The Evolution of the Unix Time-Sharing System*
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Fundamentals of UNIX Lab 5.4.6 – Listing Directory Information (Estimated Time: 30 Min.)
Fundamentals of UNIX Lab 5.4.6 – Listing Directory Information (Estimated time: 30 min.) Objectives: • Learn to display directory and file information • Use the ls (list files) command with various options • Display hidden files • Display files and file types • Examine and interpret the results of a long file listing • List individual directories • List directories recursively Background: In this lab, the student will use the ls command, which is used to display the contents of a directory. This command will display a listing of all files and directories within the current directory or specified directory or directories. If no pathname is given as an argument, ls will display the contents of the current directory. The ls command will list any subdirectories and files that are in the current working directory if a pathname is specified. The ls command will also default to a wide listing and display only file and directory names. There are many options that can be used with the ls command, which makes this command one of the more flexible and useful UNIX commands. Command Format: ls [-option(s)] [pathname[s]] Tools / Preparation: a) Before starting this lab, the student should review Chapter 5, Section 4 – Listing Directory Contents b) The student will need the following: 1. A login user ID, for example user2, and a password assigned by their instructor. 2. A computer running the UNIX operating system with CDE. 3. Networked computers in classroom. Notes: 1 - 5 Fundamentals UNIX 2.0—-Lab 5.4.6 Copyright 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. Use the diagram of the sample Class File system directory tree to assist with this lab. -
Configuring UNIX-Specific Settings: Creating Symbolic Links : Snap
Configuring UNIX-specific settings: Creating symbolic links Snap Creator Framework NetApp September 23, 2021 This PDF was generated from https://docs.netapp.com/us-en/snap-creator- framework/installation/task_creating_symbolic_links_for_domino_plug_in_on_linux_and_solaris_hosts.ht ml on September 23, 2021. Always check docs.netapp.com for the latest. Table of Contents Configuring UNIX-specific settings: Creating symbolic links . 1 Creating symbolic links for the Domino plug-in on Linux and Solaris hosts. 1 Creating symbolic links for the Domino plug-in on AIX hosts. 2 Configuring UNIX-specific settings: Creating symbolic links If you are going to install the Snap Creator Agent on a UNIX operating system (AIX, Linux, and Solaris), for the IBM Domino plug-in to work properly, three symbolic links (symlinks) must be created to link to Domino’s shared object files. Installation procedures vary slightly depending on the operating system. Refer to the appropriate procedure for your operating system. Domino does not support the HP-UX operating system. Creating symbolic links for the Domino plug-in on Linux and Solaris hosts You need to perform this procedure if you want to create symbolic links for the Domino plug-in on Linux and Solaris hosts. You should not copy and paste commands directly from this document; errors (such as incorrectly transferred characters caused by line breaks and hard returns) might result. Copy and paste the commands into a text editor, verify the commands, and then enter them in the CLI console. The paths provided in the following steps refer to the 32-bit systems; 64-bit systems must create simlinks to /usr/lib64 instead of /usr/lib. -
Glibc and System Calls Documentation Release 1.0
Glibc and System Calls Documentation Release 1.0 Rishi Agrawal <[email protected]> Dec 28, 2017 Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Acknowledgements...........................................1 2 Basics of a Linux System 3 2.1 Introduction...............................................3 2.2 Programs and Compilation........................................3 2.3 Libraries.................................................7 2.4 System Calls...............................................7 2.5 Kernel.................................................. 10 2.6 Conclusion................................................ 10 2.7 References................................................ 11 3 Working with glibc 13 3.1 Introduction............................................... 13 3.2 Why this chapter............................................. 13 3.3 What is glibc .............................................. 13 3.4 Download and extract glibc ...................................... 14 3.5 Walkthrough glibc ........................................... 14 3.6 Reading some functions of glibc ................................... 17 3.7 Compiling and installing glibc .................................... 18 3.8 Using new glibc ............................................ 21 3.9 Conclusion................................................ 23 4 System Calls On x86_64 from User Space 25 4.1 Setting Up Arguements......................................... 25 4.2 Calling the System Call......................................... 27 4.3 Retrieving the Return Value...................................... -
