly in Calirornia. The total num­ ber enumerated in 1930 was 504, a decrease rrom 656 in 1910. These Indians are largely or mixed tribal as well as racial blood, and, at least as rar as their identity as Indians is concerned, are derinitely decreasing in number. They were llll.inly located in 1930 in Lincoln and Curry Counties in Oregon. CALIFORNIA A'DIAPASKANS.-This is a group or small Athapaskan tribes and tribal groups loP,ated llll.inly in Humboldt, Mendocino, and Del Norte Counties in caurornia. The most important or these tribes are the Hupe. and the wa1lak1. The total number enumerated in 1930 was 1,129, a slight increase rrom 1,033 in 1910. The orrice or Indian Arra1rs in 1932 enumerated 505 Hupa on the Hoo~a Valley Reservation and 222 Wa1laki on the Round Valley Reservation. The Cal1- rornia Athapaskans have a large inrusion or white blOOd, but the proportion or rull bloods returned is higher than in the Oregon Athapaskans. J/ Bllreau ot the C.naua: Illdian Population in the Un1te4 S\~•H ud Alaska, 1910, pap 78. INDLUIB BY STOClt .AND '1'RillZ

CAPPOAN STQCK.~The Caddoans were Indians or t!le Southern Great Plains, ranging rrom northem Lou1s1ana and Texas to North De.l

ARIKARA.~r the northern extension or the Caddoan stock, all that renains ls the renmant or the Ar1kara on the Fort Berthold Reservation 1n McLean County, North De.lArkansas, and eastern Texas. In 1835 the Caddo or Louisiana were mved to the Republic or Texas, and 1n 1872 they were finally settled on a reservation in \llhat ls now Caddo County, Oklahoma. The number enumerated in 1930 was 625, an increase rrom 452 in 1910, or these 6Hi were in Oklahoma, with 554 in Caddo county. About two-thirds were returned as rull blood. PAWNEE.-i'lhen r1rst known to Europeans, the habitat or the Pawnee was in Kansas and Nebraska. In 1876 they were located on the Pawnee Reservation 1n Oklahoma. The number enumerated 1n 1930 was 770, as compared with 633 1n 1910. In 1930 the number 1n Oklaho:m we.s 729, or whom 634 were 1n Pawnee County. The orr1ce or Indian Ar!a1rs 1n 1932 reported 717 on the Pawnee Reservation, or \llhom 677 were returned as Pawnee and 40 or mixed Pawnee and other tribal blood. More than two-thirds were returned 1n 1930 as run blood Indians. WICHITA AND KICHAI.-Th1s group ls composed or the W1ch1ta and the surviv­ ing remnants, 1! any, or the K1cha1, Tawakoni, and waco. Only 16 were separ­ ately returned 1n these last three tribes 1n 1910, and all were 11v1ng with the Wichita and Caddo on the ~1ch1ta Reservation 1n Oklahoma. The total number returned in 1930 was 300, an apparent. decrease rrom 334 1n 1910. The Indian orr1ce, however, enumerated 328 lV1ch1ta on the reservation 1n 1932. Since there were 645 Indians in Caddo County not reported by tribe, 1t is quite likely that the numbers or both the Wichita and the Caddo are considerably understated by the census enumeration. CffIMAKUAN STOCK· This 11ngu1st1c stock is composed or the Qu1leute, with the closely related Hoh, and the Ch1makum, now virtually extinct. These tribes have rena1ned in their early hab1 tat 1n Clallam, Grays Harbor, and Jerrerson Counties, in wash1ngton. The number returned 1n 1930 was 375, an increase rran 306 in 1910. This number may be too large, as the orr1ce or Indian A!!a1rs enumerated only 244 ~u1leute in 1932. GHINOCICAN STQCK.-The Ch1nookan l1nguist1c stock ls now represented by the remnants or a rew tribes 11v1ng on the Warm Springs Reservation 1n Oregon with Shoshonean, Shastan, and other tribes, or scattered through their !ol'!llBr habi­ tat along the lower Columbia River. Early 1n the nineteenth century, the Chi­ nookan stock probably numbered several thousand, but an ep1dem1c 1n 1829 destroyed rour-r1rths or the Indian population along the lower Columbia, and the survivors have gradually decreased 1n numbers or merged with tribes or other stocks. The total number enumerated 1n 1930 was 561, as compared with 897 in 1910. or the Chinookans in 1910, 315 were enumerated as Chinook, 274 as lV1shram, 242 as wasco, 40 as Clackanas, and 26 as Clatsop. In 1910 all or the lV1shram and nearly as many or the Ch1nookan tribes were enumerated 1n Washing­ ton, but in 1930 only 104 or the stock were enumerated in that State. It nay be that many or the ·,vash1ngton Ch1nookans were enumerated 1n 19:50 w1 thout tri­ bal designation or assigned by the enumerators to ne1ghborir.g 5alishan tribes. The Ch1nookan tribes, particularly the W1shram, have some Polynesian intermix­ ture, a large majority are mixed with white blood, and rew, 1! any, are or pure Chinookan blood.

CHITJMACHAN STOCK.~Th1s stock, cons1st1ng or one tribe, the Ch1t1nacha, but probably related to the Tun1can (see p. 51) was, even when !1rst known, restricted to a rew villages on the Grand River and Grand Lake 1n southern Lou1s1ana. As early as 1881 there were only about 50 members or the tribe. In 1910 there were 69, or Whom 50 were 1n Lou1s1ana and 19 1n Pennsylvania. In 1930 the total number returned was 51, all 1n Lou1s1ana. None or the Ch1t1- mac~.a claimed full blood in 1930, although in 1910 there were 10 or full blC'Od, 52 mixed white and Indian, and 7 mixed Negro, white, and Indian. DIDLUI POPUUTIOll or '1'RI UllITBD STATIB

CHUMASHAN STQCK.-Thls ls a Sllllll 11ngu1st1c stock which at an early date occupied a considerable area or the coast or Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties in Cal1torn1a, and some or the islands arr the coast. There were formerly several tribes, but all except the Santa Ynez are either extinct or practically so. The number returned as belonging to this stock was 14 in 1930 and 38 in 1910. It ls possible that others were returned as "Mission" Indians and so lost to the tribal class1r1cat1on. COSTANOAN STQCl<.-The Costanoan Indians, known locally as Santa Cruz, con­ stituted an independent 11ngu1st1c stock. Their habitat extended along the Cal1torn1a Coast tram san Francisco Bay to Monterey and west to the San Joaquin River. Provision was I!llde ln the tribal code tor the enumeration or the santa Cruz Indians 1n 1930, but none were returned under that name. It is possible that a tew were returned as "Mission" Indians and so could not be classitied by tribe. In 1910, 17 or the tribe were enumerated, or whom 4 were or tull blood.

IROQUOIAN STQCK.-Incl~d1ng those enumerated as Iroquoians who are predom­ inantly or wl\lte blood, this ls the largest or all the linguistic stocks 1n the United States. All tribes or this stock are, however, civilized and are rapidly becoming absorbed in the White population. At the beginning or the seventeenth century, the Iroquoians occupied two separate areas, the northern comprising most or the States or New York, western New Jersey, and parts or Pennsylvania, west Virginia, and Ohio, also parts or the Province or Ontario west to Lake Huron. The southern habitat extended over the southern Alleghenies in Virginia, the Carolinas, Georgia, and eastern Tennessee. In the North, the western Iroquoians, the Erle, and Huron were broken up and absorbed or dispersed at an early date by their kinsmen or the Iroquois Confederacy in western New York. The New York tribes are now located in New York and Wisconsin. The remnant or the Huron, known as the 'Nyandot, are in OklahOllll. The southern Iroquoians were or two separate groups, the Tuscarora, Meherrln, and Nottoway or eastern North Carolina and southeastern V1rg1n1a, and the Cherokee or the southern Alleghen­ ies and eastern Tennessee. The TUscarora later united with the Iroquois in New York. The Meherrln and Nottoway have been absorbed ln other tribes. or the Cherokee, a part still reI!ll1ns in their old habitat, but the great majority are in Oklah0t:19.. IROQUOIS.-In this tribal group are included the rive nations or the once powerrul Iroquois Conrederacy, the Cayuga, the Mollawk, the Oneida, the Onon­ daga, and the Seneca, together with the TUscorora, which was at tirst itself a conrederacy or tribes and later was incorporated with the Iroquois confederacy to rorm the "Slx Na tlons". or these slx trl bes, the Seneca ln 1910 was the largest, with an enumerated population or 2,907. or these, 2,485 were 1n New York. There were 2,436 or the Oneida, or whom 2,107 were ln Wisconsin, and 211 in New York. There were 81 Cayuga, w1 th 53 ln New York; 368 Mohawk wl th 33) ln New York; 365 Onondaga w1 th 327 in New York; am 400 TUscarora wl th 382 in New York. In addition, there were 1,219 St. Regis Indians, a group or mixed Iro­ quois living on the International boundary between St. Lawrence and Franklin Counties, New York, and Canada. In all, the Iroquois group comprising the descendants or the "Six Nations", numbered 7,837 in 1910. By 1930, the Indian population enumerated as Iroquois had declined to 6,866, but the number or Indians in New York not reported by tribe increased tram 886 to 1,875. Ot the Indians in Cattaraugus County who are na1nly Seneca and Cayuga, 80 were returned as Iroquois, 3 as or other tribes, and 883 without tribal designation. It is probable, theretore, that the Iroquois population is practically the same as ln 1910. or the Iroquois ln New York, 36.1 percent, and or those in Wiscon­ sin, 74.5 percent, were returned in 1930 as rull blood. outside or New York and Wisconsin, there were 340 Iroquois returned rrom Oklahoma, 81 rran Pennsyl­ vania, and 78 rrom Michigan. Geographically, the Iroquois are more widely dis­ tributed than any other tribal group except the Cherokee. In 1930, members or the tribal group were reported rrom 36 ditrerent States and the District or Columbia. WYANDOT.-Early in the seventeenth century, the Huron Confederacy was one or the largest and most powerrul tribal groups on the North American continent. Champlain est1111lted their population in 1615 as 30,000, and Hewitt gives a more conservative estimate or 20,000 in 1648.J/ In this latter year, desperate war­ rare began between the Huron and the Iroquois conrederac1es, and arter two yeers the Huron power was completely destroyed. The survivors were driven rrom their habitat in the present Province or ontarlo and most or them were adopted into other tribes. A Sllllll band tled to northern Michigan and then to Wlscon­ sln, where they were associated with the Potawatomi and Ottawa. Many years later, they returned eastward and settled around the western end or Lake Erle where they became known as Wyandot. In 1842 they sold the last or their lands in Ohio and moved to Kansas, and in 1867 were r1nally located in Otta1.a County, Oklahoma. The number enumerated ln 1930 was 353, exactly the same number as enumerated in°1910. Practically all or these were or mixed blood. Even ln 1910, 242, or 68. 6 percent were returned as "mre than halt wh 1 te". Y llaDdbooll: or -1.... Illdl.,.., Vol. 1, p. 5117. INDIANS BY STOCJt JRD TRIBK

CHillaCEE.-In gross nu.~bers, the Cherokee ls the largest Indian tribe 1n the United States and ls geographically by rar the most widely distributed. However, eve~ in 1910, only 21.9 percent or the Cherokee claimed to be rull­ blood Indians and nearly 62 percent were reported as more thll.n one-halt white. As a strictly "Indian" tribe, the Navaho, with a tribal mer.ibership or over 40,000, nearly all or whan are or run blood, ls more signU'icant than the Cherokee, with 45,238 members, or whom only 17.9 percent claim to be rull-blood Indians. The Cherokee were driven rorcibly out or their early habitat in the southern Alleghenies in 1838 and settled on a large reservation in Indian Ter­ ritory. A rew hundred who eluded the military dragnet r&lllllne~ 1n the Alleghen­ ies and were eventually settled on the Qualla Reservation in SMl.in County, North Carolina. The number or Indians returned as Cherokee on the schedules rrom North Carolina in 1930 was 14,094, but this number was arbitrarily reduced to 1,963 by assigning those returned rrom the eastern counties to the group or ''Virginia-Carolina Indians". This smaller number stUl represents an increase or nearly 40 percent in the 20-year period. The Cherokee or Oklaho!IB in the same period have increased rrom 29,610 to 40,904, an increase or 11,294, or 38.1 percent. Indians were returned as Cherokee in 1930 rrom 44 States, or all except Maine, New Ham;ishlre, Rho

KARQ{ STQCK.-Thls linguistic stock ls represented by only one tribe, known as Karok or Orlenns. Their habitat ln historic t1'1\6s has always been in the valley or the Kla::eth River. The number returned as belonging to this tribe was 755 in 1930, as compared with 775 in 1910. or these, 475 were in Siskiyou and 230 in Humboldt Counties in Cal1rorn1a. Nearly all are or mixed blood. KEf!BSAN STOCK· -The Keresan is one or the three "pueblo'' stocks or the southwest. The stock ls composed or seven pueblos or tribes Which have been established ln the same locations In northern Ne\·1 Mexico ror at least 400 years. The largest or these pueblos ls the Laguna in Valencia County. The population or Keresan stock in 1930 was 4,134, an increase rrom 4,027 in 1910. or these, 4,092 were in the three counties or Valencia, Sandoval, and McKinley in New Mexico. The population has shown very little change, at least since 1860. The Keresans nave a comparatively little admixture or white or Negro blood. KlOIYAN STQCK.-The Kiowa, an important tribe or Plains Indians, has been considered as an independent 11ngu1st1c stock, although 1t ls now classed by many ethnologists -.vlth the Tanoans or New Mexico (see p. 51). The early habitat or the Kiowa was in southern r.'.onta.na and nort.hwestern iYYomlng, but they later moved to western Nebraska. and eastern Colorado. They lll.ve long been intimately associated with the Kiowa Apache, an Athapaskan tribe. Early 1n the nineteenth centU?'Y, these tribes rormed a confederacy with the Shoshonean Comanche, and in 1863 they were settled with the Comanche on a reservation 1n Oklahoma. The number returned at the census or 1930 was 1,050, a decrease tram 1,126 in 1910. This ls, however, probably an underenumeration, as the orr1ce or Indian Arralrs reports 1,951 K10lla on the reservation 1n 1932. There were 1,259 Indians or "tribe not reported" 1n Caddo, Comanche, am Kiowa counties, some or Whom were undoubtedly or the Kiowa tribe. The Kiowa have a considerable admixture ot white blood, but the majority were returned as rull blood Indians 1n 1930. KIJSAN STOCK.-Thls stocK ls represented by a single small tribe, the Kusa, or Coos Biiy Indians. The earliest known habitat or tills tl'ibe was near Coos Bay ln Oregon. The number enumerated 1n 1930 was 107, as compared wl th 93 in 1910. or these, 99 were ln Oregon, v11th 83 1n Coos county. Only 8 were returned as rull blood. KUTENAIAN STOCK.-The Kutena1 tribe ls considered as an independent lin­ guistic stock. Their traditional home was east or the Rocky Mountains in Mon­ tana and Aloerta, but ror more than a hundred years they have lived west or the mountains ln British Columbia, Idaho, and western Montana. Most or the tribe in the United States are now located ln the Kootenai Reservation ln Boundary County 1n Idaho, and on the Flathead Reservation in Lake County, Montana. The number enwnerated in 1930 was 287, a sharp decrease rrom 538 ln 1910. or the 1930 population, 185 were in Montana and 101 ln Idaho. The Idaho Kutena1 were nearly all returned as rull blood, but or those in Montana only 30.8 percent were rull blood.

