winter 2015 | volume xlvi | issue 1 in this issue

Debates: Exclusiones Racismos y exclusión en América Latina: Interdisciplina, otros saberes e interseccionalidad por Olivia Gall Rezago epistémico y (auto)exclusión académica: Las ciencias sociales paraguayas en el concierto internacional por Luis Ortiz y José Galeano Homofobia na América Latina: Exclusão, violência e justiça por Horacio F. Sívori ¿Cómo construyen crítica las comunidades indígenas? Un acercamiento a las formas de la exclusión epistémica por Gladys Tzul Tzul The Exclusions of Gender in Neoliberal Policies and Institutionalized Feminisms by Verónica Schild The Exclusion of (the Study of) Religion in Latin American Gender Studies by Elina Vuola Exclusions dans les études latino-américaines francophones au Québec par Anahi Morales Hudon Challenging Northern Hegemony: Toward South-South Dialogue in Latin American Studies by Vasundhara Jairath Exclusiones crónicas y ciudadanías flexibles: La soledad de los migrantes latinoamericanos en el espacio transatlántico por Liliana Suárez Navaz Ayotzinapa: ¿Fue el Estado? Reflexiones desde la antropología política en guerrero por Rosalva Aída Hernández Castillo y Mariana Mora President Debra Castillo Cornell University [email protected]

Vice President Gilbert Joseph Yale University

Past President Merilee Grindle Table of Contents Harvard University Treasurer Timothy J. Power University of Oxford

1 From the President | by Debra Castillo EXECUTIVE COUNCIL For term ending May 2015: DEBATES: EXCLUSIONES Claudio A. Fuentes, Universidad Diego Portales Katherine Hite, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie 3 Preface | by Debra Castillo Mary Louise Pratt, New York University 4 Racismos y exclusión en América Latina: Interdisciplina, otros saberes e For term ending May 2016: Carmen Martínez Novo, University of Kentucky interseccionalidad | por Olivia Gall Angela Paiva, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro 7 Rezago epistémico y (auto)exclusión académica: Las ciencias sociales paraguayas Charles Walker, University of California, Davis en el concierto internacional | por Luis Ortiz y José Galeano Ex Officio Luis Cárcamo-Huechante, University of Texas at Austin and 10 Homofobia na América Latina: Exclusão, violência e justiça | por Horacio F. Sívori Comunidad de Historia Mapuche 12 ¿Cómo construyen crítica las comunidades indígenas? Un acercamiento a las Rosalva Aída Hernández Castillo, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social, CIESAS - México formas de la exclusión epistémica | por Gladys Tzul Tzul Philip Oxhorn, McGill University 13 The Exclusions of Gender in Neoliberal Policies and Institutionalized Milagros Pereyra-Rojas, University of Pittsburgh Feminisms | by Verónica Schild FORUM EDITORIAL COMMITTEE

17 The Exclusion of (the Study of) Religion in Latin American Gender Studies Editor by Elina Vuola Rosalva Aída Hernández Castillo, Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social, CIESAS - México 20 Exclusions dans les études latino-américaines francophones au Québec Managing Editor par Anahi Morales Hudon Milagros Pereyra-Rojas, University of Pittsburgh 22 Challenging Northern Hegemony: Toward South-South Dialogue in Latin American Studies | by Vasundhara Jairath LASA STAFF 25 Exclusiones crónicas y ciudadanías flexibles: La soledad de los migrantes Special Projects Coordinator María Soledad Cabezas, University of Pittsburgh latinoamericanos en el espacio transatlántico | por Liliana Suárez Navaz Social Media Coordinator 28 Ayotzinapa: ¿Fue el Estado? Reflexiones desde la antropología política en Paloma Díaz-Lobos, University of Texas at Austin Guerrero | por Rosalva Aída Hernández Castillo y Mariana Mora Communications Specialist Sara Lickey, University of Pittsburgh ON LASA2015 Executive Director 34 Los desafíos y rutas del Programa LASA Puerto Rico 2015 Milagros Pereyra-Rojas, University of Pittsburgh por Luis E. Cárcamo-Huechante y Rosalva Aída Hernández Castillo Membership Coordinator Israel R. Perlov, University of Pittsburgh 38 Reservation Form for the LASA2015 Book Exhibit Operations Manager – Congress Coordinator Pilar Rodriguez Blanco, University of Pittsburgh CALLING ALL MEMBERS

39 Elections 2015: Nominating Committee Slate The LASA Forum is published four times a year. It is the official vehicle for conveying news about the Latin American Studies Association to its 52 Call for Applications to Edit the Latin American Research Review members. Articles appearing in the On the Profession and Debates sections of the Forum are commissioned by the Editorial Committee and deal with 53 Call for Applications to Direct the LASA Film Festival selected themes. The Committee welcomes responses to any material published in the Forum.

NEWS FROM LASA Opinions expressed herein are those of individual authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Latin American Studies Association 54 LASA Voluntary Support or its officers. ISSN 0890-7218 IN MEMORIAM

59 Tulio Halperín Donghi 60 Carlos Hasenbalg 61 María Elena Martínez-López (1966–2014) From the President by Debra Castillo | Cornell University | [email protected]

Yet Again, the Threshold

I’ve been at Cornell University a very long I love the hoary Great Books—it’s hard to time, long enough that when Allan Bloom, imagine becoming a scholar without who once taught at my institution, returned finding these magnificent works irresistible to campus to give a talk about his and feeling goose bumps when returning to controversial and much-discussed 1987 them again and again: “En un lugar de la book, The Closing of American Mind, I Mancha, de cuyo nombre no quiero was already around to be in the massive acordarme . . .”; “Muchos años después, Debe haber otro modo que no se audience for his lecture. Lest you are frente al pelotón de fusilamiento, el coronel llame Safo mislead by the book’s title, let me hasten to Aureliano Buendía había de recordar remind you that the “closing” Bloom was aquella tarde remota en que su padre lo ni Mesalina ni María Egipcíaca talking about, the way he saw higher llevó a conocer el hielo”; “Vine a Comala ni Magdalena ni Clemencia Isaura. education as failing its students, was that it porque me dijeron que acá vivía mi padre, was becoming too open to new ideas and un tal Pedro Páramo.” Still, you can see Otro modo de ser humano y libre. approaches, too unstructured, too leftist, how it came about that I have dedicated Otro modo de ser. (316) too distant from the best that has been much of my professional career to writing thought and said—the “Great Books” of and thinking about exclusions in Latin For Castellanos, and for many other the West. Perhaps the most controversial American literary and cultural history, and activists of her generation (and mine), that thing he said that afternoon, among many to questions of exclusions based specifically struggle was punctuated by still-potent hotly contested points, was his response to on gender and sexuality, mostly wishing I names like Tlatelolco, the Sorbonne, and a question about his work’s universalizing could write myself out of that job, Kent State, in a way that echoes, for me, claims, in the face of its curious lack of imagining a day when such a history might, how the Occupy/Indignados movement has attention to thousands of years of Chinese indeed, become ancient and irrelevant, and swept through nations and imaginations art and literature. As I remember it, finding to my dismay that the exclusionary across the globe more recently. Bloom’s response was straightforward: practices remain all too persistent, and Castellanos’s struggle, which is still our when the Chinese produce something deeply rooted. struggle today, was to put human rights on worthy of the world’s attention, then he national and international agendas: to raise would gladly pay attention to it. In her much-cited l972 poem, “Meditación consciousness about issues relative to wage Meanwhile, he stood by his defense of the en el umbral,” Mexican Rosario work, domestic labor, motherhood, the Western canon. Castellanos captures vividly and body, reproduction, race, identity, unforgettably the sense of potentiality and sexualities, violence. Hers was the effort to Around the same time, a senior colleague frustration that might be said to define the promote recognition of women’s creativity of mine in the Spanish program made a early days of second-generation women’s and women’s claim to the life of the mind. parallel comment when I asked him (on rights and cultural work, her struggle with behalf of a group of students who came to the often-unwritten codes of institutional The literary/academic side of this struggle me and asked me to speak to him) why and social exclusion that she fought against continued exclusionary practices there were no women writers in his survey against, in poem after poem, essay after was on the first level a labor of rescue (to course on Latin American literature. He essay, book after book. There will be an identify authors and reissue works by responded gently (he was a gentleman) that end to tokenism and exclusionary social women, LGBT individuals, indigenous he had no prejudices at all, and would be practices, she intuits, and she can imagine people, and Afro-Latin Americans) and happy to include a woman in his syllabus crossing the threshold but can’t yet see evaluation (to integrate these “marked” when there was one able to write at the what is on the other side: categories into the largely heterosexual, same level as the other great authors male, dominant cultural understandings of included in his course. national and international literary projects). Concomitantly in Latin America in the late Signs of the times, you might say. Ancient twentieth and early twenty-first centuries history. there was an explosive growth of presses, galleries, exhibitions, and performances; of

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grassroots activism, position papers, and imaginary Japan), Giannina Braschi (Puerto References theoretical writings; of creative work and Rico and the United States), Anna Kazumi multiplatform media projects. These Stahl (U.S.-born of Japanese-German Bloom, Allan exchanges were further instantiated in the descent, she lives in Argentina and writes in 1987 The Closing of the American Mind. creation of gender studies programs in Spanish). Less overtly militant than their New York: Simon and Schuster. many countries throughout the hemisphere activist mothers, their gender consciousness and in the sharing of information and often seems more integral. They use Castellanos, Rosario resources through NGOs and increasingly parody and pastiche to show, between the 1972 Poesía no eres tú: Obra poética; complex websites, action networks, and lines, the association among power, l948–1971. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura social media outlets. knowledge, and gender. Económica. Deresiewicz, William Then came the backlash. The case of the There is another book that is getting a lot testimonio is a particularly evident one: of attention in the U.S. press lately, William 2014 Excellent Sheep: The Miseducation of the identified with underclass political activism Deresiewicz’s suggestively red, white, and American Elite and the Way to a Meaningful Life. New York: Free Press. and women testimonialists, this was one of blue enrobed Excellent Sheep, with its hottest genres for analysis in the l980s and nostalgic championship of traditional Schwab, Katharine early l990s, but it seems obsolete now, to humanities and its worry about the future judge by our course syllabi and scholarly of elite education. The best and brightest 2014 “‘Excellent Sheep’: Creating a Corps of Academic Zombies.” Seattle Times, production. In a few years, people like thinkers, more or less the same folks September 21, 2014. http://seattletimes.com/ Rigoberta Menchú and Domitila Barrios familiar to us from Bloom, are, in html/books/2024560317_ became celebrities, their works made Deresiewicz’s world as well, all that stands excellentsheepderesiewiczxml.html. ubiquitous in academic courses across between us and what one reviewer calls “a many fields, and in quick succession they corps of academic zombies.” There have were canonized, absorbed into the been enough critiques of Deresiewicz’s own mainstream, decried, had the potency of elitism that it is unnecessary to add to the their message diluted, and are now almost flood of print. I can only sigh despondently ignored. when curricular discussion once again turns on, and returns to, the usual white male What, to use Castellanos’s term, is the subjects. The lesson from literature, current threshold for scholars and creators Deresiewicz writes, is that “Mailer wanted who are concerned about the history and to be Hemingway, Hemingway wanted to implications of exclusionary practices? In be Joyce, and Joyce was painfully aware an environment where it seems that two he’d never be another Shakespeare.” And steps back are taken for every difficult step no one, apparently, aspires to be another forward, activists like Rosario Castellanos, Rigoberta Menchú. for good or ill, continue to set the agenda for contemporary thinkers. I confess, I find cause for renewed optimism in some of the exciting, transnationally engaged writers like Cristina Civale, Cristina Rivera Garza, or Belén Gache (all of whom comfortably inhabit cyberspace as well as more traditional paper forms), and the many authors with bases in the United States, Europe, or Asia as well as Latin America: Lina Meruane (Chile and New York), Mario Bellatin (Mexico, Peru, and an

2 DEBATES: EXCLUSIONES

Preface: Exclusiones by Debra Castillo | Cornell University | [email protected]

LASA2015 program co-chair Rosalva Aída Hernández Castillo has coordinated this issue of the Forum around another part of the Congress theme, “Exclusiones,” following upon “Precariedades” in the Fall 2014 Forum. In this important issue, she has collected short interventions by scholars and activists from Brazil, Chile, Guatemala, Mexico, and Paraguay, as well as Canada, Finland, India, and Spain. Several of these scholars look at institutional marginalization: of social studies research in the neoliberal academy (Luis Ortiz and José Galeano), of robust South-South studies (Vasundhara Jairath), and exclusion of Francophone scholarship on Latin America (Anahi Morales Hudon). Others explore the painful questions of people that are still considered “deshechable” in Latin America, including emigrants (Liliana Suárez Navaz), LGBT individuals (Horacio Sívori), and people whose ethnicities and epistemologies do not always align with the dominant cultures in their countries (Gladys Tzul Tzul, Olivia Gall). Finally two of the articles look at the intersections of gender (Verónica Schild) and religion (Elina Vuola). As I write this note, Mexico continues to agonize over the painful revelations in Iguala around the 43 missing Ayotzinapa students, while around the globe November 20 was witness to massive vigils, protests, video messages, and tweets under the hashtag #YaMeCansé. This global call to action reminds us that even in the most desperate tragedies of the excluded we can also find hope for change and inclusion.

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DEBATES: EXCLUSIONES

Racismos y exclusión en América Latina: Interdisciplina, otros saberes e interseccionalidad por O livia Gall | Centro de Investigaciones Interdisciplinarias en Ciencias y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México | [email protected]

La exclusión es definida por Cornelius definición sencilla del concepto. La Me parece que son seis las grandes Castoriadis como “la negación sistemática, palabra y el concepto han existido temáticas alrededor de las que los racismos a lo largo de la historia, de la idea —y de durante mucho tiempo y en muchos latinoamericanos deben ser estudiados y las prácticas a ella asociadas— de que el lugares del mundo; a veces la misma analizados, para poder combatirlos mejor: otro es simplemente eso: otro” (Castoriadis palabra no aparece pero las ideas 1985, 19). Para determinar si un tipo de asociadas con la palabra sí parecen estar (1) Las complejas construcciones de las exclusión es racista o no, hay que intentar presentes. identidades étnicas en cada nación y la determinar hasta qué punto la percepción interrelación entre ellas, tanto de tipo que se tiene del otro y el trato que se le da De acuerdo a […] una cronología cultural como en relación con la tienen, como base esencial, “el no permitirle convencional del concepto raza […] [éste] desigualdad de derechos y oportunidades y abjurar” (Castoriadis 1985, 19). Y ello cambia de ser una idea basada en la la desigualdad de trato. independientemente de si el argumento tras cultura y el medio ambiente, a ser algo el rechazo al otro es culturalista (por biológico, inflexible y determinante, para (2) La pre-modernidad en comparación con ejemplo de naturaleza religiosa o basado en luego volver a ser una noción que habla la modernidad, en lo que toca al la “diferencia cultural”), biologicista o bien de la cultura. […] la idea de raza ha nacimiento y al desarrollo de los diversos una combinatoria de ambos (étnico-racial). cambiado a través del tiempo, enfocando tipos de racismo. Este es un tema crucial los diferentes discursos de índole natural- para el análisis del racismo en contextos Bauman coincide cuando escribe que la cultural sobre los cuerpos, el medio coloniales y poscoloniales como los esencia del racismo es la convicción de que ambiente y el comportamiento, en los latinoamericanos: “el ser humano es antes de que actúe. cuales las dimensiones culturales y Nada de lo que haga puede cambiar lo que naturales siempre coexisten. “La Como lo escribe George Fredrickson (2002, es” (2004, 171). naturaleza” no puede ser entendida 5), algunos piensan que el racismo es una solamente como “la biología” y ni la idea peculiar de la modernidad, sin mucho La definición reciente de “raza” de Peter naturaleza ni la biología necesariamente precedente histórico; otros piensan que el Wade, elaborada tras una exhaustiva implican solo el determinismo, la fijeza y racismo es simplemente una manifestación investigación histórica, teórica y la inmutabilidad. Estar abiertos a la del antiguo fenómeno del tribalismo y de la conceptual, nos puede ayudar, dentro del coexistencia de la cultura y la naturaleza xenofobia; otros, finalmente —entre ellos marco arriba planteado por Castoriadis y y a la mutabilidad de la naturaleza nos Fredrickson y la autora de estas líneas— Bauman, a mejor cernir el fenómeno: permite ver mejor el ámbito de acción del tratan de construir una definición de pensamiento racial. (Wade 2014, 35) trabajo que cubre más que el racismo ¿Qué es la raza? ¿Qué entendemos por científico o biológico pero menos que el ese término? ¿Se trata de un concepto que El racismo ha sido y sigue siendo uno de tipo de prejuicio de grupo basado en la se refiere al color de la piel u otras los fenómenos estructurales que, ligado en cultura, la religión, o simplemente un características físicas como las facciones cada sociedad en forma estrecha al ámbito sentido de familia o de parentesco. faciales o el tipo de cabello? ¿Se trata de de lo cultural —construcción histórica de un discurso sobre “la sangre”, es decir la identidades/otredades colectivas— también Quienes defienden la primera de estas ascendencia, la genealogía y los orígenes lo está al poder político, económico y posturas (Wieviorka 1994; Moreno Feliú ancestrales? ¿Se trata tal vez de la cultura social, y coloca a un gran número de 1994) sostienen el racismo no podría haber —por ejemplo, el modo de hablar, la personas, de pueblos, de minorías étnicas y existido antes de la Ilustración, porque, música que se escucha, la ropa con se de naciones (en el sentido ya sea de pueblos arguyen, lo peculiar del racismo no es que viste? ¿O se trata más bien de la o de países) en diversas y complejas haya pasado paulatinamente de la referencia a ciertas categorías históricas situaciones de exclusión, aderezadas ya sea formulación del odio o rechazo a los de gente, como son “los blancos”, “los de marginación, inferiorización, “otros” expresada, por ejemplo, en el negros”, “los indios” y quizás “los segregación, asimilación discriminatoria o, terreno religioso de la Europa medieval a asiáticos” o “los africanos”? En mi en casos extremos, exterminio. una racionalización basada en la biología opinión, el concepto raza está vinculado a (Moreno Feliú 1994); y argumentan: es todos estos criterios y no hay una cierto que en tiempos antiguos, previos a

4 “la modernidad”, la discriminación, la aventurado de esta empresa. La distancia étnico-racial de cada uno de nuestros exclusión, la segregación e incluso el temporal y espacial que media entre los países, de la que depende que se las perciba exterminio del “Otro” se debía a que no le dos términos de la comparación puede y trate ya sea como deseables, “inferiores” rendía culto al Dios correcto o bien a que suscitar escepticismo. No obstante, […] o “no asimilables”. no había nacido en una cultura digna de acepto el reto lanzado por Marcel ser mirada por este Dios correcto. Pero, a Detienne (2002) a historiadores y (4) La necesidad de abordar los racismos partir del nacimiento de las relaciones antropólogos de embarcarse juntos en un latinoamericanos desde dos perspectivas modernas de producción y de las ideas, proyecto constructivo de comparar la complementarias: leyes y conformaciones nacionales a ellas incomparable, sin detenerse ante fronteras asociadas, la discriminación, exclusión, temporales o espaciales. (2006, 5) a) La interdisciplina y la integración de segregación e incluso exterminio del “otro” otros saberes. El racismo es un fenómeno se debe a que es visto como Desde el campo de estudio del racismo complejo, provocado, habitado y “biológicamente”, naturalmente, latinoamericano también se ha cuestionado alimentado por causas y lógicas diversas, y irremediablemente, inferior al “nosotros”. (Fanon 1952; Wade 2010 Quijano 2000) que por tanto debe ser observado, Eso no significa, concluye Moreno Feliú, esta postura que defiende que el racismo estudiado, analizado y combatido por que el racismo se explique por esa ruptura propiamente dicho no pudo haber nacido equipos de académicos, activistas sociales, de las lógicas de discriminación, porque sino hasta el período post-Ilustración. Si testigos, víctimas y funcionarios de “no hay línea de continuidad [entre ellas]: no se ve la presencia del racismo durante el derechos humanos, echando mano de el racismo es una doctrina nacida de la período colonial en América Latina es diversos marcos disciplinarios, sociales, misma ruptura con lo antes conocido” porque se está definiendo el concepto de culturales, políticos, legales e (Moreno Feliú 1994, 57). raza, no en forma amplia como lo hacen institucionales. Como parte de estos Castoriadis, Bauman o Wade líneas arriba, equipos y ya sea que estén abordando Sin embargo, en su muy interesante libro sino centrándolo únicamente en una dimensiones teóricas, discursivas o Ni una gota de sangre impura: La España argumentación irreductiblemente prácticas del problema, los académicos inquisitorial y la Alemania nazi cara a cara, biologicista de la diferencia, introducida debemos hacer acopio de nuestras certezas la filóloga Christiane Stallaert cuestiona por el pensamiento moderno de los Siglos disciplinarias combinadas con una esta visión cuando afirma: XVIII y XIX en torno a lo racial. modestia y una apertura perenne frente a otras disciplinas académicas y a otros La comparación entre la persecución En América Latina, los “racismos de la saberes que trascienden la academia. inquisitorial y la Alemania nazi […] desigualdad” dirigidos contra los pueblos resulta un ejercicio intelectual muy indígenas y afrodescendientes —a quienes b) La interseccionalidad. “El análisis de la instructivo […] a pesar de que los la colonización construyó como inferiores y interseccionalidad busca captar el estudios sobre la Inquisición y aquellos excluidos, realidades que la moderna entrelazamiento de los distintos ejes sobre el Holocausto siguen siendo colonización interna profundizó— han identitarios en situaciones históricas y especialidades académicas muy replegadas adoptado caras diferentes de la exclusión: contextos específicos. Entre ellos destacan sobre sí mismas.Pero estimamos que, al el segregacionismo (Guatemala), el la clase, la raza y/o etnicidad y el género, igual que el Holocausto, la Inquisición asimilacionismo inferiorizante (México), o que provienen de divisiones sociales y bases española es una ventana por la que se una combinación de ambos (Chiapas). ontológicas diferentes (Yuval-Davis 2006). vislumbran cosas que suelen ser invisibles, Por esta razón, un análisis estructural de las cosas de la mayor importancia, […] para (3) Las diversas modalidades que adoptan opresiones no pueden dar primacía a una todos los que estamos vivos hoy y la xenofobia (el odio por el extranjero que sola división social, como es la clase o el esperamos estarlo mañana. Desde esta viene de otros estados nación) y el rechazo género, sino que habría que resaltar la perspectiva, ni el Holocausto debería ser excluyente a diversas minorías étnicamente articulación entre ellas: “un análisis tratado como un asunto exclusivamente determinadas que viven en nuestros países satisfactorio de la dominación y judío, ni la Inquisición española reducida producto de la inmigración. Estas explotación en las sociedades a un fenómeno de interés exclusivamente “otredades” suelen ser vistas en función de contemporáneas tendría que —sin español”. Soy consciente de lo la construcción identitaria nacional minimizar la importancia de clase— dar

