DOCSLIB.ORG

The Role of Nobility

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Role of Nobility ACTA UNIV. SAPIENTIAE, EUROPEAN AND REGIONAL STUDIES, 16 (2019) 123–134 DOI: 10 .2478/auseur-2019-0015 The Role of Nobility A Review of the Volume László Zubánics: Vitézi végek dicsérete. A nemesség szerepe a XVI–XVIII. századi Északkelet-Magyarország társadalmi fejlődésében1 [Laudation of Heroic Deaths . The Role of Nobility in the Social Development of 16th–17th-century North-Eastern Hungary] Attila JÓZSA National University of Public Service, Doctoral School of Public Administration Sciences 1083 Budapest, Ludovika Sq . 2 . PhD student, e-mail: attila@sapientia .ro ‘Not knowing the past makes it more difficult to find one’s way in the future. Families belonging to various social strata and different cultural areas perceive this simple statement as a very differing lifestyle direction and a tradition regulating the details of everyday life’ – formulates György Mikonya the essence of the subject . Research on family history – in our case, the history of noble families – can enrich historiography by adding a number of fine details that seemed to have been lost almost entirely by the second half of the 20th century . In recent times, there has been a considerably increased interest in research on nobility as an important social category, which cannot be accidental, however, as history talks about the past while addressing the present, and by relying on research results it tries to help us better understand the path leading up to the present as well as the principles of development . Nevertheless, we may have a unified relationship with our history only if, besides an education of an adequate standard, we are able to acquire the historicity of thinking – namely that we always take stock of people, events and contexts while taking account of the pace, time, and circumstances . It is by all means necessary that we review the events of the Late Middle Ages–the Early Modern Period within the appropriate context and raise awareness of the fact that the nobility – as representative 1 Edited by Intermix Kiadó, Budapest–Ungvár, 2016 . 124 Attila JÓZSA of a significant social group – played an integral part in shaping the events. Unfortunately, not even the socialist period of Hungarian historiography was able to overcome the ‘teething troubles’ in connection with studying the history of nobility . Only those noblemen and aristocrats could become socially ‘accepted’ who were in some way linked to a liberation movement (István Bocskai, Imre Thököly, Ferenc Rákóczi II, etc .) . There is a considerable Hungarian-language literature on the subject . Among the general works, there is a ten-volume writing that stands out, entitled Amagyar nemzet története [The History of the Hungarian Nation] . The series was published in the edition of Sándor Szilágyi (1827–1899) on the thousandth anniversary of the foundation of the Hungarian state, and its authors endeavoured to take into account socio-historical aspects besides romantic nationalism as well as political history and history of ideas .A major trend of the era was the so- called economic and social history school with Károly Tagányi, Sándor Takáts, Ignác Acsády, and Ferenc Kováts as the most important representatives, who primarily dealt with issues of economic and social history . Among the historical schools of the early 20th century, the Geistesgeschichte school hallmarked by the name of Gyula Szekfű is definitely worth mentioning, which may be basically considered as having a conservative approach . The four-volume work of Hóman and Szekfű, Magyar történet [Hungarian History], somewhat polarizes the oppositions of the political and popular concepts of nation . The post-1945 Hungarian historical science in many ways carried on the traditions and trends of the interwar period. Institutional forms remained unchanged at first, but soon historiography too had to adopt the Marxist historical approach of the government . In this context, the nobility was ‘assigned’ the role of the oppressive, parasitic social order in the service of the Habsburg oppression, betrayer of national interests, to which the leaders of feudal uprisings (disregarding their aristocratic status) were the only exceptions. Besides the specifically Marxist– Stalinist historiographical trends, at first, some other trends were also given a growing space . Among these, the constitutional and legal history trends and the so-called history of ideas trend are noteworthy . Owing to its specific social development, the Kingdom of Hungary had undergone a transformation by the beginning of the 15th century, shifting from the western edge of Eastern Europe to the eastern edge of Western Europe . The Ottoman conquest itself as well as the actions taken against it have repeatedly confirmed the necessity of nobility as a social class providing protection for the country . Based on the ideological background of ‘noble nation’, the nobility