-37·--4 INDIAN POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES

MAIQU STQCK.-The Maidu are classed as a separate linguistic stock. Their hab1 tat in the past, as in the present, has been in northeastern Caliromia. They are now widely scattered throughout this area and the great majority have been ·1ost to the tribal designation in the census class1tlcat1on. Only 93 were returned as Maidu in 1930, as compared with 1,100 in 1910. The orr1ce or Indian Affairs enumerated 195 Maidu in 1932, most or whom were on the Round Valley Reservation in Mendocino County. As none were retumed by tile census enumera­ tors rrom this county, these at least should be added to the census figure. The Maidu are mostly or mixed blood, and many enumerated as Indians in 1910 may have been enumerated as white in 1930. MIWQK STOCK.-In the 1910 census, three tribes or this stock were separate­ ly enumerated as the W.arin, Middle Town, and Miwok. These tribes occupied three separate areas in central California. The total number retumed in 1930 was 491, a decrease from 699 in 1910. The largest groups in 193C were in Kem and Tuolumne Counties. The Miwok tribes are largely or mixed blood and are probably approaching extinction as distinguishable Indian tribes. MlJSlAlabama, westem and southem Georgia, and northem Florida. The Census or 1930 differentiated four tribes or this stock, the Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. In 1910 the Alibamu and Koasati were shown separately, but in 1930 they were tabulated with the Creek. CHICKASAW.-The Chickasaw were first known to the whites in the northem part or the present State or Mississippi. They began to move to the west or the Mississippi River early in the nineteenth century and in 1855 were given a sep­ arate reservation in Indian Territory. The number enumerated as Chickasaw in 1930 was 4,745, an increase rrom 4,204 in 1910. or the population in 1930, the number in Oklahoma was 4,685. or these, 829 were enumerated in Johnston county, 764 in Pontotoc County, and 611 in Bryan County. The Chickasaw are now mainly or mixed blood, only 24.6 percent having claimed to be or full blood in 1930. CHOCTAW.-This tribe is the largest or the MUskhogean stock, and with the exception or the Cherokee, the largest or the "Five Civilized Tribes". The early habitat or the Choctaw was in southem Mississippi and Alabama. The greater part or the tribe moved to the west when their lands were opened ror white settlement, but a raw remained behind. The total number enumerated in 1930 was 17,757, an increase from 15,917 in 1910. or these, 16,641 were in OklahOllB, with the largest numbers in Mccurtain, Pittsburg, Bryan, Choctaw, and Le Flore Counties. There were.also 624 in Mississippi, 190 in Louisiana, and the remainder scattered over 25 other States. The Choctaw are largely or mixed blood, although 32.3 percent claimed to be or full blood in 1930. There is a considerable admixture or Negro blood. Many or the Indians or Mllskhogean stock acquired Negro slaves before their migration westward, and the descendants or these slaves have remained in close association with the Indian tribes to which the masters or their ancestors belonged. CRKB:K.-The Creek constituted originally a confederacy rather than a single tribe. Their habitat was south and east or that or the Choctaws in Alabal!B, Georgia, and Florida. They IIKlVed to Indian Territory between 1836 and 1840. The Alibamu or Texas and Louisiana and the Koasati or Louisiana, two small Muskhogean tribes, were combined for convenience with the Creek in 1930. The total number enumerated ln 1930 was 9,083, as compared with 7,341 ln 1910. This number in 1910 included 298 Alibamu and 98 Koasati. In 1930 there were 8,607 Creek in Oklahana, most or whom were ln the counties or Mcintosh, Hughes, Okmulgee, and Okfuskee. There were also 180 in Texas, or whom 176 were in Polk County, and 134 in Louisiana, most or whom were probably Allbamu and Koasatl. More than half or the Creek cl.aimed full blood ln 1930, the same proportion as in 1910. In 1910 there were 565 with Negro blood. SKMINOLE.-The name Seminole ls applied to a part or the Creek tribe which during the eighteenth century separated from the main body and settled in Flor­ ida. Here they were joined by remnants or other tribes, including the Yueh!, and a large Negro element from run-away slaves. After the second Seminole war, one or the most disastrous and costly or the Indian wars, the greater part or the tribe were removed to Indian Territory. A raw refugees escaped to the Ever­ glades, where their descendants still live. The number enumerated in 1930 was 2,048, or whom 1,789 were in Oklahoma and 22:7 in Florida. In 1910 the number in Oklahoma was 1,503, but only 16 were enumerated in Florida. The actual num­ ber in Florida was, however, probably at least as large as in 1930. or the Seminole in Oklahoma, 1,521 were enumerated in 1930 in Seminole County and 120 in Hughes County. or the semlnole in Florida, 53.3 percent, and or those in Okla.hana, 74.5 percent, were returned ln 1930 as full blood. In view or the history or the tribe, and especially their acceptance or hundreds or Negro DIDIANS BY S'l'OCX .A11D 'l'liillB tl5 fugitives while still in Florida, lt ls dltticult to accept these tlgures as to blood at their race value.

P!MAN ~.-The habitat or the Indians or Piman stock is in southern Ari­ zona and testates ot Sonora and Chihuahua in Mexico. This stock is now grouped by many ethnologists with the Shoshonean and tile Mexican Nahuatlan as the Uta-Aztecan family. The most important or the Plman tribes in Arizona are the Papago and the Plma. At the census or 1910, in addition to these two tribes, the Mayo, the Opata, and the Yaqui, were separately shown ln the pub­ lished report. Slnce these are prlr.arily Mexican tribes, they were included in 1930 in the group designated as Canadian and Mexican tribes. PAPAGO. -The early hab1 tat or the Papago was in southern Arizona rrom Tuc­ son south across the Mexican border into the State ot Sonora. The Papago in the United States have been located tor many years on reservations in Pima, Pinal, and Maricopa Counties in Arizona. The number enumerated in 1930 was 5,205, or whom 5,163 were in Arizona. The number enumerated in 1910 was 3,798, ot whom all but 13 were in Arizona. Nearly all ot the tribe are or full blood. PIMA.-The Plma were closely associated with the Papago, and were their neighbors on the north and west in the valleys or the Salt and Gila Rivers. They are now gathered in reservations in Plnal and Maricopa counties in Ari­ zona. The number enumerated in 1930 was 4,382, or whom 4,322 were in Arizona. In 1910 the number enumerated was 4,236. Nearly all or the Pima were or rull blood. Pt)IC> 5T0CK.-The habitat o! the Indians ot the Pomo stoel< is in the Coast ranges in the northern part or Call!ornia. In 1910, rive tribes or bands or the Pomo stock were se;ie.rately tabulated. These were the Pomo, Clear Lake, Gynomehro, Little Lake, and Lower Lake Indians. The number enumerated in 1930 was 1,143, as compared with a total or 1,193, including all rive tribes, in 1910. All but nine in 1930 were in Cal1!orn1a, mainly in Mendocino, Lake, and Sonoma Counties. Slightly more than halt were reported as run blood. SALINAN STQCK.-This ls a small independent 11nguist1c stock now practi­ cally extinct. They were formerly connected with the M1ss1on or san Antonio in Monterey County, California, and were known as san Antonio Indians. In 1910 there were 16 reported as belonging to this tribe and stock. In 1930 none were reported. It Dily be, however, that there are a rew survivors who were enumera­ ted in Monterey County as "M1ss1on" Indians and so lost to the tribal class1!1- cat1on. SALISHAN STQCK.-The numerous tribes or the important Sal1shan stock ror­ merly ranged over most or northern and western l'/ash1ngton, northern Idaho, northwestern Oregon, and southern British Columbia. The tribes tabulated as Sal1sbans in 1910 were grouped ln 1930 into three tribal d1'V1s1ons, namely, the washington Coast Sallah, the Interior Sallah, and the Tillamook. Other Sal1shan tribes, the Bellacoola, comox, cow1chan, Shuswap, and Songish were included with the "Canadian and Mexican Tribes". In the comparative tlgures tor 1910, shown in this report, these tribes have been excluded rrom the stock total. WASHING'l'Clf COAST SALISH.-This tribal group is a combination or 18 tribes tor which separate tabulations were made in 1910. The former habitat or these tribes was in western 'Washington, along the Pacific Coast and the coast and islands or Puget Sound. The largest or these tribes in 1910 were the Snohomish, Clallam, Lu.'11111, Swinomish, Suquam1sh, and Puyallup. The total number enumerated in 1930 was 4,106, or which 4,055 were ln washington. These Indians were most numerous in Whatcom, Snohomish, and Grays Harbor Counties, but were widely dis­ tributed over the entire western halt or the State. The total number in these same tribes in 1910 was -3,918, or Whom 3,850 were in washington. In 1930, 54.3 percent or the WB.shington coast Salish were returned as run blood. INTERIOR SALISH.-This tribal group is made up or the Sal1shan tribes in western washington, Montana, and Idaho. or these, 12 were separately distin­ guished in 1910, the most important, numerically, being the Colville, Spokan, Kalispel, Flathead, Columbia, and Coeur d'Alene. The total number enumerated in 1930 was 5,211, or Whom.2,607 were ln Wlishlngton, mainly ln Okanogan, Ferry, and Stevens Countles,2,036 in Montana, mainly in Lake and Sanders Counties, and 480 in Idaho, with 354 ln Benewah county alone. 'l'tlese figures agree approxi­ mately with the figures or the orr1ce or Indian Atta1rs, which tor 1932 show 2,588 on the Colville Reservation and 581 on the Spokan Reservation in washing­ ton, 440 on the Coeur d'Alene Reservation in Idaho, and 2,174 on the Flathead Reservation in Montana. In 1910 the total number in the 12 interior tribes was 3,780, or whom 2,242 were in Washington, 939 in Montana, 419 in Idaho, and 151 in Oregon. or the Interior Salish, only 32.3 percent were reported as tull blood in 1932. Illl>llll POPUI.ATIOll or '1'D llRI'1'BD ST.\'1'118

TILLAllXl<.-The Tillamook was the most southerly tribe or the Coast Sal­ ish. Their habitat was along the Pactrlc Coast in Tillamook County, Oregon. The remnants or the tribe have ror lllil1Y years lived on the Grande Ronde and the Siletz Reservations in Oregon. Only 16 were returned as Tillamook in 1930, or Whom 9 were in Oregon. In 1910, there were 25 reported, with 18 in Oregon.

S!JAPWAILYTAN S'l'QCK.~In tile 1910 census classirication, this stock was shown as three separate stocks, the Lutuam1an, the Shahaptlan, and the Wlli11at­ puan stocks. Linguistic studies 1n recent years have now led to the grouping or these three stocks into one. The ronner habitat or 1ihe Shapwailutans extended rrom northern Calirornia north through central Oregon and east along both banks or the Columbia River and the Snake River into central Idaho, adJoining the Salishans on the north, the Shoshoneans on the east and south, and the Kalapooians, Athapaskans, and Shastans on the west and southwest. The total number enumerated in the stock was 6,352 in 1930, as compared with 5,698 in 1910. KLAMA'ftl AND llODOC.-These two tribes, separately ShOloVll in the 1910 tabula­ tion, but combined in 1930, constituted the Lutuamlan stock in the earlier classtrication or stocks and tribes. The Klamath Indians rormerly lived in Kla1111.th County, Oregon, around Klamath Lake. The Modoc rormed the most south­ erly tribe or the stock, with a habitat in northern Calirornla and southern Oregon. The Klamath are now divided between the Klamth Reservation in Oregon and the Hoopa Valley Reservation in Cal1rorn1a. The Modoc are 1111.inly on the Klamath Reservation in Oregon, although a rew were taken in 1872-73 to the Qua­ paw Reservation in OklahoDll.. The number enumerated ln 1930 in the two tribes combined was 2,034, as compared with a total or 978 in 1910. The numbers, both in 1910 and in 1930, correspond approximately with the enumerations or the orrlce or Indian Arra1rs in 1909 and 1932. These tribes both have a large admixture or white blood, and the 1910 report indicated some Negro admixture in the Klamath tribe. The 1930 enumeration showed 37.8 percent or rull blood. SlWlAP!'IANS.-This tribal group includes all or the eignt tribes included in 1910 in the Shahaptian stock. The largest or these tribes were the Nez Per­ ces, Yaki1111., war:n Springs, Klickitat, and waua 11'8.lla. The Shallaptians ronnerly ranged rrom Central Oregon and southern 1fash1ngton, east to central Idaho. The Nez Perces are now Oii.inly on their own reservation in Idaho, the YBkiDll. also have their own reservation in Washington which they sl!Bre With the Klickitat, while the warm Springs or Tenino share a reservation in Oregon with other tribes. The Yfalla wa11a and UDll.tilla are located on the U1111.tilla Reservation in Oregon. The total number enumerated as Shahaptlans in 1930 was 4,119, or Whom l,890 were in \fashlngton, chierly in Yakillll. and Klickitat Counties; 1,091 in Idaho, mainly in Nez Perce, Idaho, and Lewis Counties; and l,OQ~ in Oregon, DBinly in UDll.tllla, 11'11.sco, and Jerrerson Counties. The 1910 tabulation showed a total or 4,374 in the eight tribes or this group, or whom 1,984 were in Yfash- 1ngton, l,206 in Oregon, and 1,074 in Idaho. or the Shahaptlans in 1930, 65.9 percent were returned as !ull blood.

