much further as the engineers deem it advis-year from that concern will amount to theas possible into two districts, leaving out able; and following: that portion in the south part which had been Be It Further Resolved-That a copy of Tonsembraced in the port of Alsea.Steps were this resolution be sent by the secretary of theLogs 400,000then taken toward issuing bonds with which commission to the Hon. Charles L. McNaryLumber 60,000to continue the work of improving the harbor and the Hon. Robert IV. Stanfield, our UnitedFuel oil entrance.The first bond issue was for $75,- States senators-and to the Hon. W. C. Haw- 3,750000 on December 1, 1917, after the Secretary ley, the member of Congress from this dis-Logging equipment and supplies. 1,200of War had issued a permit, on August 11, trict." -PORT OF TOLEDO 1917, authorizing the two port commissions -PORT OF NEWPORT Total . 464,950 to enter into contracts for the work contem- PORT OF NEWPORT plated. EXHIBIT "A"-OOTOBER 31, 1923 AND JOINT WORK The work of the two commissions was done "Logs handled in rafts by two boats from The firstmeeting of the Newport Portthroughajointcommitteewhichhas Manary's log dump in Yaquina bay harbor toCommission was held in Newport on May 26,functioned harmoniously and of which Capt. the mill at Toledo, Oreg., a distance of nine1910, following the appointment of the com-Jacobson has been president since its organ- miles, from September 1, 1922, to October 31,missioners by the governor. ization. 1923 (fourteen months), 55,945,099 feet or An attempt had been made to organize one Under this arrangement work on the south 223,780 tons. port district for Yaquina Bay, but a differencejetty was renewed in 1917 and continued Equipment, consisting of locomotives, cars, of opinion arose and the Newport districtwithout government aid until 1919, when the rails, logging trucks, logging engines, campwas first organized, embracing the territorygovernment adopted the project of the survey and commissary supplies, handled on bargesadjacent to the lower bay, three miles northmade in 1916 and appropriated $100,000 for from Toledo, Oreg., to the Manary log dumpand three miles southeast to Yaquina City. it. from February 1, 1922, to October 31, 1923 R.A.Bensall,J.A. Olssen,Edward For the purpose of continuing the work, (21 months), 4,955 tons. Stocker, George King and Thomas Leese, thethe port of Newport issued bonds as did the "Logs handled in rafts by two boats fromappointed commissioners, were present at theport of Toledo, as follows: December 1, 1917 Logging Camp No. 11, located on the Siletzfirst meeting and Mr. Bensall was elected$75,000; January 1, 1918, $90,000; Septem- River about sixteen miles inland to mill atpresident. Mr. Leese secretary. ber 1, 1918, $90,000.On February 1, 1921, Toledo-a distance of 43 miles-via Siletz The personnel of the commission at thethe government took over the project and the river and bay, Pacific Ocean and Yaquinabeginning of this year, 1924, is Capt. 0. F.two ports were given credit for the amounts Harbor, from August 1, 1923, to October 31,Jacobson, president; Frank Priest, vice-presi-of money they had expended, a total of $549,- 1923(threemonths),6,883,424feetordent; C. E. Sheffield, treasurer; Frank Daw-165 and were asked to give the government 27,734 tons. son, secretary, and George Ashcraft. $165,000 in cash, to meet the increased costs "Finished lumber handled on lighters from Capt. Jacobson is a seafaring man and hasof the project which had been caused by the the mill at Toledo, Oreg., to Newport, Oreg.,been president of the commission practicallywar.The port of Newport paid its share of Yaquina harbor, to alongside the the steamerever since his election ten years ago.Forthis money out of a bond issue of October 1,

rI-fE ABOVE COMPANION VIEWS SHOW THREE LOCOMOTIVES. LEFT-HAND VIEW-BALDWIN ROD ENGINE NO.1, A 75= TON LOCOMOTIVE AND FOUR TRAINMEN. AT RIGHT-BALDWINSADDLETANK LOCOMOTIVE NO.5, IN THE LEFT BACK= GROUND, AND St-lAY LOCOMOTIVE NO. 3 WITH TRAIN OF LOGS IN RIGHT FOREGROUND

Robert Johnson' for movement to San Fran- over twenty years he has piloted the bDat 1920, for $132,000.On July 1, 1921, a bond cisco and Los Angeles, Cal., from June 1,running between Newport and Yaquina Cityissue of $25,000 was made and on January 1, 1923, to October 31, 1923 (five )nonths),daily and now owned by the Newport Navi- 1923, one for $35,000 was issued, with which 10,575,274 feet or 21,151 tons. gation Co., of which he is president. the bond issue of July 1, 1921 was retired. "Fuel oil purchased in San Francisco and C. E. Sheffield is in the real estate busi-The total bond issues of the port district, then Los Angeles, handled on return tripsof theness in Newport; Fred Dawson is a druggist;were $422,000, deducting the $25,000 issued 'Robert Johnson' in her tanks and deliveredGeorge Ashcraft is in the retail lumber busi-and retired.These soldat 96 to 98 and to the Manary Logging Co. for use as fuel onness and Frank Priest is a retired businessthe money was spent on the improvement of its locomotives and logging engines, fromman. The commission employs D. T. Hardingthe harbor.They are being paid as they June1,1923,toOctober31, 1923 (fiveas deputy treasurer and secretary. come due and the interest is provided for months), 11,743 barrels or 1,843 tons. Late in 1923 the Port Commission pur-annually by taxation. RECAPITULATION chasedabuilding andconsiderabledock Part of the work performed by the ports of Barrels Feet Tons frontage in Newport and now has quartersToledo and Newport consisted in securing an Logs 55,945,099223,780of its own.The rentals from the rest of theeighteen-foot channel approximately 200 feet Logging Equip- building, not occupied by the commission,wide and 250 feet wide on the curves, from ment 4,955 make a profit for the body.The berth ofYaquina City to the bar at the entrance. Logs 6,883,424 27,734 the steamship "Robert Johnson," as she takes THE PORT OF TOLEDO, OREGON Finished Lum- on her cargo, is at the dock of the NewportAND ITS COMMISSIONERS ber 10,575,274 21,151 Port Commission. Fuel Oil 11,743 1,843 For seven years after the organization of The first meeting of the Toledo Port Com- the port district its activities were of purelymission was held in Toledo, Oreg., on May a local character, the money for which was26, 1910, following the appointment of the Total 11,74373,403,797279,463 raised by a small annual tax.Following the commission by the governor.William Smith GROSS TONNAGE edict of the government in 1915 that it waswas president of this first commission, T. F. Tonswilling to co-operate with the port commis-Stewartvice-president, A. T. Peterson Pacific Spruce Corpn 279,463 sion on a 50-50 basis in the improvement oftreasurer, Lee Wade secretary, with W. C. Multnomah Box 74,000 the harbor, the need of an enlarged districtCopeland as the fifth member of the commis- Misc. Freights 15,000 became apparent, as did also the need ofsion. - Lumber from Siletz 5,750 closer co-operation between the two ports; One ofthefirstactions of the Port of Fish 768 and in the fall of 1916 steps were taken toToledo was to bond itself for $50,000 for the form an enlarged district and perfect a jointimprovement of Yaquina River from Toledo Total 374,931 working arrangement. to Yaquina City, as related in that part of "Reports received fioni the Pacific Spruce At a meeting held in Newport Novemberthis story entitled "The Improvement of the Corporation indicate that the tonnage next11, 1916, the county was divided as nearly Yaquina River."