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una atención considerable a los fenómenos Alcantarillado del estado de Hidalgo, Referencias interrelacionados del racismo, sexismo y posteó, en referencia a los normalistas: sistema de estados nacionales” (Thompson “¿Por qué luego los queman…? NACOS”;1 Bauman, Zygmunt 1984, 130). Ahora bien, es posible que en y el 15 de noviembre de 2014, Francisco 2004 Ética posmoderna. México: Siglo XXI, situaciones específicas un eje pueda Victoriano Pagoaga Lamadrid, Subdirector 2004. adquirir mayor importancia que otros. de Becas Nacionales del Consejo Nacional Dependiendo del contexto, también pueden de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), Castoriadis, Cornelius adquirir importancia otros ejes identitarios posteó en su Facebook, “Pues es un crimen 1985 “Reflexiones en torno al racismo”. como son la sexualidad, la edad y la de hermanos, morenacos [sic] matando a Debate Feminista, año 12, vol. 24. nacionalidad, entre otros. (MacLeod 2014, otros morenacos…..Caray, entonces es un 87) perricidio [sic] morenaco.2 Détienne, Marcel 2002 Comparer l’incomparable. Paris: Seuil. (5) El marco jurídico internacional, interamericano y nacional en relación con Notas Fanon, Frantz el racismo y la discriminación étnica y, 1 Dinorath Mota López, “Exhiben a priísta por 1952 Peau noire, masques blancs. Paris: Seuil. finalmente, comentario sobre caso Ayotzinapa”, El Universal, 15 de noviembre de 2014, http:// Fredrickson, George M. (6) Las políticas racistas y antirracistas, en www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion- 2002 Racism: A Short History. Princeton, NJ: el ámbito público, social (organizaciones mexico/2014/exhiben-a-priista-por- Princeton University Press. civiles y comunidades) y privadas comentario-inapropiado-sobre-caso- ayotzinapa-1054233.html; y “Jóvenes priístas MacLeod, Morna (empresas), y la vigilancia en su concepción sobre #Ayotzinapa: ‘Luego porqué los y aplicación. queman, nacos; que regrese Díaz Ordaz”, 2014 “De apariencias y resistencias: El traje de Aristegui Noticias, 11 de noviembre de 2014, las mujeres mayas guatemaltecas como ámbito En este último aspecto, tan ligado en http://aristeguinoticias.com/1111/mexico/ de disputa”. Racismos, Revista Interdisciplina cualquier nación latinoamericana con las jovenes-priistas-sobre-ayotzinapa-luego- (CEIICH-UNAM, México) 2 (4): 161–178. particularidades de sus propias ideologías y porque-los-queman-nacos-que-regrese-diaz- ordaz/. Moreno Feliú, Paz prácticas racistas, no puedo ni quiero dejar de mencionar hasta qué punto varios 2 Emeequis, 15 de noviembre de 2014, http:// 1994 “La herencia desgraciada: Racismo y elementos ligados a él están activamente www.m-x.com.mx/2014-11-15/morenacos- heterofobia en Europa”. Estudios Sociológicos 12 (34): 49–73. presentes, entre muchos otros, en la matando-a-otros-morenacos-expreso-en- facebook-un-funcionario-del-conacyt-sobre- profunda y dramática crisis estructural en ayotzinapa/. Quijano, Anibal la que se encuentra sumido en este momento mi país, México. Tanto desde los 2000 “Colonialidad del poder y clasificación social”. Journal of World-Systems Research 6 partidos políticos como desde instituciones (2): 342–386. gubernamentales y otras brotan las muestras claras de hasta qué punto muchos Stallaert, Christiane de los grupos y/o de las personas que, como 2006 Ni una gota de sangre impura: La España en el caso de los normalistas de Ayotzinapa, inquisitorial y la Alemania nazi cara a cara. están sufriendo en carne propia el horror Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg. sin nombre de la corrupción: violencia, impunidad, represión —podredumbre de la Thompson, John B. narco-política, imbricada con el imaginario 2004 Studies in the Theory of Ideology. racista-clasista que está vivo y actuando. Berkeley: University of California Press. Vayan como muestra dos botones: Hace unos días, la hija de Araceli Velásquez, Wade, Peter dirigente del Sindicato de Trabajadores de 2010 Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. la Comisión de Agua Potable y London: Pluto Press.

6 DEBATES: EXCLUSIONES

Rezago epistémico y (auto)exclusión académica: Las ciencias sociales paraguayas en el concierto internacional

por Luis Ortiz | Instituto de Ciencias Sociales de Paraguay | [email protected] y José Galeano | Asociación Enfoque Territorial

2014 “Raza, ciencia, sociedad”. Racismos, La presencia marginal de las ciencias investigación acerca de Paraguay que los Revista Interdisciplina 2 (4): 35–63. sociales paraguayas en el concierto cientistas sociales locales no avizoraban. latinoamericano y mundial constituye la Wieviorka, Michel expresión de un rezago de la El escaso avance en el conocimiento 1994 “Racismo y exclusión”. Estudios institucionalidad científica en el país. Este científico de la sociedad paraguaya no Sociológicos 12 (34): 37–47. rezago responde a varios factores, algunos permitió la generación de debates de los cuales cruciales en el campo de las nacionales donde dialoguen líneas de Yuval-Davis, Nira ciencias sociales: (1) el bajo reconocimiento investigación, métodos y resultados, y 2006 “Intersectionality and Feminist Politics”. social de su estatuto científico; (2) su baja menos aún hizo posible hacer parte de European Journal of Women’s Studies 13 (3): institucionalización en la universidad; (3) la espacios internacionales para exponer las 193–209. debilidad de mecanismos de difusión de discusiones locales a la luz de las resultados de investigación; y (4) la poca discusiones regionales y mundiales actuales, vinculación entre investigación y políticas generando un círculo virtuoso para el públicas (Ortiz 2011). En ese sentido, la desarrollo del campo científico paraguayo participación de cientistas sociales en las por el aporte y aprendizaje en discusiones sobre problemáticas publicaciones y eventos académicos. compartidas en América Latina y el escenario mundial, así como el aporte con Los acuciantes problemas en la sociedad marcos conceptuales y abordajes paraguaya, a saber, la desigualdad social, la metodológicos originales, se vio exclusión social y la pobreza, no cuentan fuertemente limitada por dichos con un campo científico que aborde condicionamientos. rigurosamente sus determinantes, sus consecuencias ni las prospectivas para Pero un fenómeno adicional caracterizó a superarlos. El limitado desarrollo las ciencias sociales de Paraguay a lo largo institucional de las ciencias sociales impide de las dos décadas que sucedieron a la dotar al Estado y a la sociedad civil, de apertura democrática en el año 1989: la evidencias suficientes para pensar regresión del pensamiento crítico en la alternativas políticas atinadas a los producción académica respecto de la época problemas actuales (Caballero 2011). Esa del régimen autoritario en que la es una de las principales razones por las “autocensura” en torno a determinados cuales las ciencias sociales en Paraguay temas, problemas y marcos teóricos no ocupan una posición subordinada a saberes impidieron una producción cuestionadora tecnocráticos, en general empaquetados, de la realidad de ese periodo (Robledo para formular políticas públicas pertinentes 2011). La investigación en ciencias sociales y oportunas. fue renunciando a dar cuenta de las situaciones que impiden el desarrollo social, De este modo, algunos factores la institucionalización democrática del condicionantes del protagonismo de las Estado, la construcción de una sociedad de ciencias sociales en Paraguay y de su escasa bienestar, ajustándose más bien, y inserción internacional los constituyen las progresivamente, a los requerimientos de pocas universidades con carreras de organismos internacionales que insertan sociología, ciencias políticas e historia. sus líneas y temáticas a un campo Asimismo, es llamativa la ausencia de una académico precario y con limitado carrera o programa de estudios en financiamiento. En este marco ciertas antropología. (Paraguay cuenta con una universidades y centros de investigación rica variedad cultural: 20 etnias indígenas, extranjeros vinieron proponiendo líneas de varias poblaciones de origen europeo y

7 lasaforum winter 2015 : volume xlvi : issue 1

asiático, afrodescendientes, entre otras de sus centros editores. Este aspecto limita Esto no se contradice con el hecho de que expresiones de la diversidad sociocultural, fuertemente la acogida de contribuciones en los años recientes se hayan dado algunos que no cuentan con un marco institucional internacionales que permita al campo de las pasos significativos en la universitario de formación académica ni de ciencias sociales de Paraguay hacerse eco de institucionalización de la ciencia en investigación científica para su estudio.) Al las discusiones y avances a nivel regional Paraguay, con la dotación histórica e mismo tiempo, una de las universidades latinoamericano y mundial. inusitada de fondos para la investigación a que imparten programas de formación en través del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y ciencias sociales se propone cerrar carreras Finalmente, debe entenderse la tendencia de Tecnología (CONACYT) desde el gobierno como historia o filosofía, alegando que no la economía paraguaya y la configuración constitucional de 2008–2012 y el que le son rentables en términos financieros. del Estado paraguayo, sobre las cuales sucede, el de 2013–2018. Ahora bien, esta descansa las posibilidades de desarrollo de entidad y el proceso referido se inscriben Por otra parte, la oferta de estudios de las ciencias sociales en Paraguay y su también en la lógica socioeconómica posgrado de ciencias sociales es escasa y de contribución a las ciencias sociales de la esbozada más arriba, lo que repercute en la baja calidad, salvo el esfuerzo de la región. Cada vez más el interés de las financiación de los proyectos de FLACSO Paraguay con un programa de inversiones privadas en la educación investigación según las disciplinas maestría en ciencias sociales de cierta superior apunta a la apertura y científicas así como en la distribución de los solvencia académica que carece, empero, de potenciación de universidades que ponen el investigadores categorizados en el una formación para la investigación. A acento de la formación en las disciplinas y Programa Nacional de Incentivo a la esto se suma que las universidades con programas relacionados con la lógica Investigación (PRONII), donde las ciencias oferta de disciplinas de las ciencias sociales empresarial, los agronegocios (como “duras” (ciencias exactas, naturales, no cuentan con profesores-investigadores ejemplo y respuesta al proceso actual de ciencias agrarias y de la salud) cobraron de tiempo completo y con estudiantes impulso sojero) y el comercio internacional mucho más peso que las sociales. dedicados de forma exclusiva a su para responder a la predominancia de la formación académica (teniendo que importación de productos manufacturados Este conjunto de características, sin estudiar y trabajar). en consonancia con la exportación de embargo, no fue una limitación para que commodities agrícolas. diferentes cientistas sociales nacionales e En la actividad de la investigación internacionales, especialistas en áreas científica, ante la ausencia de la Ante este último escenario, que genera una temáticas disciplinarias (historia social, universidad, el papel de las organizaciones fuerte exclusión social y desigualdades pueblos indígenas, sistema político, lengua no gubernamentales fue crucial aunque su socioeconómicas en el país, las y bilingüismo), se hayan abocado al estudio naturaleza trajo consigo el problema de la oportunidades que la educación superior de la sociedad paraguaya a fin de mostrar fragmentación, donde los investigadores y pudiera generar para el desarrollo social sus especificidades y su contribución en el grupos de cientistas sociales se diseminaron son escasas, cumpliendo más bien una abordaje de problemáticas similares en en múltiples pequeños centros de función de servicio al capital internacional otros países de América Latina. investigación, consultoras y gabinetes de y a la reproducción de conocimientos estudio. Esto a su vez generó la “empaquetados”, que la inserción En este sentido, lo más destacado se da diseminación segmentada de los resultados, dependiente del país en el mercado mundial indudablemente en el terreno de la en función de las agendas de los promueve. Es por ello que la producción diversidad sociocultural y lingüística, donde organismos y fuentes de financiamiento. de conocimiento en ciencias sociales carece Paraguay constituye una experiencia sui tanto de apoyo institucional y financiero: generis, tanto en la adopción histórica de Por otra parte, las revistas científicas innecesaria en la inserción económica un patrón bilingüe (y diglósico) de paraguayas de calidad reconocida externa del país, se vuelve el campo de un comunicación social como en el estudio de (estandarizadas, arbitradas e indexadas) no sector minoritario de la población que las experiencias sociales y representaciones pasan de cinco. Algunas eminentes recurre a ella más como una apuesta simbólicas de grupos con identidades publicaciones que tuvieron un gran peso en vocacional que como una proyección socioculturales particulares. En los años 60, 70 y 80 fueron perdiendo profesional. consonancia con estas áreas temáticas, se terreno ante el debilitamiento institucional suman contribuciones significativas acerca

8 de la especificidad de la economía y la Referencias sociedad paraguaya en términos de su modelo productivo, los intercambios en el Caballero, Javier mercado y las tensiones en la distribución 2011 “Cien años de desarrollo de la Sociología con la naturaleza restringida y apocada del en Paraguay en el año de su Bicentenario: Del Estado. Finalmente, líneas de estudio en rezago histórico institucional en el pasado a la torno a la desigualdad social, la exclusión debilidad contemporánea”. Revista Internacional de Investigación en Ciencias social y los conflictos sociales, cobran Sociales 7 (2): 119–160. notoriedad, no sólo en la descripción y explicación factual de los fenómenos sino Ortiz, Luis sobre todo en el carácter interdisciplinario 2011 “La institucionalidad de las ciencias de su abordaje, formulando estrategias sociales en Paraguay: Notas para la metodológicas que conjugan perspectivas discusión”. Revista Atyhape (Asunción) 1 (2): ingeniosas en la combinación cuantitativa y 12–13. cualitativa del tratamiento de las evidencias. Robledo Verna, María Lilia 2012 “El proceso de institucionalización de la El rezago epistémico es resultado de una Sociología en Paraguay: La experiencia del larga y marcada debilidad institucional Centro Paraguayo de Estudios Sociológicos”. académica en Paraguay, que generó una Tesis de Maestría, Facultad Latinoamericana autoexclusión del campo académico de Ciencias Sociales (FLACSO), sede Argentina, Mayo de 2012. internacional de las ciencias sociales más que de la exclusión por parte de las instituciones allende las fronteras de dicho país. El desafío se presenta para los centros de investigación en ciencias sociales de la sociedad civil, a fin de apuntalar la construcción y consolidación del campo científico en el marco de la educación superior y con la promoción sostenida desde el poder público para avizorar su institucionalización.

9 lasaforum winter 2015 : volume xlvi : issue 1

DEBATES: EXCLUSIONES

Homofobia na América Latina: Exclusão, violência e justiça por H oracio F. Sívori | Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Centro Latino-Americano em Sexualidade e Direitos Humanos – CLAM | [email protected]

O panorama latino-americano com relação na esfera estatal parecem constituir hoje o ser observados claramente na estruturação à diversidade sexual é marcado por principal obstáculo para a equidade de de nossa experiência e que quem objetiva contrastes. Para os defensores dos direitos gênero e o exercício da sexualidade como suas manifestações construa dela uma de lésbicas, gays, bissexuais, travestis e direito humano. Um episódio dessa fenomenologia leiga ou erudita, transexuais (LGBT), as grandes vitórias são contenda foi a controvérsia suscitada no precisamente por seu papel estruturante da ofuscadas pela inusitada vigência do Brasil, em 2011, em torno do Programa experiência social contemporânea, captar e discurso anti-homossexual agitado por Escola sem Homofobia, do Ministério da compreender quando e como ela se produz atores que fazem do ódio sua bandeira Educação (Leite 2014). Parlamentares requer treinamento. Explicar a sua política. O mesmo ódio se manifesta em evangélicos articularam uma campanha operação —assim como sua articulação atos de brutal violência contra dissidentes para denunciar materiais audiovisuais com a produção social de outras sexuais, noticiados com frequência destinados a combater o preconceito contra diferenças— requer um exercício de alarmante em todos os países. Se de um lésbicas, gays e pessoas trans no ensino reflexão. Por sua vez, dar conta da sua lado uma onda de reformas legislativas e de médio. De acordo com a versão dos seus variedade requer investigação sistemática e decisões judiciais coloca o continente na detratores, amplamente veiculada na comparativa. vanguarda do reconhecimento de direitos imprensa, o efeito do discurso de como o casamento e co-parentalidade entre enfrentamento à homofobia promovido Na América Latina, como parte do pessoas do mesmo sexo ou a mudança de pelo “kit gay” (como passou a ser Ocidente moderno, a partir de uma forma identidade civil para pessoas transgênero, conhecido o material) mascararia o peculiar de identificação como coletivo, os de outro lado somos cotidianamente “aliciamento” e “desvirtuamento das homossexuais historicamente têm lembrados do quanto a diversidade sexual crianças” (Leite 2014,185) para torná-las aprendido a se defender contra agressões e incomoda atores com suficiente poder para homossexuais, presumiam. Como a criar circuitos seguros onde interagir e exercer pressão publicamente contra resultado dessa pressão por dentro da base expressar a própria subjetividade sexual. qualquer política de hospitalidade com a aliada ao governo, o projeto foi suspenso Junto a sucessivos processos de busca de diferença. No entanto, a cada semana por decisão da Presidência da República. justiça e reconhecimento iniciados em novas mortes engrossam a triste estatística diferentes campos já desde finais do século de crimes violentos contra gays e travestis Convivem atualmente nas Américas, em XIX, essas expressões têm se tornado cada (Mott 2001; Carrara e Vianna 2004 e ostensivo conflito, dois regimes de vez mais públicas, ao ponto de adquirir 2006; Parrini e Brito 2012; Castilhos regulação da diferença sexual. Esta é, por legitimidade como representação política e 2014). Do mesmo modo, o âmbito escolar um lado crescentemente “administrada” demanda de reconhecimento legal, e de continua sendo pouco questionado como sob três formas: a sua proteção como contestar narrativas que explicam a espaço de reprodução da hostilidade contra direito; sua celebração como patrimônio dissidência da norma heterossexual como toda dissidência sexual (Junqueira 2009; cultural; e seu rendimento como pecado, vício, doença, defeito ou crime. REPROLATINA 2011); assim como na mercadoria. Entretanto, por outro lado, Entretanto, em variados contextos públicos intimidade do âmbito doméstico junto às um regime de exclusão radical da e —sobretudo— privados, a consciência suas famílias, as jovens lésbicas e bissexuais dissidência sexual gera violências de todos reflexiva gerada a partir da experiência do sofrem em silêncio violências que os tipos: desde os efeitos materiais e estigma continua servindo para reprimir, combinam sexismo com preconceito simbólicos de sistemáticas omissões que silenciar, corrigir, adaptar. Assim como a sexual. fazem com que determinados sujeitos sejam motivação homofóbica de determinadas construídos socialmente como não pessoa agressões e formas de menosprezo é muitas Entretanto, lideranças conservadoras —ou menos pessoa que seus congêneres— vezes implícita ou deliberadamente ligadas à Igreja Católica e a congregações até as formas mais torpes de violência ofuscada. Nem sempre é evidente para a evangélicas pentecostais se emprenham em verbal e física que buscam ostensivamente sociedade ou mesmo para as vítimas desses demonizar o que elas denominam ora seu silêncio, ora sua eliminação. atos de violência e situações de “ideologia do gênero” e “estímulo ao discriminação a existência de uma relação homossexualismo”, que elas rapidamente A homofobia, expressão desse regime de direta ou indireta destas com a sua associam à pedofilia e à promiscuidade. exclusão radical, não é um fenômeno orientação sexual. É muito nova e instável Sua atuação em rede e sua forte influência autoevidente. Embora seus efeitos possam