CAYUSE AND 11'.lLALA.~These two tribes constituted the wa111atpuan stock as shown in the 1910 census tabulation. The Cayuse rormerly occupied an area in northeastern Oregon and a portion or southern 'ftlla waua County, Washington, almost surrounded by the Shahaptians, particularly the Nez Perces, with whom they were.closely associated. The Molala, when rtrst known to Europeans, lived on the west slope or the cascades ln Clackamas and Marlon Counties, Oregon. The cayuse are now Oii.inly on the UDll.tilla Reservation in Oregon, while the rem­ nant or the Molala, numbering only 31 in 1910, are scattel'ed through the cas­ cade Mountains. The total number enumerated in the tribal group ln llt30 was 199, or whom 193 were in Oregon, with 163 in UDll.tllla County. In 1910 there were 329 in the two tribes, or whom 302 were in Oregon. or those reported in 1930, 169, or 84.9 percent, were returned as ruu blood. SIJASTAN STQCK.-This stock, originally composed or several tribes, occupied an area south and west or the habitat or the Shapwallutans in northern Cal1- rornia and southern Ol'egon. Many or the tribes are now extinct. In 1910 the stock was represented by three tribes, the Shasta, Pit River, and Hat Creek. The Shasta are DBinly scattered through their old habitat, although a rew are located on the Klamath, Grande Ronde, and Siletz Reservations in Oregon. A part or the Shasta tribe.has at t1mes been contused with the Klamath Indians. This contusion may possibly account ror some or the apparent decrease in the Shas­ tans and the large increase in the Shapwailutans. The Pit River is the largest or the Shastan tribes. Many reDBin in their early habitat 1n the drainage be.sin or the Pit River. Others are on the Round valley Reservation in Calirornia and in the KlaDBth Reservation in Oregon. The Hat Creek ls the SDll.llest or the Shastan tribes and occupies a portion or the Pl t River basin. The number enum­ erated as or the Shastan stock in 1930 was 844. or these, 693 ware in ca11ror­ nla, mainly in Shasta and Modoc Counties, and 138 in Oregon. The total number or Shastans returned in 1910 was 1,578. or these, 1,383 were in caurornia and 177 in Oregon. In 1930, 70 percent ot the Shastens were returned as tull blood. In 1910 the Pit River and Hat Creek Indians were largely ot tull blood, while the Shasta ware Bii.inly ot mixed blood.

~ e--The important Shoshonean stock ranks sixth among the ungll~anues ot the American Ind1anB. Tile tonner habitat ot the stock covered practically the whole ot the States ot Nevada and Utah, a part ot east­ ern Oregon, southern Idaho, western Colorado, and southern Cal1tornia, extend­ ing at times into Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. It the Pimans and Nahuatlans are included, the habitat ot the Uta-Aztecan tam1ly.!/ extends tar south into Mexico. In the census ot 1910, separate tabulations were made tor 19 tribes ot this stock, ot Which the largest were the Shoshoni, Pav1otso, Ute, and Hopi. In the 1930 enumeration, these tribes were combined into 8 tribal groups. The total number in the Shoshonean stock in 1930 was 15,985, representing a decrease tram 16,842 in 1910. BANNOCK.-This is one ot the northern tribes ot the Shoshonean tam1ly Whose early habitat w.s in southern Idaho, southwastern Montana, and Northwestern ~ng. The triblll name has been rather loosely applied 1n the past and in some estimtes ot numbers my have covered a large part ot the related Sho­ ahonl. Tile Bannock are now mostly located with a part ot the Shoshoni on tile l'ort Hall Reservation in Idaho. The n1.111ber returned as Bannock in 1930 was 4.15, ot wl1all 313 were in Idaho, 1111.inly in BiDBham and Bannock Counties. The 1910 census tabulated 4.13 as Bannock, ot Whan 363 were ln Idaho. In 1930, 199, or 4.8.0 percent, ot the Bannock were returned as tull blood. C years 1111.y theretore be accepted as actual. The Hopi lave very little adm1Xture ot white blood, 97.2 percent in 1930 having been returned as tull-blood Indians. llJIO-PAVIO'lSO.-This trillll. group was reported in 1910 as three tribes, the Yono, "8D&mint, and Paviotso. The early habitat ot the Mono was in Mono and Inyo Counties, Cal1tornia, and B:smeralda County, Nevada. The Mono still range tbroUCh this area and .lllve never been gathered on a reservation. The Panam1nt were represented in 1910 by a small blU1d or 10 Indians in Inyo county, cal1tor­ n1a. The Pavlotso ls one ot the largest tribes or tribal groups ot the Shoshonean stock. The l'aviotso occupied, and still occupy, a wide range in southeastern Oregon, western Nevada, and northeastern Cal1torn1a. Some ot them are locally knoWn as Snakes and others are 1ndiscr1m1nately called Paiute. In the 1910 tabulation, the Pav1otso were arbitrarily separated trom the PB.lute by geographic locatiai, but 1n 1930 this group 1nclUO.es only those returned on the schedules as Yono or Paviotso. Theae are Sham separately in the tables tor 11&9, blood, 8Chool attendance, and illiteracy, and canbined with the Paiute 1n the tables sbalrlng geographic distribution. In 1930 only 406 were actually returned in the Mono-Pav1otso group. ot these, 382 ware in cautornia, aa.inly in J'resno County. In 1910 the n1.111ber class1t1ed as Pav1otso alone was 3,038. 'Dle greater part ot these were obviously returned as Paiute in 1930.

PAIU'l'B.-Tlle tribal 11111118 or Paiute has been very loosely applied to several Sboahonean tribes ot the 1nter1or plateau. It is·properly restricted to the Indiana ot southwestern Utah, southern Nevada, and adjacent portions ot Cal1- :rorn1a and Arizona. Because ot the in;>osisib1li.ty ot restricting the term in a census en~atlon to those properly knolm by the -· the tlgures Shown tor the Pa.lute ahould be considered as repre.ntlng the large group ot tribes .ti ... ,... •• 48 IllllL\N POPtlLATION OF TllB UllITED STATES including the Paviotso. In the 1930 classification, the Chemehuevi, a tribe formerly living along the Colorado River from Needles to Bill Williams Fork, were included with the Paiute. The total number returned in 1930 as Mono, Pana­ mint, Paviotso, Snake, Paiute, or Chemehuevi was 5,060, as compared with 5,631 in 1910. In 1930 the Indians or this group were widely scattered. There were 2,660 in Nevada, mostly in Washoe, Mineral, Lyon, Churchill and Humboldt Coun­ ties; 1,531 in California, mainly in Inyo, Fresno, and V.ono Counties; 291 in Oregon; 249 in Arizona; 193 in Utah; and 112 in Idaho. Of the total in 1930, 71.4 percent were returned as full blood.

SHOSH

Ul'E.~This iw.portant tribe or confederacy in rormer times ranged over cen­ tral and western Colorado, eastern Utah, and the northern edge or New Mexico. The Ute are now located on various reservations in Utah and Colorado. In the 1930 tabulations, the Pahvant, a related tribe, is included with the Ute. This tribe formerly occupied an area south and east or Great 5alt Lake in Utah. Only 37 Pahvant were so reported in 1910. It is probable that the tribe has now completely lost its identity through intermarriage with the Ute. The number enumerated as Ute in 1930 •,o,e.s 1,980, or whom 1,269 were in Utah, chiefly in Uinta, Duchesne, Juab, and San Juan Counties; and 669 in Colorado, in La Plata and Montezuma Counties. This is a decrease or 13.2 percent rrom the 2.281 returned as Ute and Pahvant in 1910. In 1930, 85.1 percent or the Ute were returned as rull blood.

SOU'nlERN CALIFORNIA SHOSHONEANS.~This tribal group is made up or eight tribes, which were separately reported in 1910. The most important or these tribes were the Kawia and San Luiseno. The southern California Shoshoneans occupied scattered areas in several counties. The Gabrieleno were rorr.ierly in Los Angeles County and parts or Orange and San Bernardino Counties; the Juaneno ~ere in orange County; the Kawaiisu, Illlinly in southern Kern County; the Kawia, in eastern San Bernardino and northern Riverside Counties; the Kern River, in Kern County; the san Luiseno, in western Riverside and northwestern San Diego Counties; and the Serrano, in San Bernardino County. The eighth tribe, the Tehachapi, were either identical with or closely associated with· the Ka1·111su in Kern County. The total number returned in this group in 1930 was 361, or whom 350 were in California, with 290 in Riverside County. In 1910 the number returned in the eight tribes combined was 1,497. It seems probable that in 1930 most or these Indians were returned as "Mission" Indians or otherwise without tribal designation. About half were reported as or rull blood in 1930.

SIOUAN STQCK.~This is one or the largest and at one time was perha?S the most powerful or all the Indian stocks in North Ainerica. The early habitat or the stock was in the northern and central plains and the region of the upper Mississippi River in Minnesota. Detached tribes 1ve1·e located east or the south­ ern Allegheny Mountains, on the upper Ohio, and on the Gulf coast. In the 1910 tabulation this stock was separated into 20 tribes, or which the largest--the Teton Sioux--was again separated into seven subdivisions. In 1930 the Siouans were grouped into 14 tribes and tribal groups. The total number or the Siouan stock in 1930 was 37,329, as compared with 32,941 in 1910. The Siouan tribes have given names to the five States or North and South Dakota, Kansas, Iowa, and Missouri.

CATAWBA..~The Catawba tribe is the surviving remnant or all the detached tribes or the Siouan stock. The early habitat or the tribe was in North and South Carolina in the vicinity or the upper and middle Catawba and wateree Rivers. At present, the Catawba are located on a small reservation in York and Lancaster Counties, South Carolina. In 1930 the number returned as Catawba was 166, or which number 159 were in South Carolina. In 1910 the Catawba numbered 124, with 99 in South Carolina. Nearly all are now or mixed blood. INDIANS BY STOCK ARD TRIBI

CROW.-The tribe rormed the extreme northwest extension or the Siouan stock. The tribal habitat was originally in eastern Montana and the Dakotas, but berore they were first knO\m to the whites they had moved westward to the base or the Rocky Mountains. They have ror many years been located on the crow Reservation in Montana. In 1930 there were 1,674 Indians enumerated as Crow, or whom 1,625 were 1n Montana, with 1,593 in Big Horn County. The orrice or Indian Arfalrs in 1932 enumerated 1,760 on the Crow Reservation. The number enumerated in 1910 was 1,799, indicating a decrease in the 20-year period, con­ tinuing a downward trend in population Which has been apparent over a period or nearly 70 years. In the 1930 enumeration, 61.6 percent were returned as run blood. HIDATSA.-The Hidatsa and the Crow were perhaps originally one tribe, with a habitat in North Dakota. Arter the separation or the Crow rrom the Hidatsa, the latter l!DVed southwest and allied themselves with the Mandan. The Hidatsa are popularly knaNl'l by the name or Gros Ventres, thus contusing them with the Atsina, an Algon4uian tribe which has the same popular name. In the 1930 cen­ sus, both or these tribes were returned as Gros Ventres, and it was necessary to separate them on a geographical basis. Those in North and South Dakota ·.vere separately tabulated as Hidatsa, while those in Montana and other States were assumed to be Atsina. Since the scattered Indians returned as Gros ventres were mstly south and •.vest or the State, this separation was probably the best that could have been nnde. The 2 Indians reported as "Gros Ventres" in Okla­ homa, however, may be Hidatsa. The number so tabulated as Hldatsa was 528, with 519 in North Dakota. Th1s corresponds reasonably well w1th the 644 "Gros Ventres" enumerated in 1932 by the oruce or Indian Attairs on the Fort Bert­ hold Reservation in North Dakota and also with the 547 Hidatsa enumerated by the Census in 1910. The Hidatsa population has changed very little since 1875, When they were supposed to number about 600. The H1datsa cla1m1ng run blood numbered 310 in 1930, or 58.7 percent or the total. IO'IA.-Next to the Cata·Nba, this is the smallest or the Siouan tribes seP­ arately tabulated in 1930, nllr.lbering only 176, with 83 in Richardson County, Nebraska, and 71 in Oklahoma, mainly in Lincoln and Noble Counties. The tra­ ditional habitat or the Iowa was in southern Wisconsin, but when rlrst known to Europeans they were located 1n Iowa. Arter several migrations, the greater part or the Iowa were located on the Iowa Reservation in Brown County, Kansas, rrom which between 1910 and 1930 the major! ty appear to have crossed the State line into Nebraska. All or the Iowa ln Nebraska are or mixed blood, while or those in Oklahoma, 52 still claim to be or rull blood. KANSA.-The traditional habitat or the Kansa was in southern Illinois and Indiana, but in the eighteenth century they were living in Kansas. In 1873 the tribe was rsnoved to the Kaw Reservation in Oklahoma. The number enumerated in 1930 was 318, or which number 313 were in Oklahana, with 237' in Kay County. In 1910 there were 238 enumerated as Kansa, 232 in Oklahoma and 6 in Kansas. or these, 71 in 1910 and 76 1 n 1930 claimed ru11 blood. MANDAN. -The Mandan, when Urst known to the will te settlers, were 11 vlng on the Missouri River in central North Dakota, but their traditional habitat was east or the Mississippi, perhaps in northern Wisconsin. They are now located with the Ar1kara and Hidatsa on the Fort Berthold Reservation in Dunn and McLean Counties, North Dakota. The Mandan numbered 271 in 1930. or this num­ ber, 258 were in North Dakota. There were 3)9 or the tribe enumerated in 1910, or whom 197 were in North Dakota. or the total in 1930, 176 were returned as rull blood. OTO AND MISSOURI.-These two tribes with the Iowa rorm what is known as we Ch1were group or the S1ouan stock. The Missouri are now practically extinct or absorbed into the Oto tribe. The Missouri, when tirst known to the whites, had moved rrom their traditional habitat, probably in Wisconsin, to Missouri. The Oto are also supposed to have moved westward berore the coming or the white men to Iowa and Nebraska. The Oto, with the remnant or the Missouri, were located on the Otoe Reservation in Oklahoma in 1882. In 1930 the number enumerated in the two tribes was 627, or which number 614 were in Oklahoma, with 376 in Noble County and 170 in Pawnee County. In 1910 the census enumerated 332 Oto and 13 M1ssour1. The orrice or Indian Attalrs enumerated 523 on the Otoe Reservation in 1932, including 492 Oto and 31 or mixed Oto and other tribal blood. or the Oto and Missouri in 1930, more than halt were returned as or run blood, CllAHA.-The Omaha belong to the Dheglha group or the S1ouan stock, with the Kansa, Osage, Ponca, and Quapaw. Their traditional habitat was in southern Illinois, but they were ·round by Europeans in northwestern Iowa, eastern Nebraska, and southern South Dakota. Since about 1860, they have been located on the Qmaha Reservation in Thurston County, Nebraska. The census or 1930 enumerated 1,103 omaha, or whom 1,027 were 1n Nebraska, and 48 1n Oklahoma with 50 DIDIAN POPIJLATICDI f1' '1'llll llllI'l'JID STATES the Osage. In 1910 there were l,105 in the Omaha tribe, with l,075 in Nebraska and only n in Oklahoma.