The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide
The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide Peter Jay Salzman Michael Burian Ori Pomerantz Copyright © 2001 Peter Jay Salzman 2007−05−18 ver 2.6.4 The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide is a free book; you may reproduce and/or modify it under the terms of the Open Software License, version 1.1. You can obtain a copy of this license at http://opensource.org/licenses/osl.php. This book is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but without any warranty, without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The author encourages wide distribution of this book for personal or commercial use, provided the above copyright notice remains intact and the method adheres to the provisions of the Open Software License. In summary, you may copy and distribute this book free of charge or for a profit. No explicit permission is required from the author for reproduction of this book in any medium, physical or electronic. Derivative works and translations of this document must be placed under the Open Software License, and the original copyright notice must remain intact. If you have contributed new material to this book, you must make the material and source code available for your revisions. Please make revisions and updates available directly to the document maintainer, Peter Jay Salzman <[email protected]>. This will allow for the merging of updates and provide consistent revisions to the Linux community. If you publish or distribute this book commercially, donations, royalties, and/or printed copies are greatly appreciated by the author and the Linux Documentation Project (LDP). -
Computers Are Networked
Chapter 11 Computers are networked In the very early days, according to a remark often attributed to Howard Aiken, some of the people in business believed that “only a very small number of computers would be needed to serve the needs of the whole world, per- haps a dozen, with eight or ten for the United States.”. Although it is somewhat misquoted, the fact is that there used to be very few computers, and they were quite expensive. As a result, it was not very accessible to the general public. 1 It certainly has changed.... This situation started to change in the early 1980’s, when IBM introduced its personal com- puter (IBM PC) for use in the home, office and schools. With an introduction of $1,995, followed by many clones, computers suddenly became af- fordable. The number of personal computers in use was more than doubled from 2 million in 1981 to 5.5 million in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs were being used. The computers were getting smaller: from desk- top to laptop, notebook, to tablets today, while retaining its processing power, and the price keeps on dropping. We are even talking about $100 notebook for the kids. Thus, many of us can now afford to have a computer. 2 A big thing All such computers, big or small, were con- nected together into networks to share hard- ware such as a printer, software such as Alice, and, more importantly, information. Just look at any cluster on campus: twenty plus computers share one or two printers, they share some of the applications, such as the Microsoft Office suite, as well as the data: In- deed, when any one tries to look at your grade, they are looking at the same document. -
Openvms Record Management Services Reference Manual
OpenVMS Record Management Services Reference Manual Order Number: AA-PV6RD-TK April 2001 This reference manual contains general information intended for use in any OpenVMS programming language, as well as specific information on writing programs that use OpenVMS Record Management Services (OpenVMS RMS). Revision/Update Information: This manual supersedes the OpenVMS Record Management Services Reference Manual, OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.2 and OpenVMS VAX Version 7.2 Software Version: OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.3 OpenVMS VAX Version 7.3 Compaq Computer Corporation Houston, Texas © 2001 Compaq Computer Corporation Compaq, AlphaServer, VAX, VMS, the Compaq logo Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Alpha, PATHWORKS, DECnet, DEC, and OpenVMS are trademarks of Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P. in the United States and other countries. UNIX and X/Open are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. All other product names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective companies. Confidential computer software. Valid license from Compaq required for possession, use, or copying. Consistent with FAR 12.211 and 12.212, Commercial Computer Software, Computer Software Documentation, and Technical Data for Commercial Items are licensed to the U.S. Government under vendor’s standard commercial license. Compaq shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein. The information in this document is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind and is subject to change without notice. The warranties for Compaq products are set forth in the express limited warranty statements accompanying such products. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty. -