31 The Toledo Port Commission joined with stand exactly what is meant when it is saidsouth Lincoln County, itis safe and proper the Port of Newport in 1916 in an effort tothat, although active logging operations haveto say that the Pacific Spruce Corporation has secure the deepening of the Yaquina bar.been going on in thatterritorysince earlyin its possession todayinclusive of various Coincident with the action of the sister port,in 1922, there is no reason for changing thetracts under optionnot less than 2,000,- the Port of Toledo issued bonds for bar im-totals of the estimated stands in the various000,000 feet of timber of all sorts. provement as follows: woods. "Siletz" Fir Stand Heaviest Known The table which followsindicatesthe Date of Issue Amount quantities of the four principal woods that The Siletz country runs heavier to fir than December 1, 1917 $ 75,000 may be found today on the so-called Blodgettany other timber, as evidenced by all of the January 1, 1918. 90,000 tract of 12,705.94 acres of land, situated inexpert cruises that have been made in that September 1, 1918 90,000 Lincolnterritory; and in the specific statement con- October 1, 1920 130,000 thethreesouthern townshipsof cerning this timber, made below, under the January 1, 1923 35,000County Oregon: sub-headings of "The Timber In the Territory Species Feet of Camp 12" and "The Timber in the Terri- Present Personnel Sitka spruce . 330,000,000tory of Camp 11" it is seen that the fir timber The personnel of the Toledo Port Commis- Douglas fir 265,000,000is much taller than in average tracts through- sion at present is J. W. Parish, president; GuyWestern hemlock 190,000,000 out the country;that the trees range in Roberts, secretary; William Andrews,Western red cedar 15,000,000content from 3,000 to 25,000 feet and that treasurer; Peter Frederick and Dr. R. D. the average in FIR is not less than 8,000 feet Burgess being the other two members of the Total . 800,000,000to the tree. commission.The deputy secretary-treasurer Our own observer, who is a timberman of is George Trommiltz.Mr. Parish, the presi-TIMBER STAND IN THE no mean knowledge, makes many statements dent, has been a resident of Lincoln County"S1LETZ" COUNTRY that the reader will find under the subdivi- for over thirty years.He lives on a ranch Concerning the standof timberinthesions named above; but Leo Martin, expert on Depot Slough, two miles north of Toledo,Siletz, it appears to the general timber ownertimberland man of the Pacific Spruce Cor- at a point directly across the water fromto possess an apochryphal and doubtful mean-poration, refers especially to one particular where R. A. Bensall built the first mill oning, but having investigated all these various 160 acresthe E. '/2 of the E.'/2 of Section

THE ABOVE VIEW SHOWS BALDWIN 65-TON SADDLETANK LOCOMOTIVE NO. 5 WITH A TYPICAL TRAIN OF EIGHT CARS LOADED WITH SITKA SPRUCE AND OLD GROWTH YELLOW DOUGLAS FIR LOGS, STANDING NEAR HEADQUARTERS CAMP 1 OF MANARY LOGGING C 0., LINCOLN COUNTY, OREGON