10 a ideia, o conceito de homofobia, e sua de ódio por parte desses atores. Entretanto e os matizes que a homofobia adquire em operação é pouco conhecida. os efeitos desse clima e intolerância são diferentes contextos —particularmente os mais profundos. latino-americanos mais atuais, onde a Há uma série de relatos de casos recentes, intolerância é frequentemente amplificada e tristemente emblemáticos, de jovens A homofobia não é apenas uma. Não me inclusive celebrada como resposta a espancados, torturados e assassinados por refiro apenas à distinção não avanços na garantia de direitos para outros jovens como uma reação à sua suficientemente reconhecida das diferenças LGBTs. maneira de ser, como o de Daniel Zamudio qualitativas entre homo, lesbo e transfobia, em Santiago de Chile ou o de Alexandre ou à necessidade de uma análise Ivo em São Gonçalo, um subúrbio do Rio interseccional que envolva outros feixes de Referências de Janeiro, ambos em circunstâncias produção de diferenças para compreender Carrara, Sérgio, e Adriana R. B. Vianna semelhantes, vítimas de gangues de jovens a sua operação; mas também ao que da sua mesma idade. Assim como da acontece com o termo quando este transita 2004 “A violência letal contra homossexuais no violência muitas vezes letal que as travestis de um campo para outro: da psiquiatria, município de Rio de Janeiro: Características sofrem nas ruas todos os dias, cujos casos onde foi cunhado no final da década de gerais”. Carlos F. Cáceres, Timothy Frasca, Mario Pecheny e Veriano Terto Junior são quase sempre arquivados, esses crimes 1960, para o direito, onde é (coords.), Ciudadanía sexual en América são a expressão crua do valor negado às operacionalizado como fundamento para Latina: Abriendo el debate. Lima: Universidad suas vidas. Entretanto, a publicidade desenvolver ferramentas de proteção, e Peruana Cayetano Heredia. desses casos marca uma mudança para a educação. Neste último campo cabe 2006 “‘Tá lá, o corpo estendido no chão’: A significativa: já não passa despercebida atender à importância recentemente violência letal contra travestis no município de para o público ou permanece inadvertida a atribuída ao fenômeno do assédio violento, Rio de Janeiro”. Physis, Revista de Saúde conexão entre eles e o contexto do o denominado bullying escolar, cuja Coletiva 16 (2): 233–249. tratamento violento e discriminatório que motivação é em grande medida os torna possíveis, e os discursos homofóbica. Outro exemplo de expressões Castilhos, Washington reacionários que os promovem. caracteristicamente atuais dessa hostilidade 2014 “Diálogo necessário”. Destaques do é a agressão espontânea em resposta a CLAM. Disponível em: http://www.clam.org. Tramitou sem sucesso no Brasil, desde expressões públicas de afeto entre homens, br/noticias-clam/conteudo.asp?cod=11584. 2006, um projeto de lei que iria como no caso de um pai e filho que foram criminalizar a homofobia, conhecido como atacados em um rodeio no interior de São Junqueira, Rogério Diniz PL 122. O projeto ampliaria o alcance da Paulo. A cena deve ter evocado o fantasma 2009 “Homofobia nas Escolas: Um problema Lei 7.716 de 1989 (Lei Caó), que pune o da associação entre homossexualidade e de todos”. Diversidade sexual na educação: racismo no país. No debate presidencial pedofilia em um contexto político de problematizações sobre a homofobia nas deste ano o pleito veio à tona através da crescente visibilidade e legalidade da escolas, 13–51. Brasília: Ministério da Educação/UNESCO. ferrenha oposição de setores religiosos conjugalidade homossexual no Brasil. conservadores com representação Leite, Vanessa parlamentar a essa reforma jurídica, sob a Nestes outros focos é relevante como a justificativa de que esta ameaçaria a homofobia viaja do íntimo para o público e 2014 “Impróprio para menores? Adolescentes e diversidade sexual e de gênero nas políticas liberdade de expressão de quem quiser vice-versa. Embora um achado feliz no públicas brasileiras contemporâneas”. Tese de pregar contra a homossexualidade. O intuito de criar consciência sobre violências doutorado. Instituto de Medicina Social, argumento confunde, em palavras do muitas vezes invisíveis, quando a aplicação Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. jurista Roger Raupp Rios, “a proteção da categoria homofobia fica restrita no antidiscriminatória com censura e, pior âmbito jurídico, seu uso ressoa muito Mott, Luiz ainda, com restrição da liberdade religiosa” diretamente com suas origens psiquiátricas, 2001 Causa mortis: Homofobia: Violacão dos (Rios 2014). A proteção contra toda forma configurando-se como fenômeno direitos humanos e assassinato de de discriminação e violência se mostra individual. Parece instigante também homossexuais no Brasil, 2000. Salvador: como uma necessidade urgente, perante um promover pesquisas e desenvolver políticas Editora Grupo Gay da Bahia. evidente aumento das expressões públicas que possam dar conta da sua variabilidade

11 lasaforum winter 2015 : volume xlvi : issue 1

DEBATES: EXCLUSIONES

¿Cómo construyen crítica las comunidades indígenas? Un acercamiento a las formas de la exclusión epistémica

por Gladys Tzul Tzul | Comunidad de Estudios Mayas | [email protected]

Parrini, Rodrigo, e Alejandro Brito Las comunidades indígenas a lo largo de la interpretativas, aunque, yo no puedo negar historia han construido sistemas de el aporte, el diálogo y las interrogantes 2012 Crímenes de odio por homofobia: Un concepto en construcción. México: Indesol / interpretación política; éstas han tenido planteadas desde cierta intelectualidad Comisión de Derechos Humanos del Distrito efectos al interpelar y fracturar el orden de universitaria. Federal / Letra S. dominación y explotación colonial prolongada en la república y que hoy día Antes de continuar, vale la pena dejar en REPROLATINA da cuerpo al sistema político en claro que no hay una esencia comunitaria 2011 “Escola sem homofobia: estudo Latinoamérica. en las sociedades indígenas. Lo comunal qualitativo sobre a homofobia na comunidade no es algo ya dado y a histórico que solo escolar em 11 capitais brasileiras”. Disponível Nuestras interpretaciones se construyen en pertenece a las sociedades indígenas. La em: http://www.reprolatina.org.br/site/html/ espacios cotidianos y son el resultado de un política comunal en las sociedades mayas atividades/downloads/escola_sem_homofobia/ largo proceso acumulativo de experiencias es fundamentalmente una relación social Relatorio_Tecnico_Final.pdf. y estrategias políticas en el hacer de la vida. atravesada por una serie de complejidades. Rios, Roger Raupp Cobran forma y fuerza desde el ejercicio de Dicho de otra manera, lo comunal funciona actualización de las experiencias políticas como trama que tiene por lo menos tres 2014 Democracia, tramitação legislativa e debate eleitoral: paralelos e oposições na inspiradas en las rebeliones anticoloniales, hilos: el trabajo comunal para producir criminalização da homofobia (PLC 122/2006). y permanentemente disputan y construyen colectivamente de los medios concretos Destaques do CLAM. Disponível em: http:// un orden simbólico. En suma, las para la reproducción de la vida, las alianzas www.clam.org.br/uploads/arquivo/artigo_ comunidades han construido una de parentesco como estrategia jurídica para Roger_eleicao_homofobia_formatado.pdf. inteligencia colectiva con capacidad de el uso soberano de las tierras comunales y negociar y asediar a la dominación. la asamblea como principal forma de deliberación. Conocemos de la existencia y el efecto de un gran repertorio político comunal, que Contrario a quienes piensan que las van desde los que emergen de tácticas de sociedades indígenas son entes a quienes organización para la producción y auto hay que llevarles el conocimiento, o que si regulación de los medios concretos para los “subalternos” pueden o no pueden sostener la vida cotidiana, así como de las hablar, debate que ha sido controversial en persistentes deliberaciones para interpretar la academia en estos últimos años. Las la ley con el objetivo de erosionar las mujeres, hombres, niñas y niños de las formas de poder dominante. Las marchas sociedades mayas han ideado y creado y manifestaciones públicas resultan ser estrategias de análisis y conocimientos tácticas dentro de una amplia estrategia. ambivalentes y también contradictorias Sabemos que muchas veces estas formas de pero que han asediado al poder. rebelión abierta han tenido una gran efectividad, pero ciertamente éstas sólo Quiero cerrar mis argumentos enunciando pueden sostenerse en la organización de la dos mecanismos que excluyen del espectro vida cotidiana. académico a las políticas de interpretación que las comunidades indígenas construyen. Nuestras interpretaciones hacen uso de ciertas herramientas teóricas producidas El despojo de la riqueza política a las por alguna universidad, pero que tienen interpretaciones indígenas por quienes una elaboración propia y que van cobrando hacen uso de discursos que jerarquizan y cuerpo según el espacio territorial y otorgan estatuto de científico y político temporal desde donde se producen. No es únicamente a las teorías que se produce en la universidad el lugar en el que tiene centros de investigación y universidades, así origen la construcción de estas políticas como aquellas que privilegian a las que

12 DEBATES: EXCLUSIONES

The Exclusions of Gender in Neoliberal Policies and Institutionalized Feminisms

by Verónica Schild | University of Western Ontario | [email protected]

piensan el cambio a partir de la In light of the precarious conditions most the management of individuals and transformación desde estructuras estatales women continue to face in urban and rural communities in an exclusionary, o partidarias. Latin America and increasingly visible and dispossessive capitalist economy. multivocal feminist challenges, what La especialización académica sobre las assessment do we draw about the gender Pragmatic feminism refers to the choice luchas políticas indígenas. El acto de justice achievements of institutionalized, made by some—but not all—in the feminist especialización produce un efecto de “pragmatic” feminism in neoliberal times? and women’s movements to work within eclipse, porque devalúan los nombres y las This question has preoccupied me for some the project of political democratization. significaciones de la dominación y el time. Gender experts from the academy, from the pensamiento emancipatorio propio. world of nongovernmental organizations There is a growing concern among critical and research centers, and from government “1992 ni una hacienda más en el Ecuador”. feminists in Latin America and elsewhere agencies and ministries have made Esa frase tuvo uno de los efectos más about the convergence between undeniably significant contributions to movilizadores y provocó un sismo al institutionalized feminism and neoliberal policy-related knowledge and practice. It is interior del sistema político ecuatoriano. capitalism. Nancy Fraser has recently also clear, however, that they have Condensaba tiempo y luchas por la suggested that there is a “subterranean generated their own exclusions. Hitching recuperación de la tierra y la affinity” between second-wave feminism— pragmatic feminist politics to the broader desarticulación de las haciendas. Esas firmly rooted in the United States and with project of political democratization shaped formas de inteligencia colectiva son las que a subsequent transnational reach—and by local and geopolitical forces, while en la academia se fueron erosionando y neoliberal capitalism (Fraser 2013). Other ignoring its capitalist underpinnings, has quedaron relegadas para dar salida a una critics have claimed that the affinities are come at a cost. This privileging of serie de codificaciones académicas. explicit and structural and involve a liberal “democratization” as a political form by variant, rather than a generalized some sectors of the feminist movement and homogenous feminism (Sangster and their abandonment of the critique of Luxton 2013; Eisenstein 2010). I have capitalism in favor of a defense of a argued for some time that there are “politics of the possible” have had a price. distinctly Latin American features of the Who, for instance, became the interlocutors convergence between pragmatic feminism of UN-based efforts to knit together a and neoliberal projects (Schild 2003, 2013). transnational agenda of women’s equality My own position is that while the premised increasingly on the deployment of institutionalized feminist agenda has gender as a technical concept and framed resulted in some important legal gains for in the language of liberal human rights? women, it has failed to challenge the Who are the winners and who the losers of increasing class- and race-based divide the processes that have institutionalized among women which is a key outcome of contemporary feminisms in Latin America, capitalism. Furthermore, this pragmatic and with what effects? adaptation and transformation of a feminist justice agenda lies at the heart of For the past 25 years, the advancement of the conscription of some contemporary some women has been accompanied by the feminist ideals and practices to the service marginalization of others, a trend that is of legitimizing the transition to neoliberal not unique to Latin America. A report capitalism in the region. With its drawing up an assessment of gender justice emancipatory focus on the pursuit of achievements in Britain, for example, asks empowerment as autonomy in the market, whether or not feminism has till now been pragmatic feminism has become a key a “middle class story of progress” with element in the regulation of women and of “gender justice gains at the top and gender normalization, and more broadly of indifference to the plight of the majority of

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women” (Institute for Public Policy Instead, they are engaged in income as preferential targets of a panoply of social Research 2013). Recent capitalist generating activities that are not formally programs, including novel poverty developments in Latin America, especially registered and that are, therefore, not alleviation strategies. These novel social the increased presence of extractive measured. Increasingly, these include programs have caught the world’s industries and agribusiness and their participation in the parallel drug economy, imagination as a Latin American policy devastating effects on rural communities where they typically engage in success and an exportable good that is and environments, have broadened the gulf narcomenudeo (small-scale drug dealing). promoted by multilateral agencies and between winners and losers in neoliberal According to a report of the International governments alike as the current fix for capitalism (Robinson 2008; Olivera 2005; Drug Policy Consortium, growing numbers breaking the cycle of poverty, and even that Hernández Castillo 2010a). Increasingly, of women who are sole income providers, of violence. While it is true that these institutionalized feminist agendas have not just for their children but often for policies and programs are made possible by been incapable of challenging the widening elderly relatives, too, engage in the drug the contributions of pragmatic feminists class- and race-based differences among economy to either generate or supplement invested in making changes at the women, which are a key outcome of this their incomes (Giacomello 2013). institutional level, their success depends on “dispossessive” capitalism. Indeed, while Furthermore, household structures have the largely invisible work of women in their feminist institutional inroads have opened been significantly transformed. Nuclear, capacity as preferential clients, frontline up opportunities for advancement for some male-breadwinner households, never a workers, and experts. This success should women, namely those with the proper level dominant form to begin with, are now even be taken, then, as a warning about the of education or professional accreditation, less common. According to estimates, only potential traps for women through their it has also marginalized those who lack one-fifth of households in the region recruitment as “empowered” citizens and resources, often turning them from followed this traditional model by the as “natural” caregivers for the tasks of erstwhile “sisters” into clients. mid-2000s (Gerhard and Staab 2010, 12). lifting households and communities out of Whatever the household form, those poverty, of ensuring the success of future The trends of the last two or three decades women living in low-income areas and generations, and of underwriting their show that women’s entry into the toiling in insecure and poorly paid jobs are, communities’ right to security (Garcia workforce has intensified. According to the in any case, already burdened by the effects Castro 2001; Sorj and Gomes 2011; Schild International Labour Organization (ILO), on their households and communities of 2013, 2014a, 2014b). more than half of women of working age persistently underfunded social services, in Latin America are in the labor force, or eroded infrastructure, and precarious work In such contexts, some of us have argued, an estimated 100 million, and a significant with minimal wages. Recognizing this therefore, that these novel programs percentage, 53.7 percent, has attained ten means coming face to face with the premised on emancipating women through or more years of formal education, question of the persistent invisibility of institutional means are themselves compared with 40.4 percent for men. women’s care activities. Women’s invisible mechanisms of exclusion (Schild 2013). By Women’s labor force participation has but critical work—work without which now a network of feminist experts, increased from 49.2 percent to 52.9 percent society would not be able to survive and practitioners, and scholars extends between 2000 and 2010 (Tinoco 2014). reproduce itself—is being stretched to nationally and transnationally and includes However, in a context where labor include those responsibilities that then the multilateral aid agencies and the United flexibilization predominates as a modality appear in the ledgers as Latin America’s Nations. These programs include the much of work in the private sector and policy achievements in the areas of poverty vaunted panoply of conditional cash increasingly in the public sector, women are and crime prevention. transfer programs and more recent the lowest paid, most vulnerable workers. initiatives linked with crime prevention and The overwhelming majority of women are Women and above all “gender” occupy a the broader projects of rendering societies employed in precarious, poorly paid jobs, central place in Latin American social “secure.” Yet few who celebrate these typically with limited contracts or no policy agendas today and in the ostensible policies are willing to consider the contracts at all. It bears remembering that gains made in tackling historically implications of a politics of the possible in those who are out of the formal workforce intractable problems like poverty and the present context of restructured are not simply unemployed homemakers. inequality. In fact, women are now visible neoliberal capitalism. The reconfiguration

14 of the social state during the past 30 years, gains made in places like Brazil, Mexico, or programs and a modest expansion of social or its neoliberalization, is the clue for Chile, millions of Latin Americans live in programs. The disciplining and self- understanding why efforts in different everyday contexts marked by violence, disciplining of the market is supplemented regions of the world to advance women’s precariousness, and marginalization with the actions of an “enabling” or civil and political rights have made associated with exclusions based on class, “investing” state that relies on women’s important gains, while those linked to gender, race, age, and sexual identity. Most labor and “caring” capacities for the social inclusion through the pursuit of prominent today is the overt use of state regulation of social insecurity, including social-economic rights for the majority of violence to control the marginalizations crime prevention, and uses punitive women have not. Recent studies have and exclusions generated by globalized regulation for those whose lives are begun to address this, although attention to economies and the effects of crisis-driven rendered precarious, and this includes not the restructuring state is scant, much less to neoliberalism. What is noteworthy is only that segment of the working class that the question of the relation between gender that—as justified in the name of equality is a marginalized (mostly male) “surplus politics and state reconfiguration. and inclusion—women are increasingly population” but also those many others recruited at the local level to manage whose lives are rendered vulnerable. Overall poverty levels in Latin America insecurity and prevent crime (Sorj and have been reduced significantly—a fall of Gomes 2011; Schild 2014b). Moreover, 15.7 percent of the poverty rate and 8 although males constitute the great References percent of the indigence rate since 2002, majority of those in prison throughout the Arias, Enrique Desmond, and Daniel M. according to the latest ECLAC report—and region, women are the fastest growing Goldstein, eds. inequality, as measured by the GINI incarcerated group, among them single coefficient, appears to have gone down mothers. The proportion of women among 2010 Violent Democracies in Latin America. slightly (ECLAC 2013; World Bank 2014). those incarcerated for drug crimes is very Durham, NC: Duke University Press. At the same time, the region remains the high throughout the region, ranging, for ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin most unequal in the world, and levels of example, from 75 to 80 percent in Ecuador, America and the Caribbean) violence have increased exponentially, 70 percent in Argentina and Venezuela, and earning Latin America a reputation as the 89 percent in Nicaragua (International 2013 Social Panorama of Latin America. Santiago: ECLAC. most violent region in the world (United Centre for Prison Studies 2014). In Nations 2013; Arias and Goldstein 2010). Mexico, where the number of women in Eisenstein, Hester Of course, there are important subregional prisons increased by nearly 20 percent variations in the forms and intensity of between 2000 and 2010, compared with a 2010 Feminism Seduced: How Global Elites Use Women’s Labor and Ideas to Exploit the violence and in the specific conditions that 5 percent increase in the male prison World. Boulder, CO: Paradigm. give rise to them and help perpetuate them. population, between 30 and 60 percent of There are also distinctive forms of violence these women are incarcerated for drug Fraser, Nancy experienced by women, with serious crimes (Hernández Castillo 2010b, 11). 2013 Fortunes of Feminism: From State- consequences for their well-being (UN This figure rises to 75 to 80 percent in the Managed Capitalism to Neoliberal Crisis. Women 2013). Most Latin Americans, or U.S. border region (Parkinson 2013). London: Verso. roughly 80 percent, live in urban centers, Women who end up behind bars are and an estimated 111 million (out of the usually there because of their participation Garcia Castro, Mary 588 urban million) live in poor in narcomenudeo. Typically, most of them 2001 “Engendering Powers in Neoliberal Times neighborhoods or shantytowns (UN- are poor, many of them are single mothers, in Latin America: Reflections from the Left on Habitat 2012). Latin America “has become and in areas with significant indigenous Feminisms and Feminisms.” Latin American the continent in which in most of its and Afro populations many also belong to Perspectives 28 (6): 17–37. countries a significant segment of the these marginalized groups. population is at once, poor, informal and excluded” (Koonings and Kruijt 2007, 9). In summary, violent, arbitrary, and also Paradoxically, then, as governments and illegal forms of neoliberal government of multilateral agencies highlight the social marginality coexist with novel antipoverty

