Edict of Torda 450Years
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Review Copy. © 2021 Indiana University Press. All Rights Reserved. Do Not Share. STUDIES in HUNGARIAN HISTORY László Borhi, Editor
HUNGARY BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES 1526–1711 Review Copy. © 2021 Indiana University Press. All rights reserved. Do not share. STUDIES IN HUNGARIAN HISTORY László Borhi, editor Top Left: Ferdinand I of Habsburg, Hungarian- Bohemian king (1526–1564), Holy Roman emperor (1558–1564). Unknown painter, after Jan Cornelis Vermeyen, circa 1530 (Hungarian National Museum, Budapest). Top Right: Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent (1520–1566). Unknown painter, after Titian, sixteenth century (Hungarian National Museum, Budapest). Review Copy. © 2021 Indiana University Press. All rights reserved. Do not share. Left: The Habsburg siege of Buda, 1541. Woodcut by Erhardt Schön, 1541 (Hungarian National Museum, Budapest). STUDIES IN HUNGARIAN HISTORY László Borhi, editor Review Copy. © 2021 Indiana University Press. All rights reserved. Do not share. Review Copy. © 2021 Indiana University Press. All rights reserved. Do not share. HUNGARY BETWEEN TWO EMPIR ES 1526–1711 Géza Pálffy Translated by David Robert Evans Indiana University Press Review Copy. © 2021 Indiana University Press. All rights reserved. Do not share. This book is a publication of Indiana University Press Office of Scholarly Publishing Herman B Wells Library 350 1320 East 10th Street Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA iupress . org This book was produced under the auspices of the Research Center for the Humanities of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and with the support of the National Bank of Hungary. © 2021 by Géza Pálffy All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. -
Myth and Reality. Changing Awareness of Transylvanian Identity
Sándor Vogel Transylvania: Myth and Reality. Changing Awareness of Transylvanian Identity Introduction In the course of history Transylvania has represented a specific configuration in Eur ope. A unique role was reserved for it by its three ethnic communities (Hungarian, Romanian and Saxon), its three estates in politicallaw, or natio (nations), Hungarian, Szekler and Saxon existing until modern times, and its four established religions (recepta re/igio), namely Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist and Unitarian, along with the Greek Orthodox religion of Romanians which was tolerated by Transylvania's political law. At the same time the Transylvanian region was situated at the point of contact or intersection oftwo cultures, the Western and the East European. A glance at the ethnic map - displaying an oveIWhelming majority of Hungarians and Saxon settlers in medieval times - clearly reveals that its evolution is in many respects associated with the rise ofthe medieval State of Hungary and resultant from the Hungarian king's con scious policies of state organization and settlement. lts historical development, social order, system of state organization and culture have always made it a part of Europe in all these dimensions. During the centuries ofthe Middle Ages and early modern times the above-mention ed three ethnic communities provided the estate-based framework for the region's spe cial state organization. The latter served in turn as an integument for the later develop ment of nationhood for the Hungarian and Saxon communities, and as a model for the Romanian community. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the period of the Ottoman State's expansion, the Transylvanian region achieved the status of an independent state in what was referred to in contemporary Hungarian documents as the 'shadow ofthe Turkish Power', thereby becoming the repository ofthe idea of a Hungarian State, the ultimate resource of Hungarian culture and the nerve center of its development. -
Monastic Landscapes of Medieval Transylvania (Between the Eleventh and Sixteenth Centuries)
DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2020.02 Doctoral Dissertation ON THE BORDER: MONASTIC LANDSCAPES OF MEDIEVAL TRANSYLVANIA (BETWEEN THE ELEVENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES) By: Ünige Bencze Supervisor(s): József Laszlovszky Katalin Szende Submitted to the Medieval Studies Department, and the Doctoral School of History Central European University, Budapest of in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Medieval Studies, and CEU eTD Collection for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Budapest, Hungary 2020 DOI: 10.14754/CEU.2020.02 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My interest for the subject of monastic landscapes arose when studying for my master’s degree at the department of Medieval Studies at CEU. Back then I was interested in material culture, focusing on late medieval tableware and import pottery in Transylvania. Arriving to CEU and having the opportunity to work with József Laszlovszky opened up new research possibilities and my interest in the field of landscape archaeology. First of all, I am thankful for the constant advice and support of my supervisors, Professors József Laszlovszky and Katalin Szende whose patience and constructive comments helped enormously in my research. I would like to acknowledge the support of my friends and colleagues at the CEU Medieval Studies Department with whom I could always discuss issues of monasticism or landscape archaeology László Ferenczi, Zsuzsa Pető, Kyra Lyublyanovics, and Karen Stark. I thank the director of the Mureş County Museum, Zoltán Soós for his understanding and support while writing the dissertation as well as my colleagues Zalán Györfi, Keve László, and Szilamér Pánczél for providing help when I needed it. -
To Vote a King
CONTRACTUAL MAJESTY ELECTORAL POLITICS IN TRANSYLVANIA AND POLAND-LITHUANIA 1571-1586 A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Felicia Roşu, M.A. Washington, DC May 1, 2009 Copyright 2009 by Felicia Roşu All Rights Reserved ii CONTRACTUAL MAJESTY ELECTORAL POLITICS IN TRANSYLVANIA AND POLAND-LITHUANIA, 1571-1586 Felicia Roşu, M.A. Thesis Advisor: Andrzej S. Kamiński, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Stefan Báthory (1533-1586) was chosen by the orders and estates of Transylvania to be their ruler in May 1571; in December 1575 he was also elected king of the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth and was crowned as such in May 1576. Although Báthory never returned to his homeland after he took hold of his Polish-Lithuanian throne, he maintained control over the affairs of Transylvania and ruled both countries simultaneously until his death in December 1586. This dissertation analyzes Báthory’s two elections while comparing them to similar phenomena in the rest of Europe and placing them in the larger framework of early modern constitutionalism and civic republicanism. The goals of this dissertation are to unveil the dynamics of electoral politics in sixteenth-century East Central Europe; to illuminate the political language at play during elections; and to clarify the values, intentions, and motivations of political actors—both candidates and voters—in the electoral context. Research findings indicate that electoral politics not only reflected, but also affected the identity, values, and behavior of citizens and rulers in elective constitutional monarchies, particularly at moments when citizens had to rule themselves and prospective rulers had to comply with the conditions of citizens in order to be able to occupy their thrones. -
The Role of Nobility
ACTA UNIV. SAPIENTIAE, EUROPEAN AND REGIONAL STUDIES, 16 (2019) 123–134 DOI: 10 .2478/auseur-2019-0015 The Role of Nobility A Review of the Volume László Zubánics: Vitézi végek dicsérete. A nemesség szerepe a XVI–XVIII. századi Északkelet-Magyarország társadalmi fejlődésében1 [Laudation of Heroic Deaths . The Role of Nobility in the Social Development of 16th–17th-century North-Eastern Hungary] Attila JÓZSA National University of Public Service, Doctoral School of Public Administration Sciences 1083 Budapest, Ludovika Sq . 