Yaquina Bay in 1866.He has been a mem- rumors it is found that the statement is true.30, Township 9 W., Range 10 W., which con- ber of the commission for six years. On the "Location Map" printed elsewheretains20,000,000feetoftimber-125,000 Mr. Fredericks is a merchant in Toledo;which indicates the railways, main roads andfeet per acre. Guy Roberts owns and operates a sawmill atcamps of the Manary Logging Co., etc., there Enormous Length of Sitka Spruce Logs Toledo; Dr. Burgess is one of the physiciansis no endeavor to mark each township where As an evidence of the great growth Leo M. of Toledo and William Andrews is a retired the possessions of the Pacific Spruce Corpora-Martin, timber engineer of the Pacific Spruce business man. tion lie; but there is thrown a general hatchedCorporation, referred us to the fact that dur- line about the territory of ownership, so thating last autumn they had many times carried the reader may understand the approximateSitka spruce logs of high merchantable quali- AMOUNT, QUALITY AND CHARACTER location. ty 160 feet long and often 40 inches in diame- OF TIMBER OF TIlE PACIFIC The total acreage owned by the company inter at the top, for seventeen miles down the SPRUCE CORPORATION the Siletzis14,626; the total amount of timber on these acres is 835,000,000 feet andSiletz River in rafts and out into the Pacific the strictly worked out percentages are asOcean in the same manner and landed them There be many holdings of Douglas fir on successfully at the booming ground at South the Pacific Coast tributary to saw mills, butfollows: Beach. finally putting them into the storage Fir 70.65waters at Toledo.. There is a record of many there is no other combination of Douglas fir 21.17 and Sitka spruce which has the Sitka spruce Spruce 0 these trees showing a content of 30,000 in as large quantity as on the possessions of Hemlock 5.65feet. the Pacific Spruce Corporation. Cedar 2.53 Timber "Fire Hazard" Very Low ConsideringthetimberofthePacific 100.00 The fire hazard on all the timber posses- Spruce Corporation as a whole, there is no sions of the Pacific Spruce Corporation, in reason today for going back of the general The various tracts purchased to date in theboth south Lincoln County and theSiletz estimate of the timber on the Lincoln CountySiletz country have been the W. P. Porter tract made during the formation of the Pacifictract, the Chautauqua Lumber Co. tract andcountry, is very small and can hardly be con- Spruce Corporation.The figures given outthe Sunset timber tractthis lasthavingsidered.This statement is predicated on the then were in "round numbers" and thosebeen purchased from A. B. Hammond of Sanfact that practically all the timber posses- round-number figures will be maintained at Francisco.To sum up the various purchasessions of the Pacific Spruce Corporation are this day and time and the timberman andof the Pacific Spruce Corporation inclusivein the so-called fog belt and there is prob- timber owner, wherever dispersed, will under-of the government timber under contract inably more general dampness to the square 32 foot in that section than there is in any other Pacific Ocean runs 20 percent to Sitka spruce; one learns the basic fact that it runs 66,666 timber section of the Pacific slope. and this distance generally includes what isfeet per acre. Notwithstanding this condition, the Man-commonly known as the coast range, extend- Ownership of this timber previous to the ary Logging Co. keeps up modern methods ofing from British Columbia south to Califor-war had included such well known timber- timber housekeeping asstrictlyasif thenia and with a more or less similar distribu- men as J. E. DuBois, of Pennsylvania, C. A. possessions of the Pacific Spruce Corporation Smith, of California and John W. Blodgett, were on a wind-swept table-land;and thetion on Vancouver Island and in British Co- of Grand Rapids, Mich.So it seems a happy company stands ready at all times to fightlumbia. circumstance that at a time when C. D. John- whatever fire might eventuate in either the In the early days timber investors, loggersson, with his acute sense of timber values, timber or around the camps, as it picks upand lumbermen eagerly sought out the heavywas in the market for a timber proposition its waste along the railway linein a verystands of old growth yellow Douglas fir andwhich would enable him to re-establish an painstaking manner. western red cedar and endeavored to secureoutlet for his restless energy in the manu- SITKA SPRUCE "ARRIVED" as many adjacent holdings as possible, whichfacture and sale of lumber on a scale com- DURING THE GREAT WAR might form a sufficient quantity to justifymensurate with his previous enterprises in the building of a big mill at some point nearsouthern yellow pine, the newly established One of the surprising developments duringby; butat that timewhen the proportionvalue of Sitka spruce, together with the long the great World War was the recognition ofof Sitka spruce and western hemlock was onlyestablished value of old growth yellow Doug- the value of Sitka spruce and the establish-10 or 15 percent of the stand, it was not con-las fir, western hemlock and western red ce- ment ofitssuperiority,not only for air-sidered asan investment which could bedar, shouldbebroughttohisattention plane construction, but for nearly all othereasily sold or utilized.ALL of this is nowthrough the desire of the government to mar- uses to which a commercial wood is adapt- CHANGED. Those sawmill men NOW as-ket its war time investment! able.In trying various woods for airplanessembling timber for big operations are eager it was discovered not only that Sitka spruce WEALTH OF SPRUCE REVEALED for Sitka spruce. BY WAR TIME PRODUCTION could be usedand proved the very best forHIGH PERCENTAGE OF SPRUCE that purposebut that the available supply IN TILlS REMARKABLE STAND The war time development of this tract and was much greater than had been supposed. its careful cruises naturally familiarizedC. Almost withoutexceptionthelocations From thisit can be understood whyinD. Johnson with it, in ALL its features; but

VIEW OF A LOADED LOG TRAIN OF ELEVEN CARS STANDING NEAR HEADQUARTERS CAMP 1 OF THE MANARY LOGGING CO. NEAR SOUTIIBEACI-I, OREGON. FRONT CAR 10,790 FEET OF SITKA SPRUCE LOGS; SECOND CAR, ALSO OF SITKA SPRUCE, 15.250 FEET. REST OF TRAIN IS MIXED SPRUCE AND FIR

where the Sitka spruce stand was the heavi- addition to its isolationthe present hold-with it, only a very FEW well-informed tim- est were isolated from existing timber opera- ings of the Pacific Spruce Corporationlaybermen connected the possibilities of adding tions; though in the Grays Harbor, Willapadormant for so many years; and while it ex-to this tract another, north of the Yaquina Harbor and Coos Bay sections, it formed aplains the availabilityoftheholdingsin River, exceeding in quantity the government- part of theoutput oftheforests. Evenwhich Sitka spruce figures largely, it gives noowned tract and its potential additions. there, prior to 1914, it was looked upon asinkling of the value of some of the heaviest The 'Siletz" timber was mainly in the hands an undesirable class of timber and to bestandsof the best quality of old growthof small owners and its natural outlet under avoided in logging operations whenever pos-yellow Douglas fir in the country, with a con-existing conditions was to the established mill sible. at Toledo; otherwiseinvolvinganalmost The lumber had THEN little marketsiderable percentage of western hemlock andprohibitive expense to make connections by value and the loggers disposed of many ofa small proportion of western red cedar; norrail to any OTHER point. the logs to the box factories, where it wasdoesitconvey thesurprising information A glanceat the "Location Map,"else- utilized mainly for fish boxes. that a portion of these holdings show thewhere, shows the timber tracts of the Pacific Previous to 1914 these factories demandedheaviest stand per acre,inboth AMOUNTSpruce Corporation, with the railroad built as much clear Sitka spruce stock as theyand QUALITY, of any variety of merchant-by the government from the unloading dock could prevail upon the loggers to supply; andable timber in the known world! and rafting pocket on the south side of Ya- many such logs, now carefully manufactured On the tract of 12,705.94 acres lying be-quina Bay, at South Beach, following the into shop lumber, were then left in the woodstween Alsea Bay and Yachats River in thecoast line for some milesto Headquarters because of the knots above the twoor pos-southern part of Lincoln County, Oregon, theCamp 1 of the Manary Logging Co., a sub- sibly threefirst logs.It must not be in-very accurate cruises made for the previoussidiary of the Pacific Spruce Corporation. ferred from thisthattheaverageSitkaowners and acceptedbythegovernment This map also shows thePacificSpruce spruce tree does not yield more clear lum-Spruce Production Division, Bureau ofAir-Northern Railway, at present extended about ber than above indicated.The trees THENcraft Production and ultimately transferredsix miles from the log dump on Depot Slough, cut were usually found where they were moreto the United States Spruce Production Cor-Toledo, Oreg., to the operations of the Pa- limby than in the heavy stands. porationfrom which C.D. Johnson pur- cificSpruce Corporation, and itsproposed PROBABLE DISTRIBUTION chased this timberlet it be known that thisextension to the Siletz River. OF SIPXA SPRUCE timber was selectediy real timber experts, This map likewise shows the location of whoeliminated unpoductiveareasevenCamp 11 and Camp 12 on the Siletz River, Probably on a fairestimate the average40- and 160-acre lotsso that in averagingthelatterbeing eighteenmiles from its staid of timber within twenty miles of thethe stand of timber on the acreage mentionedmouth.

