Using NROFF and TROFF
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Markdown Markup Languages What Is Markdown? Symbol
Markdown What is Markdown? ● Markdown is a lightweight markup language with plain text formatting syntax. Péter Jeszenszky – See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown Faculty of Informatics, University of Debrecen [email protected] Last modified: October 4, 2019 3 Markup Languages Symbol ● Markup languages are computer languages for annotating ● Dustin Curtis. The Markdown Mark. text. https://dcurt.is/the-markdown-mark – They allow the association of metadata with parts of text in a https://github.com/dcurtis/markdown-mark clearly distinguishable way. ● Examples: – TeX, LaTeX https://www.latex-project.org/ – Markdown https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/ – troff (man pages) https://www.gnu.org/software/groff/ – XML https://www.w3.org/XML/ – Wikitext https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext 2 4 Characteristics Usage (2) ● An easy-to-read and easy-to-write plain text ● Collaboration platforms and tools: format that. – GitHub https://github.com/ ● Can be converted to various output formats ● See: Writing on GitHub (e.g., HTML). https://help.github.com/en/categories/writing-on-github – Trello https://trello.com/ ● Specifically targeted at non-technical users. ● See: How To Format Your Text in Trello ● The syntax is mostly inspired by the format of https://help.trello.com/article/821-using-markdown-in-trell o plain text email. 5 7 Usage (1) Usage (3) ● Markdown is widely used on the web for ● Blogging platforms and content management entering text. systems: – ● The main application areas include: Ghost https://ghost.org/ -
Linux from Scratch Linux from Scratch
Linux From Scratch Linux From Scratch Table of Contents Linux From Scratch............................................................................................................................................1 Gerard Beekmans.....................................................................................................................................1 Dedication............................................................................................................................................................2 Preface................................................................................................................................................................10 Who would want to read this book..................................................................................................................11 Who would not want to read this book...........................................................................................................12 Organization......................................................................................................................................................13 Part I − Introduction...............................................................................................................................13 Part II − Installation of the LFS system.................................................................................................13 Part III − Appendixes.............................................................................................................................13 -
The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix - IEEE Spectrum Page 1 of 6
The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix - IEEE Spectrum Page 1 of 6 COMPUTING / SOFTWARE FEATURE The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix The classic operating system turns 40, and its progeny abound By WARREN TOOMEY / DECEMBER 2011 They say that when one door closes on you, another opens. People generally offer this bit of wisdom just to lend some solace after a misfortune. But sometimes it's actually true. It certainly was for Ken Thompson and the late Dennis Ritchie, two of the greats of 20th-century information technology, when they created the Unix operating system, now considered one of the most inspiring and influential pieces of software ever written. A door had slammed shut for Thompson and Ritchie in March of 1969, when their employer, the American Telephone & Telegraph Co., withdrew from a collaborative project with the Photo: Alcatel-Lucent Massachusetts Institute of KEY FIGURES: Ken Thompson [seated] types as Dennis Ritchie looks on in 1972, shortly Technology and General Electric after they and their Bell Labs colleagues invented Unix. to create an interactive time- sharing system called Multics, which stood for "Multiplexed Information and Computing Service." Time-sharing, a technique that lets multiple people use a single computer simultaneously, had been invented only a decade earlier. Multics was to combine time-sharing with other technological advances of the era, allowing users to phone a computer from remote terminals and then read e -mail, edit documents, run calculations, and so forth. It was to be a great leap forward from the way computers were mostly being used, with people tediously preparing and submitting batch jobs on punch cards to be run one by one. -
The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix - IEEE Spectrum