2 . PhD student, e-mail: attila@sapientia .ro ‘Not knowing the past makes it more difficult to find one’s way in the future. Families belonging to various social strata and different cultural areas perceive this simple statement as a very differing lifestyle direction and a tradition regulating the details of everyday life’ – formulates György Mikonya the essence of the subject . Research on family history – in our case, the history of noble families – can enrich historiography by adding a number of fine details that seemed to have been lost almost entirely by the second half of the 20th century . In recent times, there has been a considerably increased interest in research on nobility as an important social category, which cannot be accidental, however, as history talks about the past while addressing the present, and by relying on research results it tries to help us better understand the path leading up to the present as well as the principles of development . Nevertheless, we may have a unified relationship with our history only if, besides an education of an adequate standard, we are able to acquire the historicity of thinking – namely that we always take stock of people, events and contexts while taking account of the pace, time, and circumstances . -
Ethnicity in Transylvania. from Medieval Peoples to Modern Nations
HAO, Núm. 34 (Primavera, 2014), 105-113 ISSN 1696-2060 ETHNICITY IN TRASYLVANIA. FROM MEDIEVAL PEOPLES TO MODERN NATIONS Radu Lupescu Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. E-mail: [email protected] Recibido: 23 Mayo 2013 / Revisado: 19 Noviembre 2013 / Aceptado: 22 Enero 2014 /Publicación Online: 15 Junio 2014 Resumen: Transilvania es una región de particularities, lived together since from the Europa, en dónde en el transcurso de los siglos Middle Ages. This strategic region was convivieron y conviven muchas naciones. Entre incorporated into the Hungarian Kingdom by ellas jugaron el rol determinante los húngaros, King Saint Stephen (1000-1038) right at the los rumanos, los sajones y los székelys beginning of his reign, by defeating his uncle, (seklers), quiénes ya estaban presentes en el Gyula, a territorial leader from another doce siglo en Transilvania. La fecha de su Hungarian kindred. It became a princley inmigración, sus tareas y el territorio dónde territory of the Arpadian Dinasty, and from the habitaron fueron distintas y esta situación se twelveth century it was governed by one of the refleja de sus derechos y fueros propios. Pero a main office holders of the kingdom, the voivode. diferencia de las épocas anteriores los reyes húngaros de orígen de casa de Anjou In order to defend its south-eastern borders, the excluyeron los rumanos ortodoxos de la Hungarian Kings settled here the Székelys, a Gobernación de Transilvania, así no podía community whose origin is still debated. Earlier desarrollarse la nobleza propia de ellos. A partir they performed military duties along the western de 1437 la nobleza y la aristocracia de otras tres border of Hungary, but after this region was naciones fueron aliados y cuando en el siglo consolidated, the Székelys were transferred to XVI se descompusó el Reino Húngaro, ellas east. -
The Csang6 in Ghime~-Faget: Boundary and Ethnic Definition in Transylvania
The Csang6 in Ghime~-Faget: Boundary and Ethnic Definition in Transylvania An Honors Thesis (HONRS 499) by Lydia Spotts Thesis Advisor Dr. James M. Nyce Ball State University Muncie, Indiana December 2008 December 20, 2008 Spotts ii Abstract: L A short ethnographic field study in Transylvania led to interesting questions about self identification in a traditionally multi-ethnic region-one that has been contested for most of the region's history. The complicated and dichotomous accounts of Transylvania's history and the development of national consciousness in the two nations (Hungary and Romania) who claim the region are examined. This framework contextualizes the issues surrounding an enigmatic and equally contested ethnic minority found in the Ghime~-Faget area of Transylvania. The Csang6 have been rejected and claimed by both nations throughout history, but lack internal definition and presently do not often self-identify in society. The information gajned through field study observation and interviews is analyzed following a discussion of the historical contestation of Transylvania and the Csang6 found in the English literature. Acknowledgements: I would like to thank Dr. Nyce for his patience and assistance during the months of research and writing process. I am also grateful to Dr. Bader and the members of the 2008 Ghime~-Faget field study who submitted field notes and interview transcriptions, making them available in the common corpus. Spotts iii Outline 1. Introduction: a field study in Transylvania II. A brief history of the contested region of Transylvania A. Geography of Transylvania and Ghime~-Faget B. A transitory border I. Ancient occupation to the medieval era 2. -
