French Spatial Inequalities in an Historical Perspective

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French Spatial Inequalities in an Historical Perspective Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne Ecole doctorale 465 - Economie Panthéon-Sorbonne Thèse présentée pour obtenir le titre de DOCTEUR en Economie French Spatial Inequalities in an Historical Perspective Florian Bonnet Soutenue publiquement le 11/12/2018 devant un jury composé de : Rapporteurs Ryan Edwards, Research Asociate Berkeley Population Center Farid Toubal, Professeur des Universités ENS Paris-Saclay Examinateurs Magali Barbieri, Chargée de Recherche INED & UC Berkeley Lionel Kesztenbaum, Chargé de Recherche INED & PSE Josselin Thuilliez, Chargé de Recherche CNRS & CES Directeur de thèse Hippolyte d’Albis, Directeur de Recherche CNRS & PjSE Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques Abstract This Ph. D. thesis has a dual purpose. First, it presents the methods used to build two new historical databases relating to départements. The first database provides the departmental lifetables for the period 1901-2014. The second database provides the departmental distributions of income over the period 1960-2014. Second, this thesis presents the first works resulting from the joint use of these two databases and other statistics: they concern both the dynamics of spatial inequalities and some specific historical events. Thus, the analysis of the spatial distribution of the population since the middle of the 19th century allows to understand the dynamics induced by the rural exodus, but also by the new trends of today’s migrations. The analysis of mortality inequalities over the last 200 years shows that inequalities have fallen dramatically since the end of the 19th century, while the geography of excessmortality has changed. Finally, the analysis of spatial income inequalities reveals a continuous decline since the 1920s. This decline occurred only since 1950 if spatial inequalities are observed using asynthetic indicator of welfare, combining both mortality inequalities and income inequalities. The thesis ends with the analysis of internal migrations during the Second World War: these migrations were massive, and clearly oriented towards the free zone. These results testify both to the impact of this event on French demography, and to the quest for freedom of the French of that time, little hampered by the demarcation line. Keywords French Spatial Inequalities, Quantitative History, Mortality Inequalities, Income Inequalities, Inter- nal Migrations, Departmental Lifetables. i Les inégalités spatiales en France : une analyse historique Résumé Cette thèse a un double objectif. En premier lieu, elle présente les méthodes ayant permis de construire deux bases de données historiques relatives aux départements français. La première met à disposition les tables de mortalité départementales sur la période 1901-2014. La seconde permet de disposer des distributions départementales de revenu sur la période 1960-2014. En second lieu, cette thèse présente les travaux issus de l’utilisation conjointe de ces deux bases de données et d’autres statistiques : ils concernent aussi bien les dynamiques longues des inégalités spatiales que certains évènements historiques. Ainsi, l’analyse de la répartition spatiale de la population depuis le milieu du 19ème siècle permet de comprendre à la fois la dynamique induite par l’exode rural, mais aussi par les nouvelles tendances des migrations d’aujourd’hui, différentes selon les âges. L’analyse des inégalités de mortalité depuis 200 ans montre quant à elle que les inégalités ont largement baissé depuis la fin du 19ème siècle, alors que la géographie de la surmortalité a profondément changé. Enfin, l’analyse des inégalités spatiales de revenus révèle une baisse continue des inégalités depuis les années 1920, baisse qui n’intervient que depuis 1950 si l’on introduit les inégalités de mortalité dans un indicateur synthétique de bien-être. La thèse se conclut par l’analyse des migrations internes durant la seconde guerre mondiale : leur caractère à la fois massif et à destination de la zone libre témoigne aussi bien de l’impact qu’a eu cet évènement sur la démographie française que de la formidable quête de la liberté des français de l’époque, peu entravée par la ligne de démarcation. Mots-clés Inégalités spatiales en France, Histoire quantitative, Inégalités de mortalité, Inégalités de revenus, Migrations internes, Tables de mortalité départementales. v Remerciements Tous mes remerciements et ma gratitude vont dans un premier temps à Hippolyte d’Albis qui, au- delà de la direction de cette thèse, a réussi à me convaincre de rentrer de plein pied dans le monde de la recherche. La relation que nous avons initiée au début de l’année 2014 dans le cadre de mon mémoire s’est poursuivie par la suite. C’est une relation à la fois de confiance et d’exigence qui nous a permis de construire ce projet de recherche passionnant aux ramifications nombreuses. Son soutien moral et logistique aura été déterminant, tout comme son idée de la recherche, à la confluence de différents champs disciplinaires. Cette thèse, conjonction d’économie, de démographie, d’histoire et de géographie lui doit