OSAGE.~The largest tribe or the Dhegiha group or the Siouans was rirst known to Europeans in the present State or Missouri, although the traditional home or the tribe was in southern Illinois and. Indiana. In 1870 the Osage were located on their own reservation in Oklahoma. The discovery or oil on this reservation brought wealth to the Osage tribe and hastened the process or assimilation into the white population. In 1930 there were 2,344 enumerated as Osage, or Whom 2,106 were in Oklahoma, with 1,559 in Osage County. The tribe has been widely scattered in recent years, and in 1930 Indians were enumerated as Osage in 21 dirrerent States. In 1910 there were only 1,373 Osage classiried as such by the Federal Census, but this was probably an underenumeration, as the orrice or Indian Arrairs reported 2,100 in the same year. According to the reports or the Indian orrice, the Osage population appears to have decreased rapidly rrom 4,481 in 1870 to 1,509 in 1890. At that time the mixed bloods had reached about 33 percent or the total. Since then, the population has steadily increased, but the number or rull bloods has continued to decline. In 1910, 591, or 43.0 percent, claimed to be or rull blood, but by 1930 the number or rull bloods had declined to 545, or 23.3 percent.

PefiCA.~The traditional habitat or the Ponca was in southern Illinois and Indiana, with the other tribes or the Dhegiha group. Their association with the Ollll.ha was particularly close. The Ponca moved northwest to the Missouri River in Iowa, South Dakota, and Minnesota. They are now located on two reservations, one in Kay County, Oklahoma, and the other in Knox County, Nebraska. The total number enumerated in 1930 was 939, or Which number 743 were in Oklahollll. This represents an increase rrom 875 in 1910. This increase, however, has been entirely in the Oklahooa division, as the Nebraska band declined in numbers rrom 193 in 1910 to 161 in 1930. or the Ponca in Oklahoma, 204, or 27.5 per­ cent, were reported as or rull blood, while or the NebraSka band only 13. 7 per­ cent claimed rull blood. QUAPAW.-Atter the removal or the Dhegiha rrom Illinois and Indiana, the Quapaw settled in northeastern Arkansas and southeastern Missouri. Berore the Civil 'Nar, they were located on the Quapaw Reservation in What is now Ottawa County, Oklahoma. The number enumerated in 11130 was 222, with 212 in Oklahollll. In 1910 the census enumerated 231 or the tribe, with 221 in Oklahooa. The orrice or Indian Atrairs, however, reported 307 in 1910 and 313 in 1930. This may have represented the total population or the reservation, inclUding scattered representatives or other tribes. The reports or the Indian orrice show that the ~uapaw population has remained rairly constant ever since their removal to the reservation. Only 62, or 27 .9 percent, or the Quapaw were returned as rull blood in 1930. DAKOTA.-Including all tribes or divisions or tribes conmonly known as Sioux or Dakota, this is the third largest of all the Indian tribes in the United States, exceeded in number only by the Cherokee and the Navaho. The habitat or the Dakota, when first known to the white settlers, covered the greater part of the present States or Minnesota and North and South Dakota, with at least one division ranging north into Canada. The Dakota is properly a group or 7 tribes, to which the Assiniboin are sometimes added as an eighth tribe. or the tribes or the Dakota, the Mdewakanton and the wahpekute, gener­ ally considered together as the Santee Sioux, are now located on the Santee Reservation in Knox County, Nebraska, and in the Flandeau Jurisdiction in South Dakota, with scattered groups in Minnesota. The Sisseton Sioux are now mainly on the Sisseton Reservation in eastern North and South Dakota. The wahpeton Sioux have long been closely associated with the Sisseton, and are located with them on the Sisseton Reservation. The Yankton Sioux were formerly in Minnesota, but moved southwest into South Dakota and parts or Iowa. They are now mainly on the Yankton Reservation in South Dakota. The Yanktonai Sioux were perhaps originally a part or the Yankton tribe. They moved west from Minnesota into North and South Dakota. They are now located on several reservations in North and South Dakota and Montana. The Teton Sioux are the largest or the seven Dakota tribes and exceed in number all or the other six combined. This great tribe, when first known, occupied a large area rrom the Mississippi River in Minnesota, west through North and South Dakota, and northern Nebraska. The Teton Sioux are now located on various reservations, mainly in North and South Dakota. The total number or Dakota enumerated in 1930 was 25,934. or these, 20,918 were in South Dakota, with the largest numbers in Shannon, Todd, Corson, and Dewey Counties; 2,307 in North Dakota, mainly in Sioux and Benson Counties; 1,251 in Montana, with l,079 in Roosevelt County; 690 in Nebraska, mainly in Knox County; 311 in Minnesota; and 144 in Oklahoma. Altogether, there were 29 States which reported at least one Indian or th~ Dakota group. In 1910 the number enumerated in e.11 or the Dakota tribes combined was 22.778. or whom 14,284 were Teton, 1,539 santee, 2,514 Sisseton and Wal!peton, 2,088 Yankton, Ill

1,357 Yanktonal, and 996 reported as Sioux without other tribal designation. Ot the Dakota in 1930, 53.3 percent were reported as tull blood. In 1910 the santee Slowe reported propor.tlonally the greatest and the Yanktonal the least adml.xture or will te blood • .ASSINIBOIN.-Thls tribe ls probably a detached rrapnt or the Yanktonai Sioux. The early habitat or the tribe •s about Rainy Lake and Lake or the Woods. They mved gradually westwards to Montana and 5askatchewan. The Assini­ boin were estlnated berore 1836 to number rrom 8,000 to 10,000. This number was reduced by epidemics and wars to 2,365 in 1800, arter their location on the Fort Belknap and Fort Peck Reservations in Montana. In 1930 the number enumer­ ated was 1,581, ot which number 1,467 were in Montana, mainly in Blaine, Roose­ velt, and Va118)' Counties. This represmts an lncrease rrom 1,253 in 1910. In 1930, 39.5 percent of the Assinboin were reported as tull blood. WINNIBAGO.-When tlrst !mown to the white exPlorers, the Winnebago were settled in tbs vicinity or Green Ba.y, Wisconsin. Part or the tribe moved west­ ward with the Dak:Ota and were tlnally located on a reservation in ThUrston County, Nebraska. Another portion or the Winnebago remained in Wisconsin and are now IDlder thr TOllBh school Jurisdiction ln Jackson, Monroe, Shawano, and Wood counties. The rwmber enumerated in 1930 was 1,446, including 9'lft in Wis­ consin and 423 in Nebraska. In 1910 the number ot Winnebago was given by the census as l,Ba:>, with 1,007 1n Nebraska and 735 in Wisconsin. The m.anber retumed 1n Wisconsin 1n 1910 was probably too snall, as the orr1ce or Indian Attalrs enumerated 1,270 in that State in 1910. On the other hand, the 1930 em-ration 1n Nebraska ls certainly too low. The ottlce ot Indian A1'ra1rs reported 802 on the Winnebago Reservation in 1932, and the census Bul;'eau enu- 1111rated 426 in Thurston County, Nebraska, witbout tribal designation. or the Wisconsin Winnebago, 84.l percent were returned 11.s ru11 bloot\, but or those 1n Nebraska only 61.7 percent claimed ruu blood.

~~--Tills ls one or the 1mportant stocks or New Mexico, usually grou tihe Keresan and Zunian stocks and the Shoshonean Hopi, as pueblo Indians. The Tanoans have lived, at least since tbs sixteenth century, in the southern part or New MeXlco, with e-xtensions into Old Mexico. The Tanoans were separated in the 1910 census tabulation into 13 tribes or pueblos, ot which those or Isleta, Taos, and Sen Juan were the most important. In 1930 all were canb1ned into one tribal group. Tbs number returned as Tanoans in 1930 was 3,412, ot wllich number 3,348 were in New MeXlco. This represents an increase trom 3,140 1n 1910. N81U'lY all or the Tanoans are or tull blood. '1'aGCAWAR S'l'OCK.-Tllis is an independent linguistic stock represented by only one tri'bi, the Tonka•, wbose early habitat was 1n central Texas. In 1884 the Tonka• were located on the oakland Reservation in Kay County, Ok:lahalll. Although small in numbers, the Tonkawa .bave m.inte.ined their tribal identity and apparently .bave associated little with other tribes. There were 48 Tonica• returned as such in 1930, or whom 46 were in Oklaham, and or these, 42 were 1n Kay county. These rigures must be approximately correct, as the ottlce or Indian A1'ta1rs reported 46 Tonkawa enrolled in 1932, or Which 35 were resident on the reservation. In 1930, 33 or the 48 ware reported as or tull blood. 'l'lllllCAR smmc.-Tb.e Tunica tribe, rorming an independent linguistic stock, t01'1118rly occupied the region a1ong the l0118r vazoo River in Missisfi!ippi. The 'f!mlcan8 ~_ __probably related to the Ch1t1Jl!lC.baDS (•e pqe 41). 'ftle remmmt or the tribe, 4,;, 1n nilmber, ware enumerat8C1 1n 191\l in nortnem LoulSiana. In 1930 only one Indian -.s reported as a Tunica, a tamale in Rapides Parish, Louisiana. The survlvors in 1910 were largely ot mixed blood, with sane Negro admixture.

psHOUI STQCK.-Thls stock 1s represented by only one tribe, the. Wll.sho, Which, since r1rst known, has lived near Lake Tahoe and eastward in Cal1tom1a and Nevada. The number anumera~d ln 1930 1l!l8 668. or this number, 389 were 1n Nevada, m.inly in. Douglas, Wll.shoe, and Ormsby Counties, and 275 1n cauror­ nia, chietly in Alpine and Yono Counties. In 1930, 79.5 percent ot the Wll.sho ware returned as ot tull blood.

~ STQCK.-Tha Wintun stock was subdivided in the 1910 census into t11reiVbes, the Nomelaki, Patwin, and Wintun. Tile habitat or the stock was in tha westem balt ot the sacramento Valley and 1n part or Trinity county. The Ramelall:i, really a au'blroUP or the W1ntun, are •1n1Y located on the Round Valley i;teservat1on in C&litornia. The o11lers are scattered. ove1· their tradi­ tional habitat. Tile number returned in 1930 .a 512, m.inly 1n Shasta and Trinity COunt1ea. In 1910 the total maber reported was 710, 1nclwl1ng 399 'llntun, 186 Patwin, and 125 llomlaki. Qlly 21.l percent were returned in 1930 as tull blood. 52 DlDIAN POPULA.TIOll 07 TBB tlllITBD STA.TIS

WIYOT STOCK.-The Indians or this stock haVb no definite tribal subd1v1- s1ons and are generally known as the Humboldt Bay Indians. As far as known, they have always lived on the northern California coast in the v1c1n1ty of Humboldt Bay. In 1930 the number so reported was 236, w1 th 230 1n California and 214 1n Humboldt County. This ls an apparent increase from 152 in 1910. or the number returned in 1930, only 74 claimed full blood.