Humidity Definitions
ROTRONIC TECHNICAL NOTE Humidity Definitions 1 Relative humidity Table of Contents Relative humidity is the ratio of two pressures: %RH = 100 x p/ps where p is 1 Relative humidity the actual partial pressure of the water vapor present in the ambient and ps 2 Dew point / Frost the saturation pressure of water at the temperature of the ambient. point temperature Relative humidity sensors are usually calibrated at normal room temper - 3 Wet bulb ature (above freezing). Consequently, it generally accepted that this type of sensor indicates relative humidity with respect to water at all temperatures temperature (including below freezing). 4 Vapor concentration Ice produces a lower vapor pressure than liquid water. Therefore, when 5 Specific humidity ice is present, saturation occurs at a relative humidity of less than 100 %. 6 Enthalpy For instance, a humidity reading of 75 %RH at a temperature of -30°C corre - 7 Mixing ratio sponds to saturation above ice. by weight 2 Dew point / Frost point temperature The dew point temperature of moist air at the temperature T, pressure P b and mixing ratio r is the temperature to which air must be cooled in order to be saturated with respect to water (liquid). The frost point temperature of moist air at temperature T, pressure P b and mixing ratio r is the temperature to which air must be cooled in order to be saturated with respect to ice. Magnus Formula for dew point (over water): Td = (243.12 x ln (pw/611.2)) / (17.62 - ln (pw/611.2)) Frost point (over ice): Tf = (272.62 x ln (pi/611.2)) / (22.46 - -
Reasoning About Programs Need: Definition of Works/Correct: a Specification (And Bugs) but Programs Fail All the Time
Good programs, broken programs? Goal: program works (does not fail) Reasoning about Programs Need: definition of works/correct: a specification (and bugs) But programs fail all the time. Why? A brief interlude on 1. Misuse of your code: caller did not meet assumptions specifications, assertions, and debugging 2. Errors in your code: mistake causes wrong computation 3. Unpredictable external problems: • Out of memory, missing file, network down, … • Plan for these problems, fail gracefully. 4. Wrong or ambiguous specification, implemented correctly Largely based on material from University of Washington CSE 331 A Bug's Life, ca. 1947 A Bug's Life Defect: a mistake in the code Think 10 per 1000 lines of industry code. We're human. -- Grace Hopper Error: incorrect computation Because of defect, but not guaranteed to be visible Failure: observable error -- program violates its specification Crash, wrong output, unresponsive, corrupt data, etc. Time / code distance between stages varies: • tiny (<second to minutes / one line of code) • or enormous (years to decades to never / millons of lines of code) "How to build correct code" Testing 1. Design and Verify Make correctness more likely or provable from the start. • Can show that a program has an error. 2. Program Defensively • Can show a point where an error causes a failure. Plan for defects and errors. • Cannot show the error that caused the failure. • make testing more likely to reveal errors as failures • Cannot show the defect that caused the error. • make debugging failures easier 3. Test and Validate Try to cause failures. • Can improve confidence that the sorts of errors/failures • provide evidence of defects/errors targeted by the tests are less likely in programs similar • or increase confidence of their absence to the tests. -
The Multics System, 1975
Honeywell The Multics System O 1975,1976,Honeywell Information Systems Inc. File No.:lLll - -- - ecure A Unique Business Problem-SolvingTool Here is a computer techniques are available to system that enables data all users automatically processing users to control through the Multics operating and distribute easily accessi- supervisor. ble computer power. The Because it is a unique Honeywell Multics System combination of advanced represents an advanced computing theory and out- approach to making the com- standing computer hardware, puter an integral, thoroughly Multics can provide an infor- reliable part of a company's mation service system more operation. advanced than any other yet The Multics System available. replaces many of the proce- Honeywell offers, as dures limiting conventional part of its advanced Series 60 systems and sweeps away line, two models for Multics - many of the factors that have the Model 68/60 and the restricted the application of Model 68/80. computers to routine data While contributing sig- processing assignments. nificantly to the application Now-with Multics - diversity of the Series 60 the computer becomes a family, these Multics systems responsive tool for solving also enable Honeywell to challenging business accommodate more efficiently problems. the computing needs of The Multics System today's businesses. incorporates many of the most user-oriented program- ming and supervisory tech- niques yet devised. These Multics is Transaction Processing -and More Although Multics is by Ease of accessibility, design a transaction oriented, featuring a simple and con- interactive information sys- sistent user interface for all tem, its functional capability types of services. There is no encompasses the full spec- job control or command trum of a general purpose language to learn and an computer. -