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Gerhard, Roberto, and Silke Staab Olivera B., Mercedes Sorj, Bila, and Carla Gomes 2010 “Childcare Service Expansion in Chile 2005 “El movimiento independiente de mujeres 2011 “O gênero da ‘nova cidadania’: O and Mexico: For Women or Children or de Chiapas y su lucha contra el programa Mulheres da Paz.” Sociologia & Both?” UNRISD Gender and Development, neoliberalismo.” “Feminismos disidentes en Antropologia 1 (2): 147–164. Programme Paper No. 10. Geneva: United América Latina y el Caribe.” Spanish special Nations Research Institute for Social issue of Nouvelles Questions Féministes: Tinoco, Elizabeth Development. Revue Internationnale Francophone 24 (2): 106–115. 2014 “100 Million Women in Latin America’s Giacomello, Corina Labour Force.” International Labour Parkinson, Charles Organization, March 8, 2014. http://www.ilo. 2013 “Mujeres, delitos de drogas y sistemas org/americas/oficina-regional/dirección- penitenciarios en América Latina.” Documento 2013 “LatAm Prison System Failing Women regional/WCMS_237488/lang--en/index.htm. Informativo del IPDC, Octubre 2013. Drug Convicts.” InSight Crime, November 12, Consorcio Internacional Sobre Políticas de 2013. http://www.insightcrime.org/news- United Nations Drogas. http://idpc.net/es/publications/ analysis/latam-prison-system-failing-female- 2013/11/mujeres-delitos-de-drogas-y-sistemas- drug-convicts. 2013 Citizen Security with a Human Face: penitenciarios-en-america-latina Evidence and Proposals for Latin America. Robinson, William I. Regional Human Development Report Hernández Castillo, Rosalva Aída 2013–2014, November 12, 2013. New York: 2008 Latin America and Global Capitalism: A United Nations. 2010a “Introducción: Historias de exclusión.” In Critical Globalization Perspective. Baltimore: Hernández Castillo, Bajo la sombra del Johns Hopkins University Press. UN-Habitat guamúchil, 9–18. Mexico City: CIESAS/ IWGIA/Ore-Media. Sangster, Joan, and Meg Luxton 2012 State of Latin American and Caribbean Cities 2012: Towards a New Urban Transition. 2010b, ed. Bajo la sombra del guamúchil: 2013 “Feminism, Co-Optation and the New York: United Nations. Historias de vida de mujeres indígenas y Problems of Amnesia: A Response to Nancy campesinas en prisión. Mexico: CIESAS/ Fraser.” Socialist Register, vol. 49: 288–309. UN Women IWGIA/Ore-Media. Schild, Verónica 2013 “Femicide in Latin America.” April 4, Institute for Public Policy Research 2013. http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/ 2003 “Die Freiheit der Frauen und stories/2013/4/femicide-in-latin-america. 2013 “Great Expectations: Exploring the gesellschaftlicher Fortschritt: Feministinen, der Promises of Gender Equality.” Cited in Staat und die Armen bei der Schaffung World Bank “Feminism ‘Has Failed Working-Class neoliberaler Gouvernementalitaet.” Peripherie: 2014 “Latin American and Caribbean Women,’” Guardian, March 31, 2013. http:// Zeitschrift für Politik und Ökonomie in der Overview.” http://www.worldbank.org/en/ www.guardian.co.uk/society/2013/mar/31/ Dritten Welt 93 (23) (December): 481–506. region/lac/overview (accessed September 12, gender-pay-feminism-working-class/print. 2013 “Care and Punishment in Latin America: 2014). International Centre for Prison Studies The Gendered Neoliberalisation of the Chilean State.” In Neoliberalism, Interrupted: Social 2014 “World Prison Brief South America.” Change and Contested Governance in http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison- Contemporary Latin America, edited by Mark brief (accessed September 8, 2014). Goodale and Nancy Postero, 195–224. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Koonings, Kees, and Dirk Kruijt 2014a “Die Spezifik lateinamerikanischer 2007 “Fractured Cities, Second-Class Feminismen in Kontext neoliberaler Citizenship and Urban Violence.” In Fractured Regulierung. Beunruhigende Divergenzen – Cities: Social Exclusion, Urban Violence, and Produktive Ambivalenzen.” Das Argument Contested Spaces in Latin America, edited by 308 (3): 356–368. Kees Koonings and Dirk Kruijt, 7–22. London: Zed. 2014b “Institutional Feminist Networks and their “Poor”: Localizing Transnational Interventions.” Journal of Latin American Policy 5 (2): 279–291.

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The Exclusion of (the Study of) Religion in Latin American Gender Studies by Elina Vuola | University of Helsinki, Finland | [email protected]

Much of contemporary scholarship on sexual ethics are at the heart of religion’s the conquest in the early sixteenth century. women and gender in Latin America has interaction with the secular world, globally Often, she replaced pre-Columbian female been guided by a twofold relationship to and in Latin America, specifically. deities, whose attributes were fused into a religion: on the one hand, religion is not syncretistic Latin American Mary. Later, seen or, even less, analyzed as a factor in Among social scientists, the lack of with the import of African slaves to women’s lives. I have called this a feminist knowledge of research done in fields such American lands, the same happened in blindness to the importance of religion, as religious studies and theology is a result relation to African deities and beliefs. Thus especially in its aspects that women might of understanding religion narrowly, on the the various representations of Mary in experience as positive and life-sustaining. one hand, and in the case of Latin America, Latin America are a fusion of European, On the other hand, when feminist scholars of a specific institutional academic situation African, and indigenous American do take religion into account, they often do in which religion is studied either in elements. This is clearly discernible in so through something that I have called a seminaries, institutions and universities of popular religiosity even today. The religious paradigm or religion-as-a-lens different churches, or as a theme among “official” and the “popular”—which type of theorizing, in which religion is seen others in fields such as anthropology, should not be too sharply separated—live as the main explanatory factor of women’s history, and political science. The academic side by side, blended into each other. lives in a given culture, but mainly as a field of the study of religion in Latin Popular practices and beliefs can live monolithically negative, misogynist, and America thus differs from the United States half-officially as part of the more immutable force over people’s lives. Such a and Western European countries, in which recognized devotion, sometimes creating a depiction does not necessarily take the study of religion, including theology, is distance between what is formally women’s own interpretations into account, part of secular universities. The exclusion (doctrinally) accepted by the Church and nor does it interpret “religion” as lived of religion—understood critically, broadly, what are seen as customs of the common religion, shaped by people, but rather as an and from the perspective of various people. From the perspective of ordinary institution. disciplines—is thus partly a result of the religious women, Mary represents not only meagerness of scientific study of religion in continuity with pre-Columbian goddesses There is a strong tendency in feminist Latin Latin America. but also a source of empowerment in American studies to see all established concrete life situations, including economic religion, including popular Catholicism, as At the same time, from the perspective of uncertainty. The feminist overthrow and harmful and alienating for women. The theology, it is Latin America that has dislike of Mary may thus look like not only favorite woman of the Catholic Church, produced one of the globally most inadequate scholarship but also class the Virgin Mary, is a case in point. significant theological currents—liberation privilege. Women’s love of her and devotion to her is theology and its feminist, Afro–Latin seen as the worst sort of alienation: the American, indigenous, and ecological Further, feminist theological understanding well-known marianismo thesis, in spite of variants. The work of Latin American of the relationship between gender and having been questioned by various scholars, feminist theologians is usually best known religion is also about women gaining is being reproduced in social scientific Latin and discussed by feminist theologians from authority and positions of power (both American gender studies. Hardly any other latitudes, like myself, not by Latin within academic theology and religious differentiation is made between American male liberation theologians or institutions) and creating new sexual ethics institutional, official religion, on the one feminist theorists. The lack of dialogue from within the respective religious hand, and lived religious practices, on the between (liberation) theologians and tradition. Feminist theology has from its other. secular gender theorists leads to a situation very beginning been interreligious, in which religion is understood not only ecumenical, and global. This has meant The exclusion of religion and its narrowly and stereotypically but often that the voices and critiques of women interdisciplinary study (anthropology, simply wrongly. Again, the figure of the from the global South were very early religious studies, theology) in Latin Virgin Mary is instructive. included in feminist theology. Ecumenical American studies is especially accentuated and interfaith organizations offered a in gender studies. It is problematic, because The cult of the Virgin Mary was embedded concrete network of collaboration and issues related to gender, women, family, and in Latin America at the very beginning of mutual critique between feminist

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theologians from different parts of the especially as they were practiced and those of a different culture or subculture— world already in the 1960s and 1970s. theorized in the Ecumenical Association of in feminist theory? Third World Theologians (EATWOT), This narrative of global, ecumenical, and founded in 1976. This was a forum for If religion is analyzed as one “difference” interfaith feminist theology is largely liberation theology–minded Christian between women or as an important social untold, which is why scholars in other theologians from all over the world, division and producer of power fields can maintain somewhat narrow and focusing on changes not only in theology asymmetries, it is possible to take it into stereotypical views of theology and feminist but also in churches and society. Besides account also in intersectional analyses. theology. EATWOT, the ecumenical movement in This may be especially crucial in societies general, especially the World Council of that are strongly marked by religion and, in One concrete example of this somewhat Churches, has been a key factor in the early the case of women, by religious traditions different history and development of development of both feminist theology and that explicitly foster women’s feminist theology is the early inclusion of liberation theology globally, including subordination and wish to expand their what today is called intersectionality. For black theology in the United States, Africa, constellations of gender and sexuality into example, the Catholic feminist theologian and Latin America. national legislation. This is clearly the case Rosemary Ruether wrote already in 1975: of most Latin American societies. “Any women’s movement which is only In the case of feminist theology, this meant However, it is as important to analyze concerned about sexism and no other form an earlier inclusion of the perspective of the carefully how in fact religion—in the case of oppression, must remain a women’s global South in feminist theorizing, before of Latin America, principally Roman movement of the white upper class, for it is any other field of gender studies. Neither Catholicism—creates and sustains only this group of women whose only liberation theology nor feminist theology is subordination and how people, especially problem is the problem of being women, adequately understood without this larger women, interpret that influence. My own since, in every other way, they belong to the context. Ruether (together with other research has shown that the single most ruling class. . . . Thus it seems to me first-generation feminist theologians active important female figure in Christianity, the essential that the women’s movement reach in EATWOT) is an example of how some Virgin Mary, can be used and interpreted out and include in its struggle the ideas, such as intersectionality, were present both in obviously sexist ways and in ways interstructuring of sexism with all other in feminist theology in fact earlier than in that empower women, often the most kinds of oppression, and recognize a other fields of gender studies, as a disadvantaged women (Vuola 2009, 2012). pluralism of women’s movements” consequence of this global interaction. Thus, no large generalizations about the (Ruether 1975, 125, emphasis in the This is not recognized in either secular power of religion in societies and original). feminist theory or feminist studies of individuals should be made without also religion. paying attention to how women interpret Ruether and other first-generation feminist their religious traditions and how their theologians stated already in the 1970s that Feminist theorizing has often been both identities are constructed also by religion, gender should always be analyzed in blind and sometimes openly negative spirituality, and faith. relation to class and race. Ruether uses the toward any positive synergy between term “interstructuring,” not feminism and religion as well as toward the It is central that scholars of religion pay “intersectionality.” She is an example of a experiences of religious women. Even attention to sexist interpretations and feminist theologian who was practically theories of intersectionality, which practices within religions, but this should and conceptually linked to liberation explicitly pay (self)-critical attention to the be done in relation to women’s religious theology, which was both a theoretical and blind spots of feminist theory and the agency. In intersectional analyses, this practical—even political—movement myriad of differences between women, means not only seeing religion as a mainly in the global South. The emphasis have by and large not been able to see “difference” between women (of different on the “interstructuring of oppression” in religion as an important factor in women’s cultures and religions but also within a feminist theology, since its very beginning, lives. Has religion thus remained the last given religious tradition and society) but was an outcome of its connections to the way of “othering” women—especially also bringing gender as an intersectional global movement of liberation theologies, category to the study of religion. This

18 makes it possible to understand religion References both as a structure of power (institution) and as a source of empowerment and Ruether, Rosemary Radford positive identity (individual, community). 1975 New Woman, New Earth: Sexist Ideologies and Human Liberation. San Secularism as the norm in Latin American Francisco: Harper and Row. studies is not neutral either. Careful, Vuola, Elina contextualized analyses of how religion interacts with gender in different times and 2009 “Patriarchal Ecumenism, Feminism and cultural contexts are needed. As long as Women’s Religious Experiences in Latin both the religious and the secular are America.” In Gendering Religion and Politics: Untangling Modernities, edited by Hanna understood narrowly—implying that only Herzog and Ann Braude, 217–238. New York: “the religious” is the problem—a situation Palgrave Macmillan. is maintained in which true interdisciplinarity does not inform truth 2012 “Intersectionality in Latin America? The Possibilities of Intersectional Analysis in Latin claims about the reality of religion, and American Studies and Study of Religion.” In especially its interplay with gender. Bodies and Borders in Latin America/Cuerpos y fronteras en América Latina, edited by Silje In order for scholars to understand and Lundgren, Thaïs Machado Borges, and analyze the complex and often Charlotta Widmark, 131–151. Serie Haina 8. contradictory relationship between women Stockholm: University of Stockholm. Translation in Portuguese: and their religious traditions, identities, and “Interseccionalidade na América Latina? beliefs, it is important to recognize that As possibilidades da análise interseccional women have different ways of opposing nos estudos latino-americanos de religião,” cultural stereotypes concerning them, in Estudos feministas e religão: Tendências including some of those represented by e debates, edited by Sandra Duarte de feminists. The image of women as passive Souza and Naira Pinheiro dos Santos victims of religious indoctrination is one of (São Paulo: Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, 2014). the most common ones, as in the case of the marianismo thesis. It is of utmost importance that feminist scholars do not present a simplistic or flawed view of religious women. In this sense, understanding women’s many-sided, rich, and controversial relationship to their religious traditions is of direct political importance.

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DEBATES: EXCLUSIONES

Exclusions dans les études latino-américaines francophones au Québec par Anahi Morales Hudon | Université du Québec à Montréal | [email protected]

Considérant que dans le champ des études francophones dans les réseaux aussi afin d’assurer un accès à la littérature, latino-américaines la principale division internationaux, qu’ils soient Haïtiens, la production et la communication en géographique et linguistique est celle entre Québécois, Belges, etc. La place assez anglais est favorisée, parfois au détriment le Nord global anglophone et le Sud global marginale du français comme langue de de celle en français. latino, on peut se demander comment communication dans des congrès situer et comprendre la place que le milieu internationaux comme ceux de LASA en est Cette marginalisation du français dans la francophone y occupe. À ma connaissance, une illustration claire. Les francophones production majoritairement anglophone il n’y a pas eu à ce jour d’analyse des présentent la plupart du temps dans une dans le Nord global ne traduit pas à elle dynamiques spécifiques découlant de la autre langue. Ceci n’est pas surprenant seule les dynamiques d’exclusion des études position des études latino-américaines étant donné que leurs recherches portent francophones latino-américaines. Il y a sans francophones et leur effet dans la sur l’Amérique latine et qu’il est attendu aucun doute une marginalisation du monde production et la diffusion du savoir au qu’elles et ils dominent soit l’espagnol ou le francophone dans le champ des études Québec. Si le français est une langue portugais. Toutefois, cela démontre ce latino-américaines. Mais, qu’en est-il des minoritaire dans le champ des études statut particulier des latino-américanistes exclusions produites et reproduites au sein latino-américaines en Amérique du Nord, francophones au Québec qui se des recherches francophones? l’espace de production des études latino- positionnent à la fois en dialogue avec américaines francophones en est un qui l’Amérique latine mais aussi avec le monde Nous pouvons tenter de répondre à cette s’insère dans un Nord global. anglophone qui domine les études latino- question en prenant différents angles, américaines en Amérique du Nord. notamment en observant les cadres Pour comprendre cette posture spécifique théoriques que nous utilisons, tout comme des études latino-américaines francophones La recherche portant sur l’Amérique latine les expériences, enjeux et problématiques en science sociales au Québec je suggère depuis le monde francophone est que nous étudions. Les cadres théoriques et qu’il est nécessaire d’entreprendre une importante, mais il est difficile d’évaluer analyses produites dans le Sud global sont analyse des enjeux de pouvoir, et plus son influence dans un monde où c’est encore trop peu connues et intégrées dans précisément, des exclusions produites par plutôt l’anglais qui domine comme langue les recherches et l’enseignement dans les les enjeux liés à la langue et à la production de communication/production. La pression études latino-américaines au Québec. Si la des connaissances. Cet article cherche à de publier en anglais est extrêmement forte langue est une fois de plus un facteur identifier quelques pistes de réflexion afin si l’on veut diffuser nos recherches le plus important expliquant cette marginalisation, de contribuer à lancer cette discussion. Le largement possible. Cela implique de il n’en reste pas moins qu’il y a une faible regard que je porte sur cette question est publier en français mais aussi en anglais, diffusion des apports théoriques des nécessairement influencé par ma propre surtout pour les jeunes chercheurs et auteures et auteurs latino-américains dans positionalité en tant que femme mexicaine- chercheures qui visent à se faire une place le monde francophone. Les expériences et québécoise. C’est à partir des réflexions dans ces deux réseaux. La production dans enjeux étudiés en Amérique latine basées sur mon expérience personnelle mais les deux langues est aussi manifeste dans le constituent encore souvent des cas d’études aussi sur des discussions avec des collègues besoin de créer du matériel pour que l’on approche avec des cadres latino-américaines que je propose une l’enseignement. Cela pour assurer que des théoriques et des concepts du Nord global, réflexion sur cette position particulière du non francophones aient accès à nos surtout du milieu anglophone mais aussi, monde francophone dans les études recherches tout en produisant des textes dans une moindre mesure, du milieu latino-américaines. pour nos collègues et étudiants/étudiantes. francophone. Pour prendre un exemple, je En effet, quand vient le temps d’intégrer constate que la place faite aux approches La recherche francophone sur l’Amérique des textes en français sur l’Amérique latine décoloniales, issues d’auteures et d’auteurs latine a un statut assez particulier. Pour dans nos cours, on se retrouve avec des latino-américains et produites surtout en celles et ceux dont la langue première est le choix plus restreints. Cela représente une espagnol, est assez restreinte, français, il est incontournable de parler charge de travail supplémentaire car une comparativement à la littérature l’espagnol et/ou le portugais, mais aussi, de traduction est souvent nécessaire pour la postcoloniale émanant majoritairement du plus en plus, l’anglais.1 Cela soulève la préparation du matériel pour les cours. monde anglophone. question de la place faite aux chercheurs-es Bref, afin de s’insérer dans les débats mais

20 Le choix des cadre théoriques et auteurs et lancement du tout nouveau Réseau latino-américaines en Haïti ou en auteures que nous étudions traduisent un d’études latino-américaines de Montréal Martinique, pour ne prendre que ces deux rapport de pouvoir Nord/Sud qui se reflète (RELAM), nous assistons au Québec à un exemples. aussi dans les enjeux ciblés et nos méthodes phénomène nouveau, soit la venue de de recherche. Ce sont davantage les davantage d’étudiantes et d’étudiants Chose certaine, je crois que nous mobilisations et expériences du Sud qui latino-américains au Québec pour y réaliser gagnerions à rendre explicites ces sont documentées et diffusées, cela bien leurs études supérieures sur l’Amérique exclusions et à reconnaître davantage plus que les cadres théoriques ou les latine.2 Apparemment, ce n’est plus l’apport des chercheures et chercheurs approches méthodologiques des seulement les institutions des États-Unis ou latino-américains. La réflexion que je chercheures et chercheurs du Sud. Par de l’Europe qui sont choisies par ces partage ici est donc une invitation à exemple, une attention particulière est étudiants et étudiantes. Cela amène une adopter une posture réflexive sur nos portée aux mouvements sociaux et leurs diversification intéressante des études pratiques ancrées dans la complexité des impacts sur la redéfinition des relations latino-américaines francophones à travers rapports de pouvoir Nord-Sud, non entre société et État, comme les recherches le partage d’expériences et de connaissances seulement en ce qui a trait aux thématiques sur les mouvements autochtones. Toutefois, distinctes. Toutefois, c’est une diversité qui étudiées tout comme pour ce qui est les propositions alternatives des peuples tarde encore à se faire voir au niveau du considéré comme légitime dans la autochtones pour penser l’organisation corps professoral ou des professionnels de production du savoir. Et ceci implique non sociale et politique sont, quant à elles, recherche, où ce sont encore seulement de mieux intégrer les travaux des invisibilisés dans la recherche. De plus, il y majoritairement des Canadiens, Européens latino-américains à nos analyses ou de a des propositions assez importantes au et Américains qui y enseignent les études rendre nos espaces de recherche et Mexique notamment sur des recherches latino-américaines. Depuis une perspective d’enseignement plus diversifiés, mais bien collaboratives, qui ne sont pas connues ou intersectionnelle, nous ne pouvons que au-delà, cela implique aussi de se diffusées dans le milieu francophone. Je constater également que très peu de femmes questionner sur les rapports de pouvoir pense notamment au travail de d’origine latino-américaine ont des postes implicites dans la légitimation de certaines collaboration en recherche que l’on trouve de recherche dans le milieu universitaire formes de savoir et certaines expériences dans «Gobernar (en) la diversidad: (comme professeure ou encore dans la production de la connaissance et la Experencias indígenas desde América professionnelle de recherche). construction d’alternatives. Latina; Hacia una investigación de co-labor» édité par Xochitl Leyva, Araceli Les observations avancées ici ont comme Burguete et Shannon Speed ou encore le objectif de nous amener à réfléchir à la Notes travail de Aída Hernández Castillo dans multiplicité des dynamiques de pouvoir au Je remercie tout spécialement Leila Celis et «Bajo la sombra del Guamuchil. Historias sein de la communauté latino-américaniste Adriana Pozos pour les discussions que nous de vida de mujeres indígenas y campesinas francophone québécoise, non seulement avons eues sur les enjeux abordés dans ce en prisión». Aussi, les apports théoriques vis-à-vis l’extérieur mais aussi vers texte. des chercheurs décoloniaux comme l’intérieur. Toute comme nous pouvons 1 Ce qui est aussi le cas pour les chercheures et Boaventura de Sousa Santos et Aníbal créer des réseaux de recherche chercheurs dont la langue première est une Quijano sont encore largement connus en francophones au Québec pour faciliter le langue autochtone Amérique latine mais peu étudiés dans le positionnement de nos recherches dans les 2 La mission du Réseau d’études latino- monde francophone. études latino-américaines, ne serait-il pas américaines de Montréal/Latin American possible de travailler également à la Studies Network of Montreal (RELAM) est de Ces dynamiques seront, espérons-le, réduction des exclusions qui se vivent au créer un espace d’échange, de collaboration et amenées à changer. Parmi les facteurs qui sein des études latino-américaines au de diffusion dans les études latino-américaines peuvent contribuer à cette transformation Québec? Ces exclusions ne sont en sciences sociales, dans les deux langues. En on peut compter sur la diversification du probablement pas uniques au monde effet, le RELAM a cette particularité de regrouper des universités francophones tout corps professoral et étudiant de nos latino-américaniste francophone québécois, comme des universités anglophones. universités. Comme le soulignait Catherine et il serait intéressant d’analyser les LeGrand dans son allocution lors du parallèles que l’on peut faire avec les études