Hungary's Relations with the Ottoman Empire
HUNGARY’S RELATIONS WITH THE OTTOMAN EMPİRE GEZA FEHER* The paths of the Turkish and Hungarian peoples, from their prehistory to these days have been connected by hundreds of threads. An objective evaluation of the connection between Turkey and Hungary in the 16th-17th centuries /the Turkish occupation of Hungary/, as well as in the 18th-19th centuries /a generous relation, fruitful for both parties/ requires going back to the most ancient past common to them. As far as we know at present, the original home of the Hungarian na- tion /the Magyars/—whose way of life at that time was determined by fishing and hunting— might have been at the western ranges of the Ural, in the provinces around the rivers Volga and Kama. After migrating from the original home southward, the Hungarian nation lived, for centuries, in the neighbourhood of Iranian and Turkish-speaking tribes, in the northen region of the Eurasian steppes. Here the Hungarians, though at a slow pace, changed över to animal keeping. When their culture and economy had changed, their vocabulary became enriched with Iranian and Turkish words. However, the ansvvers to the questions that might be raised in con nection with this process, are given, as we have not any written sources, first of ali by the results of linguistics, archeology, and anthropology. In the second half of the 5th century, when, in a wave of the great invasions, the Turkish peoples dragged the Hungarian nation along with them, and, hence, the latter drifted to the south of its earlier settlement, to the coast of the Black Sea and the regions beside the river Kuban, the connection between the two nations became closer. -
A Historical Survey of the Corunca Castle, Romania, Based on the Military Survey Maps and Present-Day Measurements
ACTA UNIVERSITATIS SAPIENTIAE AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT, 7 (2015) 123128 DOI: 10.1515/ausae-2015-0011 A historical survey of the Corunca Castle, Romania, based on the military survey maps and present-day measurements Lóránt KOVÁCS Sapientia University, Faculty of Technical and Human Sciences, Department of Horticulture, Târgu-Mureș, Corunca 1/C, [email protected] Manuscript received August 31, 2015; revised September 30, 2015; accepted October 2, 2015 Abstract. Corunca is situated at 4.5 km SE from Târgu-Mureș, near the Salt Stream, the Bozeni Stream, and the Vațman Stream. Its area is inhabited from ancient times. Both prehistoric and Roman findings were reported to have been found within the village boundaries. Its neighbouring medieval village, Sárvári, perished in the 16th century, while Kisernye was devastated by Turkish troops in 1661. The settlement was first recorded in 1332 as Korunka. The Reformed Church was built between 1769 and 1778, while its spire dates from 1793. The earlier church was surrended by high protective walls, which were demolished in 1769. The extremely ruinous castle with its neoclassical façade and a couple of neighbouring farm buildings appear on the left side of the European route E60 travelling from Târgu-Mureș to Sighișoara. Today, this is a barren place, although once it was surrounded by a grove the size of 120 cadastral acres [2]. During the reign of John Sigismund Zápolya, Prince of Transylvania and ruler of a part of the Kingdom of Hungary, the village belonged to Thomas Mihályfy. The castle was ravaged in 1562 by the revolted Szeklers. After the fall of the Mihályfy family, the Chancellor of Transylvania, Farkas Kovacsóczi owned the estate, which later came down to the Tholdalagi family. -
A Page from the History of the Principality of Transylvania
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov • Vol. 2 (51) - 2009 Series VII: Social Sciences and Law A PAGE FROM THE HISTORY OF THE PRINCIPALITY OF TRANSYLVANIA Mariana BORCOMAN 1 Abstract: The history of the Principality of Transylvania was marked by great political unrest. The small region was coveted on one hand by the Turks and on the other hand by the Hapsburgs. The internal policy led by the princes of Ardeal contributed for Transylvania to keep pace with the evolved Occident. Through the participation in the War of 30 years, the small principality asserted itself as a power that should be taken into consideration at the demarcation between Central and South-Eastern Europe. Key words: principality, religious reform, autonomy, politico-diplomatic arbitration. 