YAK~AN STOCK.-Thls stock ls made up of three small tribes, the Alsea, Slus!aw, and Yaqulna, and ls now almost extinct. The traditional habitat or the stock was along the Oregon coast in Lincoln, Lane, and Douglas Counties. Most of the survivors are on the Siletz Reservation in Oregon. only 9 were returned as Yakonans in 1930, of whom 7 were in Oregon and 2 in washington. The report of the Office of Indian Affairs fer 1932 shows 13 Alsea and Yaquina enrolled at tke Siletz Reservation, of whom 5 are residing there and 8 elsewhere. In 1910 the census enumeration showed 55 of the stock, includ1~ 29 Alsea, 7 Sluslaw, and 19 Yaquina. YANAN STOCK.-Thls Californian stock ls almost extinct and ls now repre­ sented by a remnant of one tribe, the Yana. The former habitat of the Yana was in Tehama and Shasta Counties. Almost the entire tribe, then estimated at about 3,000, was massacred by white miners 1n 1864. In 1930 only 9 Indians were returned as Yana, 5 in Mendocino County, 3 in Shasta County, and 1 in Sacra­ mento county. In 1910 there were 39 enumerated as belonging to this tribe. YOKt!TS STOCK.-The habitat or the Indians or the YokUts stock has been, since first known, in the southeastern part of the Sacramento Valley and the adjacent foothills of the Sierra Nevada. In the 1910 Indian tabulation, eight tribes of the YokUts stock were separately shown, or which only two, the Chuk­ chans1 an:! the YokUts, were or numerical importance. over 100 of the stock are enrolled at the Tule River Reservation in California, but the majority are widely scattered. In 1930 the total number enumerated as of the stock was 1,145. or this number, l,085 were in California, with more than 100 in each or Butte, Fresno, Kings, Madera, and Mendocino counties. There were also 29 in Nevada and 13 in Oregon. In 1910 only 533 were returned in all eight or the YokUts tribes, with 530 in California. Of those returned as of YokUts stock in 1930, 41.4 percent were or full blood. YUCHEAN STOCK,-Thls stock ls represented by only one tribe, the Yueh!, rormerly living on the Savannah River in Georgia. The entire tribe was removed to Indian Territory in 1836. In 1930 there were 216 Indians enumerated as Yueh!, of whom 195 were ln Oklahoma, with 14.0 in Creek County. In addition, there were 50 returned as Yueh! in California and 16 in Oregon. These 'Here arbitrarily assumed to be Yuki and assigned to that tribe. There were only 78 Yueh! so returned in 1910, of which number 74 were in Oklahoma. Of those who in 1930 were classified a~ Yueh!, 100, or 46.3 percent, were reported as full blood. XUKIAN STQCK.-This California stock occupied three small, separate areas in Mendocino, Sonoma, Lake, and Napa Counties. In the 1910 tabulations, the stock was separated into 4 tribes, the coast Yuki, Redwood (Huchnom), wappo, and Yl.!k1. In 1930 the number enumerated as Yuki, including 66 reassigned from those reported as Yueh!, was 177, of which number 150 were in California, 1111.lnly in Mendocino and sonollll Counties, and 24 in Oregon. In 1910 there were 198 returned as or the Yuklan stock, including 95 Yuki, 73 wappo, 15 coast Yuki, and 15 Redwood. or the total number included in the 1930 tabulation, 74, or 41.8 percent, were reported as full blood. YYMAN STOCK.-The habitat of the Yuman stock ls southwestern Arizona, the southern end or California, and the northern half or Lower California in Mex­ ico. In 1930 the enumerated population of Yuman stock was 4,537, as compared with 4,267 in 1910. The Yuman stock in the United States ls represented by nine tribes and tribal groups, for which statistics were separately presented in 1910. In 1930, five of these tribes and groups were kept separate, while the other tour were combined into a single tribal group. COCOPA.-Thls is one of the southern tribes or the Yuman stock, occupying the region around the mouth of the Colorado River in Arizona, cal1forn1a, and Lower California, A part al the survivors of the tribe are gathered on small reservations in the extreme southwestern corner or Yuma county, Arizona. Others are scattered through their old habitat. The number or cocopa enumerated in 1930 was 99, or which number 89 were in Arizona, w1 th 88 in Yuma County. The other 10 were all in Imperial County, Cal1forn1a. The number returned in 1930 represents a sharp decrease from the Cocopa population or 245 in 1910. DIBGUENO.-The habitat or this tribe was in the extreme southwestern corner of the United States, in the western part or San Diego County, California. In DIDlilllB BY STOCJt AJlD TllIBI

1930 the Census enumerated 322 Indians as Dlegueno, or whom 321 were in ca11- rorn1a, and or these, 306 were in San Diego county. This number represents a decrease rrom 756 in 1910, all in ca11rorn1a. This decrease, however, nay not be quite as great as indicated, as the Diegueno should be considered as a group or small tribes rather than a single tribe, and some nay have been returned under local names or simply as "Mission" Indians. In contrast to the other tribes or the Yuman stock, the Diegueno in 1930 were to a considerable extent mixed with white blood. Only 57.8 percent were returned as or rull blood in 1930, as compared with more than 90 percent or the Northern Yunans, the Mari­ copa, and the Mohave. NOR'l'HERN YlllANS.-Thls ls a collective name applied to rour small Yunan tribes which occupied the northern part or the habitat or the Yunan stock in the present State or Arizona. The rlrst or these tribes, the Havasupa1, lived in central Arizona, but in 1882 were moved to their own reservation in Coconino County. The number enumerated as Havasupa1 in 1910 was 174. The orrice or Indian Arralrs in 1932 enumerated 197 or the tribe, or whom 190 were on the reservation. The iYalapai (or Hualapa1) rormerly occupied a large area in nortll­ em Arizona, eastward rrom the great bend in the Colorado River. A part or the tribe now live on the Hualapai Reservation in Arizona. The number enumerated in 1910 was 501. In 1932 the Bureau or Indian Arra1rs enumerated 449 as \Yalapa1 and or Walapa1 and other tribal mixtures. The Yavapai have been moved from their early home in southwestern Arlzom in 1875 to the San Carlos Reservation in Gila and Graham Counties. From their association here with the Apache, they became known as the Mohave-Apache Indhins. There were 289 or the tribe in 1910. In 1932 the orr1ce or Indian Arralrs enurnerated 193 as Mol'll.ve-Apache, or whom 191 were on the Fort McDowell Reservation. The Yuma Apache, a small mixed group or Indians nalnly or YavaP!l1 origin, were located in 1910 with the Apache on the san Carlos Reservation. Only 24 were enumerated under the name in that year. The total number or the rour tribes combined in 1930 was 646. or these, 639 were in Arizona, 396 in Mohave county and aJ6 in Coconino County. MARICOPA.-The t.Brlcopa lived along the lower portion or the Gila River in Arizona, in close association with the Pina. They have been located with the Ploa ror many years on the Gila River Reservation. There were 310 enumerated as Maric~pa in 1930, or whom 295 were in Arizona and or these, 287 were in Maricopa c:ounty. In 1910 there were 386, or whom 382 were in Arizona. The orr1ce or Indian Arra1rs, however, reported 579 as Maricopa in 1932, or whom 565 were resident on the Gila River Reservation. J&EAVE.-The habitat or the Mohave was along the Colorado River in the pre­ sent area or Mohave County, Arizona. They are now located nalnly on the Color­ ado River and Fort Mohave Reservations in Arizona. There were 854 or the tribe enumerated in 1930, or whom 574 were in Arizona, with 345 in Yuna County and 112 in Mohave County; and 277 in Cal1rorn1a, or whom 255 were in San Bernardino County. The Census or 1910 reported 1,058 Mohave, 667 in Arizona, and 389 in California. The Indian orrice enumerated 769 Mohave in Arizona in 1932, not including Indians or Mohave and other tribal mixture. Nearly all or the Mohave were retu.'"!led as or run racial blood in 1930. YUMA.-This is the largest tribe or YWlll.n stock. Their early habitat was near that or the cocopa in southwestern Arizona. A large part or the Yu.'llS. are now located on the Fort Yuna Reservation in Calirornla on the Colorado River, just above the Mexican boundary. There were 2,306 Yuma enumerated in 1930, or whom 2,231 were in Caltrornta, with 1,160 tn San Diego County, 676 in Imperial County, and 377 in Riverside County. This ls a very large increase rrom the 834 enumerated in 191C, which my or may not be actual, as in ne1 ther or the two enumerations were the tribal designations or Caliromla Indians very accu­ rately returned. In 1930 the number returned as rull blood was 1,636, or 70.9 percent or the total number. YYRYurok, but there ls no way or determining whether the decrease indicated ls actual or due only to errors in reporting tribal designations. or those returned in 1930, 43.5 percent were or ru11 blood, as compared with 79.0 percent so returned in 1910. ZPNIAN STOCK.-Thls ls the smallest in number, but one or the best known or the pueblo stocks or New Mexico. They have lived ror many centuries in the same region in McKinley and 'lalencla Counties, New Mexico. The stock is com­ posed or only one pueblo or tribe. The number tabulated as Zuni in 1930 was IHDUJI POPULl'l'IOJI fJF Tllli lln'l'll> ST.I.TIS

l,749, or Which number l,726 were in New Mexico, with l,715 in McKinley County.,;/ The number returned at the Census or 1910 was l,667, with l,664 in New Mexico. In 1910 all bUt 15 or the Zuni were reported as or rull blood, but in 1930 no report was obtained as to blood, except ror a very rew members or the tribe. ALL OTHER TRIBES OF 'l'HE UNITED STATBS AND TRIBE NCJr REPORTED. -on the Cen­ sus schedules in 1930, there were 35,150 persons returned as Indians, either with no tribe reported or with some tribal name not inclUded in the code list or tribes. By rar the greater part or these were returned wt th no tribal designation. Many or these Indians were undoubtedly so rar reroved rrom their tribal relations that they did not know to what tribe their ancestors belonged. In other cases, the enumerator simply neglected to obtain the inrormatlon. In many cases, it would have been possible to make a rairly good guess as to the tribal arr1l1at1on rrom the place or residence, but it was thought better to publish the list or Indians with tribe not reported by State and county without attempting any arbitrary assignment to tribes. By rollCM'ing this course, the statistics, by tribes, or age, school attendance, etc., are shown only ror Indians derinitely reported by tribe. Anyone, however, who is remiliar with the location or the various tribes will be able to make his own assignment or these miscellaneous groups to tribes. or all the states, Calirornia has the greatest variety or Indian stocks and tribes. Many or these tribes are either extinct or represented by only a rew scattered members. Others have been ror generations more or less attached to the Spanish Missions, and are popularly known as "Mission" Indians. Others scattered through the mountains are known as "Digger'' Indians, without regard to stock or tribe. The Indian Reservations in Caltrornia, and on the Paciric Coe.st generally, are inhabited by Indians or llBnY tribes so intermarried that it ls dirricult to determine to What tribes they should be assigned. Altogether, it is not surprising that out or l9,2l2 Indians in that State there should be ~.578 who could not be assigned to any derinlte tribe or stock. out or the 92,725 Indians in Oklahoma, all but 4,900 were assigned to stocks and tribes. Here it ls possible in some counties to make a good guess as to the tribes to which the unknown should be assigned. For example, or the. Indians returned by.tribe rrom Kiowa County the great majority belonged to the Kiowa tribe, and it might be assumed that a majority or the 376 unknown in Kiowa County were also K-iowa. But or the 645 unknown in caddo County, some are probably Caddo, while others are Kiowa, Kiowa Apache, or Co11Bnche. or the Michigan Indians or unknown tribe, it may be assumed that most or those in E!11118t, Charlevoix, and Leelanau Counties are Ottawa, while those in Chippewa and Mackinac Counties are Chippewa. The North Carolina Indians or unknown tribe undoubtedly belong to the V1rg1n1a-Cara).ina group. Those in New York are probably ror the most part Iroquois, partlcul~rly those in Cattaraugus and Onondaga Counties. Indians or unknown tribe reported rrom Arizona and New Mexico my belong to any one or several tribes and stocks whose habitat is in these States. In Wllshington, it is probable that the unknown in the western counties are largely Coast Salish and those in the eastern counties Interior 5alish. The Indians or Barnstable County, Massachusetts, are undoubt­ edly mainly eastern Algonquians or the Mashpee group. on the other hand, the Indians or Pennsylvania may belong to any one or the tribes, with the possible exceptions or the ''Mission" tribes or Cal1rorn1a. The Carlisle Indian School drew students rrom all parts or the country, and many or these obtained posi­ tions in the East, married, and never returned perl!Bnently to their ronner homes. The Indians in large cities were generally returned without tribal des­ ignation. In a certain sense, this ls as it should be, ror the Indian who lives and works 1n New York, Chicago, or Detroit, certainly is rar reroved rrom his tribal relations and is no longer in any true sense an Apache, a Dakota, or an Iroquois. CANADIAN AND MKXICAN TRIBES.-Thls classirication is made up or Indians belonging to tribes .the great majority or whose members are located in Canada and Mexico. These tribes are orten or the same linguistic stocks as other tribes mainly resident in the United States, but ror convenience they were all assigned to this one group. Typical or the Canadian tribes, and one or the largest tribes or this group in the United States, is the great Algonquian Cree tribe, or which there are still perhaps 15,000 members in Manitoba and the Prairie Provinces. The Cree are closely related to the Chippewa and many or them have migrated across the border all the way rrom the Lake region to the Rockies. The 5alishs.n tribes or British Columbia are also well represented in