Using NROFF and TROFF
Using NROFF and TROFF Part Number: 800-1755-10 Revision A, of 9 May 1988 UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T. SunOS is a trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Sun Workstation is a registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Material in this manual comes from a number of sources: NrofflTroff User's Manual, Joseph F. Ossanna, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey; A Troff Tutorial, Brian W. Kernighan, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey; Typ ing Documents on the UNIXSystem: Using the -ms Macros with Troff and Nroff, M. E. Lesk, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey; A Guide to Preparing Documents with -ms, M. E. Lesk, Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey; Document Formatting on UNIXUsing the -ms Macros, Joel Kies, University of California, Berkeley, California; Writing Papers with Nroff Using -me, Eric P. Allman, University of California, Berkeley; and Introducing the UNIXSystem, Henry McGilton, Rachel Morgan, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983. These materials are gratefully acknowledged. Copyright © 1987, 1988 by Sun Microsystems, Inc. This publication is protected by Federal Copyright Law, with all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, translated, transcribed, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means manual, electric, electronic, electro-magnetic, mechanical, chemical, optical, or other wise, without prior explicit written permission from Sun Microsystems. Contents Chapter 1 Introduction . 1.1. nrof f andtrof f . Text Formatting Versus Word Processing TheEvolutionof nr of f andt ro f f Preprocessors and Postprocessors 1.2. tr of f, Typesetters, and Special-Purpose Formatters ............ 1.3. -
Cygwin User's Guide
Cygwin User’s Guide Cygwin User’s Guide ii Copyright © Cygwin authors Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this documentation provided the copyright notice and this per- mission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this documentation under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this documentation into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation. Cygwin User’s Guide iii Contents 1 Cygwin Overview 1 1.1 What is it? . .1 1.2 Quick Start Guide for those more experienced with Windows . .1 1.3 Quick Start Guide for those more experienced with UNIX . .1 1.4 Are the Cygwin tools free software? . .2 1.5 A brief history of the Cygwin project . .2 1.6 Highlights of Cygwin Functionality . .3 1.6.1 Introduction . .3 1.6.2 Permissions and Security . .3 1.6.3 File Access . .3 1.6.4 Text Mode vs. Binary Mode . .4 1.6.5 ANSI C Library . .4 1.6.6 Process Creation . .5 1.6.6.1 Problems with process creation . .5 1.6.7 Signals . .6 1.6.8 Sockets . .6 1.6.9 Select . .7 1.7 What’s new and what changed in Cygwin . .7 1.7.1 What’s new and what changed in 3.2 . -
Your Performance Task Summary Explanation
Lab Report: 11.2.5 Manage Files Your Performance Your Score: 0 of 3 (0%) Pass Status: Not Passed Elapsed Time: 6 seconds Required Score: 100% Task Summary Actions you were required to perform: In Compress the D:\Graphics folderHide Details Set the Compressed attribute Apply the changes to all folders and files In Hide the D:\Finances folder In Set Read-only on filesHide Details Set read-only on 2017report.xlsx Set read-only on 2018report.xlsx Do not set read-only for the 2019report.xlsx file Explanation In this lab, your task is to complete the following: Compress the D:\Graphics folder and all of its contents. Hide the D:\Finances folder. Make the following files Read-only: D:\Finances\2017report.xlsx D:\Finances\2018report.xlsx Complete this lab as follows: 1. Compress a folder as follows: a. From the taskbar, open File Explorer. b. Maximize the window for easier viewing. c. In the left pane, expand This PC. d. Select Data (D:). e. Right-click Graphics and select Properties. f. On the General tab, select Advanced. g. Select Compress contents to save disk space. h. Click OK. i. Click OK. j. Make sure Apply changes to this folder, subfolders and files is selected. k. Click OK. 2. Hide a folder as follows: a. Right-click Finances and select Properties. b. Select Hidden. c. Click OK. 3. Set files to Read-only as follows: a. Double-click Finances to view its contents. b. Right-click 2017report.xlsx and select Properties. c. Select Read-only. d. Click OK. e.