has forged an extremely strong sense of self . Imbued with Christian ideology, the Hungarian nobility was unable to reach a compromise with the Ottoman Empire, but it retained certain possibilities of cooperation and manoeuvring, and as a state policy instrument thereof the Principality of Transylvania came into existence, Book Review 125 carrying in itself all characteristic features of East-European dichotomy: while recognizing the sultan’s sovereignty, it continued to be a representative of Western values . Joining the Habsburg Empire was some sort of historical necessity as the maintenance of border strongholds in time of peace practically consumed the annual income of the country, leading up to a situation where a potential Turkish incursion could only be repelled with the support of foreign funds and with the use of military force. Given that neither the nobility nor the dynasty had sufficient resources to get the upper hand, the period under discussion is technically an age of forced cooperation and compromise up until the shift in the balance of power that took place in the 1560s–70s . As postulated by Géza Pálffy, researcher of 17th-century Hungarian history, the investigated period was a time full of conflicts and quests for compromises, which the nobility could successfully exploit for its own benefit. What poses the biggest problem in terms of the objective consideration of the matter is that the majority of historians look into the processes exclusively from the perspective of the Principality of Transylvania as ‘the bastion of Hungarian national independence and the symbol of independent Hungarian statehood’ . However, as Pálffy correctly observes, ‘the (political, military, and administration) history of the two states, the kingdom and the principality, led mostly by Hungarians cannot be put down – even despite their frequent contacts – within the framework of a model or a concept’ . Naturally, the history of the three regions cannot be strictly separated, all the more so because their struggles took place on each other’s territories, in the one-time unified Kingdom of Hungary. Recent studies throw into the shade the concept of the country’s unification as setting out from Transylvania, a view consistent with the earlier romantic historical approach, and the various armed conflicts are more and more often classified into the category of anti-Habsburg struggles . 16th–17th-century feudal Hungary was founded on the separation of powers between the ruler and the estates, and the stability of this power-sharing arrangement was occasionally tested by external factors (wars, the Reformation, etc .) . Historian László Szegedi believes that on the model of Rzeczpospolita Polska we may talk about a certain republic of nobles within the Kingdom of Hungary too, where power was divided among the different spheres (the monarch and the nobility) of the feudal state. In their efforts to resolve conflict situations arising within the feudal society as a result of dissatisfaction with the monarch’s policy, the nobility had recourse to external forces and endeavoured to create a balance of power, for which an important prerequisite was seeking compromise . Out of political necessity, the nobility of the Kingdom of Hungary and the Habsburg dynasty pursued a policy of compromise on numerous occasions (1608, 1622, and 1647) . The will to maintain border protection against the Turks, thus ensuring the survival of the Kingdom, and the political, military as well as 126 Attila JÓZSA financial (administration) interdependence existing since the 16th century were the primary factors giving the grounds for adopting such measures . There is an immense historical record of the ‘oppression’ theory in the Carpathian basin according to which, due to the Hungarian character (majority population) of the state dominating the area from the 9th century, both the indigenous minority and the immigrant population entering the region in later periods recognized early on that they could attain social advancement only if they tried their best to adapt and assimilate to some extent to the state-forming nobility of mostly Hungarian ethnic origin. It is therefore a good idea to clarify the concepts first, meaning that the causes of assimilation are not to be searched for in oppression but in the intention to seek social advancement. As historian László Tőkéczky suggests, the ‘oppression’ theory is nothing but one version of the conflict-centred (‘class struggle’) historical approach – and not without a good reason as throughout the existence of class societies there have always been disagreements and conflicts. Nevertheless,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Review Copy. © 2021 Indiana University Press. All Rights Reserved. Do Not Share. STUDIES in HUNGARIAN HISTORY László Borhi, Editor