The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix - IEEE Spectrum http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/the-strange-birth-and-long-li... COMPUTING / SOFTWARE FEATURE The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix The classic operating system turns 40, and its progeny abound By WARREN TOOMEY / DECEMBER 2011 They say that when one door closes on you, another opens. People generally offer this bit of wisdom just to lend some solace after a misfortune. But sometimes it's actually true. It certainly was for Ken Thompson and the late Dennis Ritchie, two of the greats of 20th-century information technology, when they created the Unix operating system, now considered one of the most inspiring and influential pieces of software ever written. A door had slammed shut for Thompson and Ritchie in March of 1969, when their employer, the American Telephone & Telegraph Co., withdrew from a collaborative project with the Photo: Alcatel-Lucent Massachusetts Institute of KEY FIGURES: Ken Thompson [seated] types as Dennis Ritchie looks on in 1972, shortly Technology and General Electric after they and their Bell Labs colleagues invented Unix. to create an interactive time-sharing system called Multics, which stood for "Multiplexed Information and Computing Service." Time-sharing, a technique that lets multiple people use a single computer simultaneously, had been invented only a decade earlier. Multics was to combine time-sharing with other technological advances of the era, allowing users to phone a computer from remote terminals and then read e-mail, edit documents, run calculations, and so forth. It was to be a great leap forward from the way computers were mostly being used, with people tediously preparing and submitting batch jobs on punch cards to be run one by one. -
Deployment of XML for Office Documents in Organizations
JYVÄSKYLÄ LICENTIATE THESES IN COMPUTING 16 Eliisa Jauhiainen DeployPent of XML for OfÀFe DoFXPents in Organizations JYVÄSKYLÄ LICENTIATE THESES IN COMPUTING 16 Eliisa Jauhiainen Deployment of XML for Office Documents in Organizations UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2014 Deployment of XML for Office Documents in Organizations JYVÄSKYLÄ LICENTIATE THESES IN COMPUTING 16 Eliisa Jauhiainen Deployment of XML for Office Documents in Organizations UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2014 Editor Mauri Leppänen Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, University of Jyväskylä URN:ISBN:978-951-39-5600-4 ISBN 978-951-39-5600-4 (PDF) ISBN 978-951-39-5599-1 (nid.) ISSN 1795-9713 Copyright © 2014, by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2014 ABSTRACT Jauhiainen, Eliisa Deployment of XML for office documents in organizations Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 201, 63 p. (+ four included articles) (-\YlVN\Ol/LFHQWLDWH7KHVHVLQ&RPSXWLQJ ISSN) ,6%1 (nid.), 978-951-39-5600-4 (PDF) Licentiate Thesis Majority of the content in organizations is stored as documents. Structured documents, like XML documents, allow the structure definitions, document instances, and layout specifications to be handled as separate entities. This is an important feature to realize from a document management point of view. A class of similar documents with the same structure constitutes a document type. The documents are built from components that are logical units of information within the context of the document type. Office documents are typically authored using word-processing software, they are relatively short in length, and intended for human consumption. The development of open office standards brought XML to organizations’ office en- vironments and changed the capabilities of using document content in ways that were previously impossible or difficult. -
Looking to the Future by JOHN BALDWIN
1 of 3 Looking to the Future BY JOHN BALDWIN FreeBSD’s 13.0 release delivers new features to users and refines the workflow for new contri- butions. FreeBSD contributors have been busy fixing bugs and adding new features since 12.0’s release in December of 2018. In addition, FreeBSD developers have refined their vision to focus on FreeBSD’s future users. An abbreviated list of some of the changes in 13.0 is given below. A more detailed list can be found in the release notes. Shifting Tools Not all of the changes in the FreeBSD Project over the last two years have taken the form of patches. Some of the largest changes have been made in the tools used to contribute to FreeBSD. The first major change is that FreeBSD has switched from Subversion to Git for storing source code, documentation, and ports. Git is widely used in the software industry and is more familiar to new contribu- tors than Subversion. Git’s distributed nature also more easily facilitates contributions from individuals who are Not all of the changes in the not committers. FreeBSD had been providing Git mir- rors of the Subversion repositories for several years, and FreeBSD Project over the last many developers had used Git to manage in-progress patches. The Git mirrors have now become the offi- two years have taken the form cial repositories and changes are now pushed directly of patches. to Git instead of Subversion. FreeBSD 13.0 is the first release whose sources are only available via Git rather than Subversion. -