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DEBATES: EXCLUSIONES

Challenging Northern Hegemony: Toward South-South Dialogue in Latin American Studies A Perspective from India

by Vasundhara Jairath | University of Delhi | [email protected]

Références The United States of America, which has of the 68 colleges affiliated with Delhi stood in a historical relationship of University, only one actually offers this Hernández Castillo, Rosalva Aída, coord. dominance vis-à-vis Latin America, has also option. In contrast to the number of 2010 Bajo la sombra del Guamuchil: Historias remained the center of academic pursuits centers that teach courses and pursue de vida de mujeres indígenas y campesinas en on the region. There is, of course, its research on Latin American society and prisión. México: Centro de Investigaciones y geographical proximity to account for this politics, there exist a far greater number of Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social; concentration. However, the concentration centers for Latin American languages and Grupo Internacional de Trabajo Sobre Asuntos in the United States of advanced centers of literature. The state of the centers for Latin Indígenas. learning on the region may also be viewed American studies is further reflected in the Leyva Solano, Xochitl, Aracely Burguete, et within this broader unequal relationship. number of faculty they house. The Goa Shannon Speed In this article I do not concern myself with University Centre for Latin American 2008 Gobernar (en) la diversidad: Experiencias a detailed history of this dominance. Studies has two faculty members, while the indígenas desde América Latina: Hacia la Instead, I draw on my own location in center at JNU has all of one faculty investigación de co-labor. México: CIESAS; India to present a starkly contrasting member who works on Latin America in a FLACSO Ecuador; FLACSO Guatemala. picture. I do this to point to the gap center for Canadian, U.S., and Latin between two regions of the global South, American studies. The dearth in India of Rojas-Viger, Celia Latin America and South Asia, and the teaching and research institutions on Latin 2006 «Femmes professionnelles latino- several challenges for scholars in South America is, therefore, stark to say the least. américaines à Montréal: Conditions Asia working on Latin America. The It is hardly surprising then to note the d’insertion dans le milieu universitaire et au disproportional distribution of resources obstacles for a doctoral candidate like me marché du travail» Les Cahiers du Gres 6 (1): between the United States and a region like who chooses to undertake a comparative 25–43. South Asia is in many ways merely project between India and Mexico as part reflective of the global political economy. of my research. In this article I look at the repercussions of this global political economy for the field of Three significant issues may be highlighted Latin American studies, an aspect that is in this regard. The first has already been often ignored in the way that it has been noted above—the absence of thriving shaped. It is also worth stating at the start centers of learning on Latin America for that a call for greater dialogue and students with such academic interests. collaborative work between Latin America Without a community of scholars that and South Asia is not limited to these two work on the region, students are regions but may be seen as a call for such disadvantaged from the start. Those who work more broadly between all countries do pursue such an interest are often left to and regions of the global South. fend for themselves, starting from the task of gaining access to books and other In contrast to the umpteen centers of Latin literature. My own experience in pursuing American studies in the United States, India my master’s in Mumbai, when I chose to has only three. Two of these are based in work on race in Brazil, led me to gather New Delhi—at Jawaharlal Nehru books all the way from Bangalore in the University (JNU) and Jamia Millia south to New Delhi in the north. The lack Islamia—and one in the former Portuguese of attention to this field has meant few colony Goa, at Goa University. The Delhi universities and institutions house a University, where I am based, provides substantial collection of academic literature history students with the option of taking on Latin America. The matter of books an undergraduate-level course on Latin and resources brings us to the next big American history in addition to American obstacle, that of language. While literature history and Russian history. However, out in English on the region is itself limited, the

22 academic community is ever more removed other parts of the world are merely ignored, solidarity and collaboration such as the from ongoing debates in Latin American particularly those from the global South, establishment of Mercosur, no conscious social sciences as a result of this language which is pressed for resources. As a result, effort has been made to establish a broader barrier. Even where Spanish and Hispanic we have a community of scholars of Latin process of dialogue and exchange in the literature is pursued in several centers America that either belong to the region or realm of academic research between Latin across the country, as mentioned above, are predominantly based in the United America and different regions of the global this mastery over language and literature States and to some extent in Europe. South. has rarely translated into the field of social sciences. These issues are then Moving away from the logistical barriers of In the political project of decolonization of compounded significantly by a third and scholars from the global South outside of knowledge and the social sciences, such key element, a question of resources. In Latin America working on this region, it is relations play a particularly important role. many ways the lack of resources of also worth addressing the important By moving centers of knowledge educational and research institutions is not academic project at hand in building production out of the dominant North and specific to the field of Latin American greater dialogue between countries and into the South, we arrive at a process of studies in India and constitutes a more regions of the South. The politics of knowledge production more grounded in generic resource crunch, particularly in the funding and its seminal role in the process the conditions of the South. If the broader field of social sciences. With of knowledge production has been amply historically constructed division between increasingly little political will of the Indian discussed and written about. A continued white Western researchers studying the government to encourage academic hold of the global North, in this case nonwhite incommensurate other is to be dialogue between the two regions, most disproportionately in the hands of the challenged not only at the level of scholarships for academic exchange United States, over financial resources in individual endeavor but as a structural and between India and countries of Latin the field of research on Latin America systemic challenge, it is through this America are limited to the field of science implies a continued hold over what is conscious move toward greater academic and technological innovation, areas of studied. This is in no way to insinuate the collaboration and exchange among the focus chosen by the State. Research travel working of a grand conspiracy that countries of the global South. Given their grants are scant and limited to short-term controls every research project, meant long histories of colonization, even while projects. Academic dialogue, particularly merely to serve the corridors of power. It is exceedingly diverse, the South is placed in a with other countries of the global South, worth mentioning that a large body of particularly critical position in the project besides a few exceptions like Brazil, are low critical and important work has emerged of the decolonization of knowledge. While on the agenda of the State, which is more from the United States that has contributed this is in no way to point to merely moving focused on its race to achieve superpower significantly to our understanding of the the epicenter of Latin American Studies to status. region and its nuances. However, this has the South as sufficient in the project of come, if I may state it provocatively, at the decolonization of knowledge, it is certainly If one were to explore the range of funding cost of South-South collaborative work. a necessary step in that direction. Further, institutions across the United States, The critical importance of such an in the context of a highly globalized world Canada, and Europe, where most funding academic project that creatively brings where we are drawn together into a global sources are concentrated, one might chance together the sometimes diverse and at other structure of dominance, control, and upon several fellowships and grants for times strikingly similar conditions of the exploitation, we have more than one area studies, particularly for regions of the South in dialogue with each other lies reason to build worldwide solidarities and global South including Latin America. precisely in the political project of transnational political alliances in the realm However, with the exception of Sephis, decentering the North from its position of of academics. For those committed to the which has been in financial crisis for a few dominance in the sphere of critical thinking pursuit of knowledge with an aim not only years now, there are few funding and knowledge production. While such a to understand the world but to change the institutions that emphasize South-South process has taken place among the structures of inequality that sustain it, an academic collaboration. Instead, while countries of Latin America, something that active move toward changing the such fellowships may especially target can also be located within broader conditions within which academics is scholars of Latin America, scholars from processes of growing Latin American pursued is the first imperative.

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My own experience in my doctoral asymmetries on their home ground, or, as research project, which involves in my case, in other Third World contexts. comparative work between India and As part of the global South we are forced Mexico, has led me to organize several of to reckon with the way we ourselves are these thoughts. The struggle for funding to imbricated in power structures, both global be able to successfully carry out this project and local, and it is in engaging with this has illuminated the disproportionate task that we may locate a special distribution of resources across the world significance in the need for greater dialogue in the field of social sciences and the and exchange within these regions. consequent inequalities that result in the exclusion of large parts of the South in the To the limited extent to which I was able to field of Latin American studies. It is often overcome some of the barriers to assumed that Latin Americans study Latin comparative work between Mexico and America, Africans study Africa, and Asians India, this has proved to be most study Asia. Financial and institutional educational and illuminating in more ways resources are made available so as to than one. However, what was merely a reinforce such a practice in a way that glimpse may translate into an important South-South collaborative projects find stepping-stone to envision broader little mention. Most reflective of this is the processes for collaborative projects across complete absence of the category of the the two regions of Latin America and global South as a region that is worthy of South Asia. There is much to learn targeted funding. While this does not between the two regions, a space of ignore the inequalities within this South, it dialogue that has remained unexplored for does point to identifying regions in the the most part. While few processes like world that occupy similar positions in the greater dialogue between Indian and global political economy and the need, Brazilian social scientists have taken place despite their diversities and differential in the past, such processes have been driven relations with each other, for greater more by international policy and bilateral dialogue, particularly within the field of state relations between the two countries more actively political research, as in rather than by academic concerns. Instead, research on social and political struggles. a consciously articulated move toward the promotion of South-South dialogue and My research area, which is concerned with collaborative research projects serves more indigenous politics in the context of pointedly to focus on the issue of anti-dispossession movements, falls within decolonization of knowledge and this arena. The process of data collection challenging power structures that shape and ethnography in a discipline such as academic institutions and practices across social anthropology is deeply marred by a the globe. historically unequal relationship between the researcher and the subjects of research; this is valid more generally for all academic pursuits. While postcolonial countries have most often experienced this process in their colonial pasts through the interaction between the colonizer and the colonized, they are now faced with the novel challenge of addressing some of these power

24 DEBATES: EXCLUSIONES

Exclusiones crónicas y ciudadanías flexibles: La soledad de los migrantes latinoamericanos en el espacio transatlántico por Liliana Suárez Navaz | Universidad Autónoma de Madrid | [email protected]

El país que se pudiera hacer con todos los han establecido comunidades de traer a nuestras familias, pero la exiliados y emigrados forzosos de latinoamericanos y caribeños en toda su normativa exigía tener una vivienda, y América Latina tendría una población diversidad étnica, racial y de clase. La fíjate que nos era más difícil alquilar que más numerosa que Noruega. . . . como si intensidad de estos flujos de inmigración en comprar porque en aquél entonces nos no fuera posible otro destino que vivir a la primera década del siglo XXI en España ofrecían hipotecas por nada. Ahora ni merced de los dos grandes dueños del ha sido la más alta del mundo según la podemos volver ni nos es fácil quedarnos. mundo. Este es, amigos, el tamaño de Organización para la Cooperación y el Los bancos se quieren quedar con nuestra soledad. Desarrollo Económico (OCED) (2008), nuestras casas y desahuciarnos, las convirtiendo un país en el que apenas el 0,6 familias destrozadas, los estados no nos —Gabriel García Márquez, de su población eran extranjeros en 1981 dan respuesta. Hemos sido víctimas de La soledad de América Latina hasta más de un 12 por ciento en 2012 una gran estafa global…Es un proyecto (Padrón municipal, Instituto Nacional de neoliberal criminal, que nos ha perseguido Las palabras de Gabriel García Márquez en Estadística). De los más de 5 millones de desde América Latina a Europa, algo que la recogida del Nobel tienen hoy eco en los ciudadanos extranjeros, casi un 45 por no podremos resolver solitos, no es millones de Latinoamericanos de las ciento de los residentes y más de un 60 por posible. Nuestra cosmovisión nos ayuda diásporas. Hoy, más incluso que en 1982, ciento de los trabajadores son de origen a entender que juntos, pensando a futuro, América Latina se desborda en densos y latinoamericano. Por ello hablamos de la podremos seguir luchando por nuestra precarios tránsitos migratorios hacia “latinización” de España,2 frente a otros dignidad.3 Estados Unidos y hacia Europa. colectivos inmigrantes “vecinos” que Dependencias neocoloniales y exclusiones antaño tenían más visibilidad y arraigo. La diáspora latinoamericana navega en un crónicas agudizadas en la era neoliberal. sistema de exclusiones múltiples que Esta diáspora, este desbordamiento, es precarizan y ponen en peligro sus vidas en Treinta años más tarde esta población consecuencia del impacto del modelo Europa. Un modelo del que, con matices, diaspórica se ha triplicado.1 Según el neoliberal en América Latina desde los participan los países de América Latina de último informe de la Naciones Unidas años ochenta y noventa. Millones de donde proceden estos migrantes. La (ONU), los migrantes y descendientes de latinoamericanos se han visto forzados a soledad de estos migrantes es transnacional latinoamericanos constituyen el segundo emigrar y establecerse en el norte global, y profunda. grupo diaspórico continental del mundo. donde luchan por una voz y vida propia, Siguiendo el símil del escritor colombiano por un acceso en igualdad de condiciones a más universal, los latinoamericanos la ciudadanía. Como mostraré a Exclusiones crónicas y “ciudadanías desterrados podría hoy poblar el conjunto continuación para el caso de la diáspora flexibles” en el espacio transatlántico de los cuatro países nórdicos (Suecia, latinoamericana en España y Europa, esta Noruega, Finlandia, y Dinamarca). Son lucha se enfrentó a una Europa fortaleza La solidaridad con nuestros sueños no millones los que encarnan la condición que gestionaba ciudadanías precarias y nos haría sentir menos solos, mientras no migrante, ciudadanos del sur global flexibles, a un régimen neoliberal que se concrete con actos de respaldo legítimo arraigados en el norte, la mayoría en favoreció el consumo y endeudamiento a la a los pueblos que asuman la ilusión de Estados Unidos, pero muchos millones ya par que recortaba políticas públicas. Una tener una vida propia en el reparto del en Europa, que se ha convertido en un amiga ecuatoriana, lideresa indígena que mundo destino preferente desde finales del siglo conozco hace más de 10 años, lo resume a XX. través de su propia experiencia: —Gabriel García Márquez, La soledad de América Latina Otro tipo de vínculos históricos y culturales Vinimos por un corto tiempo, porque han primado en esta emigración, que es había mucho trabajo y en Ecuador se nos El legado colonial ha marcado las mucho más heterogénea que la habían cerrado todas las puertas. Pero no relaciones entre el sur de Europa y de predominantemente México-Americana fue así y se fue alargando el tiempo para América. Este espacio transatlántico asentada en Estados Unidos. En España y cumplir objetivos. Ya con trabajo, ya iberoamericano, aunque configurado por Portugal, antiguas metrópolis coloniales, se habiendo pagado las deudas queríamos un cronotopo distinto y en alguna medida

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alternativo al anglosajón, se arraiga en ibérica y otros países europeos con del “racismo igualitario”—, en una exclusiones epistémicas neocoloniales que vocación de permanencia. particular articulación con las nuevas pueblos indígenas y afroamericanos están exclusiones específicas al mercado laboral buscando revertir teórica y políticamente, y Las nuevas leyes de extranjería del sur de global neoliberal. En un país como España, otras minorías, como los herederos de Europa están vinculadas a una lógica con un sector informal de la economía que sefarditas, gitanos o moriscos, visibilizan securitaria que refuerza la construcción de llega a alcanzar del 20–30 por ciento y que desde imprevisibles periferias. una “Europa fortaleza” y criminaliza a afecta sobre todo a los sectores económicos todos los inmigrantes del sur, los donde se insertan los inmigrantes El imaginario de pertenencia y fraternidad denominados “no comunitarios”. Las dos (construcción, servicios, agricultura), es “iberoamericana” se reproduce aún hoy primeras normativas logran con éxito complicado obtener el contrato que permite por los discursos y prácticas de élites a los cerrar una primera fase de obtener los “papeles” y salir de esa dos lados del espacio Atlántico. El “refronterización del Mediterráneo”, en la “irregularidad sobrevenida”. gobierno de la movilidad a través de este que los mecanismos de exclusión jurídica Etnográficamente hemos constatado como espacio transatlántico ha sido siempre blindan la entrada legal a los “no esta peregrinación por los papeles cristaliza regulado por las élites, quienes además de comunitarios”, o inmigrantes del sur. El en una posición subalterna, dependiente, y transitarlos durante siglos en ambas “pánico social” se crea mediáticamente con que nunca parece resolverse. La exclusión direcciones, expulsaban a la población los iconos de las pateras que cruzan el legal puede solucionarse temporalmente “excedente” o “exiliada” de tanto en tanto. estrecho y más recientemente los “asaltos a con el acceso a un permiso o a la Las dictaduras del siglo XX marcaron la las vallas” en el territorio africano de las nacionalidad, pero para el resto de la huida de españoles o portugueses hacia ciudades autónomas de Ceuta o Melilla. familia y el colectivo se mantiene la América Latina, y después de argentinos, Mientras tanto, millones de búsqueda de salidas a través de los varios chilenos, uruguayos o brasileños en la latinoamericanos acceden silenciosamente cauces administrativos puestos en marcha península Ibérica. Este imaginario de al país a través de los principales por el estado bajo la lógica de la pertenencia y fraternidad, por tanto, se aeropuertos del país con la complacencia “excepcionalidad”: “cupos”, sostiene sobre un estrato profundo de de los agentes fronterizos, sin focos ni regularizaciones masivas, “contingentes” de exilios y destierros. atención mediática. Algunos autores han trabajadores “reclutados en origen” y otras descrito esta estrategia como un esfuerzo medidas de gobernanza del espacio Hacia finales de siglo XX, las crisis no confeso de sustititución de colectivos migratorio Atlántico. económicas y la ausencia de futuro expulsa africanos por latinoamericanos, a cientos de miles de latinoamericanos representados de forma más amable en la Una vez abierta la crisis, una nueva Ley de quienes, ante el bloqueo de la frontera prensa y los discursos políticos como cómo Extranjería, 2/2009, hizo más restrictivo el norteamericana se dirigen hacia una “culturalmente más cercanos” y parte de la acceso a los derechos de ciudadanía y a los España que acababa de firmar el tratado de “familia hispano-ibero-americana”. programas de integración. Con el adhesión a la Comunidad Económica “pinchazo” de la burbuja inmobiliaria la Europea en 1986 y estaba en plena Pero al igual que el resto de mano de obra fragilidad económica del sur de Europa se expansión económica. Este segundo flujo no cualificada internacional de la que hace evidente. La creciente pobreza de emigración latinoamericana ya no es de depende el desarrollo económico neoliberal desencadenada afecta a los inmigrantes de clase media blanca como la anterior ni está del sur de Europa, los latinoamericanos que manera dramática con casi un 40 por políticamente perseguida. Huyen más bien entraron con visados de turistas pronto ciento de desempleo. La tragedia de los de las consecuencias de las políticas de caen en una “irregularidad sobrevenida” de desahucios, efecto del colosal engaño de los ajuste y el mal gobierno que priva a la la que es muy difícil escapar. Esta segunda créditos “abusivos” de los bancos con las gente corriente de posibilidades de futuro. la denominamos la “refronterización del personas humildes, afecta en un 40 por Aprovechando los vínculos históricos que Atlántico”, en la que bajo un discurso ciento a los inmigrantes con cadenas de no exigían visas o permitían solicitar la neocolonial hispanista se reabren las avales entre amigos y familiares que han nacionalidad heredada de abuelos y otros exclusiones crónicas heredadas de la entrampado en una situación imposible a ancestros, las clases populares y medias etno-estratificación colonial —un sistema cientos de miles de latinoamericanos. latinoamericanas se instalan en la península de “castas” adaptado a la nueva retórica