énormément. Je remercie également les membres du jury d’avoir accepté cette tâche. En premier lieu, je voudrais remercier Farid Toubal d’avoir accepté la charge d’être rapporteur. Son expertise et son regard fin sur les techniques de la recherche, ainsi que les discussions que nous avons eues à l’ENS Paris- Saclay durant ces trois dernières années, m’auront permis d’améliorer ma pratique scientifique, et de m’ouvrir certaines perspectives auxquelles je n’aurais pas pensé seul. En second lieu je suis reconnaissant à Ryan Edwards d’avoir accepté lui aussi la charge d’être rapporteur. Ses travaux à la frontière de l’économie et de la démographie, et en particulier les liens entre incertitude sur la durée de vie et bien-être, auront été pour moi une vraie source d’inspiration. Ses remarques auront par ailleurs permis à ce manuscrit d’être meilleur. Je voudrais également remercier Magali Barbieri, qui a suivi de très près mes travaux de recherche durant ces trois années. Son expertise dans la construction de la Human Mortality Database m’a permis d’initier le projet de la construction de la base de données départementale portant sur la démographie française. Nos nombreux échanges concernant la méthodologie à mettre en oeuvre, ainsi que ses remarques sur les résultats qui en sont issus m’ont permis de me sentir pleinement encadré sur des sujets pour lesquels ma formation initiale était lacunaire. Ma gratitude va également à Lionel Kesztenbaum. Ses recherches en histoire démographique lui ont permis de procéder à une relecture particulièrement instructive de mes travaux, et notamment ceux portant sur les inégalités de mortalité et sur l’exode durant la seconde guerre mondiale. Par ailleurs, sa disponibilité et ses cours à l’Ecole d’Economie de Paris auront été pour moi un véritable avantage au début de ma thèse. Je voudrais enfin remercier Josselin Thuilliez d’avoir accepté de faire partie de ce jury. Ses tra- vaux en économie de la santé, et plus particulièrement en épidémiologie, sont pour moi une source d’inspiration dans la perspective future d’étendre la base de données créée aux causes de décès. Mes travaux de recherche ont été particulièrement influencés par ceux de Thomas Piketty. La vii Remerciements lecture attentive de ses écrits est une source d’inspiration inégalable, et la rigueur de sa démarche scientifique un exemple constant à suivre. J’ai été très honoré de pouvoir échanger avec lui et de profiter de ses conseils dans le cadre de cette thèse. Nos différentes rencontres à la rentrée 2017 auront permis de lui donner un nouveau souffle. Je voudrais également remercier les structures qui m’ont accueilli durant ma thèse. J’ai eu l’occasion de travailler dans des conditions idéales à l’Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay, que ce soit dans le département Economie-Gestion ou dans l’antenne du Centre d’Economie de la Sorbonne. Un grand merci notamment à François Pannequin et Sabine Sépari grâce auxquels j’ai pu effectuer ma mission d’enseignement dans cet établissement, à Nicolas Drouhin pour les nombreuses discussions passionnantes que nous avons eues, à Emmanuelle Taugourdeau pour sa bienvaillance et à Jean- Christophe Tavanti pour ses nombreux conseils durant l’année 2018. Je tiens également à remercier l’Ecole d’Economie de Paris dans son ensemble, qui m’a permis de rencontrer un grand nombre de chercheurs de renommée mondiale. Par ailleurs, la qualité de son soutien logistique et la réactivité de son pesonnel administratif ne sont plus à démontrer. Une thèse ne serait pas une thèse si elle ne permettait pas des échanges passionnés entre doctorants sur les différents champs de recherche, la beauté et la difficulté de la tâche, ainsi que les perspec- tives d’avenir. Je voudrais donc remercier tout particulièrement Julien Monardo, Samuel Ligonnière, Morgane le Breton, Marine Salès, Maeva Ropaul, Elsa Perdrix, Sébastien Laffitte et Aurélie Sotura, qui m’ont permis de moins ressentir la “solitude du thésard”. Leurs conseils, relectures, échanges et soutiens auront été particulièrement précieux. Au-delà de la communauté scientifique, je voudrais adresser mes remerciements les plus chaleu- reux à toutes les personnes qui m’ont accueilli durant mes longues heures passées dans les archives. Mes pensées vont ainsi aux bibliothécaires de l’INSEE, et en particulier à Thierry Couderc, dont la réactivité n’a d’égale que sa connaissance des fonds de cette institution. Elles vont aussi aux documentalistes du Centre des Archives Economiques et Financières à Savigny-le-Temple, et en par- ticulier à Marianne Ségaud qui aura réussi à trouver des documents administratifs dont personne ne connaissait encore l’existence. Pour terminer, je voudrais remercier ma famille pour leur soutien sans faille depuis de très longues années, et en particulier mes parents, ma soeur et mon grand-père. L’éloignement n’a jamais distendu les liens qui nous unissent. viii Contents Abstract i Résumé v Remerciements vii Contents ix List of Figures xv List of Tables xix Introduction 1 Part 1: Essays in French Demographic and Economic History 19 1 Spatial Distribution of Population by Age in France, 1851–2014 21 Abstract............................................
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