,;! An -UOll. ot tlle oahellulu tor tlle am1 lD41u a... naUOR .- U&t tlw -ton •-• plate~ lpon4 lMtl'llOUOllO aa to -nl.Dg tribe - bl-. In tlle ao4l11c ot tlw ~ •• tQ ~ I.JI tllet part ot tu ....enatlOll *lah le I.JI llalCllllq Qou"*T - ao4o4 u aml, llv.t ta ~ I.JI tile part ot tile reoenaUoll I.JI Tal-le Cowd71 - I.JI-• ...,. H4o4 u "Tribe"°' -"o4•, 9Mi ad41- Uoll ot tuoe - Illlllella I.JI Tal-1• Ocamt7 -a - tlle total tor tloe tribe 1,111111 lU- ~ l,7~9. 1115 the northwestern States, particularly washington.!/ In the East, the Abnaki, Malec1te, and Micnac, all ot Algonquian stock, are fairly numerous in New York and Maine. In the southwest, there are mny Indians ot Mexican tribes in Ari­ zona, with smller numbers in Cal1rorn1a and New Mexico. Perhaps the most important or these tribes is the Yaqui, probably the largest tribe or the Pinan stock, with its habitat in the State or Sonora. The opata and Mayo, two other large Pi!Dllll tribes, are also represented north ot the Mexican border. The ''Mexicans", however, or whom 1,422,533 were enumerated in the United States in 193:>, are not considered in the census as Indians, although most ot them are to a large extant ot Indian blood. Only those persons ·or Mexican birth or extrac­ tion who were definitely Indians anj who mintained tribal relations, were classified as Indians. There were in all 5,651 Indians enumerated in 1930 as belonging to Canadian or Mexican tribes, or born in Canada or Mexico \Yl thout tribal designation. In 1910, as tar as can be determined trom the report or that year, there were 1,782 in this group. It is apparent that in the 20-year period there had been a considerable migration ot Canadian and Mexican Indians across the borders, probably in search or economic opportunities. These Indians were reported mainly trom border counties or trom cities near the one or the other ot the int~rnational boundaries. ALASKAN TRIBES.-ln 1'9.shington and Oregon, and to a less extent in Califor­ nia and Idaho, Indians were reported as belonging to a number ot tribes whose members are mainly located in Alaska. The greater part ot these Indians belonged to one or another or the tive important Alaskan linguistic stocks, the Athapaskan, the ESkimauan, the Haidan, the Tlingit, and the Tsimshian. The total number ot Alaskan Indians was reported as 385, as compared with 85 in 191Cl. Ol'l!ER FOREIGN-BORN INDIANS.-In 1930 there were 217 Indians returned as born in foreign countries other than Canada and Mexico. Some or these are pro­ perly tllbulated as Indians. Those born in the west Indies may be ·aest Indian Negroes who were entered on the schedules as ;'West Indian". A te1v born 1n India were probably "Indians" or an entirely d1tterent race. Those ot scattered origin may have been children or civilized Indians traveling abroad, or or Indians with traveling shows, but it is probable that some were the result or clerical errors which at the time this report was written could not easily be corrected. In any discussion or the A.'DSrican Indians by tribe, this toreign­ born group is entirely without sign1ticance. STOCK AND TRIBli: fI'l STATES AND COUNTIES.-In Table 9 the Indian population ot the United States is shown as distributed by stocks and tribes in accord­ ance with the 1930 classification, with each tribe or tribal group distributed by .states and counties. For purposes or comparison, the Indian population in 1910 has been reclassit1ed 1n accordance with the 1930 scheme and ls presented as tar as possible 1n the same detail. In this table, States are shown under .each tribe 1n order ot the tribal population. Counties are shown under States 1n alphabetical order. The tabulation shows separately those States having 5 or more Indians ot the spec1t1ed tribe 1n either ot the two census years 1930 and 1910. Counties are shown separately in which 10 or more Indians ot the specified tribe were enumerated 1n 1930. The miscellaneous groups or AlaSkan and tore1gn tribes and tribe not reported are shown in the same detail as tor the separate tribes and stocks, not because the geographical distribution ot these grouos as such is particularly important, but 1n order to make 1t oos­ s1ble to supolement the tribal class1tication trom estimtes Dlllde trom these groups. For example, it would be reasonably sate to add most or the Indians or "tribe not reported" living in Cattaraugus and Onondaga Counties, New Yol'k, to the Iroquois tribal group; those or Leelanau County, Michigan, to the Ottawa; or those trom Rhode Island to the Eastern Algonquians. It was not thought advisable, however, to attempt any such reclass1t1cat1on as a part or this report, as any errors which might be made 1n the process would artect seriously the value or the detailed table.

!/ Tile - WN l.Jlal.u4ell w1'1l -1u tribe• 1D lnll, al.Dae tile -.- •- to wlliall tllq Ml.- 1• 1l1at1notl7 a -i&D nool< w1tll 1'• llallitat m.1Dl7 on Y-.r Ialull. fta -. -ar, - 11"'1, •1Jlo• tlleJ' - tint - to white Httl&N, 1a tile T1o1a1tJ ot C.. l'lattfl7 SA Clallaa _,, -1Dgtoa, 11here a rH-tlOD ... elltUl.1- tor tlla 1a l.llllD. A _., ot tile - aa tile ltllO •--ellul.• tor till• reaunt1DD - 30ll ID41am ot tile - tribe, with a tw i.m-rriell a.J.1*, -. u4 C!i11leute, a taa117 ot CllQ'e1111e, u4 - Cll-•· ot tile -· 118 - - u tlall 111-, 81 ot .U:ell Ill-, ""41 w1tll lll- mt .._i... ftaN - lllO - -tell la 1910, ot - m. wN 1a -l.llc'DD u4 I 1a or.on. 56 INDIAN POPULATION OF Tiii!: UNITED STATES

TABLE 9.~INDIAN POPULATION BY LINGUISTIC STOCK AND TRIBE, FOR STAT.li:S AND COUNTIES: 1930 AND 1910

(Stat•• are •hown whlob Jaaye 5 or mre ID41aa ot tbe epec1t1ed tribe, in e1 ther l~O or 1910; and coua:Ue• are 1h011D •eperatel.J in which 10 or more ot the apecified. tribe were enumerated. in 1930. There wu no preeetatiOD ot trlbea b7 CCNDti•• in the 1910 cenaua repor\)

1111111111 STOCE, 'DUBI, STAT.I, AliD C01JliTt 1930 1910 1930 1910

Al&onquion------­ 40,&'10 39,926 ~qui1111-COntl.nue4 Arapallo------­ 1,241 l,.U9 Chipp---COntin.ued. Wy-ag------­ ~ 703 W1mcon•1n--Cont1Duel r.-t------­ 862 ------­ 11 Oklohama------­ 360 6815 Burnett------­ 205 Blaille----·-·----·­ 228 Dousla•------• 172 Cuadia------48 roreat------­ 46 1'Dntana-----·------· 4 18 Jlonroe------­ 169 l:11Dsu------·- 3 6 Onel4e------­ 41 Otber States------11 7 S..117er-·------­ 1.045 Sbawan.o------­ 41 Blaekteet------3,145 2,36'1 Vilaa------· 71!2 Moatana------·------­ 3,033 2,254 Ror\b DKO\a------3,827 2,96& Blalne------­ 26 BeD•cm.------• 144. Caaoade------­ 10 lleLeon------­ 61 Oleo1er-----·-----­ 2,460 R-.•7------171 H1ll------­ 28 Rolette·------2,9153 Lolte------17 Sioux------­ 19 Lewi• and Clarl<---- 23 w11uoma------1811 Sherldon------14 1Ucbl1on------­ l,&815 3,725 Waehtngton------· .. ----- 16 ae..------433 Ohlo------­ 14. Cbarlnoi.1:------ll llebraalca------12 33 Cblpp------­______101 Okl.ellamla------ll 15 Delta------_, 218 South Du:ota------11 l 41 Icloho------­ 7 3 Iaabella------126 CelltOl'llla------6 l Le•lanau------13 Penn17lT11Dla------6 12 Maclcinao-·------854 6 6 ""7n•------50 llOl"th0------­ Dall:ota------1 lion tan.a------...... - l,M9 486 Other Stat••------22 "°7 Bl& Bom------29 Blaln•------• 154 Che711J1De------·--·-­ 2,&9S Caaoade------71 llontana------­ 1,4.08 Glaci•r------42 BIC Rorn------­ 5llll Hill------­ 310 Ro•ebu4------IM7 LaJce------15 Oklohcma------­ 1,220 l,&22 Lewlll and Clarlc--- 97 Blaine------­ 220 Pbllllpa------201 Ce44o------­ 19 RooseTelt------2114 Cona41an------­ 74 Sandera-----·----­ 10 Cu•ter------• 386 Sbor14on------­ 207 Dewe7------·-- 234. Valle7------36 IUagtiab•r------111 SOutb DKa\8------­ 280 73 0-e------­ 14. Charl•a lllx------ll3 •••hi t•------109 Coreon------­ 46 South Dakota------2'1 133 Dew7------­ 52 ICaDu•------9 5 Robert•------• ll Waohington------8 To44------11 .Arizona------­ 6 0klohcma------56 Ce.l.1torn.1a---··------5 0•1111•------11 Pelln•71Tan1a------33 0rligon------J[l_,., ______48 Colorado------6 13 Otber Stat••·------12 10 lllt.rlon------­ 18 Y811ib111------13 Chlpp------21,549 20,2lo& Km•••------33 98 lllnnesota------­ 9,•915 8,234. •••btngtOll------28 6 Al \kl.n------­ 63 Icloho------­ 18 Bookar------­ 1.819 Arlzona------­ 14 Bol\roml------­ 1,937 •- llaxico----·------12 Carlton------­ 3M Calltornla------10 Caa1------l,2'12 IlUnoio------10 Clearwater------4.58 Ohlo------8 3 Coak------­ 183 Colorado------.. llennepiD------­ 46 Rebraalca------­ 7 K Ita•ca------479 ll1a90ur1------­ 6 l ltooabloblDB------1"5 ReT&da------6 Jilahncm.11------·---- 1,597 Penn.a7lnnta------­ 2 134. Mlll• Lac1------283 Other Stat••------11 11 P1c.e------­ 149 Bu.aq------­ 28 DelawaN------971 985 lie4------­ 42 OklohCllll&------­ 874 895 St. Louia------461 c.440------­ 43 Wiacon•in----·-·------• •,43'1 CraJ&------147 Aablr.n4------­ l,OOt Dela•re------22 Ba71'1•14------5811 b,J------11 INDIANS BY STOCK AND TRIBE 57

TABLE 9.-INDIAN POPULATION BY LINGUISTIC STOCK AND TRIBE, POR STATIS AND COll?."rll!S: l~O AND 1910-Cont1nue4 (S.. not• at ll.ea4 Of tll.1• tob!.el

ll1Dlllll! IRlllll!ll 'DIIllS, srt.s. 'lllIBI:, 91'A'l'&, .AllD CCJUll'l'I' AllllCCJUll'l'I' -· 1930 1910 -· 1930 1910

~quiu-Ccmtl.D- Al&Oaquiu-00..ti- De~t- Ot--CO..tinue4 ~--Ccm.tl.Due4 Kaa•a------14 11 _ _,1..... 1.a------6 ------Ill OtMr Stotao------6 -·------0------3& ...._Ot'-4------______16 ~------l,&M l,MO 10 Euou------819 %------115 ,------______11 ~------SlO 1173 ------~ 1111 '*~------636 866 Arl------11 ....,.....ICQ------______61 - rom------10 7 13 -·------8 ~------11 ------II 0------91 -qlftllla------1 9 Pl tt•blll'I·------10 _.,Otlwr __ Stoteo------16 19 Potta-'tcmle------M7 Wull.118WD·-··-·-· 10 (Atolu)------631 1110 Wiaaou:lD------~ ------6111 fore•t------188 llla1u------l58t ------16 - .,_,,._Pll.llllpe--·------______111 - 0..14a------1111 6 l SU-0------16 - Stet------10 6 ·------86 lll•ll.1------89 ~ ICl------·---- 1113 MB ..bra------14 11 Eu------278 Ill lllaeaota------7 1 ,------______23& Arl------II s Sii lltoll------11 ~------219 1311 Sol&tll. Dakota------4 10 LlllaolD·------Pot______119 1------1 6 ~------20 OtMr Stat.. ·------14 8 127 •o------8 1 ------72" Wull.iastca------8 ~------478 M7 - Stoteo------10 1 UaaolD--·----- 160 - 911 ~------·------1,969 l,"22 1611 WloOCIUl.D------····· 1,950 1,3&0 1------~----- Mo& 1157 ------BM ------1537 CIM14a------11 ------·--- 13 69 ------1,6115 ,------·----______13 YU.u------.....,______13 .... ______10 _ 11 ID 13 s •1------19 -th hkota------II M lllall.1pn------II ' l ·------1 13 Ill------Wull.1,..... ______s II ------~------1 I 8 ~------'9 ~1-•---- 1 14 0------II 6 6 Otllor~··------Statao------11 4 Ill- Illl.Do1o------18& S60 ...______Ok~------Ill Ml 1,161 l,Sllll 0------1" ~------1,107 1,300 -Ot------1711 ------13 Ia41au------47 911 Clnelan4------1116 ------7 11 Cralc------IOO Colon------II ------14 lll•oour:t.------Delaware------11 Oti.r Stot.. ------s 10' -t·------80 18 1,70 1,717 Pata...------______Ill Ot------lllaUpa------l,"69 Ot------13 Claarlno1z------166 ------Delta------111 -1------16 1111 ··- 49 ~t------'l'lll•------I.MlmWl------147 Wull.inctoa------.. ..,...._..lluklna•------_____ 13 COlondo--··-···-··· 13 19 ------6 ~----- 167 170 6 Ot------lM Euao------4 14 Wl-•------8" llO lll-1------s 14 Yllao-··------61 - Stet•a------.. 10 0.Utonla------·- 6 1111.ao1------II ...,_ .&lpaquiou------l,Olll 1,087 II n-la------813 6H ·-·------s IS Cal------113 58 INDIAN POPULATIOli OF 'l'llE UNITED ST!.TES

TABLE 9,-INDIAN POPULATION BY LINGUISTIC STOCK AND TRIBE, FOR STATES AND COUNTIES: 1930 AND 1910-Continued (See DOte at head Ot tllia tabla)

BIDIBlll 9l'OCE", ftIBE, STA.TB, STOCK, TRIBX, STATE, AllD comrrr AllD OOOll'l'f 1930 1910 1930 1910