26 En los últimos años, detenciones sus familias en América Latina participan voluntario basados en la capitalización de arbitrarias, los redadas racistas, y la de forma diversa y a menudo perversa en la prestaciones para trabajadores extranjeros explotación laboral se han acentuado. La “reproducción de sujetos móviles y lógicas o el apoyo a planes de negocios, pero con Directiva de retorno 2008/115/CE, de pertenencia incompletas”. Este sistema la contrapartida de renunciar a volver al conocida con el sobrenombre de “la de gobernanza transnacional ha producido país en tres años y al permiso de trabajo directiva de la vergüenza” crea un clima de importantes transformaciones políticas y obtenido. El impacto de estos programas pánico entro los migrantes y notas de presa teóricas que han revalorizado la diáspora ha sido anecdótico. de varios países Latinoamericanos y como un actor económico y político asociaciones de derechos humanos en las relevante en la globalización. Los estados Frente al énfasis de los estados en el dos costas del Atlántico. De poco han involucrados han diseñado programas de “retorno” y la “vuelta atrás”, los migrantes servido estas declaraciones. atracción de remesas y turismo, se han parecen convencidos del vínculo positivo Eufemísticamente denominada “retorno firmado acuerdos de reciprocidad en entre movilidad y desarrollo. Aunque los voluntario”, la directiva ha creado un materia de seguridad social, se ha estados sigan categorizando a las diásporas nuevo giro en las políticas migratorias redefinido las estrategias electorales a nivel bajo la lógica de la excepcionalidad, parece hacia la detención, expulsión, y/o retención transnacional y ha habido cambios que los migrantes siguen valorando su de cualquier inmigrante que tenga legislativos para incorporar el voto movilidad sectorial o geográfica, irregularidades administrativas en centros emigrante. A nivel constitucional ha diversificando sus estrategias laborales y habilitados al efecto: “los Estados deben habido cambios para permitir la doble educativas como respuesta a la crisis. legalizar a los inmigrantes o pedirles que se ciudadanía, y en los procesos constituyentes Algunos jóvenes vuelven a Ecuador, por vayan, para lo que se dará un periodo de se ha redefinido el espacio parlamentario ejemplo, para estudiar una carrera salida mínimo de 7 días. Si no se van, para incorporar la voz y el voto de universitaria de forma más accesible (dadas tendrán que expulsarlos. … La retención se asambleístas en el exterior. las subidas de tasas y recortes en España), limita a un máximo de 6 meses, que puede pero teniendo en mente el mercado laboral extenderse hasta 12 meses más”. Son los No obstante, estas medidas están más europeo. En otros casos, los que se nuevos “Guantánamos” que han pensadas para la época de bonanza donde desplazan son alguno de los progenitores, proliferado en una Europa carcelaria, CIE’s las remesas cotizaban en los mercados de hacia Alemania o Gran Bretaña, dejando el (Centros de Internamiento de Extranjeros) valores del PNB. El dramático impacto de “cuartel general” en España. donde cientos de latinoamericanos han sido la crisis neoliberal en los trabajadores sometidos a este régimen medieval de latinoamericanos de la diáspora no ha sido Los migrantes saben que ahora son privación de derechos. apropiadamente gestionado por los estados “desechables” por el sistema neoliberal. Se involucrados. Ante la tragedia de las diseñan políticas públicas desde los estados diásporas latinoamericanas, los estados de origen o destino bajo la más evidente La soledad de la condición expatriada y las actúan como si condición migratoria fuera descoordinación y negligente gobernanza estrategias emergentes en la diáspora anómala y temporal, remediable si “se da de los circuitos migratorios. Los vuelta atrás”, como parece sugerir el énfasis clientelismos nacionales se replican a nivel El desafío mayor para nosotros ha sido la en los programas de retorno desde ambas transnacional y las garantías jurídicas insuficiencia de los recursos orillas del Atlántico. Desde América Latina adquiridas en los tránsitos migratorios se convencionales para hacer creíble nuestra los nuevos programas de retorno (“retorno transan a cambio de dinero para el retorno. vida. Este es, amigos, el nudo de nuestra positivo” en Colombia, “Bienvenido a Pero los tránsitos no se han realizado en soledad casa” desde Ecuador, entre otros como Perú vano, y en las diásporas emergen nuevas o Bolivia), usan retóricas nacionalistas que herramientas de concienciación, —Gabriel García Márquez, actúan como mero bálsamo para una información, y lucha ante la nueva “La soledad de América Latina” exclusión profunda, porque los programas situación. Las poblaciones migrantes apenas se dotan con recursos y no latinoamericanas navegan en el espacio La globalización ha creado campos adquieren credibilidad ante el migrante. transatlántico a través de la más dramática migratorios transnacionales donde estados Desde España también se pusieron en de las contradicciones neoliberales: el y sociedad civil, migrantes en la diáspora y marcha tres programas de apoyo al retorno hecho de que la movilidad de los

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DEBATES: EXCLUSIONES

Ayotzinapa: ¿Fue el Estado? Reflexiones desde la antropología política en Guerrero

por R osalva Aída Hernández Castillo | Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS-México); Red de Feminismos Descoloniales | [email protected]

y M ariana Mora | Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS- México); Red de Feminismos Descoloniales | [email protected] trabajadores es potenciada a la vez que criminalizada, ensalzada a la par que ninguneada. Como socias de LASA y como Procuraduría General de la República antropólogas que desde hace varios años (PGR), tanto Abarca como su esposa venimos trabajando en torno a temas mantenían lazos estrechos con Guerreros Notas relacionados con la violencia, la seguridad Unidos, grupo vinculado al tráfico de 1 Organización Internacional para las y los derechos humanos en el estado narcóticos y otros negocios ilícitos. No es Migraciones, “Informe sobre las migraciones mexicano de Guerrero, queremos que la pareja se corrompió por el crimen en el mundo 2013: El bienestar de los aprovechar el espacio que LASA Forum nos organizado o se coludió con actores migrantes y el desarrollo”, http://www.iom.int/ brinda para compartir algunas de nuestras externos al gobierno, sino que tanto Abarca cms/wmr2013_sp. reflexiones en torno a la crisis de Estado como Pineda Villa, formaban parte de la 2 Estadísticamente las personas de origen que se vive actualmente en México y al misma estructura delictiva. Si desde 2009, latinoamericano son más del 45 por ciento de papel de nuestra disciplina en contextos de ambos habían sido acusados de estar al la población extranjera en España. A esto hay emergencia nacional. El asesinato de seis frente de este grupo, la pregunta es porqué que añadir aquellos que han obtenido la personas y la desaparición forzada de 43 ninguna autoridad tomó medidas en el nacionalidad española, para cuyo acceso estudiantes de la Escuela Normal Raúl asunto (ver Excélsior, 4 de noviembre de tienen preferencia por sobre el resto de extranjeros (junto con sefarditas, filipinos, y Isidro Burgos de Ayotzinapa, Guerrero, en 2014). guineanos): casi un 80 por ciento de las más manos de policías municipales que de 800.000 nacionalidades concedidas desde presuntamente los entregaron a sicarios de Desde los primeros días posteriores al 26 y 2002 hasta 2012 eran latinoamericanos. la organización Guerreros Unidos el 26 y 27 de septiembre, el gobierno federal 3 Lideresa kichwa ecuatoriana en Madrid, 27 de septiembre del 2014, ha despertado intentó disminuir y aislar los hechos, representante de la Coordinadora Nacional de la indignación de la sociedad mexicana en primero reduciéndolos a un fenomeno Ecuatorianos en España y de la Plataforma de su conjunto. Por primera vez en años, por municipal, en todo caso estatal, separando Afectados por la Hipoteca en Madrid. no decir décadas, la respuesta ha sido no el papel del Estado de la delincuencia solo espontánea, sino masiva; estudiantes, organizada. No fue sino hasta ocho días maestros, familias, sindicatos, colectivos después de los sucesos que la PGR atrajo el han tomado las calles a todo lo largo y caso; hasta entonces la dependencia había ancho del país exigiendo la aparición con declarado que era un asunto meramente vida de los estudiantes y el alto a la local y de competencia de la Procuraduría impunidad, utilizando consignas que Estatal. En la conferencia de prensa el inyectan una dosis de realismo crudo, viernes 7 de noviembre, Jesús Murillo incluyendo interrogantes como, ¿Qué Karam, Procurador General de la cosecha un país que siembra cuerpos? ¿Qué República, intentó deslindar al Estado de cosecha un país que mata y desaparece su los hechos, eliminando de la evidencia futuro? presentada la participación de los Policía Preventiva Municipal, silenciando el papel La participación del presidente municipal de las Fuerzas Armadas, y dirigiendo la de Iguala, José Luis Abarca, y su esposa atención exclusivamente a los sicarios de María de los Ángeles Pineda Villa como Guerreros Unidos. Según la versión dada a autores intelectuales de los asesinatos y conocer a los medios de comunicación los desapariciones, puso una vez más en sicarios llevaron a los 43 normalistas a un evidencia lo que desde hace años ha sido basurero dónde fueron asesinados e un secreto a voces: que en muchas regiones incinderados hasta dejar sólo ceniza como del país las fronteras entre el crimen evidencia. Murillo Karam argumentó que organizado y el Estado son diluidas o la incineración practicamente imposibilita incluso inexistentes. En este caso, de la recuperación de muestras de ADN para acuerdo a declaraciones oficiales de la la identificación de los restos.

28 En sentido contrario a las declaraciones del ejecutivo, las denuncias y reclamos en las calles, durante los paros universitarios y en los plantones, regresan una y otra vez con insistencia a señalar: Fue el Estado. Así lo escribieron con la luz de cientos de veladoras en el Zócalo capitalino manifestantes al culminar la marcha en la Ciudad de México el 24 de octubre. Entre la complejidad del papel de diversos actores involucrados en el caso de Iguala y el señalamiento explícito escrito en las plazas públicas, encontramos un desafío importate para el trabajo de investigación desde nuestra disciplina. ¿Cómo hilar distintas fuentes de datos para ubicar la ejecución extrajudicial y la desaparición de los normalistas cómo parte de fenomenos más amplios? ¿Cómo dar cuenta de la Foto: Adolfo Vladimir/Cuarto Oscuro formación del Estado en esta zona gris que poco separa el crimen organizado de las instituciones y de los funcionarios estatales En cuanto al primero, nuestras larga data, que tienen como uno de sus de tal manera que abona a los debates investigaciones refuerzan lo que actores nodos principales el papel del ejército y de públicos, más allá de la academia? políticos locales vienen señalando en las grupos paramilitares durante la llamada marchas y mítines: el caso de Iguala, más “guerra sucia” de las décadas de 1960 y En este artículo queremos compartir que un acto aislado representa la 1970, y la transformación de tácticas de algunas reflexiones que surgen de nuestros permisibilidad de una política Estatal de la contrainsurgencia de esa época a la lucha trabajos de investigación de antropología muerte, lo que Achille Mbembe se refiere contra el narco que justifica el papel del jurídica y política sobre la violencia militar como una necro política, que lleva a la ejército en la vida cotidiana de centenares y paramilitar en regiones indígenas de la reproducción sistemática de impunidad en de comunidades en el estado. Montaña de Guerrero, en el caso de la que permanecen actos de violencia del Rosalva Aída Hernández, y en torno a la pasado.2 En Guerrero, integrantes de la El papel de las fuerzas armadas en actos criminalización de la pobreza, la violencia Coordinadora Estatal de Trabajadores de la represivos en el pasado lo muestra el policial y los derechos humanos, en el caso Educación de Guerrero (CETEG), informe de la Comisión de la Verdad de de Mariana Mora. Los respectivos trabajos normalistas e integrantes del Movimientos Guerrero presentado el 15 de octubre de campo de los últimos años nos permiten Popular Guerrerense (MPG) entrevistados pasado (ver http://comverdadguerrero.org. trazar algunas coordenadas para la mayor en semanas recientes recuerdan que Iguala mx/). Este informe elaborado por comprensión de la crisis política que se vive fue posible porque han quedado en la académicos y activistas de derechos actualmente en México. En primer lugar impunidad la masacre de Aguas Blancas en humanos que durante dos años se colocan el caso de Iguala en procesos 1995, la masacre del Charco de 1998 y la dedicaron a documentar las desapariciones históricos más amplios; en segundo lugar, ejecución extrajudicial de dos normalistas y violaciones a los derechos humanos ubican el papel de las instituciones de de Ayotzinapa por parte de elementos de la cometidas en Guerrero durante la “guerra seguridad, y de funcionarios públicos en Policía Ministerial (PM) en Chilpancingo el sucia” (1969-1979) presenta pruebas de la estas redes de violencia e impunidad en la 12 de diciembre 2011, junto con los sin responsabilidad del gobierno mexicano en región.1 número de casos de ejecuciones y de la desaparición de por lo menos 512 desaparición forzada. En su totalidad, personas entre 1969 y 1985. La Comisión representan un continuum de violencias de de la Verdad de Guerrero documenta cómo

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a lo largo de 14 años la Dirección Federal análisis estructural de sus experiencias de lugar de ofrecer asistencia a los heridos de de Seguridad (DFS) utilizó a policías y violencia, que hace eco a las denuncias de bala, detuvieron a los jóvenes y los militares para realizar ejecuciones los familiares de los desaparecidos de golpearon. En una entrevista con la extrajudiciales, desapariciones, abusos Ayotzinapa y que señalan la periodísta Carmen Aristegui, dijo “Llegó el policiales y violaciones sexuales. Tita responsabilidad del Estado, no solo por Ejército acusándonos de allanamiento (de Radilla, hija de Rosendo Radilla, quien fue omisión, sino por comisión. un hospital), dándonos culatazos y al desaparecida en 1974 y cuyo caso llegó a la compañero herido también lo sometieron… Corte Interamericana de Derechos Los testimonios recabados durante la nos dijeron: Ustedes se lo buscaron, eso les Humanos, ahora participa al lado de los elaboración del peritaje cultural nos pasa por andar haciendo lo que hacen.” familiares de desaparecidos recientes en la mostraron que la violación es interpretada Después los soldados exigieron que se ubicación de fosas comunes y en exigir las y vivida por ellas y por sus familias a la luz identificaran y dijeron que sería mejor que investigaciones periciales necesarias para de una memoria histórica que vincula la dieran sus nombres verdaderos, “porque identificar los cuerpos. presencia del ejército con la violencia y la sino, sus familiares nunca los van a impunidad que se vive en la región desde la encontrar”.5 A su vez, la elaboración del peritaje cultural década de los setenta del siglo pasado. A en torno al impacto comunitario que tuvo esta historia se unen las memorias más Esa tarde el coronel José Rodríguez Pérez la violación sexual de dos mujeres recientes de la masacre de El Charco, celebraba en un baile con el presidente indígenas me´phaa, Inés Fernández Ortega precisamente en el municipio de Ayutla de municipal de Iguala y su esposa, el primer y Valentina Rosendo Cantú, por parte de los Libres, en donde tienen sus oficinas informe de su administración frente al efectivos del ejército mexicano, nos acercó centrales la OPIM, y de donde eran Sistema DIF. El 20 de noviembre, el día de a analizar el proceso de militarización y originarios varios de los estudiantes la Revolución mexicana, mismo día de las paramilitarización actual en la Montaña de desaparecidos de la normal de Ayotzinapa. acciones globales en apoyo a Ayotzinapa, el Guerrero.3 Las dos mujeres integrantes de Es en el marco de esta historia reciente, que presidente Enrique Peña Nieto ascendió a la Organización del Pueblo Indígena las violaciones sexuales y la tortura han rango de general de división a Alejandro Me’phaa (OPIM), fueron violadas por sido vividas como parte de un continuum Saavedra Hernández, comandante de la 35 militares en el 2002 cuando promovían los de violencia que ha marcado la relación de Zona Militar y el responsable del 27 procesos organizativos de las mujeres los pueblos indígenas de la región con el Batallón de Infantería que Omar García y indígenas de la región en contra de la Estado mexicano. Esta memoria de los demás normalistas acusan de haberlos violencia. Después de ocho años de agravios incluye el asesinato en febrero del agredido la noche del 26 de septiembre.6 impunidad, optaron por llevar su caso ante 2008 de Lorenzo Fernández Ortega, la justicia internacional tras la falta de hermano de Inés y también integrante de la En segundo lugar, si bien encontramos en respuesta a sus demandas por parte del OPIM quien fue su principal apoyo durante nuestras investigaciones que el papel aparato judicial mexicano. Después de dos los primeros años de la denuncia. represivo del ejército figura dentro de los audiencias públicas realizadas en el 2010 principales agravios elaborados por parte ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos La complicidad del ejército mexicano en los de integrantes de la población local, este Humanos (CoIDH), el Estado mexicano hechos del 26 y 27 de septiembre pasado continuum de violencia se da paralelamente fue encontrado culpable de “violencia ha recibido poca cobertura en los medios a una continuidad en los grupos de poder institucional castrense”, lo que significa que de comunicación, pero durante las horas en que desde la federación y desde el Estado se reconoce la responsabilidad del Ejército, que duró la agresión policiaca a los siguen posibilitando la reproducción de la como institución, en la violación de los estudiantes el ejército, que se encontraba en impunidad. Muchas de las desapariciones derechos humanos de ambas mujeres. A los perimetros de los sucesos, no intervino. que documenta el informe de la Comisión todo lo largo de este proceso Inés y Por lo contrario, los testimonios de los de la Verdad de Guerrero se dieron durante Valentina señalaron las complicidades del jóvenes sobrevivientes, como el de Omar la gubernatura de Rubén Figueroa ejército con los gobiernos municipales, el García, integrante del Comité Estudiantil Figueroa, teniendo como mano derecha al aparato de justicia y grupos paramilitares.4 de Ayotzinapa, señalan que cuando general Mario Arturo Acosta Chaparro, Desde sus testimonios y denuncias finalmente aparecieron las fuerzas armadas quien fue acusado en el 2004 de haber desarrollaron lo que llamaríamos un fue dos horas después de los hechos y en asesinado a 21 campesinos disidentes

30 lanzándolos desde un avión. Fue de Comonfort mandó golpear y torturar a cometidos por un grupo muy reducido de exonerado de esos cargos y de otros que lo un pequeño colectivo de jóvenes porque policías. La población local entrevistada vinculaban con el crimen organizado, y en durante su informe de gobierno iban a mediante grupos focales señala de manera el 2008 fue condecorado por sus “servicios levantar en silencio carteles que decían, Un constante los nexos que suponen tiene la a la Patria” por el presidente Felipe México sin PRI (el Partido Revolucionario Policía Ministerial con la delincuencia Calderón. Murió en el 2010 en un ajuste Institucional, partido del presidente Peña organizada. La institución que cometió los de cuentas por parte del crimen organizado. Nieto). La población local narra que actos más graves de violaciones a los El hijo de Rubén Figueroa Figueroa, Rubén efectivos de la policía entran a las derechos humanos fue el ejército, Figueroa Alcocer, fue también gobernador comunidades encapuchados, con las armas incluyendo: dos ejecuciones extrajudiciales, de Guerrero (1993–1996), y fue el en alto, y detienen de manera arbitraria a una desaparición forzada y ocho casos de responsable de la masacre de Aguas cualquier joven que encuentran caminando tortura y de tratos crueles, inhumanos y Blancas (28 de junio de 1995) en donde 17 por las calles. Sobre todo los jóvenes degradantes.9 campesinos fueron asesinados y 21 describen actos de detenciones arbitrarias y gravemente heridos por fuerzas policiacas, uso desproporcional de la fuerza como La combinación de estos datos apunta a cuando protestaban contra el parte de las tendencias a tratarlos como si que la relación de impunidad que opera encarcelamiento injusto de un compañero. fueran criminales de facto. Un joven entre funcionarios públicos y las Su nieto, Rubén Figueroa Smutny, fue entrevistado explicó, “La policía nos acusa instituciones de seguridad pública no solo diputado del Partido Revolucionario de andar de borrachos, aunque no hemos creó las condiciones para que sucediera un Institucional, y fue el vínculo entre el hecho nada. Nos quieren intimidar. Ellos acto de barbarie como el de Iguala, sino depuesto alcalde de Iguala, José Luis se acercan a nosotros con macanas, como si coloca el asesinato y la desaparición de los Abarca y el Comandante del 27 Batallón de fuéramos delincuentes pero nosotros sólo normalistas como parte de patrones de más Infantería, Coronel José Rodríguez Pérez, estamos caminando por la calle rumbo a largo alcance. Si bien muchos señalan la quien donó un amplio terreno para que el nuestra casa o a otro lugar. Sólo por desaparición de los 43 estudiantes de edil de Iguala construyera una lujosa plaza caminar por la noche te detienen, te quitan Ayotzinapa como la “gota que derramó el comercial. Durante la agresión de los el dinero o te cobran una multa de 700 vaso” en Guerrero y en otras regiones del policías de Iguala a los estudiantes de pesos. Se inventan cualquier pretexto para país el vaso estaba derramado desde hace Ayotzinapa, y la posterior desaparición de detenernos”.8 varios años. De acuerdo a los datos los mismos, el coronel Rodríguez Pérez presentados el 21 de agosto 2014 por la estaba en compañía del José Luis Abarca y A su vez, entre 2007 y 2011, el proyecto PGR y la Secretaria de Gobernación, la su esposa.7 Monitor Civil de la Policía, coordinado por cifra de desaparecidos en el país, entre tres organizaciones de derechos humanos, 2006 y julio 2014 es de 22,322 personas. En cuanto al papel de los gobiernos locales el Centro de Derechos Humanos de la Del total, 9,790 personas se encuentran en y de la policía preventiva municipal, Montaña, Tlachinollan, Fundar, Centro de calidad de desaparecidos desde el inicio de nuestra participación en proyectos de Análisis e Investigación, y el Instituto para 2013.10 Eso quiere decir, que el 44 por derechos humanos da cuenta de los la Seguridad y la Democracia (INSYDE) en ciento de las desapariciones sucedieron patrones sistemáticos de violencia policial el que participó Mariana Mora, documentó durante los primeros 20 meses de la de las distintas instituciones que operan en 413 quejas contra las instituciones de administración de Enrique Peña Nieto. Por la región. Mediante grupos focales seguridad pública y del ejército. La policía su lado, en el informe, Fuera de control: realizados en 2013, la población indígena que más cometió violaciones a los derechos Tortura y otros malos tratos en México, local describió eventos frecuentes en que humanos fue la Policía Investigadora Amnistía Internacional señala que entre los efectivos de la policía municipal Ministerial, con el 47 por ciento de los 2003–2013, los casos de tortura “actúan como sicarios” del presidente casos. Cabe señalar que solo existe un incrementaron por un 600 por ciento.11 Y municipal, cumplen con órdenes que destacamento de la Policía Ministerial en la según los datos del Instituto Nacional de protegen sus intereses personales en lugar región, que a su vez es conformado por Estadística y Geografía (INEGI) sólo uno de prevenir delitos y proteger a la aproximadamente 30 elementos, lo que de cada 100 delitos cometidos en el país población. Diez días antes de los sucesos implica que durante cuatro años casi la recibe castigo y el 62.4 por ciento de la en Iguala, el presidente municipal de Tlapa mitad de los casos documentados fueron población considera que en los últimos diez