    HUNGARY BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES 1526–1711 Review Copy. © 2021 Indiana University Press. All rights reserved. Do not share. STUDIES IN HUNGARIAN HISTORY László Borhi, editor Top Left: Ferdinand I of Habsburg, Hungarian- Bohemian king (1526–1564), Holy Roman emperor (1558–1564). Unknown painter, after Jan Cornelis Vermeyen, circa 1530 (Hungarian National Museum, Budapest). Top Right: Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent (1520–1566). Unknown painter, after Titian, sixteenth century (Hungarian National Museum, Budapest). Review Copy. © 2021 Indiana University Press. All rights reserved. Do not share. Left: The Habsburg siege of Buda, 1541. Woodcut by Erhardt Schön, 1541 (Hungarian National Museum, Budapest). STUDIES IN HUNGARIAN HISTORY László Borhi, editor Review Copy. © 2021 Indiana University Press. All rights reserved. Do not share. Review Copy. © 2021 Indiana University Press. All rights reserved. Do not share. HUNGARY BETWEEN TWO EMPIR ES 1526–1711 Géza Pálffy Translated by David Robert Evans Indiana University Press Review Copy. © 2021 Indiana University Press. All rights reserved. Do not share. This book is a publication of Indiana University Press Office of Scholarly Publishing Herman B Wells Library 350 1320 East 10th Street Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA iupress . org This book was produced under the auspices of the Research Center for the Humanities of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and with the support of the National Bank of Hungary. © 2021 by Géza Pálffy All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • The South Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy
    University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2012 Nationalitaetenrecht: The outhS Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy Sean Krummerich University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, and the European History Commons Scholar Commons Citation Krummerich, Sean, "Nationalitaetenrecht: The outhS Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4111 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nationalitätenrecht: The South Slav Policies of the Habsburg Monarchy by Sean Krummerich A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History College of Arts & Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor, Graydon A. Tunstall, Ph.D. Kees Botterbloem, Ph.D. Giovanna Benadusi, Ph.D. Date of Approval: July 6, 2012 Keywords – Austria, Hungary, Serb, Croat, Slovene Copyright © 2012, Sean Krummerich Dedication For all that they have done to inspire me to new heights, I dedicate this work to my wife Amanda, and my son, John Michael. Acknowledgments This study would not have been possible without the guidance and support of a number of people. My thanks go to Graydon Tunstall and Kees Boterbloem, for their assistance in locating sources, and for their helpful feedback which served to strengthen this paper immensely.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungary (Magyarország)
    CLASSROOM COUNTRY PROFILES Hungary (Magyarország) The name “Hungary” is adapted from Hungaria, the Medieval Latin term derived by writers from the name of the people (H) ungari or ungri. Hungarians call their country Magyarország, derived from Magyars which likely refers to the most promi- nent Hungarian tribe known as the “Megyer “. King Stephen I (997-1038), defeated various tribes, implementing Christiani- ty, and ultimately founding the Hungarian state. After WWII, Hungary fell into the Soviet sphere. In 1956, Hungarians tried to put an end to Soviet control. Although their attempt was QUICK FACTS unsuccessful, the communist government made some con- Population: 10 million cessions and eventually collapsed in 1989. Area: slightly smaller than Indiana RELIGION Capital: Budapest (1.74 million) The majority (60%) of the population identifies with the Roman Catholic Languages: Hungarian (official) 90%, German 2.5 Church, 20% with the Reformed Church, and 3% belongs to the Evan- %, Serbian 2 %, Romani (Gypsy) 4 %, Slovak 0.8 gelical-Lutheran Church. Much of the country’s Jewish population was %, Romanian 0.7%. driven off or killed during the WWII Holocaust. A small Jewish communi- ty lives in Budapest and is religiously active. Many Hungarians are not religiously affiliated. EDUCATION Hungary has a free and compulsory 10-grade edu- ETHNICITY cation system for ages 6-16. Most continue to 18, Magyar or Hungarian implies a nationality, ethnicity or language alt- graduating high school with a diploma. After gym- hough not all citizens are ethnic Hungarians. While Hungarians make up 8.4 million of the population, there is a sizeable Roma minority.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungary Since 1989