33 TIMBER CHARACTERISTICS NEAR HEADQUARTERS CAMP 1 At present, logging operations have been conducted on Spurs No. 1, No. 4 and No. 4B, as specifically describedin another depart- ment devotedto"Logging Operations and Equipment." The timber adjacent to Spur No. 1is a mixed stand of Sitka spruce, old growth yel- low Douglas fir, western hemlock and west- ern red cedar, one of the few places where all these species occur. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTRY ADJACENT TO CAMP 1 The main line of the railroad follows a comparatively level area close to the ocean. In this section of the Pacific Spruce Corpo- ration holdings practically all of the timber is located on a series of ridges and the val- leys between, rising to the mountain ranges farther inland, which never attain a height of 3,000 feet above sea level.None of the Pacific Spruce Corporation holdings inthe southern portion of Lincoln County attain 2,000 feet; but even these elevations unques- tionably presentedgreatproblems,allof whichthe intelligent engineeringofthe A VIEW ACROSS ALSEA BAY LOOKING FROM THE NORTH. A LOG TRAIN OF THE Manary Logging Co. hassuccessfullyover- MANARY LOGGING CO. (SUBSIDIARY TO THE PACIFIC SPRUCE CORPORATION), IScome at reasonable expense. APPROACHING OVER THE 7,000-FOOT TRESTLE. ALSEA BAY IS A VERY CONSID- Headquarters Camp 1islocated a half ERABLE AREA OF TIDE FLAT IN THE SOUTH CENTER OF LINCOLN COUNTY, ORECj.mile from the Pacific Ocean, only a few feet above sea level, with the first range of hills a half mile inland.Here the timber is not as large as it is farther inland.As the sec- ond range of hills is approached, it changes to a very heavy growth, until the second mile inland presents a stand of Sitka spruce, old growth yellow Douglas fir and western hem- lock timber which is thick upon the ground, the trees large and of unusual height, with clear poles 75 to 100 feet to the limbs.It is in prime condition, just approaching the age when it would become overripe, but is yet sound to the extreme tops of the trees. Sound Trees Most Impressive On Sections 18 and 19, Township 14 South, Range 11 West, the array of tall, sound trees of good size is most impressive.In the val- leys it is generally Sitka spruce, ranging from 30 inches to 5 feet in diameter while toward thetopoftheridges old growth yellow Douglas fir from 40 inches to 6 feet in di- ameter is found, which is also in solid stands. There is a sprinkling of tall young western hemlock, 12 to 24 inches in diameter, in this section, which might almost be overlooked in the general assembly of big timber.The hemlock will average about 1,000 feet to the tree, whereas the Sitka spruce and fir run A LOG TRAIN OF THE MANARY LOGGING CO. (SUBSIDIARY TO THE PACIFIC8,000 to 20,000 feet per tree. SPRUCE CORPORATION), PASSINGEASILY UP THE ONLY GRADE OF ANY Timber So Thick It Forms Perfect Canopy IMPORTANCE BETWEEN HEADQUARTERS CAMP AND YAQUINA BAY. THIS IN- The timber stands so thick that the tops STANTANEOUS VIEW WAS MADE JUST AS THE TRAIN PASSED INTO THE RANGEform a perfect canopy and the heavy shade OF THE CAMERA retards the underbrush to a minimum height. The trees stand in solid masses and in clus- ters and occasionally a single massive trunk seems tomonopolize thearea aroundit. While many of the trees rise with the mini- mum of taper, the occasional spreading roots of the big Sitka spruce trees seem almost to interlock and among them there is not a dead or diseased tree. Were it not for the Sitka spruce and hem- lock saplings, and their foliage,the view would show only massive tree trunks; and this is typical of a large part of the holdings not an isolated exception.How could it be otherwise where the stand cruised 150,000 to 200,000 feet to the acre? L J- - -::: Remarkably Small Number of Windfails 77 Another remarkable featureisthe very small number of windfalls in this section. J IJt These trees are located where it would seem that their exposure to heavy storms from the Pacific Ocean would occasionally take toll from them, and the only explanation why it does not would seem to be that the tenacious red clay soil gives to the roots a firm hold. The fertility of the soil also accounts partly for the sound and rapid growth.Felled trees show in the annual rings a most remarkably TEN CARS OF LONG-LENGTH SITKA SPRUCE AND OLD GROWTHYELLOW DOUG-uniform growth, the rings of the first twenty- LAS FIR LOGS AT THE DUMPING WATERS AT SOUTHBEACH,OREGON, LOOK-five years varying from one inch tothree- ING OUfWARD FROM THE SHORE WITH LOCOMOTIVE PUSHINGTHEM INTOeighths of an inch a year, reducing to one- PROPER PLACE FOR DUMPING quarter of an inch in the next ten or fifteen