Alganquiu-C:O..tinuod Atllapaatu-CODtiauad lfaatam A1ganqu1uo-Cont. lleftllo-CODtinuod WiaOOZLaln-Con.t1a.uec1. •- U.xiao------16,971 10,354 llll•ul:oe------Bomalillo------114' OU'-1•------• 13'° -illlOJ'------?,6?& S!unruo------532 Rio Arr1ba------lllO WiDDebogo------u Su40ft1------­ 2119 llaiDe------?61 Su luu------­ 8,124 P..,obooot------301 Santa J'•------• 111 WulliDCtOD------­ 135 SOoorro-----·-·-- 186 How To11<------lH 191 Valnc1a------"'33 lllio4e Iol&Dd------­ 130 lltall------­ 1,109 1,039 Maa ..obuaetta------54 3?2 S.. luu------­ 1,099 Bu'D•t•bl•------38 Ulatall------10 Conneottout------­ 25 ?? Colorad.o------1811 8 M:laeaota------u 8 DODT&r J/------15 ~-----•------­ 10 9 La Plata------2? Ill1D0i•------6 MDnt•~------12Cl -.,.1 .... 1a------­ 211 C.lltol'llla------­ "'2 Other Stat••------8 18 I.o• Mcelo•------• M R1 TeH1cle------­ 10 V1rg1D1&-0&1'011Da. ID4i11DO------12,9?11 6,196 lloutll Dokota------12 llortll Carol1Da------12,402 11,8611 •-da------• 8 Bla40D------­ 102 -...itoa------­ COl-ua------­ Pl Cll<~------'II Bola------l~ Otber SY.tea------11 8------­ 393 "' Sootlu4------~ o_...,.._ ~·------______656 8outb. Caroli•------• MB 4'19 Dillan------­ 2Cll CUn7------­ 1"'4 ~l l>ougl11•------• -25 i*rl------­ - l'irciaia------200 n-tb------­ J6 ][1Dg w1111------11111 LiDcolD------­ lM <1

'1'ABU t.-IRDilll PCIPUU.TIClll Br LillOUIS'l'IC S'rOCX ·AIUI 'l'RIBI, POR STA'1'18 .AllJ> COIDITillh 11130 .AJID lll0-Cont1nue4

(SH ""'• as ba4 Of ~ ta1119)

Sl'OCZ, mum, ll'lATJI, sna:, tRilll, ll'lATJI, .Allll oomrr AID Comm' - ltllO- ltlO lall ltlO

Izoquol-Uuo4 1-l_,~ ----u-C&litoni•----- 7 ---'~ 18 ea II --uo.p------..... -1111-·------lU. llou$h0$Mr ------llto•s------ll -1------ll " 'flll•------17 Wlolllta - Ill------300 -.1------m. Ill~------78 17 ------'°""' ___ •• - ....,.__Della------______a ------..I IO - Jl.n117lwala------15 -$.-..------..______"° 8 ~-'-·----- •8" ' " Calltoni•------llO ------3711 ~------10 ' Wull1DS$GD------ll71 i.oa-..1·---- 11 c1.u..------801 - Dok------.. 10 106 - 10 o...,.. ------~------Zetter------61 - Ari------.. I 0$her •------17 " Co------l<& 38 ~------5'l 897 ------WSAola----·- 11 l o..con------""7 ~----- 10 Zetter------1M .. ______l Lilloola------16 ------8' II ------15 - Olllo------7 11 l'Ollr:------l<& ------7 l ------lll I -1u------Ill ------' 10<& ------·------0------16 ------' ..______18 Illa------' IC.laklta------0-_,.. ______o• 1" lll 11 Tatila------.. ------8 ~------3113 3113 l. 11" Ol

TABLE 9.-INDIAN POPULATION BY LINGUISTIC STOCK AND TRIBE, POR STATllS AND COUNTIES: 11130 AND 1910-Continued (See note at bead ot thi• table)

sroat, TRIBE, STA.TB, STOClt, "mIBK, STATE, AllD ClltlRTr AllD comrrr 1930 1910 1930 1910

Iroquoiu-Contl.llue4 Iroquoian-COntl.lluell Cberoke.-CO..Unuo4 Cberoko-Coatinuo4 Ololdt------­ 230 Virginia------­ 268 19 S1ok1;rou------­ 475 Amherat----·------261 Okl--•------• 18 C..lifom.l•------• ~ Cboataw------.. 11 Alomo4a------13 Oregcm------9 Loo Aageloo------79 Oth•r Stat••------5 Ol'ango------66 !lu Bornar41no-----­ 10 lt•reeu------4,134 4,017 Siak1;rou------10 •• lllx100------­ 4,092 ll,996 Eanau------­ 191 71 MaEinle7------­ 110 Jlontgome!'J------­ 11 SalldOYel------­ 1,649 Sa4gw1c1t------­ 33 ValttDaia------2,331 "7m14ott•------62 Ar1zona------Pl/ Artanaea------· 180 RaftJo------­ 12 Oregon------126 19 Calif'omi•------• 7 19 1.aDe------·---­ 49 Ol

llla1hington.-- 00------82 B P1•rce:------• 12 Kuoan (Kuaa)------­ 10'1 9ll Wbotocm------­ 11 Oregon------­ 99 9ll Colorad.0------­ 7& 12 Cooe------83 Donnr 'j/------­ 46 Otb•r State•------8 lfew lllxico------61 BernaUllo------16 Kutenaiu (Kut.... 1 l------287 Otero------.. ------18 Jlontana--·-·------·--­ 185 1111na11------51 tan------­ 174 Cook------­ 215 Iclabo-·------­ 101 107 Wi•oo.n•in-----·------• fo() 14 Boundar7------!17 Tenn•••••------• ll8 45 0tb•r Stat••------·------1 Idabo------­ 36 8 )lontua------·- 31 12 lla14u------1,100 Sand•r•--·------• 13 Ca11tom.l.------1,098 Obio------29 ' Butte------]/ City ad aOUDtJ' ooextenah•. '!/ Coexteu•1Te With countiea ot Bronx, 1:1ngs, Hew York, Qu.. 11.a, and RiclullDn.d. IllDIAllS SY S'l'OCIC .AND TRIBE Ill

TABLB 9.-IHDl.AR POPllLATION BY LiliGUISTIC STOCK .AND TRIBE, FOR STATIS .AND COtlll'l'IES: 11130 .AND 1910--Continued IS.•"°"" et bead ot \Ilia Hille)

ltr.lO 1910 1930 1910

*1-t~ llualdlapaa-coaUaua4 Cal~\~ --uau..i :r.a------·-----­ 20 Olrl•b'R7zo1111a, GaaliDUed ..______na...a------­ 11 UD -8------7 2 Kal'------­ 39 LllU•r------• 431 111.------699 Lii no------1,617 Calitoni•------6118 LOTe------­______1.88 ------­ Kael.aia------., 79 Calanru------­ ___,, ______1,168 Kan------­ H lllri------­ .....-u------3l50 l'laeer------­ ------116 'l'Uol------_, .. ______------191 - 111 ...... ,.______Clll:~----- U<& 33,633 19,191 ------Clmul&------­ 171 Olli•------4:,745 ------­ ~------­ <&,6811 "·­<&,191 Ot------­ "°111 ·------­ IM ------17 llrJ'a------­ 611 PUtabulw------1,011 c.n.r-... ------334 ...Pmltoioo------· ,_,_.______1811 111 112 Clnel.ad------­ 18 _, 1,031 Coal-·------­ 231 Ras•ra------31 ------­ 18 8-illol•------• 1116 llartt•l4------• 11 lleqUOJ'ah------63 Clarria------­ 73 8'•phallo------143 Cln47--·------­ 106 'l'lal.a------­ 169 -11------­ 10 lluhi.,.W.------37 JluPea------111Hlaalpp1------1,162 Zattonm------11"° ~------­ 116 z------­ 8119 ..Laake------______67 r. nor.------­ 18 -17<& ------­ LI'/ -Oll------140 llaCla1a------­ l2l5 Louial.aa------190 Manllall------~----­ 37 -·------­ H ------66 llln'Q------­ -llM CaUtonia------"1 ------­ 31 IM Alll•l•a--- 111 ~------­ Ari-·--·------· -.------­ "'38 ColllliH••••••••••• 10"° ~------­ 23 lm'i•------17 PiUabulw·------1111 Ala------27 Jmwwo------76" la-1•------• II& ______113 lltall------II& 11 _,Pot------Colo------80 llagen------""It - *Ki-----·- 111 8-laole------·----_.,.._...______49 111 ...lpll------H 66 111•-1------• 8 ~------30 Dnllaa------­ 1 Calitomia------H Artaa•e------• 7' 111...-i------­ 11 ~.....------7 LtNt•iaaa------• 8 llauth Dol

TABLE 9.-INDIAN POPULATION BY LINGUISTIC STOCK .AllD TRIBE, l'OR STATES AND COUNTIES: 1930 AND l910-Cont1nue4 (lie• D.Ot• •• hoa4 or tlli• tab lo)

1111111111 srocz:. 'l!tlBB, srATI I srom, 'DIIBI; STAT.I, ARD comr1'f ARD D01lll'1'I' 1910 USO 1910

----continued CrMt-cantl.nUo4 Calitornie-Contl.mle4 Ol

TABLE 9.-INDI.AN POPULATION BY LINGUISTIC STOCK AND TRIBE, FOR STATIS AND COUNTIES: l~O J.ND 1910-Continued (See noto at head or thio table)

ltllBIR 8TOCI., 'Dl:Dd, STATZ, AllD comm 19:!0 1910 19:!0 1910

Sbapwailu-tu-Cont1a.ue4 Shoahonean-Ooa.tln\IH lll9ath and --.C:Ontinuo4 Bannoolr:~t111ue4 Calitona1a--ca..tinuo4 0------7 2 -·oill<>------16 Callton.la------6 4 10 tJtah------­ 6 l ------SiaitiTOU------1113 Montena------l 23 Olc,._------31 Pune7l·Hn.la------­ 5 °''•.. ------· 22 Otbar &tatae------6 Waohington------· 8 5 ReTada------...... 8 C-aho------1,423 l,171 Arizona------2 Oltlah------­ 1,390 1,160 PenM7lnaio------c.440------­ 202 111.eaouri------~oh•------­ 823 Other Stat••------... --- COttOD--·------­ 294 ICion------lll -pt11111•------4,119 4,3'14 C.Utomia------8 ••ohincton------l,890 l,984 bn... 11------­ 6 01'91• Bal'bor------19 Utsoaa------5 King------10 Otbar Stat------l4 4 lli•lti tat------155 Qkuogu------­ 89 llopi------2,'1D2 2,009 Pi•r------67 Ari&OM------­ 2,'101 1,9"1 SnohClllioh----·------16 Coaonino------­ 371 'l'bureton-··------21 lilaricopa------­ 17 Yalth..A------1,446 laftjo------2,292 ld.aho···------·------­ 1,091 l,0'14 Calitonal•------22 411 I4aho------­ 230 llew llaxiao------­ 12 9 IAWi•------143 ------7 ••• P9roe---·-·---- 639 •u1ngton------7 o,..on------·- 1,054 l,206 Pam1011na1a------­ 13 Jettereon-·-...... 112 Other Stataa------3 4 llllrion------·----­ 19 Pollt------­ 24 Paiut~Yiot..,--·-•· S,060 D,631 U..till•------~24 Nen4a---·------·-­ 2,660 1,782 _, •uco------.. ______343 Ohurahill------­ 361 39 Clazl<·------­ Zll IAlnt------11 Churahill------86 64 INDIAN POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES

TABLE 9.~INDL&.N POPULATION BY LJNGUISTIC STOCK AND TRIBE, FOR STATES AND COUNTIES: 1930 AND 11110--Continued (See not• at head ot tll1• table)

lltllBllR tllalBlll '!111111:, STATZ, '!llIBE, STATZ, AllJl COUll'l'f AND C01lll'l'f 1910 -. 19:!0 1110 -· 19:!0

SboUmem-coat1nuo4 S1ouan-Con.tlnue4 Sboohon1-Coot1nuo4 BidatA------~28 347 lfnada-coa.t 1n.ue4 Borth Dakota------~19 l5IO :llko------607 Dwm------llll -14t------16 Kcl.ea------349 lADd•r------2&9 South Duota------9 l 111.,. ...______raJ.------Iii! PeDDQlTU.1&------10 292 ------9 DrlubJ------22 RJ'cml.118------6 Waalloe------117 kan•••--- .. ------l llhite Pln.e------l.SO I4oho------1,2111 1,2119 Iow------176 llM Bunoal<------412 Nebraska------as 38 Biagha------634 Richardaon------83 OWJ'h••--·------35 Okloh------7l 79 Power------1&7 L1noolll------··-- 32 •J'cml.nc------?WI 700 Noble------·----- H ~t------767 JCaD•u------·----- 19 lH cai1torn1a------177 35 ------10 lllJ'Q------l~ other States------ll 3 Laaaen------16 Utoh------107 MS ltanll•------l!l8 2:511 Box Zld•r------lOll Okloh------313 238 .Arizooo.------9 4 h1'------237 llont------8 10 Oaage------29 Waahin&ton------6 Tu.la&------· 17 ~------6 Kan••------l Pwml•Jlfflli•------117 Other Statee------4 Other st:ates------·---- 10 4 -dan------1171 209 Ute------.. ------1,180 2,281 North Uako•a------...... 197 Utoh------1,269 1,509 lluml------171 Du.ch••n.•-·----····- 208 llcteu------28 1uab---· ------171 li>ntua--·---.. ------12 & :ruu------·----- 1&4 South Dllkota------l 5 U1ntoh------733 Lit strict ot Colllllb1•-- a COlora4o------669 7211 Le P.Lata-----·----- 386 Oto ud M:l•ourl-00------627 ~ Moat•~------280 Oki.ab... ------614 386 llJcml.1111------18 h1'------34 •reaaoat------10 lfobl•------·------376 - lloz.100------5 Ooege------17 Waohington------5 Pllwll••----·------170 3 6 c.i1torn1a------7 ------Oltloh------2 14 Nebraaka-·------l 10 Kane------l2 ------l 6 O\her State•------9 Other Stat••------4 3 Southern Calitora1•------361 l,i197 ------l,103 l,lOll CaUtornia------~ l,il93 lebra------1,027 1,0'1& R1Tere14e------290 Tb.uretcon------l,006 11e,....r1!1no----- 89 Okloh------tB & Di•&O------20 h1'------14 Okla------10 Oaace------·----- 2& Other- Statea------·-- l 4 COlorado-·------l2 - South -·------6 Siouu------S?,311 32,941 ICllll••------·------2 ll C&tawba------lH 124 Ptl11JU17lTula------ll South Carolina------1~9 99 Other Stat••---··----- 8 3 Colorado------·------14 Rortb Caroli•------6 Omage-·----...... 1,344 l,3?3 Other Statea...... & Oltloh------1,106 l,~ Cnig------17 h1'------lll9 Crow------1,674, 1,799 llQeo------14 ------l,6211 l,698 Ouge------l,11119 111& Rom------l,59:S Pawn••------24 Ol