1. Introduction Hungarian nobility and the policy of the The historical period of Transylvania, princes from Ardeal was quite permissive comprised between 1540-1699, is known in this respect. The nobility that had taken under the name of Principality. This is the shelter there had stated for all that period period when the expansion of the Ottoman that in Transylvania there was being Empire in the central part of Europe remade part of the lost kingdom of reaches a maximum level. The Turkish Hungary. The policy of the princes from army led by the sultan Soliman the First Ardeal within the external framework led conquered Serbia and great part of to the positioning of the small Principality Hungary, following the victory from Buda among the great European powers of the 1540. The Turks’ initial intention was to time and to the participation in the War of further advance towards the centre of 30 years. -
Reconnect Transylvania 2016 Program Schedule
RECONNECT TRANSYLVANIA 2016 PROGRAM SCHEDULE JUNE 27 - JULY 5, 2016 MONDAY, June 27 – Arrival in Transylvania Depart late morning by private bus from Debrecen Professional tour guide joins group after Borş border crossing Nagyvárad/Oradea, a.k.a. “Paris on the Körös River” Nagyvárad is one of the important centers of economic, social and cul- tural development in Northern Transylvania and a gateway to Central and Western Europe. The beginnings of Nagyvárad’s history are tied to the Hungarian Kingdom, which in the 11th century began expanding eastward into Transylvania. Nagyvárad is often referred to as the City of St. Lász- ló. The great Hungarian warrior king was canonized in 1192 for his role in spreading Christianity in Hungary and making it a nationwide religion. In 1474, the city was captured by the Ottomans after a protracted siege. Their mostly tolerant policies towards other peoples resulted in the city becoming an ethnic mosaic of Hungarians, Romanians, Austrians, Slovaks, Hebrews and Turks. Starting in the 16th century, the city grew into an ur- ban area. Nagyvárad has a belle-époque charm due to its Art Deco, Neo Classical, Baroque and Art Nouveau architecture stemming from a rich mixture of ethnic and cultural values and heritage. As a thriving commer- cial and cultural center, Nagyvárad is referred to as the “Little Paris on the Körös” by the turn of the 20th century (the Körös being the river that tra- verses the town). Visit Bánffy Palace and the Hungarian Protestant Church in Bonchida Bonchida (translation: Bonc's bridge) is a village in Kolozs/Cluj County. -
JOHN HUNYADI Hungary in American History Textbooks
JOHN HUNYADI Hungary in American History Textbooks by Andrew L. Simon 1996 Copyright © 1997, Andrew L. Simon CONTENTS Prologue Introduction Highlights of Hungarian History Book Reviews Greaves Kagan Kishlansky McNeill Perry Analysis and Conclusions PROLOGUE A particularly demagogic member of Hungary’s parliament, Representative József Torgyán of the Smallholders Party expressed his bitter frustration in a recent speech. He said: „Hungary received nothing from the West but Trianon and the bells tolling at noon.” This would have puzzled an average well educated American. Most American universities require a course on „Western Cultural Traditions” for graduation. Neither Trianon, nor any bells are mentioned in those courses. Southern California’s well known tourist attraction is the Mission of San Juan de Capistrano. But few Americans would know that Juan’s real name was Giovanni, that he was an Italian priest, Pope Calixtus III.’s emissary to John Hunyadi in the summer of 1456. Hunyadi was a legendary commander of the Hungarian army, who fought countless battles against the Ottoman Turks in the Balkans. Capistrano’s mission was difficult. Turkish Sultan Mohammed II was assembling a vast army to conquer Europe. The Hundred Years War has just ended, Europe was in disarray. Unable to assemble any force to resist the Turkish onslaught, the pope sent Father Capistrano to Hunyadi with his blessings and his prayers. To pray for this victory Pope Calixtus III commanded1 all churches of Christendom to toll the bells at noon till eternity. The Turks encircled Belgrade, the major southern border fort of Hungary. The defenders fought heroically, but with little hope.