31 lasaforum winter 2015 : volume xlvi : issue 1

años es muy poca la reducción de mexicano por las violaciones sexuales de Cardona junto con siete activistas del corrupción en las instituciones del Estado.12 Inés y Valentina, el entonces Secretario de Frente de Unidad Popular (FUP), cuyos Gobernación, Alejandro Poiré, pidió cadáveres fueron encontrados con huellas Los actores sociales en la región nos vienen disculpas públicas a Inés en la plaza de de tortura practicada con un sadismo hablando del carácter estructural de esta Ayutla de los Libres, el 6 de marzo del acentuado. Con la complicidad del poder violencia y la realidad cotidiana detrás de 2012. Los estudiantes de Ayotzinapa judicial Abarca nunca fue juzgado, por las cifras. En una entrevista reciente, un asistieron para mostrar su solidaridad con “falta de pruebas”.16 integrante del MPG explica que para ellos ella y con la OPIM. En esa ocasión Inés Guerrero y México se encuentran en una nos advirtió a todos los presentes que no * * * “segunda guerra sucia”, no sólo por la podía creer en las disculpas del Secretario cantidad de desaparecidos, sino por el nivel de Gobernación, porque los militares y los El caso de Iguala y la crisis de Estado en de actos de violencia estatal ejercidos paramilitares seguían agrediendo a su México, nos obliga como académicas y contra la ciudadanía como si todos fueran pueblo: antropólogas a adecuar los marcos teóricos criminales. Sin embargo, en contraste con y metodologías de investigación para las décadas de 1960 y 1970, la situación es Escúchenme todos, hombres, mujeres y responder a contextos de violencia mucho más compleja porque, “el narco niños: los del gobierno, aunque te digan generalizada. En primer lugar, surgen una actúa igual que los paramilitares, solo que que están de tu lado, no van a cumplir, no serie de cuestiones de carácter ético hay una gran diferencia, ellos se mueven les hagan caso. Cometieron ese crimen político. Debemos reflexionar de manera también por el dinero. Ahora lo que contra mí porque somos pobres. Y no crítica en torno a cómo acercarnos a tenemos es un narcoestado. Nos despojan sólo contra mí sino contra otras personas historias de tanto dolor, evitando abrir de nuestras tierras, destruyen lo que […] El gobernador, aunque está aquí heridas, sin recaer en métodos que tenemos, después nos tratan de reclutar presente, no va a cumplir. Yo por eso terminan revictimizando a la población con como mano de obra barata para la siembra tuve que ir a buscar justicia a otro lado, la que estamos trabajando o que convierten de amapola, y después nos acusan de porque aquí no me atendieron. Que hoy sus palabras en lo que Alejandro Castillejo criminales. Nos aplastan entre estas dos nos diga qué puede hacer y qué no puede se refiere como la economía de extracción caras y no nos dan muchas opciones de una hacer. El gobierno no nos deja organizar. del testimonio.17 Por eso optamos por salida digna”.13 Los soldados siguen sin dejarnos mover realizar entrevistas en los plantones y en las libremente en nuestras comunidades. marchas, en lugar de ir directamente a No deja de sorprendernos la claridad del Siempre andan cerca, de civil, no realizar entrevistas en sus casas. La análisis estructural que encontramos en los necesariamente uniformados. En este etnografía de las movilizaciones políticas se testimonios recabados con los actores momento se encuentran entre nosotros.15 convierte también en una herramienta sociales de la región. En el caso de los metodológica fundamental para entender la peritajes culturales realizados en el marco En esa ocasión la presidenta de la OPIM, semántica de la resistencia. Consideramos de las denuncias de Inés Fernández Ortega Obtilia Eugenio denunció también la éticamente necesario evitar el morbo del y Valentina Rosendo Cantú, ambas mujeres complicidad del presidente municipal de acto espectacular y del espectáculo del señalaban la existencia de una política Ayutla de los Libres, Armando García dolor. A su vez, identificamos el papel que represiva que iba más allá de los actos Rendón con el crimen organizado y los destaca el método por excelencia de nuestra violentos de algunos soldados. Es por eso paramilitares de la región. El Secretario de disciplina, la observación participante, para que para ellas el que tres solados fueran Gobernación, máxima autoridad en temas poder registrar y posteriormente analizar la encarcelados no representaba una de seguridad del Estado mexicano era producción de sentidos y significados de la “reparación” real a la violencia sufrida. testigo de la denuncia, nosotras entre el población local en relación a la Las reparaciones comunitarias que público admirábamos el valor de Inés y desaparición de los normalistas para así demandaban incluían la desmilitarización Obtilia, y temíamos por sus vidas. Nada trazar geografías sociales, como la que de la región como garantía de no pasó después de esta denuncia, como nada intentamos hacer en este artículo, que repetición.14 A partir de la sentencia pasó después de que en mayo de este año ubican los efectos de una formación de un condenatoria de la Corte Interamericana de José Luis Abarca fuera acusado penalmente Estado criminal en las vidas cotidianas de Derechos Humanos contra el Estado de asesinar al activista Arturo Hernández la población local. Por lo mismo pudimos

32 hilar continuidades entre las formas en que mantienen vinculadas con el trauma vivido, 3 El Informe Pericial Antropológico fue las mujeres me´phaa, Inés Fernández y también lo trascienden. elaborado por Rosalva Aída Hernández y Valentina Rosendo, interpretan las Héctor Ortiz Elizondo y presentado por la experiencias de militarización y de Sin duda, la relación entre la clase política primera ante la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en su Audiencia del 15 de represión de sus pueblos, con lo que y el crimen organizado llama a la abril de 2010 en Lima, Perú. El documento expresan integrantes del Movimientos producción académica a centrarse en la entero se puede consultar en el Boletín Colegio Popular Guerrerense en los plantones de difícil tarea de comprender los procesos de Etnólogos y Antropólogos Sociales, semanas recientes y con el tipo de que detonan la formación del Estado “Peritajes antropológicos en México: representaciones históricas que ofrece el mediante la producción de líneas divisorias Reflexiones teórico metodológicas y informe de la Comisión de la Verdad en que separan negocios o actos legales de los experiencias,” México, mayo 2012. http://es. scribd.com/doc/109260764/Boleti-n-Ceas- Guerrero. En ese sentido, consideramos llamados ilegales. Son efectos que no solo 2012-Peritaje. que frente a casos tan dramáticos como el generan temores agudos y producen asesinato y la desaparición de los subjetividades mediante el miedo y el terror, 4 Los grupos paramilitares denunciados por Inés normalistas, la antropología permite sino que reproducen y alimental la y Valentina, son grupos armados locales que trabajan para los caciques de la región y que analizar a profundidad las capas, impunidad. A su vez, nos conducen por se presume son entrenados y equipados por complejidades y ambigüedades de una crisis caminos analíticos para entender el Estado, efectivos del ejército mexicano. En algunos de Estado mediante la recuperación de como entidad soberana, que refuerza su municipios estos grupos han sido acusados por fuentes empíricas que rodean el caso poder, no cuidando o administrando la los habitantes locales de trabajar para el mismo. vida, sino mediante estas políticas de la crimen organizado. muerte. Las preguntas analíticas que aquí 5 Entrevista realizada el 6 de Noviembre de El contexto de violencia actual también planteamos no tienen como intención una 2004. Ver https://www.youtube.com/ requiere reflexionar sobre el papel de la mera aportación teórica, sino buscan watch?v=x6kvWCWPk54. antropología comprometida o lo que aportar a los debates públicos 6 Jorge Carrasco Araizaga, “Peña asciende a jefe algunos autores definen como antropología comprometidos con ponernle un alto a la de zona militar de Guerrero”, Proceso, 20 de activista.18 En lugar de recaer en la impunidad. El primer paso implica noviembre de 2014. http://www.proceso.com. antropología de la denuncia, es decir nombrar a los responsables, por lo mismo mx/?p=388302. etnografías en contextos de violencia para este artículo nos conduce a concluir con la 7 “Comandante del batallón de Iguala estuvo en documentar las verdades de la población siguiente pregunta: Si tenemos la fiesta de Abarca, revelan”, SDPnoticias.com, afectada de cara a las representaciones participación directa del poder ejecutivo 14 de noviembre de 2014. http://www. discursivas que producen fuerzas por omisión y comisión, si los encargados sdpnoticias.com/nacional/2014/11/14/ hegemónicas, nosotras optamos por situar de ejercer la violencia son las fuerzas de comandante-del-batallon-de-iguala-estuvo-en- nuestras metodologías de investigación de seguridad policiacas o militares en fiesta-de-abarca-revelan. tal manera que abonan a procesos complicidad con los sicarios, si el poder 8 Entrevista realizada a un joven me’phaa de 18 organizativos locales. En contextos de judicial exonera a los criminales, ¿Es una años por Mariana Mora en el municipio de violencia extrema, hemos aprendido que imprecisión decir que fue el Estado? Tlapa de Comonfort, 27 de abril de 2013. ese fortalecimiento de actores políticos 9 Monitor Civil de la Policía, Informe: Desde la locales muchas veces se expresa en los mirada ciudadana, 2011. detalles de la investigación, por ejemplo, Notas 10 Ximena Antillón Najlis, “Más allá de las cifras con preguntas que apoyan a la persona 1 Estos estudios de caso los hemos desarrollado de personas desaparecidas”, Sinembargo.mx, 1 entrevistada resignificar y reacomodar en el marco del proyecto colectivo “Mujeres y de septiembre de 2014. http://www. experiencias de trauma y de dolor. Aquí las derecho en América Latina: Justicia, seguridad sinembargo.mx/opinion/01-09-2014/26850. metodologías que le apuestan a y pluralismo legal” coordinado por Rachel 11 Fuera de control: Tortura y otros malos tratos transformación social no se expresan Sieder, que abarcó estudios de caso de Bolivia, Guatemala, Ecuador, Colombia y México. en México, Amnistía Internacional, 2014. necesariamente en grandes actos, sino en http://ir.amnistia.mx/SPARPST. los pequeños intercambios que dan entrada 2 Achille Mbembe, “Necropolitics,” Public a otras experiencias, que si bien se Culture 15, no. 1 (2003): 11–40.

33 lasaforum winter 2015 : volume xlvi : issue 1

ON LASA2015

Los desafíos y rutas del Programa LASA Puerto Rico 2015

por L uis E. Cárcamo-Huechante | University of Texas at Austin y Comunidad de Historia Mapuche | [email protected]

y R osalva Aída Hernández Castillo | Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) | [email protected] 12 “Encuesta nacional de victimización y percepción sobre seguridad pública 2013”, Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía, Hemos finalizado la etapa de evaluación de descontento entre quienes tienen que Boletín de Prensa 390/13, 30 de septiembre de propuestas para el Congreso de LASA presentar fuera del hotel principal; por esto 2013. http://www.inegi.org.mx/inegi/ contenidos/espanol/prensa/boletines/boletin/ Puerto Rico 2015 y ya cobra forma el mismo, deseamos recordarles de que estas comunicados/especiales/2013/septiembre/ programa final de este encuentro, con rutas decisiones se toman con el interés de comunica15.pdf. temáticas que ponen en escena la vibrante posibilitar la participación de un sector más diversidad de disciplinas, enfoques y amplio de estudiosas y estudiosos de 13 Entrevista a joven integrante del Movimiento Popular Guerrerense en el municipio de Tlapa metodologías que caracteriza el campo de América Latina en este Congreso. de Comonfort, 25 de octubre de 2014. los estudios latinoamericanos. Los meses de septiembre, octubre y noviembre de Salvaguardar la amplitud de LASA 14 Un análisis de estos casos y de las 2014 fueron de intenso trabajo, en el que constituye todo un desafío organizacional a posibilidades y limitaciones de la justicia internacional para las mujeres indígenas se participaron 61 coordinadores de áreas nivel colectivo. Hasta que uno participa podrá consultar en el libro de Rosalva Aída temáticas (track chairs), evaluando 1,732 directamente en la organización del Hernández, Multiple (In)Justices: Gender and propuestas individuales y 917 propuestas Congreso se da cuenta de la cantidad de Legal Pluralism in Latin America, a publicarse de sesiones colectivas. horas de trabajo voluntario y por University of Arizona Press. comprometido que requiere la realización 15 Transcripción de la traducción del discurso de de estas reuniones anuales y, sobre todo, lo Inés Fernández Ortega en el Acto de Desafíos de un Congreso en San Juan importante que es la participación de Reconocimiento de Responsabilidades del quienes cumplen el rol de coordinadores de Estado Mexicano, 6 de marzo 2012, Ayutla de Como pasa muchas veces, cuando el áreas temáticas. Estos dedicaron horas y los Libres. Congreso se realiza en algún país de horas para realizar un exhaustivo trabajo 16 Ver Sanjuana Martínez, “El negro historial de América Latina las propuestas de en las diferentes etapas de la evaluación de Abarca Velázquez”, Sinembargo.mx, 6 de participación aumentan sustancialmente. propuestas, a la asignación de becas de octubre de 2014. Esto ocurrió con el Congreso LASA 2009 viajes y a la conceptualización de sesiones 17 Alejandro Castillejo Cuellar, Los archivos del que tuvo lugar en Río de Janeiro en Brasil. invitadas (invited panels). La cuidadosa dolor: Ensayos sobre la violencia y el recuerdo A su vez, contrastando este LASA 2015 con labor evaluativa cumplida por las o los en la Sudáfrica contemporánea (Bogotá: el LASA 2014 en la ciudad de Chicago, coordinadores de áreas temáticas es lo que Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de tuvimos 560 propuestas individuales más nos permite visualizar un Congreso diverso Ciencias Sociales, Centro de Estudios que el año pasado, lo cual constituye un e incluyente en San Juan. Socioculturales, Ediciones Uniandes, 2009). aumento del 32 por ciento; y a nivel de 18 Ver Shannon Speed, “At the Crossroads of propuestas colectivas de sesiones el Queremos asimismo destacar el Human Rights and Anthropology: Toward a aumento fue de 304 sesiones, es decir, 33 profesionalismo con que se ha acometido el Critically Engaged Activist Research”, por ciento más. Con el interés de ser lo proceso evaluativo en cada área, siempre American Anthropologist 108, no. 1 (2006): más incluyentes posibles, la actual considerando la calidad de contenido de las 66–76; y Charles Hale, ed., Engaging Contradictions: Theory, Politics, and Methods Presidenta de LASA, Debra Castillo, con el propuestas y la diversidad disciplinaria y of Activist Scholarship (Berkeley: University of apoyo de la Directora Ejecutiva, Milagros temática. Esto ha permitido que cada California Press, 2008). Pereyra-Rojas, buscaron un hotel aledaño postulación haya tenido su debida atención al Caribe-Hilton para así contar con más y consideración a la luz de su consistencia salas y poder aumentar el porcentaje de conceptual, especificidad, congruencia y aceptación. Con el acceso a estas nuevas claridad de contenido, independientemente instalaciones logramos aumentar el de nombres o instituciones. Es este criterio porcentaje de aceptación a un 90 por ciento global el que hace posible que todas y en el caso de las sesiones y un 81 por ciento todos quienes postulan a participar en el en el caso de las propuestas individuales. Congreso de LASA tengan igual Sabemos que muchas veces la realización consideración y se hallen sujetos a un del Congreso en más de un hotel causa común proceso evaluativo.

34 Para garantizar la amplitud, este año organizar sesiones invitadas, de preferencia creciente exclusión de los campesinos de la hicimos un esfuerzo para que cada una de respondiendo al tema general del Congreso: producción agrícola,” que se orienta a las 33 áreas temáticas tuviera por lo menos “Precariedades, exclusiones, emergencias”. grandes mercados, generando la masiva un(a) coordinador(a) afincado(a) en Como resultado, obtuvimos una entusiasta búsqueda de diferentes “formas de ingreso, América Latina. Aunque no lo logramos respuesta de la mayoría de ellos, recibiendo predominando el trabajo como jornaleros y totalmente, para este Congreso contamos 37 propuestas de sesiones y talleres las remesas de miembros que han migrado con una de las participaciones más altas de invitados. a otras regiones del país o al extranjero”. académicos afiliados a instituciones de Por su parte, el área temática Estudios de América Latina como coordinadores de Trabajo y Relaciones entre Clases (Labor áreas temáticas en la historia de LASA. Algunas rutas temáticas Studies and Class Relations, LAB), Asimismo, incluso logramos incluir colegas coordinada por Heidi Tinsman (University asentados en Gran Bretaña, España y Si bien no es posible reseñar en este espacio of California, Irvine) y Graciela Bensusán Australia. Junto con ello, la diversidad todas las sesiones invitadas que tendremos, (Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, racial, étnica, cultural, lingüística, queremos adelantar algunos de los temas UAM-Xochimilco), tendrá la sesión disciplinaria e interdisciplinaria y de género que serán debatidos en algunas de ellas. invitada titulada “Precariedad laboral y igualmente sobresalen dentro del notable Queremos comentar al menos aquellas que organización sindical”. Esta panel se colectivo de coordinadores de áreas se vinculan directamente con la propone “explorar cómo la inseguridad en temáticas con que hemos contado, convocatoria general del Congreso LASA el empleo, la falta de control sobre el reflejándose así un campo y una región de 2015, abordando las problemáticas que se proceso de trabajo y las condiciones estudio que, en su actualidad intelectual, suscitan alrededor de los tropos de laborales, el bajo nivel de ingreso y la corporal y humana, posee un precariedades, exclusiones y emergencias. dificultad de acceder al ejercicio de los extraordinaria heterogeneidad y desde la derechos son dimensiones de la precariedad cual es posible reflexionar y debatir con La cuestión del trabajo se constituyó en un laboral que se han venido agravando y mayor riqueza y complejidad cada una de foco de atención para algunos paneles, extendiendo en la región en las últimas las temáticas del Congreso. especialmente considerando la décadas a la par del debilitamiento de las precarización y al mismo tiempo los organizaciones sindicales”. El desafío del proceso de evaluación de cambios de la vida laboral en el continente propuestas y paneles también implicó una en el escenario de la presente era global. Pero estas economías globalizadas poseen labor de coordinación transfronteriza, Así, Sara María Lara (Universidad otras aristas e involucran dimensiones usando las nuevas tecnologías de la Nacional Autónoma de México) y corporales, psíquicas y afectivas. Es así que información. Esto ocurrió la mayoría de Cristóbal Kay (International Institute of el área temática Salud y Sociedad (Health las veces entre pares que no se conocían Social Studies, ISS; Universidad de and Society, HEA), a cargo de Clara Han personalmente y que a través de este Rotterdam, Países Bajos), coordinadores (John Hopkins University), ha concebido la trabajo de colaboración han creado nuevos del área temática Vida Agraria y Rural sesión invitada “Life at the Limits: espacios de diálogo académico. Estamos (Agrarian and Rural Life, AGR) han Affliction, Healing, and Urban Poverty”. contentos con respecto a estos logros; de propuesto la sesión invitada titulada Esta mesa se plantea explorar asuntos de hecho, nos hemos enterado de manera “Transformaciones del trabajo rural en pobreza urbana y salud en América Latina, informal de nuevas iniciativas de América Latina: Precariedades, exclusiones con presentaciones de colegas del campo de colaboración que han surgido a partir de y emergencias”. Según proponen sus las ciencias sociales que realizan sus labores este tequio académico. Es en virtud de esta organizadores, este panel arranca de la investigativas en Ciudad de México, práctica colaborativa que adoptamos la constatación de que “ha aumentado Buenos Aires, Santiago, Brasília y São sugerencia hecha por los coordinadores de drásticamente el empleo temporal y Paulo. Una punto cardinal de este panel programa del LASA2014, Florencia femenino y se ha agudizado la será la cuestión de “la vida en los límites,” Garramuño (Universidad de San Andrés, precarización de las condiciones laborales y para interrogarse acerca de cómo esta se Buenos Aires) y Raúl Madrid (University of de vida” en el mundo rural a partir de las hace “inhabitable o soportable” Texas at Austin), de invitar a los emergencia de las políticas neoliberales.1 (inhabitable or bearable) en circunstancias coordinadores de áreas temáticas a Asimismo, en esta sesión se discutirá “la de pobreza citadina, aflicción y subsecuente