    C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP/578174/WORKINGFOLDER/RME/9780521888103C10.3D 204 [204–232] 10.10.2009 6:02PM 10 Hungary since 1989 ANDRÁS BOZÓKI AND ESZTER SIMON Located in East-Central Europe, Hungary has often found itself at a crossroads of political influences of greater powers as well as of different cultures. Although Hungary enjoyed independence for centuries in its early history, the experience of foreign domination over the last five centuries is one of the defining features of Hungarian public consciousness. Most notably, Hungary was under the control of the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth century, the Habsburgs in the eighteenth, nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century, and the Soviet Union from 1945 until the regime change in 1989. Therefore, Hungarians had to master the techniques of survival under foreign domination.1 They learned how to operate informally, under and within formal, rigid rules, which represented the interests of the dominant foreign power. Nonetheless, during its twentieth-century history, Hungary made some genuine albeit short-lived attempts to achieve democracy. First, there was the brief liberal-democratic government of Count Mihály Károlyi in late 1918. A second attempt was made during the semi-democratic coalition government between 1945 and 1947. Finally, Hungary operated as a democracy for twelve remarkable days during the anti-totalitarian revolution of October 1956. The Hungarian revolution was internally successful but was crushed by the inter- vention of the Soviet Red Army. These shining moments of recent Hungarian history cannot hide the fact that throughout the twentieth century Hungary enjoyed democracy for one decade only, the 1990s.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Slovak-Hungarian “Little War” and Its Interpretations in National Histories
    The History of the Slovak-Hungarian “Little War” and Its Interpretations in National Histories István Janek Before tackling the events of the “Little War”, let us take a brief outlook on the study of it in Hungarian and Slovak historical literature. A great number of Slovak histori- ans have written on this issue producing many articles and conference publications in Slovakia. Here I would like to highlight the most important ones from four his- OPEN ACCESS torians: Ladislav Deák, František Cséfalvay, Zoltán Katreba and Ján Petrik. A lot has been written on the air warfare between the two armies as well: Juraj Rejninec and Ján Petrik from Slovakia and Iván Pataky, László Rozsos together with Gyula Sárhidai and Csaba B. Stenge from Hungary must be mentioned.1 A thorough study of the dip- lomatic aspect has been done only by István Janek in Hungary.2 Ján Petrik has worked at the local history level and he also published a short but detailed monograph on the Hungarian bombing of Spiška Nová Ves.3 Cséfalvay and Katreba are military histori- ans who work for the Slovak Institution of Military History. They focus on the mili- tary events and publish in various Slovakian historical periodicals.4 Cséfalvay has also shown the political connections of military events.5 It is the merit of the works 1 J. RAJNINEC, Slovenské letectvo 1939/1944, Vol. 1, Bratislava 1997; I. PATAKY — L. ROZ- SOS — G. SÁRHIDAI, Légi háború Magyarország felett, Vol. 1, Budapest 1992; B. C. STENGE, A magyar légierő 1938–1945, in: Rubicon, Vol. 23, No.
    [Show full text]
  • Istvan Hajnal from Estates to Classes 163
    ISTVAN HAJNAL From Estates to Classes ABSTRACT This overview of the epochal Iransformation of Hungarian society from one of estates to one of classes has been translated from the author' s contribution to the probably best sythesis ofthe country' s history produced in inteTWar Hungary. 1 Even if-.fifty years after its writing-several details ( especially statistics) would need up-dating, it is such afine summary of the author's views on social history that it deserves a "renaissance," the more so as the founders of this joumal clzoseHajnal as their model for "doing history." Concerning the history of the nobility, Hajnal underlines the dijference between "western"development, in which the elites (such as the French nobility) acquired expertise to augment and replace their traditional privilege, and the Hungarian story, in which the growth of "professionalism" was badly retarded. The author investigates in detail the fate of landownership: its Iransformation from "feudal" to modern propeny, and points out that the over-all reforms-from Maria Theresa 's to the revolutionary changes in 1848-didnot solve all the problems, neither for the landowning nobles nor for the tenant Uobbdgy) peasants. It took decades oj Habsburg administration to son out many, though not all, of residual issues. Social classes based on the free play of forces and abilities instead of feudal (corporate, stCJndisch) restrictions-this great emancipating enterprise ofthe nineteenth century brought about the modern world with its marvelous achievements, never before seen in human development. However, the mere release of force may still Ieave society on a primitive Ievel. True class society may not develop even when stratification is engendered, not by crude force, but by legally regulated competition of economic and political interests.