TABLB 9,-INDIAN POPUU.TION BY LINGUISTIC STOCK .AND TRIBE, FOR STATl!S AND COUNTIES: 1930 .AND 1910-Continued

(Bee note at llaed ~ thie table)

19il0 1910 19il0 1910

810-.-CODtl.D­ s1oua-eont1D­ o.p-.c:cmu11- Dlll

TABLE 9.-INDIAN POPULATION BY LINGUISTIC STOCK AllD TRmB, FOR STATliS AND COUNTIES: 1930 AND 1910-Continued (8H not;• at b.•Rd ot tb.io Ubl•)

19SO 1910 1930 1910

Tlmou-Coat1Dued Takuta-Contlnued - llo:d-coatl.Dued Calitonau.-continued. But& 1•------• :530 'I'Uol.-ae------­ 15 Taoo------­ lot ·------29 Valenoia------225 Orub7------M C:.llto!'llla------­ 32 0rOBOD------­ 13 Az1sona--·------· 9 llr:lab.------­ 9 Ten•---··-·------Arizou------6 2 Other State•------· Other state•------·-- 3 1

Tolllram ('l'oall:ll-)------~ u lllob.een------216 78 Oll:l------t6 42 Oll:l------­ 195 7t 11:111------"2 t:aDadlu------­ 13 0ther Stat••------·-- 2 Creek------­ HO Tulu------26 '?lmloan (Tunloa)------Jlonb. Corollna------5 1.0ul•l------Other States------16 Wub.oaD (WHb.0)------668 819 Tulclu------­ 177 198 lfen.da------­ 389 536 C:.Utorllla------150 lK Do\lll].aa------2M Uaadoa1no----·--·-·-- 60 1.JOD------­ 10 8on------­ 56 Onub;r------­ 66 Oregon.------­ M 3 Waahoe------····- 815 Lin.colD.------23 t:alltorDl•------• 275 273 Other Stat.ea------3 .1.1.piDo------­ lot lll4on4o------­ u Y~·------­ 6,&3'7 4,26'1 i.11en------..... 17 COcopa------­ 99 Mii ------55 ltrlzona------­ 119 229 ar.con------5 Y~------BB Other State1------5 Cal1torn.1a------10 ' Imperlal------10 Wln\ua------512 710 Calitora.1•------• 508 703 D1egueno------322 756 COluaa------­ 26 Cal1toruia------321 756 Bullbold\------16 8aD Diogo------306 119Ddoa1no------68 lfenda------1 Sllana------­ e:H Sillk17ou------­ 16 Northern Yumme------"6 988 'l'r1Dl\1------116 Arlzona------­ 639 983 Other States------Cooon.1no------­ 206 ' llar1 oopa------­ 13 WlJot; (Bllml>ol4\ 11a:J )------236 152 ll:Jb&Te------·­ 396 California------·------­ 230 152 Ya-.apai------18 Oregan------­llllmbold\------­ 2lt Otber stet••------7 '2 llarloopa------­ 310 386 ------Arizcma------­ 295 TllkoDaD------­ 9 55 lllor1oopa------­ 2117 Oregon------­ 7 Cal.1torn1a------5 2 ••7 Otb•r 9tatea------·--- 10 - •ob.1D&------8outb. Dakota------1 llDbaTe----·------BM l,OliB Yaaa------9 39 U'lZO•------• 57t 667 t:alltornla------­ 9 39 llohan------·­ 112 lllD4oa1no------5 kTajo------· u 8aal'IUl91lt.o------·---­ 1 Yanpai------­ 70 Sbaata------·------3 iu------3611 Calltorn.1a------'11!17 389 Taku'8------1,1.:5 8aD llernardlDO---­ 2:ID 0al.1tora.1a------­ l,OBti Otber Sta.tee------3 2 17 .Aador------­Bu.tte------· lQe Y\118.------2,306 OalaTeraa------­ 156 Callturnia------­ 2,231 lll4ora4o------­ 12 Imperlal------676 J'reaa.o---·------­ 118 to• Ans•l••------• 11 -014\------­ lt R1.Ter•14e----·-·- 377 n1111a------­ 110 8aD Diogo------1,160 k••ea------• 60 Arizona------­ 69 191 133 "------56 llllrln------­------­ 76 Other Stat••------6 *1'lpo•------• 16 -4oalno------­ 106 Turoll:------­ t?l 668 *'400------­ M t:allfoll'Dl•------• LUIS BY STOCX .AND 'l'RIBI 67

T.ABLB 9 • -DII>IAN POPULATION BY LINGUISTIC STOCK .AND TRml, FOR STATES .AND OOUNTIIS: 1930 .AND 1910-Continued ca.. -· ., h- at thia ,..,1. 1

llUllllR Sl'OCI., BID, STAU, AID comrr 19l!O 1910 1930 1910

'r""'*..C:O..Un- other tri- or u.. 11a1tetl 0\hv 8'&'•11------5 _,•• , 1Mlu41Jls ·-.... tri-, aot -netl-Coattl. Zalu IZomil··------­ 1,749 Okl--Co..Unuetl - lllld------­ 1,726 Oktul

TABLE 9.~INDIAN POPULATION BY LINGUISTIC STOCK AND TRISE, FOR STATES AND COUNTIES: 1930 AND 19lO~Cont1nued (See note at head ot tb.1• table)

HUllBER S'l'OCK 1 TRIBI, 8rATl1 STOCK, TRIBE, srATE, A11D C01111'l'f AllD COtlll'l'Y 1930 1910 1930 1910

Other tribes of the United Otber tribe• of tile lllli tefl States, including •toaka and Statea, including atocka 1111cl tribal not reported-Contd. trlb•• not reported-Contd. Wallh1agtoa-COU.t1nue4 ore&on-COnt1nue4 1111.IOll------­ 38 J[lomtb------­ 15 Okanogu------­ u LaDo------­ 26 Pacit1o------... ------­ 105 L1DC0111------13 P1erae------­ 102 161l.t------!Iii Skqit------­ 101 0.t1lla------~ -oll------­ 45 l'lor14a---·-...... ______348 56 SteYena------­ 121 Penna7lTuia------.. 331 438 Wbatc------­ 21 Ohio-...... 323 92 Tolcim------221 South Dakota------322 3'72 llinneaota------·--- l,090 314 Bennett-...... 6& .u tld.11------­ 40 Cbarl•• 111.x-----.... - .. .. 11 Carlton---·------­ 119 COraoa.--·--.. ------·-­ 10 Caaa------­ 22 Dw07------­ 10 Bennepin------117 I,Jlmll------­ 57 11111• Lac1------­ 15 ...baballgb------­ 114 P1ne------______37 Zi-cb------21 __,, 129 Colo:rt1do------­ 309 Redwood------­ 113 Dennr------·--­ U4 St, Louia------117 La Pl•t•------• 16 ~uioiua------­ l,089 375 Virginia------­ 301 178 Terreboan•------·--- 899 Illinoia------­ 291 179 Wlacouln------­ 1,052 588 Coat------157 llQf'i•ld------• 15 Iowa------203 169 167 lloo4 blll'J'------­ 175 ------­Bunott------­ 19 Arklln•••------• 194 460 Dougla•------·-·----- 42 Ind111D•------• 194 18' 1111-00------­ 77 Rbodo Ialam------184 llnaro•------·----• 10 - :Jerae-,...... 170 llMI Outagaml.o------­ 373 Utoh------161 8& 23 Su, ;Juan ...... 43 - She.wan.0------­ •tnn•bll80------·----- 18 Ulntala------­ 24 Kan. ..•------• 894. llain•------4------144 87 130 Peobacot--·--·------19 C-lo7------­ 77 Conn•cticut·-·------• 121 75 1ack1on---.... ---.... ------­ 21 Telua•••••--·--·------• 113 155 llolltg-17------­ 222 Alab------112 658 Sedgwl.clc------­ 19 &llcemb1a------·- 45 W)'olldotto------86 Idollo------­ 104 87 lllHiHippi------8114 82 Bunoclc------­ 17 1[------­ 8' BoundBl"J'------­ 12 Laolco------­ 230 OWJ'b.•e------· 16 Jl•llboba-.. -----·------uo ll)'aming------­ 84 29 •-oa------24 lllr7l8114------47 55 Maaaaob.uaett•------...... 753 291 Row 8-polliro------­ 35 31 Barl:latabl•------·-...... _ 318 Dl•triot ot COlumbla------34 57 Rebraska------·------738 H8 x.------­ 27 336 box---...... 23 Ve~t--·------·------16 26 Thuraton-·------426 0.orgia------­ 2D 15 Ten.1-----·------...... 575 269 ltntuclc)'------15 234 Polk------68 West Virginia------.. --- 14 36 Jlorth Dekota------·--- 538 376 Del.a•re------3 5 IWlae)'------­ 11 Rolette-00---00------­ 72 Alaakaa ucl hre1gn Trlbe1---­ 6,253 1,866 Siowc------­ 68 ~iu u4 llazi- •1111------33 Tr1be•----·------s,e1 1,781 Scutb c:..rouaa------­ 445 143 A71aona------­ 2,09'1 534 Dillon------­ 164 Gilo------­ 22 lllrlbOro------95 llar1------­ 805 llolltuo------­ 422 Pim------­ 899 Big Born------­ 11 Piaal------8' C.-40------­ 57 yuir,a ...... 1142 Olaa1er-----·------.. --.. - 17 MDGtana---...... 1,043 H1ll------11 81.g Bol'll------12 LaJc9 ...... 11 Bla1Do------­ 62 Lewl.s and Clo1'k------66 caaoade----·---·-- 50 111••oula------.. -...... 21 Glac1•r------·- 238 Pl>illipa------­ 14 H1ll------­ 201 Rooettrelt------­ 43 Lalt•--·------69 ROllebud.------22 Law11 and Clark--- 70 lllHour!.------­ 246 1'1>111190------­ 41 O:regcm------664 Poa4ora------76 Cooe----.. --...... UI RooMY•lt------56 Dougla1------72 Sander•------l8 IlmLUIS BY STOCK .AND TRIBE 811

TABLB II. -IImIAN POPULATION BY LINClUISTIC STOCK .AllD TRIBB, FOR STATl!S .AND COUllTiliS: 11130 .AND 11110-Cont1nue4 (See note at - ot till• Ubl•)

ll1lllllllR

1910 1930 1910

Ala-. - J'oreip Trlbea-con. Alaalwa u4 J'orelp 'l'r1beo-­ Coat1D­ Caa41U-caatilwM - -- Tribeo caa<11u-11n1au -----tlD-1 'l'rlboo--CoaUn-1 't'aU97------11 R1ooaa1e------· 19 I Wuhlac------­ 1122 1196 - 8-peblre------29 Cl.al.1------:Ml '"-"·------­ M ltlDs------­ 11:5 ------­ le '*------­ le COloN4------lS 'Pl------19 11 l 11 ------1er•q------11 ------311 llJ'c>mlns------10 Y------80 COnneot1C\lt------10 R• Yon------YelWlllt------­ 6 11r1------­ 1111 Rebrua------II l "'-kl1D------8' Otll•r Btatea------20 - Yon Clt7------67 R1------­ 711 Ala- Trlb•o------3811 86 ~------~ .....·------226 6 llor\b...,____ -·------______.01'" ICiJIC------­ 63 •l ltl t------­ lS Bole&t•------193 llaoon------­ 10 ------le P1erce------·---­ 87 111u1------11 Tburo\OD------~ 111~------­ Oregoa------­ 90 Obi------­ S8 llarlon.------· 11:5 ------111 161l.tamob------11111------106 Iclabo------­ '"18 -be------11:5 C&lltorni•------• 18 Calitoni•------99 - Yon------8 1.0e AllPl•o------13 OtMr State•------15 - 1)1---- 1' ~------711 l Other J'orelga-bol'D :blU&lll 117 (.!/) 63 R• Yon------116 ... llaziao------69 ... Yoft: CltJ' Jl------­ 81 cal.1tOJ'D1a------"311 O\uo------so LOe ...... lea------21 Solltb- l>okou------66 17 ·-1•rae7------SB IWIDeJ'lftD1•------16 ------00 I ------10 111;. !.l>Ulo------­ lS 111.uouri------­ a -\loe&ta------I.o111•1ana------• 1.0U1•1aa------• '" Ob1o------'6 W1Do1o------.i'" 111.oblpa------6 eo.------­ M --..tta------II Idabo------­ 37 2 Wlnola------­ II ------­ 12 •••aot•------• II Obl.q------S& Rubi...... ------II _.,.1 ... ta------85 - Stateo------311 J/ 0oenualft Wltb C0111ltlH of llrmlz, ltiJila, - Tort, Qllffu, - 11-. 2/ llot tabulated in 1910.