34 years; then for forty to 150 years is found an almost uniform growth of one-quarter of an inch a year, decreasing gradually to the usual narrow width. Most of the country is too hilly and the valleys are too narrow to attract ranchers, but the rich soilwill undoubtedly produce another crop of timber in a minimum time. Official Thought on Reforestation It is proper to state at this juncture that the careful findings of N. Leroy Cary, forest examiner for the government, in his Bulletin No. 1060, issued in May, 1922, says substan- tially that pulpwood may be expected to re- produce on the cutover land in this area in forty years and an excellent grade of mer- chantable timber in eighty years.So that it is not a violent supposition to say that the Pacific Spruce Corporationwith its present holdingofabout 2,000,000,000feet, and other timber which it will undoubtedly pui- chase in the years to comemaywith ordi- nary care in loggingbecome a well-nigh perpetual operation. TIMBER HOLDINGS ADJACENT TO CAMP 12 Camp 12 of the Manary Logging Co. dur- ing its first activity was located along the county road leading to Siletz, six miles north of the mill at Toledo, tapping the southern limit of the Siletz timber holdings. The timber hereis mainlyold growth yellow Douglas fir and Sitka spruce of mod- erate size, with a small proportion of hem- lock; but its stand upon the ground is of a phenomenally dense character.It will run about 150,000 feet to the acre; the trees run two to four feet in diameter; they are unus- ually thick on the ground and tall and sound. One of the most remarkable views of cut timberwhich, by the way, is used in thisDETAILED VIEW OF THE BUTT OF AN OLD GROWTH YELLOW DOUGLAS FIR LOG articlewas photographed in the late sum-4 FEET IN DIAMETER. THE RINGS SHOW THE RAPID GROWTH OF THE TREE mer of 1923.From a vantage point near theTYPICAL OF THIS SECTION WHICH, IT IS EASY TO ASCERTAIN, WAS 150 YEARS bottom of a valley, an area of about thirty OLD AS SHOWN BY THE ANNUAL RINGS acres is seen, in which the fallen logs almost cover the ground and in many places they are piled three, four and five deep.Literally there was not room enough for them other- wise.(See pages 36 and 37.) The extremely sound characterofthis timber enabled the loggers to fell the entire tract at one time, a method which would not have been practicable had the timber been less sound, and subject to breakage. Succes- sive fellings would then have been necessary, owing to the density of the stand. Along the old mailtrailfromSiletzto Kernville is found, first, medium sizedold growth yellow Douglas fir and a small pro- portion of western hemlock, exceeding 150,- 000 feet to the acre; then is seen a marvel- ous stand of old growth yellow Douglas fir exceedingon some acres-250,000 feet; on one 40 acres, 5,600,000feet;and on one quarter section 20,000,000feet;and ina mixed stand offir, Sitka spruce and hem- lock 69,000,000 feet on one section. The old growth yellow Douglas firaver- ages six feet in diameter, and is above 150 feet in height, with 90 feet surface clear and running heavy to No. 1logs.It is practi- cally free from underbrush.There are no dead trees, few showing indications that they are approaching the full-ripe stage, and there is a minimum of windfalls. It is a sight never to be forgotten by any woodsman familiar with this type of timber. Adjacent to this wonderful stand ofold growth yellowDouglasfir, astheridges drop to the bottoms along Jaybird Creek, is found Sitka spruce, which has attained the largest size common to that species and which maintains, despite its size, the greatest fi'ee- dom from rot or other defects.The stand is not dense, butthetrees run 10,000 feet to 30,000 feet each and of course are sur- rounded at the base with a dense mass of underbrush as is invariably found with Sitka spruce timber. A "BUCKER" SAWING AN OLD GROWTH YELLOW DOUGLAS FIR LOG THREE FEET This unusually heavy stand is not an ex-IN DIAMETER AT THE TOP OF AN 80=FOOT CUT, USING AN "UNDER-CUTTER," A ception in the Siletz country.Many otherSAWGUIDE ARRANGEMEN1' "DOGGED" INTO LOG NEAR TOP AND CARRYING portions approach it and practically all of the BELOW AN ADJUSTABLE CLAMP well-located areas are of the same general character.More or lesslogging has beened to the COlumbia.Much of this was logged These flourishing ranches demonstrate the done in past years along the river, where thefor ranches and with the brush lands cleared,fertility of the soil and the climatic adapt- logs could be floated down the river and raft-forms what is now known as the Siletz flats.ability for hay, oats, wheat and even corn. 35 The cleared lands are mainly adjacent to All of the above statements about Douglasfeet to the first limb, 129 feet inits total the river and its tributaries and do not in-fir are prefatory to the most important state-log length and scaled 33,000 feet.Another fringe on the practically continuous stand ofment of all, which is that fir of the Pacific4-foot Sitka spruce showed 124 feetto the timber from the north half of Township 10Spruce Corporation is away and above 150first limb; and one of the largest measured to the mouth of the Siletz Riverand evenyears of age and practically all of itcan 11 feet in diameter, with an estimate in the beyond that.Thus there will be a continu-becharacterized as oldgrowthyellowstanding tree of35,000feet. Long-bodied ous supply of fine timber adjacent to any pro- Sitka spruce trees4to8feet in diame- posed railroad, even extending to the mouthDouglas fir, from 250 to 300 years old. ter characterize the stand on the first levels of the Siletz, which could be reached by lay-THE TIMBER ALONG near the river, with a gradual diversion to ing less than twenty-five miles of rail fromTHE SILETZ RIVER fine fir up the slopes.The hemlock, as in all Toledo. the holdings, is tall and clear, but slender. Right here is a chance to discuss the va- The timber holdings of the Pacific Spruce With this great resource of magnificent riation in old growth yellow Douglas fir tim-Corporation in the Siletz region are located intimber, located in a climate which favors con- ber.Until a Douglas fir tree has shed itsTownship 8, 9 and 10, Ranges 9, 10 and 11;tinuous operation, its right-up-to-date logging lower limbs and begun to cover them withand following the windings of the Siletz Riverequipment and the highlyefficient sawmill what will make clear lumber, it is generallyto Township 9, Range 10, west of the river,at Toledo, the Pacific Spruce Corporation will known as red fir; and, where the growth isa body of timber is found which, in manyundoubtedly continue to surprise the consum- rapid and continuous, that designation meansplaces, exceeds, in the quantity oP merchant-ers of lumber as much with the high quality "y'oung fir"; but in different locations at thisable timber on the ground, any region in theof its output as it has in the assembly and