    [Show full text]
  • RIS) Categories Approved by Recommendation 4.7 of the Conference of the Contracting Parties
    Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) Categories approved by Recommendation 4.7 of the Conference of the Contracting Parties Note: It is important that you read the accompanying Explanatory Note and Guidelines document before completing this form. 1. Date this sheet was completed/updated: 28th March 2002 2. Country: Slovakia 3. Name of wetland: Latorica 4. Geographical coordinates: 48º 28' N, 022º 00' E 5. Elevation: (average and/or maximum and minimum) 100 m (99 – 103 m) 6. Area: (in hectares) 4 404,7 ha (refined estimation) 7. Overview: (general summary, in two or three sentences, of the wetland's principal characteristics) The site includes a part of the floodplain area of the Latorica River defined by levees, from the Ukrainian borders to the confluence with the Laborec River in the Latorica Protected Landscape Area, in S part of the East Slovakian Lowland. It is characterized by a well-developed system of branches, seasonally inundated habitats with adjacent floodplain forests and grasslands. Threatened and rare aquatic and swamp biocoenoses of lowland, flooded habitats are represented. Several nature reserves are included in the site. 8. Wetland Type: (please circle the applicable codes for wetland types as listed in Annex I of the Explanatory Note and Guidelines document) marine-coastal: AB CDE FGH I J KZk(a) inland: L MNO PQRSpSs Tp Ts UVaVtW Xf Xp Y Zg Zk(b) human-made: 1 2 3 45 678 9 Zk(c) Please now rank these wetland types by listing them from the most to the least dominant: P, Tp, M, Xf, O, 4, Ts, W, 9, 7 9.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Alberta
    University of Alberta Making Magyars, Creating Hungary: András Fáy, István Bezerédj and Ödön Beöthy’s Reform-Era Contributions to the Development of Hungarian Civil Society by Eva Margaret Bodnar A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Department of History and Classics © Eva Margaret Bodnar Spring 2011 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Abstract The relationship between magyarization and Hungarian civil society during the reform era of Hungarian history (1790-1848) is the subject of this dissertation. This thesis examines the cultural and political activities of three liberal oppositional nobles: András Fáy (1786-1864), István Bezerédj (1796-1856) and Ödön Beöthy (1796-1854). These three men were chosen as the basis of this study because of their commitment to a two- pronged approach to politics: they advocated greater cultural magyarization in the multiethnic Hungarian Kingdom and campaigned to extend the protection of the Hungarian constitution to segments of the non-aristocratic portion of the Hungarian population.
    [Show full text]
  • A Concise History of Hungary
    A Concise History of Hungary MIKLÓS MOLNÁR Translated by Anna Magyar published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, cb2 2ru, UnitedKingdom 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org Originally publishedin French as Histoire de la Hongrie by Hatier Littérature Générale 1996 and© Hatier Littérature Générale First publishedin English by Cambridge University Press 2001 as A Concise History of Hungary Reprinted 2003 English translation © Cambridge University Press 2001 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception andto the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. Printedin the UnitedKingdomat the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Monotype Sabon 10/13 pt System QuarkXPress™ [se] A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library isbn 0 521 66142 0 hardback isbn 0 521 66736 4 paperback CONTENTS List of illustrations page viii Acknowledgements xi Chronology xii 1 from the beginnings until 1301 1 2 grandeur and decline: from the angevin kings to the battle of mohács, 1301–1526 41 3 a country under three crowns, 1526–1711 87 4 vienna and hungary: absolutism, reforms, revolution, 1711–1848/9 139 5 rupture, compromise and the dual monarchy, 1849–1919 201 6 between the wars 250 7 under soviet domination, 1945–1990 295 8 1990, a new departure 338 Bibliographical notes 356 Index 357 ILLUSTRATIONS plates 11.