Interface Specification – Archive Content Services
gSPECIFICATION REV. 484-0200155 F5 NCR Corporation Image & Payment Systems 50 Northland Road Unit 100 Waterloo, Ontario N2V1 N3 PROGRAM: ImageMark Archive 5.1 TITLE: Interface Specification – Archive Content Services DATE: December 7, 2016 RELEASE: Draft SOURCE ORGANIZATION: Solutions Architecture Prepared By: Peter Robinson, Solutions Architecture Date Approved By: Judy Sandison, Manager, Solutions Architecture Date Copyright © 2016 by NCR Corporation, Duluth, Georgia, USA. All rights reserved. SPECIFICATION REV. 484-0200155 F5 NCR Corporation Image & Payment Systems 50 Northland Road Unit 100 Waterloo, Ontario N2V1 N3 PROGRAM: ImageMark Archive 5.1 TITLE: Interface Specification – Archive Content Services DATE: December 7, 2016 RELEASE: Draft SOURCE ORGANIZATION: Solutions Architecture Copyright © 2016 by NCR Corporation, Duluth, Ohio, USA. All rights reserved. ImageMark Archive 4.01 484-0200155, Rev F13 Interface Specification – Archive Content Services Page 3 of 62 CHANGE SHEET Rev Date Section Description of Change By A 06/13/2003 All Initial Release – 53DR25561 Peter Robinson B 09/03/2003 All Change Release – 53DR25690 Peter Robinson C 11/30/2003 All Change Release – 53DR25905 Peter Robinson D 10/28/2004 All Change Release – 53DR26456 Peter Robinson E 02/16/2005 All Change Release – 53DR24994 F1 06/01/2005 Peter Robinson F All Change Rev.F is a copy of draft Rev.Fn Peter Robinson F All Released on 53DRnnnnn Peter Robinson F2 03/28/2006 6.2 Added error codes for Fill element F3 09/22/2014 All Updated 5.1 Release Information Saurabh Patel F4 10/17/2016 6, 7, 12 New sections Anjali Phatak F5 11/18/2016 13 New section - FAQs Anjali Phatak NCR Corporation December 7, 2016 ImageMark Archive 4.01 484-0200155, Rev F13 Interface Specification – Archive Content Services Page 4 of 62 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. -
The Evolution of the Unix Time-Sharing System*
The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System* Dennis M. Ritchie Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, 07974 ABSTRACT This paper presents a brief history of the early development of the Unix operating system. It concentrates on the evolution of the file system, the process-control mechanism, and the idea of pipelined commands. Some attention is paid to social conditions during the development of the system. NOTE: *This paper was first presented at the Language Design and Programming Methodology conference at Sydney, Australia, September 1979. The conference proceedings were published as Lecture Notes in Computer Science #79: Language Design and Programming Methodology, Springer-Verlag, 1980. This rendition is based on a reprinted version appearing in AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal 63 No. 6 Part 2, October 1984, pp. 1577-93. Introduction During the past few years, the Unix operating system has come into wide use, so wide that its very name has become a trademark of Bell Laboratories. Its important characteristics have become known to many people. It has suffered much rewriting and tinkering since the first publication describing it in 1974 [1], but few fundamental changes. However, Unix was born in 1969 not 1974, and the account of its development makes a little-known and perhaps instructive story. This paper presents a technical and social history of the evolution of the system. Origins For computer science at Bell Laboratories, the period 1968-1969 was somewhat unsettled. The main reason for this was the slow, though clearly inevitable, withdrawal of the Labs from the Multics project. To the Labs computing community as a whole, the problem was the increasing obviousness of the failure of Multics to deliver promptly any sort of usable system, let alone the panacea envisioned earlier. -
A User's Guide to the Lout Document Formatting System
A User’s Guide to the Lout Document Formatting System Jeffrey H. Kingston Version 3.40 June 2013 Copyright 1991, 2013 Jeffrey H. Kingston, School of Information Technologies, The University of Sydney 2006, Australia. ISBN 0 86758 9515. Preface This User’s Guide brings together in one document everything needed for the day-to-day use of Version 3 of the Lout document formatting system. There are three other documents describing Lout: the Expert’s Guide [5], which you need if you want to add new features to Lout; a journal paper on the design and implementation of Lout [3]; and a set of overhead transparencies [4]that cover much the same ground as this Guide. These documents are all distributed with the software. Lout is distributed free of charge under the GNU Public License. The primary source is ftp://ftp.it.usyd.edu.au/jeff/lout containing a gzipped tar file of the current version, and various other things including a PostScript version of this guide. The distribution contains source code, libraries,documentation, license, and installation instructions. A mailing list has been set up for discussion of all topics related to Lout. To subscribe (or unsubscribe), visit http://lists.nongnu.org/mailman/listinfo/lout-users After subscribing, to post an item send email to [email protected]; it will be forwarded to all subscribers via email. There is also a web site at http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/lout. Lout began in 1984 as a research project into the design of a high-level language for document formatting. -