A REJARK6BLE PANORAMIC VIEW OF TIMBER ON THE N. W. S. W. '4 SEC. 17, T. 10 S., R. 11 W., IN TUE LOGt1NO OPERATIONS ( COVERINq, THE GROUND THREE OR FOUR LOGS DEEP, ALL SO SOUND AS NOT TO HAVE BEEN IN ANY WAY BROKEN AND AVERA6I AREA OF ABOUT THIRTY ACRES OF TIMBERE 4 point in its growth the change in the char- known world where merchantable timber ispresent development of one of the greatest acter of the wood variesgreatly andtheavailable,being probably exceededintheenterprises of its class in the country; writ- wood formeddirectlyafterthe knots arestand only by the wonderful Sequoias in theing into history not only the names of C. D. shed may have all the characteristics of yel-national parks in the Sierra Nevada Moun-Johnson and his sons, but the names of other low fir. tains of California, which will never be cutmen now and later to be added to its list of In some sections of the Pacific coast firfor lumber. capable employees. beltapparently due to soil variations, nut possibly where the fogs carry less moistureTHE TIMBER HOLDINGS and therainsare lighterthereis little ADJACENT TO CAMP 11 REVIEW OF THE LOGGING OPERA- change from the "red fir" character; but in its The preceding descriptions of the Siletz TIONS OF THE MANARY LOGGING continuously rapid growth, close to the Pacifictimber will apply in general to that in the COMPANY Ocean in Oregon, where the Pacific Sprucevicinity of Camp 11, with its heavy stand of Corporation operates, the second characteris-gigantic spruce close to the stream and the The problems confronting a logger any- tic of the Douglas fir timber forms "bastardfir and hemlock further back.Without goingwhere are difficult, but nowhere in the world fir," approximately, until the tree passes theintodetailastothestanding timberin are they more difficult than in the big tim- age of 150 years, after which it becomes "Oldgeneral, the felled logs illustrate itschar- ber of the Pacific coast, where large trees Growth Yellow Douglas Fir," which is far andacter.One magnificent tree measured nineand a rough terrain combinein presenting away the highest type of Douglas fir. feet across the butt, was absolutely sound, 85problems which tax the ingenuity and techni 36 cal skill of the logging engineer. en out at this point, and these were the first In January, 1923, "Side 1" had completed When the Pacific Spruce Corporation con-logs delivered to the mill at Toledo. its work at the first set on Spur 1 and was tracted with the government for a large part During the progress of this work, Camp 1,moved 2,000 feet farther into the timber on of its properties in Lincoln County, Oregon, the extension of this spur, where it operated some of the initial work leading toward log-at the southern terminus of the road, haduntil June, 1923, when it had taken out 5,- ging already had been done.A railroad hadbeen opened, buildings were erected and the000,000 feet.By this time the spur had been been constructed bythe government fromequipment was installed. further extended, 600 feet of trestle had been Toledo to the timber south of Yaquina Bay,LOGGING OPERATIONS BEGIN built and 1,200 feet of railroad constructed, a distance of 23 ½ miles, and the airplane AT HEADQUARTERS CAMP 1 with a maximum grade of 61/2 percent and a spruce operations abandoned at the signing maximum curvature of 16 degrees.With the of the armistice and this railroad were includ- In September, 1922, Camp 1 was ready tocompletion of this extension of Spur 1, "Side ed in the sale. operate.At that time Spur 1 had been ex-1" was moved from its second set, to its third tended into the timber about a mile north ofset, in June, 1923. 'rilE MANARY LOGGING Co. Camp 1, where "Side 1" was opened at the HAS ITS REAL BEGINNING end of the spur.This side consisted of a Standard Equipment for Swings For the purpose of conducting the logging 12x14compound geared two-speedWilla- By this time a standard equipment had operations a subsidiary company of the Pa- mette swing, operating 1,300 feet;a 12x14been adopted by the Manary Logging Co., in cific Spruce Corporation, the Manary LoggingWillamette Humboldt yarder and an 11x13places where a swing was to be used and

IE MANARY LOGGING CO. (SUBSIDIARY TO THE PACIFIC SPRUCE CORPORATION), SHOWING THE TIMBER AFTER BEING FELLED ),000 FEET TO THE ACRE OF SITKA SPRUCE, OLD GROWTH YELLOW DOUGLAS FIR AND OTHER TIMBER. THE PICTURE SHOWS AN .ND, THE TIMBER BEING MOSTLY FIR

Co. was formed, with James Manary, a skilledWillamette loader, using the crotch-line load-which was first installed when "Side 2" was Pacific coast logger, as president and his twoing system.From this set 12,000,000 feetmoved from Spur 1, to Spur 4, in February, sons, Gordon and Roland Manaryexperi-of Sitka spruce and western hemlock was1923, and began operating in March.This enced loggersas his right-hand men, occu-logged, a record foraone-side operationstandard equipment for swing logging is il- pying official positions in the company. which speaks volumes for the quality andlustratedelsewhere inthisissue.It was The first actual work begun by the Manarydensity of the timber in which it operated. made possible by the uniform quality of the Logging Co. was in March, 1922, when Ro- In October, 1922, Gordon Manary, superin- timber and the condition of the ground. land Manary arrived at Toledo with a crewtendent of Camp 1, opened "Side 2" on Spur A head spar tree is first chosen, as close to of men who were put to work on the railroad1, similar inoperation and equipment tothe track as possible and the head rigger right-of-way south of the bay in order to clean"Side 1," with a 12x14 compound-geared two-equips it with the necessary guy lines and it up.Several weeks were spent in this work speed Willamette swing,operatingat 900blocks for a 12x14 compound-geared two- and in ballasting the roadbed.Then Camp 2,feet, in conjunction with a 12x14 Willamettespeed Willamette for the high-lead system. at the12-Mile Post, was opened with oneHumboldt yarder and an 11x13 WillametteThis spar treeis also rigged for a double- side.The equipment consisted ofa12x14 loader with a crotch-line loading system. Byboom loader operated by an11x13three- Willamette Humboldt yarder and an 11x13February, 1923, "Side 2" had logged 4,000,-drum Willamette loading donkey assisted by Willamette loading donkey, made by the000 feet of timber on what was known as thea "monkey chunk." Willamette Iron & Steel Works, of Portland,"Johnson tract,"whenitsequipment was Two to four tail trees are then selected, Oreg.Several million feet of logs were tak-moved to Spur 4. ranging from 900 to 1,200 feet distant from