    [Show full text]
  • The Treaty of Trianon – Different Views
    Președinte The Treaty of Trianon – Different Views Celebrations, anniversaries and commemorations are part of civilized peoples’ everyday life. We have in mind both defeats and victories, from time to time we bring them back to our memory because they all are a source from which we can learn. There are political regimes and peoples which emphasize tragedies, and there are others that glorify fulfilments. Romanians have never thought insistently of their historical failures – and there have been quite enough over the course of time! – preferring to remember victories, sometimes too vividly. On the contrary, our Serbian neighbours, for instance, turned the tragic battle of Kossovopolje in 1389 (after which the Turks took the lead in the region) into a moment of reference for their national identity and a symbol of their sacrifice for faith. Our Hungarian neighbours chose to turn certain defeats in their history into important events or even national holidays: for instance, in the history of Hungary the Modern Epoch begins in 1526, when the “disaster” of Mohács took place; 15 March 1848 (when, among other things, the “union of Transylvania with Hungary” was decided) marks the glory of a lost revolution; 23 October 1956 is the date of another violently stifled revolution, this time by the Soviet tanks; 4 June 1920 is the day considered the “catastrophe” of Trianon, etc. Lately we keep hearing of the name Trianon, connected with signing a peace treaty a century ago. At the end of World War II all winning powers together concluded a treaty separately with every single defeated state.
    [Show full text]
  • Explaining Irredentism: the Case of Hungary and Its Transborder Minorities in Romania and Slovakia
    Explaining irredentism: the case of Hungary and its transborder minorities in Romania and Slovakia by Julianna Christa Elisabeth Fuzesi A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Government London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 2006 1 UMI Number: U615886 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615886 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is entirely my own. Signature Date ....... 2 UNIVERSITY OF LONDON Abstract of Thesis Author (full names) ..Julianna Christa Elisabeth Fiizesi...................................................................... Title of thesis ..Explaining irredentism: the case of Hungary and its transborder minorities in Romania and Slovakia............................................................................................................................. ....................................................................................... Degree..PhD in Government............... This thesis seeks to explain irredentism by identifying the set of variables that determine its occurrence. To do so it provides the necessary definition and comparative analytical framework, both lacking so far, and thus establishes irredentism as a field of study in its own right. The thesis develops a multi-variate explanatory model that is generalisable yet succinct.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungary: Jewish Family History Research Guide Hungary (Magyarorszag) Like Most European Countries, Hungary’S Borders Have Changed Considerably Over Time
    Courtesy of the Ackman & Ziff Family Genealogy Institute Updated June 2011 Hungary: Jewish Family History Research Guide Hungary (Magyarorszag) Like most European countries, Hungary’s borders have changed considerably over time. In 1690 the Austrian Hapsburgs completed the reconquest of Hungary and Transylvania from the Ottoman Turks. From 1867 to 1918, Hungary achieved autonomy within the “Dual Monarchy,” or Austro-Hungarian Empire, as well as full control over Transylvania. After World War I, the territory of “Greater Hungary” was much reduced, so that areas that were formerly under Hungarian jurisdiction are today located within the borders of Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, and Yugoslavia (Serbia). Hungary regained control over some of these areas during the Holocaust period, but lost them again in 1945. Regions that belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon (1920): Burgenland (Austria), Carpathian Ruthenia (from 1920 to 1938 part of Czechoslovakia, now Ukraine), Medimurje/Murakoz (Croatia), Prekmuje/Muravidek (Slovenia), Transylvania/Erdely-inc. Banat (Romania), Crisana/Partium (Romania), Maramures/Maramaros (Romania), Szeklerland/Szekelyfold (Romania); Upper Hungary/ Felvidek (Slovakia); Vojvodina/Vajdasag (Serbia, Croatia); Croatia (Croatia), Slavonia (Croatia); Separate division- Fiume (Nowadays Rijeka, Croatia) How to Begin Follow the general guidelines in our fact sheets on starting your family history research, immigration records, naturalization records, and finding your ancestral town. Determine whether your town is still within modern-day Hungary and in which county (megye) and district (jaras) it is located. If the town is not in modern Hungary, see our fact sheet for the country where it is currently located. A word of caution: Many towns in Hungary have the same name, and to distinguish among them, a prefix is usually added based upon the county or a nearby city or river.
    [Show full text]