A Brief History of Unix
A Brief History of Unix Tom Ryder [email protected] https://sanctum.geek.nz/ I Love Unix ∴ I Love Linux ● When I started using Linux, I was impressed because of the ethics behind it. ● I loved the idea that an operating system could be both free to customise, and free of charge. – Being a cash-strapped student helped a lot, too. ● As my experience grew, I came to appreciate the design behind it. ● And the design is UNIX. ● Linux isn’t a perfect Unix, but it has all the really important bits. What do we actually mean? ● We’re referring to the Unix family of operating systems. – Unix from Bell Labs (Research Unix) – GNU/Linux – Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) Unix – Mac OS X – Minix (Intel loves it) – ...and many more Warning signs: 1/2 If your operating system shows many of the following symptoms, it may be a Unix: – Multi-user, multi-tasking – Hierarchical filesystem, with a single root – Devices represented as files – Streams of text everywhere as a user interface – “Formatless” files ● Data is just data: streams of bytes saved in sequence ● There isn’t a “text file” attribute, for example Warning signs: 2/2 – Bourne-style shell with a “pipe”: ● $ program1 | program2 – “Shebangs” specifying file interpreters: ● #!/bin/sh – C programming language baked in everywhere – Classic programs: sh(1), awk(1), grep(1), sed(1) – Users with beards, long hair, glasses, and very strong opinions... Nobody saw it coming! “The number of Unix installations has grown to 10, with more expected.” — Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (1972) ● Unix in some flavour is in servers, desktops, embedded software (including Intel’s management engine), mobile phones, network equipment, single-board computers.. -
Triroff, an Adaptation of the Device-Independent Troff for Formatting Tri-Directional Text
ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING, VOL . 2(3), 119±142 (OCTOBER 1989) triroff, an adaptation of the device-independent troff for formatting tri-directional text ( K9J+ דניאל ברי) 69K ) AND DANIEL BERRY זאב בקר) ZEEV BECKER 9 T Computer Science Department Technion , Haifa 32000 N , Israel X SUMMARY This paper describes a system for formatting documents consisting of text written in languages printed in three different directions, left-to-right, right-to-left, and top-to-bottom. For example, this paper is such a document because it contains text written in English, Hebrew, Japanese, and Chinese. The system assumes that the input is in the order in which the text is read aloud, and it produces output in which each language is printed in its own correct direction, but for which a human cognizant of the reading conventions will reproduce the input order. The system consists of three major pieces of software: Ossana and Kernighan's ditroff for formatting text consisting of only left-to-right or unidirectional text, Buchman and Berry's ffortid for rearranging right-to-left language text occurring in ditroff output to be printed from right to left, and a new program bditroff for rearranging top-to- bottom text occurring in ditroff output to be printed from top to bottom. Below are translations of this English language abstract, except for this paragraph, into Hebrew, Japanese, and Chinese. The latter two are each printed twice, once in a modern left- to-right style, and once in a more traditional top-to-bottom style. The software described in this paper was used to format and typeset this paper. -
Unix Programmer's Manual
There is no warranty of merchantability nor any warranty of fitness for a particu!ar purpose nor any other warranty, either expressed or imp!ied, a’s to the accuracy of the enclosed m~=:crials or a~ Io ~helr ,~.ui~::~::.j!it’/ for ~ny p~rficu~ar pur~.~o~e. ~".-~--, ....-.re: " n~ I T~ ~hone Laaorator es 8ssumg$ no rO, p::::nS,-,,.:~:y ~or their use by the recipient. Furln=,, [: ’ La:::.c:,:e?o:,os ~:’urnes no ob~ja~tjon ~o furnish 6ny a~o,~,,..n~e at ~ny k:nd v,,hetsoever, or to furnish any additional jnformstjcn or documenta’tjon. UNIX PROGRAMMER’S MANUAL F~ifth ~ K. Thompson D. M. Ritchie June, 1974 Copyright:.©d972, 1973, 1974 Bell Telephone:Laboratories, Incorporated Copyright © 1972, 1973, 1974 Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated This manual was set by a Graphic Systems photo- typesetter driven by the troff formatting program operating under the UNIX system. The text of the manual was prepared using the ed text editor. PREFACE to the Fifth Edition . The number of UNIX installations is now above 50, and many more are expected. None of these has exactly the same complement of hardware or software. Therefore, at any particular installa- tion, it is quite possible that this manual will give inappropriate information. The authors are grateful to L. L. Cherry, L. A. Dimino, R. C. Haight, S. C. Johnson, B. W. Ker- nighan, M. E. Lesk, and E. N. Pinson for their contributions to the system software, and to L. E. McMahon for software and for his contributions to this manual.