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Processus Gravitaires Dans La Vallée Tasiapik (Nunavik) : Témoins Géomorphologiques De La Dynamique De Versant Récente Et Passée

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Processus Gravitaires Dans La Vallée Tasiapik (Nunavik) : Témoins Géomorphologiques De La Dynamique De Versant Récente Et Passée Processus gravitaires dans la vallée Tasiapik (Nunavik) : témoins géomorphologiques de la dynamique de versant récente et passée Mémoire Samuel Veilleux Maîtrise en sciences géographiques - avec mémoire Maître en sciences géographiques (M. Sc. géogr.) Québec, Canada © Samuel Veilleux, 2019 ii Résumé Ce projet de recherche, mené près d’Umiujaq (Nunavik), a été réalisé afin de documenter les processus gravitaires dominants qui se manifestent sur les versants escarpés de la vallée Tasiapik. Des relevés topographiques, granulométriques, morphométriques, pétrographiques et de végétation ont permis de caractériser 18 talus d’éboulis situés sur les versants sud-ouest et nord-est. Les résultats obtenus ont permis d’établir que l’éboulisation importante sur les versants de la vallée est un phénomène à la fois ancien, engendré par des processus paraglaciaires, et récent, résultat de processus périglaciaires toujours actifs aujourd’hui. Cela se traduit notamment par différents stades de développement des talus d’éboulis subactuels, illustrés par certains dépôts de versant frais et d’autres très anciens, mais aussi avec des topographies de pente très variables. Sur une échelle de temps plus courte, entre août 2017 et juillet 2018, les avalanches se sont avérées être un processus majeur, tel qu’observé sur les 14 000 photographies obtenues grâce à trois caméras à déclenchement automatique installées à l’été 2017. Ces avalanches, souvent déclenchées par des chutes de corniches à neige, ont été particulièrement fréquentes au printemps 2018, résultant de conditions météorologiques propices telles qu’une hausse rapide des températures journalières et des épisodes de pluie abondante. Des dépôts d’avalanches sales témoignent d’une grande capacité érosive, et incidemment de leur grand apport en débris vers les talus d’éboulis. Dans certains cas, les dépôts d’avalanche avoisinaient la route située en contrebas, démontrant ainsi un risque potentiel pour ses usagers. iii Abstract This research project was conducted near Umiujaq (Nunavik) to document the main gravitational processes that occur on the slopes of Tasiapik Valley. 18 talus slopes on the southwest and northeast sides of the valley were characterized using topographic, granulometric, morphometric petrographic and vegetation surveys. Results show that talus formation in the valley is an ancient phenomena, due to paraglacial processes, and recent - and still ongoing – periglacial processes. This is evidenced by different development stages among the talus slopes, with fresh and very old debris covering the slopes, as well as contrasting slope topographies. On a shorter and more recent time scale, from August 2017 to July 2018, snow avalanches have proven to be a major process, as observed on the 14,000 photographs obtained using three automatic timelapse cameras installed in the summer of 2017. Snow avalanches were often triggered by a collapsing snow-cornice and were very frequent in the spring of 2018 due to favourable meteorological conditions such as a rapid increase in daily temperatures and abundant rainfall events. Dirty snow-avalanche deposits have shown the great erosive capacity of these snow avalanches, thus their important debris supply toward the talus slopes. In some cases, runout zones were located only a few meters from the road below, thus showing the potential risk for people travelling on the road. iv Table des matières Résumé .............................................................................................................................................................. iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... iv Table des matières .............................................................................................................................................. v Liste des figures ................................................................................................................................................. vii Liste des tableaux ............................................................................................................................................... ix Remerciements ................................................................................................................................................... xi Avant-propos ..................................................................................................................................................... xii Introduction générale .......................................................................................................................................... 1 I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 1 II. Région et site d’étude ................................................................................................................................ 3 Localisation .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Géologie régionale ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Géomorphologie quaternaire .......................................................................................................................... 4 Climat et végétation ........................................................................................................................................ 5 III. Problématique, objectifs et hypothèses ...................................................................................................... 7 Énoncé du problème ...................................................................................................................................... 7 Objectif général .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Objectifs spécifiques....................................................................................................................................... 8 Hypothèses .................................................................................................................................................... 8 IV. Méthodologie ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Références ................................................................................................................................................... 13 Chapitre 1 ......................................................................................................................................................... 17 Résumé ........................................................................................................................................................ 18 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 19 I. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 20 II. Study area ........................................................................................................................................... 21 III. Methods ............................................................................................................................................... 24 IV. Results and interpretation ............................................................................................................... 28 1. Topography of slope deposits ......................................................................................................... 28 2. Relative dating of slopes ................................................................................................................. 30 3. Source and morphometry of slope deposits .................................................................................... 34 v 4. Debris runout ................................................................................................................................... 40 5. Short-term slope dynamics .............................................................................................................. 42 V. Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 43 1. Talus slope formation ...................................................................................................................... 43 2. Slope debris redistribution ............................................................................................................... 45 3. Rockwall erosion ............................................................................................................................. 48 VI. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 51 References ................................................................................................................................................... 52 Chapitre 2 ........................................................................................................................................................
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