37 THE ABOVE PICTURE REPRESENTS A WILLAMETTE 12x14 A WILLAMETTE 13x14HIGH-SPEED SKY=LINE YARDER 11101-I-SPEED YARDER WORKING AMONG FALLEN LOGS WORKING WITH A lOxil LOADER FOR THE MANARY LOGGING NEAR CAMP 12 OF MANARY LOGGING CO. CO. NEAR CAMP 12 the head spar tree and located at such pointsconsists of an 11x13 three-drum Willametteeach car accommodating eight men, with a as will adapt them to the operation of theloader, a double-spar boom rigged to the headdining room and cook house. swing in thatparticularlocation. One ofspar tree and a "monkey chunk." Operations from Spur 4 out of headquar- these tail trees is then rigged with the tail Logs which the swing has brought fromters camp began in March. 1923, following blocks of the high leadand a Willamettethe tail tree are dropped on the ground asremoval of "Side 2", from Spur 1 to this Humboldt yarder taken to it.With the aidnear the spar tree as possible.The doublenew location.When "Side 2" was removed of a straw line, which is taken out from theloading boom is swung overthese logs byfrom Spur 1 to Spur 4, the standard equip- two-speed engine to the tail treea 7/16 inchthe loadiqg engine; the tongs are lowered,ment, previously described, was used for the MacWhyte wire rope the 13/16-inch haul-and made fast to the log, which is then liftedfirst time, and, having been found to be suc- back is carried to the tail tree and the 1-up close under the swing boom.The drumcessful, it was adopted for all swing logging inch haul line follows.The two-inch Mac- is then released and the "monkey chunk" (aoperations.Spur 4 extends in a general east- Whyte sky line is then carried out, with the heavylogcounterweight), bygravitation,erly direction from headquarters camp, about aid of these lines and the two-speed engineswings the boom, with the suspendedlog, four miles and has a branch called Spur 4-B. with which they have been connected and isback over the trucks, where it is lowered toThe terrain necessitated the building of five stretched with the proper deflection in posi- position. bridges within the first mile, with a total tion from the top of the head spar tree to the The third drum on the engine is used forlength of 1,200 feet, and of an average height tail spar tree.The lines of the Humboldtspotting cais under the loading boom. of 40 feet. yarder at the tail tree aie put out.Logs The double-booni loading system, in each "Side 3," consisting of the standard equip- brought to the tail treearetaken by theone of the sides of the Manary Logging Co.,mentofa13x14 Willamette high-speed wing and carried to the landing at the rail-now in operation, is working perfectly andswing, a 12x14 Willamette Humboldt yarder road. When the timber tributary to this firstgiving excellent service. and an 11x13 three-drum Willamette loader tail tree has been logged, the Humboldt yard- equipped with double boom, was placed in eris moved to a second tail tree and the Interesting Logging Operations commission on Spur 4 in March, 1923.By swing lines changed from the head spar tree "Side 1," on Spur 1, at its third setting,July 4, 1923, "Side 1" had logged two set- to this second set and another section of theoperated the remainder of 1923, during whichtings and "Side 3" two settings and addition- area logged.This changeisrepeatedfortime 8,000,000 feet of timber were loggedal logging road had been built, the first mile each tail spar tree until the entire area sur-from this location.Here it had logged twoof which had three bridges, with a maximum rounding the head spar tree for a distance ofyarder settings and was operating on its thirdheight of 65 feet. Inthese two settings, about 2,000 feet is logged.The yarder oper-at the time of the holiday shutdown, Decem- "Side 2" had logged 7,000,000 feet, and "Side ates at distances up to 1,000 feet. ber22,1923. "Side1" will continue in3" had logged 6,000,000 feet. operation on Spur 1, and will be the only side During July, 1923, in which month comes "Double Boom" Loading System operated on that spur until all of the tribu- the annual summer vacation of the logger, The topography of the country, the char-tary timber has been removed.It is loggingthe railroad was farther extended on Spur 4, acter of the timber and certain improvementsabout 80,000 feet each day. When the opera- with considerable heavy construction,cuts tothe double-boom loadingsystem, make tionis extended farther into the timber, abeing made in rock formation, and with a this system particularly adapted for use insmall camp will be established.This campnumber of bridges.In August, 1923, "Side the swing equipment above described. Itwill be on wheels, of the usual bunk car type,2" and "Side 3" again began operating on

AN INTERESTING PANORAMIC VIEW OF A LOG TRAIN STANDING NEAR THE LOG DUMP OF THE TOLEDO (OREGON) PLANT OF TI-Il 38 THE 55-TON SI-lAY LOCOMOTIVE NO. 4 OF THE MANARY INTERIOROF THATPACIFICSPRUCE CORPORATION L006INO CO. AND THE TRAIN AND LOCOMOTiVE CREW ATINNOVATION, A "FILINO CAR"AS IT STANDS AT CAMP 12 OF CAMP 12 IN THE SILETZ COUNTRY THE MANARY L060ING CO. Spur 4 on their third set, which was com- been assembled.This 65-ton Baldwin loco-percent with 16 degrees maximum curvature. pleted by the end ofthe year and duringmotive, which is of the saddletank type, ex-The maximum grade on the spurs is 61/2 per- which time "Side 2" took out 8,000,000 feetperiences no difficulty in handling these fivecent. The main line has a total of threemiles and "Side 3" took out 5,000,000 feet. loads on the 6 1/2 -percent grade, which is theof trestle. - During this period Spur 4-B had been builtmaximum grade of the spur; neither does it The Manary Logging Co.iscontInually a distance of 2,300 feet into the timber, ne-experience any difficulty in bringing back fiveconstructing additional spur lines.Tile steel cessitating the construction of two bridgessets of empty trucks, for the approach to thegang, ten men, in charge of a foreman,:is em- 400 feet long."Side 2" was removedto 131/2-percent gi'ade is level and affords a runployed in laying the track.A lOxil Willa- Spur 4-B, and "Side 3" to the end of Spurof a short distance to make the grade. mette -'donkey and an Erie4-yard steam 4; and on November 18, 1923, the loggers On Spurs 4 and 4-B a Shay 50-ton locomo-shovel are used for grading and chunking out beganoperatingontheirnewlocations.tive, manufactured by the Lima (Ohio) Lo-ahead. From these new sets, "Side 2" will log 8,000,-comotive Works, brings the loaded trucks in The bridge ci'ewconsistsofeight men, 000 to 10,000,000 feet and "Side 3" will taketrains, of fivefrom the swing where theywith a foreman, and has a pile drivewhich out 12,000,000 feet, which will carry themwere loaded,to headquarters camp, wherewas made by the company for its special use. well into 1924.The above record ofthethey are assembled in trains forthe mainThese crews are busily employed extending operations of the Manary Logging Co.atroad. the spurs into the timber, it being the policy Camp 1 covers the period from March, 1922, An 85-ton Baldwin locomotive is used onof the company to havealltrack-laying, when the road was first cleared of its debris,the 231/2 milesof mainline logging roadb1'idge building, grading and ballasting done until the close of 1923. from Camp 1 to the log dump at Southbeach.well ahead of the logging operations, so there TRANSPORTING OF LOGS ON This train makes two trips a day, taking outmay be no delay whenitis necessary to SPURS AND THE MAIN LINE fifteen to eighteen loads at a trip. move from one location to another.i The logs which have been delivered at theRAILROAD CONSTRUCTION IMPORTANT BUT MISCELLA- spar treefrom the swing areprincipallyAND MAINTENANCE NEOUS CAMP 1 AFFAIRS in lengths of 48 to 64 feet and are loaded on The main line and all spurs of the logging The total number of men employedat disconnected trucks.The Manary Loggingroad of the Manary Logging Co. are of 60-Camp 1is between 140 and 150, depending Co. at Camp 1 uses 72 sets of Northwesternpound steel, laid on 16 ties to the rail andupon the size of the maintenance crews. Each disconnected trucks, made l)y the Northwest-are sand ballasted practically throughout. Thelocomotive has an engineer, a 'fireman and ern Equipment Co., of Seattle and 20 sets ofbridges ai'e of timber andare uniform intwo brakemen, making a total of twelve rail- Pacific Car & Foundry trucks, made by theconstruction.There are eight sidings along The Pacific Car & Foundry Co., of Portland andthe main right-of-way, at each one of whichroad men for thethreelocomotives. Seattle. a telephone connects with the headquartersfollowing is a list of men employed at each On Spur 1, a 65-ton Baldwin locomotivecamp, and the other sidings and with theside:One windfallbucker,twelvefallers takes out five loaded sets in each trip, car-main office of the Pacific Spruce Corporationand buckers, one head bucker, four choker rying 10,000 to 12,000 feet to the set, to theat Toledo. The total trackage of the railroadsetters, one hook tender, three chasers, three main line railroad, where they are left on aline is231/2 miles, with 3 miles of spurs.engineers,onefireman,onewhistle-punk, siding until the full main-line trainload hasThe main line has a maximum grade of 3'/2two loaders, one foreman, and one powder

ACIFIC SPRUCE CORPORATION IN AUOUST, 1923, THE TRAIN CONTAINING SIX CARS OF LOGSUP TO 90 FEET IN LENGTH

39 monkey.This total of 31 men may be in- A small but comfortable campismain- the oil tanks of the steamer 'Robert John- creased from time to time, depending upon tained at the log dump, for the four men whoson." the requirements. are employed there.In addition, the crew A Complete Machine Shop One foreman has charge of the three sides of the main-line Baldwin takes some of its A modern, fully equipped machine shop is operating at Camp 1. meals there and stays there nights. maintainedat Camp1. The buildingis An Industrial crane, made at BayCity, 90 x 146feetandofframeconstruction. Besides the head bucker, who marks theMicli., is used to pick up the logs which occa-Power for the machinery is furnished by a trees, and the windfall bucker, there are four sionally fall off the loads on the main line. 50-H. P. Fairbanks-Morse semi-Diesel crude setsoffallers and buckers to each side. Camp 1 has a 100-ton moving car withoil engine. This same engine, belted to a 15- These men cut by the thousand feet, with de-which to move donkeys from one spur to an-K. W. General Electric generator, furnishes ductions for breakage.This method of fall-other, or over the main line. lights for the entire camp, which is illumin- ing and bucking has been found satisfactory Accommodation and Mail Cars ated by 200 electric globes, ranging from 40 to all interested.Two scalers are emnloyed For carrying the mail and for the accom-to 220 candle power.The machinery con-

THE ABOVE VIEW OF TIMBER IS FIT TO OLADDEN TUE EYE OF ANY LUMBERMAN OR ANY TIMBERMAN WHEREVER SITUATED. IT] KNOWN AS THE "OLD MAIL TRAIL" RLJNNIN6 BETWEEN SILETZ AND KERNVILLE, OREOON; AND THE LOCATION OF THIS TIMBER I RUNS ABOUT 7,000 FEET TO THE TREE, 150 FEET HI6U, 90 FEET SURFACE CLEAI to scale the logs as they are brought out tomodation of the people who desire to go tosists ofa 10 x 12 Ingersoll-Rand air com- the main line from Spur 1 and Spur 4. Camp 1, or for others who wish totravelpressor belted to the line shaft of the semi- The record for Camp 1 was made Octoberbetween the different points, two Fords haveDiesel engine.This air is delivered to the 20, 1923, when 480,000 feet of merchantablebeen converted into railroadcars, eachoftwo forges and to the 800-pound hammer. timber was delivered to the main line. which pullsatrailerinwhich is carried In addition to these machines, there is a The South Beaich Log Dump mail, quick delivery packages and express. 48-inch wheel lathe, a 24-inch lathe, a shaper, The northern end of the main line road Use Oil for Fuel a large car wheel press, a drill press, a steel terminates at the Southbeach log dump. Four saw and a power grindstone.A 6-ton crane men are employed at the log dump and a With the exception of the chunk-out don-operates the full length and width of the 9x10 Willamette donkey furnishes the powerkey, all the logging donkeys used by the Ma-machine shop. for the single-line unloading device.In thenary Logging Co. at Camp 1, and the loco- Adjacent to the machine shop is a tool water the logs are assembled into rafts ofmotives, are oil burners.The oil which isroom, 20 x 24 feet, and a wire rope room, 300,000 feet each, and towed to the mill. used for fuel is brought from California in32 x 40 feet.The Manary Logging Co. uses 40