35 lasaforum winter 2015 : volume xlvi : issue 1

búsqueda de “cura, cuidado y bienestar”. Contemporary, LST), Estelle Tarica bregas ligadas a derechos de También tocando el ámbito de la salud, (University of California, Berkeley) afrodescendientes y comunidades indígenas. pero desde otra perspectiva disciplinaria, el organiza la sesión invitada “Precariedad y Desde un ángulo lingüístico y político- área temática Historia e Historiografía política de lo íntimo en la literatura cultural, el área temática Lingüística, (History and Historiography, HIS), contemporánea”. Esta sesión-taller apunta Lenguas y Políticas de las Lenguas coordinada por Silvia Álvarez-Curbelo a “reflexionar sobre los ambientes de (Linguistics, Languages, and Language (Universidad de Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras) y intimidades precarias que marcan la Policy, LIN), a cargo de Emiliana Cruz Eduardo Elena (University of Miami), actualidad y sobre la naturaleza (lingüista Chatina y docente en la patrocinará una sesión invitada titulada espectacular, ilusoria o inestable de la University of Massachusetts, Amherst) y “Storms, Worms, and Other Plagues: subjetividad” en registros literarios Serafín Coronel-Molina (lingüista Wanka/ Government Control and Local Response contemporáneos. Quechua y docente en Indiana University, in Puerto Rico, c. 1880–1920” y compuesta Bloomington), nos oferecerán una sesión por estudiosos de la historia de Puerto invitada en torno a “Revitalización de las Rico. Este panel analizará y debatirá la Reflexionando agenciamientos lenguas indígenas en América Latina”. En oleada epidémica, la invasión y este panel, “se abordarán los proyectos colonización de Estados Unidos, la Ante situaciones de crisis y exclusiones, colaborativos a nivel local, regional, urbanización y la degradación ambiental de como lo insinúan las respuestas variadas de nacional e internacional en beneficio de las fines del siglo XIX y principios del siglo los sujetos locales en el caso histórico del comunidades indígenas” y sus resistencias XX en la isla. Con este escenario histórico Puerto Rico de fines del siglo XIX, o como lingüísticas. de trasfondo, esta sesión desea ofrecer una lo corporalizan las prácticas estéticas con reflexión sobre los orígenes de una salud cuerpos y espacios que se abordarán en el El deseo de agenciamiento igualmente pública precaria en Puerto Rico y a la vez panel de Estudios de Performance, se motiva el debate de la sesión invitada “The dar cuenta de la complejidad de las producen la emergencia de saberes, sujetos Intersection of Queer Artists, Activists, and respuestas locales a las emergencias que y prácticas, sean resistentes, oposicionales, Scholars in Puerto Rico,” preparada por agitaron el importante período histórico en o constituyentes de agenciamientos Salvador Vidal-Ortiz (American University) debate. autónomos y/o alternativos. En este y Shawn Schulenberg (Marshall University) horizonte se sitúa la sesión invitada desde el área temática Sexualidades y En otro vector, las artes han urdido “Racism and Antiracism in the Estudios LGBTQ (Sexualities and LGBTQ alternativos modos de lidiar con la Multicultural Turn: Perspectives from the Studies, SLS). Basados en experiencias y carnalidad y fisicalidad de procesos Americas” del área temática Pueblos prácticas emergidas desde las redes y socialmente precarizantes y exlcuyentes. Afrolatinos e Indígenas (Afro-Latin/ organizaciones de minorías sexuales en Allí emerge la creatividad de los lenguajes y Indigenous Peoples, AFR), coordinada por Puerto Rico, académicos y activistas las formas. Es así que el área temática Emiko Saldívar (University of California, entablarán un diálogo en torno a sus Estudios de Performance (Performance San Diego) e Irma Alicia Velázquez aprendizajes y a modelos posibles de acción Studies, PER), a cargo de Jimmy Noriega, Nimatuj (investigadora K’iche’ Maya). en el presente y futuro de la diversidad contribuirá con una sesión invitada bajo el Con dicho enfoque en racismo anti- sexual en el contexto puertorriqueño. título “Precarious Practices: Division, racismo, en esta sesión-taller sus Space, and the Body in Latin American expositores se plantean hacer un balance de En una veta similar, las exclusiones Theatre and Performance”. Esta sesión las posibilidades y limitaciones de los epistémicas serán abordadas por los talleres abordará cómo la “la precariedad del reconocimientos de derechos colectivos del área temática Otros Saberes (Collective espacio afecta cuestiones de raza, género y para pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes, Methods and the Politics of Research, OTS) sexualidad en relación a la práctica pública reflexionando sobre cómo se estructura y titulados “Collaborative Indigenous and performativa”. Dentro de una similar reproduce la desigualdad racial en este Afrodescendant Knowledge Production I y preocupación por las estéticas y los momento histórico. El propósito de esta II,” coordinados por Shannon Speed lenguajes, la coordinadora del área sesión-taller es presentar las reflexiones de (University of Texas at Austin) y Maylei temática Estudios Literarios investigadores-activistas que “han estado Blackwell (University of California, Los Contemporáneos (Literary Studies: comprometidos y participando” en estas Angeles). Estas sesiones-talleres analizarán

36 la emergencia de otros saberes y otras formas de conocimiento a partir de un diálogo con intelectuales indígenas y afrodescendientes de las Américas.

Estas son, entonces, algunas de las variadas y muchas rutas temáticas que nos esperan en los cuatro días de Congreso LASA en San Juan, Puerto Rico, en mayo de 2015. Ha sido un gran esfuerzo colectivo darle forma a este prometedor encuentro. Les invitamos a prepararse para estos diálogos y, desde los cuales, esperamos que surgan nuevas colaboraciones.

Nota 1 De aquí en adelante, todas las frases entrecomilladas corresponden, textualmente, a los resúmenes (abstracts) de los paneles invitados a que hacemos referencia.

37 LASA2015 RESERVATION FORM

Organization Name:

Address:

City: State: Zip:

Primary Contact: Title:

Phone & ext. (office): Fax: E-mail:

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Elections 2015: Nominating Committee Slate

The LASA Nominating Committee presents Nominees for Vice President The Candidates the following slate of candidates: two candidates for vice president, two Jonathan Hartlyn Jonathan Hartlyn candidates for treasurer, and six candidates University of North Carolina Jonathan Hartlyn is the Kenneth J. for three open positions on the Executive Joanne Rappaport Reckford Professor of Political Science at Council (EC). The winning candidate for Georgetown University the University of North Carolina (UNC) at vice president will serve in that capacity Chapel Hill, where he has been a faculty from June 1, 2015, to May 31, 2016, as member since 1988. He has served as president from June 1, 2016, to May 31, Nominees for Treasurer director of UNC’s Institute of Latin 2017, and as past president from June 1, American Studies (now Institute for the 2017 to May 31, 2018. The three winning Anne Hanley Study of the Americas) and of the Carolina- candidates for EC membership will serve Northern Illinois University Duke Consortium in Latin American a two-year term from June 1, 2015, to Studies, which has been a joint National Patricia Tovar Rojas May 31, 2017. The winning candidate for Resource Center and Title VI Center City University of New York, treasurer will serve a two-year term from funded by the Department of Education John Jay College June 1, 2015, to May 31, 2017. since 1991. He has also served as chair of UNC’s Department of Political Science. Nominees for Executive Council For the past five years, he has been senior associate dean for Social Sciences and Rossana Castiglioni Global Programs in the College of Arts and Universidad Diego Portales Sciences, helping to oversee expanded hiring of a global and more diverse faculty, Evelina Dagnino to ensure the vitality of global area study Universidade Estadual de Campinas centers (with the campus receiving six Title Robin Lauren Derby VI centers in the 2014 round), to provide University of California, Los Angeles for more global programs for students on and off campus, and to deepen partnerships Maria Helena Machado and collaborative programs with Universidade de São Paulo universities and institutes around the Carmen Millán de Benavides world. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana He has been attending LASA Congresses Joel Stillerman since he was a graduate student. He was a Grand Valley State University member of LASA’s Executive Council (2007–2010) and a member of the Advisory Council of LASA’s Colombia Section (1999–2004). He also served on the selection committee for LASA’s Premio Iberoamericano (for the best book published in Spanish or Portuguese).

He was born in Peru and reared in Latin America (including Mexico and pre- revolutionary Cuba). A political scientist, he received his BA from Clark University and his MPhil and PhD from Yale University. He taught at Vanderbilt

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University from 1981 to 1988. His Studies and World Affairs, International projects. In 2000, he received UNC’s research and teaching interests have Political Science Review, Latin American Johnston Award for Teaching Excellence. focused on the comparative politics of Politics and Society, Latin American Latin America, especially with relation to Research Review, Politics & Gender, His current research includes collaborative questions of democratization, political Revista Opinão Pública, and Studies in projects on the evolution of contemporary institutions, and state-society relations. He Comparative International Development. constitutional reforms in Latin America is the author of The Politics of Coalition He has contributed chapters to numerous and conceptualizing and analyzing the Rule in Colombia (Cambridge University edited books, including Cambridge History impact of patrimonialism in the region. Press, 1988; La política del régimen de of Latin America; Cincuenta años de coalición: La experiencia del Frente regreso a la democracia; Democracia y Hartlyn Statement Nacional en Colombia, 1993); and The reestructuración económica en América I am honored to be a candidate for vice Struggle for Democratic Politics in the Latina; Cambio político en el Caribe; president and president-elect of LASA. I Dominican Republic (University of North Democratic Governance and Social have been a regular participant at LASA Carolina Press, 1998; La lucha por la Inequality; Miradas desencadenantes: Los Congresses since 1979, served a term on democracia en la República Dominicana, estudios de género en la República the LASA Executive Council, and have 2008). He is the coauthor (with Manuel Dominicana al inicio del tercer milenio; been active in several LASA Sections. I also Antonio Garretón, Marcelo Cavarozzi, and Electoral Authoritarianism: The bring a decades-long commitment to the Peter Cleaves, and Gary Gereffi) of Latin Dynamics of Unfree Competition. He has advancement of Latin American and America in the Twenty First Century: received grants from the Social Science Caribbean studies. For me, the value of Toward a New Sociopolitical Matrix Research Council, the Tinker Foundation, LASA and its Congresses lies in the (North-South Center and Lynne Rienner and the Ford Foundation, among others. extraordinary mix of people across Press, 2003; América Latina en el siglo generations, intellectual content, richness XXI: Hacia una nueva matriz sociopolítica, He serves or has served on the editorial and variety of the program activities, 2004; América Latina no século XXI: Em boards of América Latina Hoy, Journal of encouragement of vigorous public debate direção a uma nova matriz sociopolítica, Politics in Latin America, Journal of Latin engaging substantive and ethical concerns, 2007). He has coedited three books: Latin American Studies, Latin American Politics and centrality in facilitating professional American Political Economy: Financial and Society, and Revista de Estudios and social networking and connections; all, Crisis and Political Change (with Samuel Sociales, among others. He was on the crucially, with the opportunity also to have Morley), 1986; The United States and Executive Committee of the Asociación fun. Latin America in the 1990s: Beyond the Latinoamericana de Ciencia Política Cold War (with Lars Schoultz and Augusto (ALACIP) and served as chair of the LASA is a vibrant, independent, Varas), 1992; and Democracy in Comparative Democratization Section of professional association because of the Developing Countries: Latin America, 2nd the American Political Science Association. three broad purposes it has defined for ed. (with Larry Diamond and Juan Linz), He has served as a program reviewer for itself. I am committed to focusing on all 1999. the Instituto de Estudios Políticos y three of them. Relaciones Internacionales (IEPRI) of He has authored or coauthored articles on Universidad Nacional de Colombia; First, LASA is dedicated to fostering issues that include democratic transitions, Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y intellectual discussion, research, and gender and politics, migration and political Maestra (Dominican Republic); teaching on Latin America, the Caribbean, parties, public opinion and institutional Departmento de Ciencia Política, and its peoples throughout the Americas. trust, and elections and electoral Universidad de Los Andes (Bogotá, Its special value is that it successfully governance; these have appeared in Colombia); Florida International fosters interdisciplinary dialogue and América Latina Hoy, Asian Journal of University; the University of Miami; and research while also providing ample space Latin American Studies, Comparative Vanderbilt University, among others. He for disciplinary scholarship. We must Political Studies, Current History, Electoral has chaired 22 dissertation committees and continue to find ways to engage the Latin Studies, Estudios Jurídicos, Journal of served on another 35 and has also chaired American studies community in its Democracy, Journal of Interamerican numerous undergraduate honors thesis broadest sense. This includes, of course,

40 scholars in all types of colleges and behalf of core academic and human rights Cauca, 2008); Cumbe Reborn: An Andean universities across the Americas, as well as issues, focusing on those who are most Ethnography of History (Duke University working more effectively with centers and vulnerable, and for developing scholarly Press, 1994; Instituto Colombiano de institutes within them. I also support relations with Cuba and changing U.S. Antropología e Historia / Universidad del continuing initiatives to reach out to those policy toward that country. Cauca, 2005); and The Politics of Memory: who create knowledge outside of academia, Native Historical Interpretation in the including in civil society, international As a center director and in my current role Colombian Andes (Cambridge University NGOs, research institutes, and Latin advancing global programs on my home Press, 1990; Duke University Press, 1998; American government agencies. LASA also campus, I have helped structure initiatives, Universidad del Cauca, 2000). With Tom must engage those who work in programs, and working groups to Cummins, I coauthored Beyond the underrepresented disciplines. With regard encourage interdisciplinary dialogue and Lettered City: Indigenous Literacies in the to teaching, I believe LASA should provide scholarship and recognize their benefits and Andes (Duke University Press, 2012, initiatives regarding access to and the challenges. In my research, I discovered winner of the 2012 Bryce Wood Book assessment of different types of technology early on the joys of collaborative Award, Latin American Studies Association, applied to instructional innovation in Latin scholarship, including coediting three and the 2013 Katherine Singer Kovacs American studies. And LASA could do books, authoring another with four Prize, Modern Languages Association), and more to encourage interregional work with colleagues, and coauthoring numerous with a group of Colombian indigenous Africa, Asia, and Europe; as a first step it articles. I would bring this collaborative activists I wrote ¿Qué pasaría si la could join with other regional associations spirit to LASA, where it is already strong, escuela... ? Treinta años de construcción to seek foundation support for to do what I can to ensure that LASA educativa (Programa de Educación Bilingüe collaborative interregional projects. continues to advance each of its three e Intercultural, Consejo Regional Indígena major purposes. del Cauca, 2004). I edited Retornando la The second purpose of LASA is to promote mirada: Una investigación colaborativa the interests of its diverse membership. interétnica sobre el Cauca a la entrada del One of the strengths of LASA is the Joanne Rappaport milenio (Universidad del Cauca, 2005) and diversity of generations and of types of I am an anthropologist with a joint “Ethnicity Reconfigured: Indigenous scholarship, occupations, and organizations appointment as professor in the Legislators and the Colombian represented, with around 45 percent of its Department of Spanish and Portuguese and Constitution of 1991” (special issue of the members residing outside the United States. the Department of Anthropology at Journal of Latin American Anthropology, Given continuing financial limitations that Georgetown University. Before coming to 1996), and coedited, with Les Field, face many colleagues in Latin America and Georgetown in 1997, I was associate “Collaborative Anthropologies in Latin the Caribbean, LASA must continue to find professor of anthropology at the University America” (special issue of Collaborative ways to facilitate their continuing of Maryland, Baltimore County, where I Anthropologies, 2011). I have published in participation in LASA and foster their began my teaching career in 1983. I have numerous journals in Latin America, the professional development. We must also be been a visiting professor at FLACSO-Quito, United States, and Europe and have sure we continue to incorporate graduate the Johns Hopkins University, the received the support of the Fundación de students from institutions across the Universidad del Cauca, and the Universidad Investigaciones Arqueológicas Nacionales Americas. This fundamental funding Nacional de Colombia, among others. (Bogotá), Fulbright, National Endowment challenge must remain a top priority. for the Humanities, National Science I am the author of The Disappearing Foundation, National Humanities Center, LASA is also a vital organization because Mestizo: Configuring Difference in the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, of its third purpose, to encourage civic Colonial New Kingdom of Granada (Duke Social Science Research Council, and the engagement through network building and University Press, 2014); Intercultural Wenner-Gren Foundation for public debate. LASA has always served as Utopias: Public Intellectuals, Cultural Anthropological Research. a site for network building and dialogue Experimentation, and Ethnic Pluralism in among scholars, activists, policy makers, Colombia (Duke University Press, 2005; My current research examines how the and others. It has vigorously advocated on Universidad del Rosario / Universidad del participatory methodology of Colombian

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sociologist Orlando Fals Borda developed to work as an “investigadora solidaria” disseminated and appropriated. The over the 1970s on the Caribbean coast, with LASA’s Otros Saberes Initiative, success of Otros Saberes should lead based on work with his personal archives. which funded a series of collaborative academic researchers to reevaluate our own My interests overlap the disciplines of teams bringing together academic and advocacy and engaged scholarship in light anthropology, art history, history, and indigenous and Afro-Latin American of the active role that popular sectors now literary studies, and include such topics as researchers. As a member of the executive play in the research endeavor. collaborative research methods, historical board of the Society for Latin American memory, indigenous organizing, literacy, and Caribbean Anthropology, and later as I would also like to encourage more and race. its president, I helped to found the Journal dialogue at the LASA Congress between of Latin American Anthropology as a space Latin American and North American/ I have served as president (1997–2000) and in which Latin Americanists could publish European researchers, privileging those councilor (1993–1996) of the Society for in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, in an sessions that incorporate scholars from Latin American and Caribbean effort to expand the space of North-South both the global South and the global Anthropology, member of the Executive dialogue. Most of the doctoral students North. In my experience as a track chair Board of the American Anthropological whose dissertations I have supervised as a for the Washington, DC, meetings, many of Association (1999), chair of the Colombia professor of Latin American cultural the sessions tend to privilege one group of Section of LASA (2000–2002), and member studies are Latin American; many of them scholars or the other. LASA is, indeed, a of the Executive Council of LASA (2003– have returned home to teach and conduct space in which we come together, but there 2006). I am a coeditor of the Narrating research. I have also been an active is much we can do to enhance that process. Native Histories book series at Duke member of dissertation and thesis University Press and a coeditor of Latin committees in anthropology and history at Finally, in the past few years as doctoral American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies, as various Colombian universities. I try to programs open in Latin American well as currently serving on the editorial incorporate the work of Latin American countries, universities in the global North boards of The Americas, Anuario scholars into my teaching, even at the have been hosting a growing number of Colombiano de Historia Social y de la undergraduate level in core courses in Latin American graduate students who are Cultura (Bogotá), Antípoda, Revista de anthropology. required by their funders to spend a Antropología y Arqueología (Bogotá), semester at a foreign institution. These Collaborative Anthropologies, Journal of My interests have thus always revolved contacts provide graduate students with Latin American and Caribbean around the development of an access to crucial library resources and Anthropology, and Universitas interdisciplinary North-South dialogue, as enable exchanges between Latin American Humanística (Bogotá), among others. well as a commitment to nurturing a space and North American/European students. for collaboration with grassroots Nonetheless, a lack of institutional Rappaport Statement researchers. I believe that LASA is one of coordination has resulted in a less than Over the past few decades, my research has the prime sites in which such conversations productive encounter between graduate spanned a number of disciplines, including and collaborations can be nurtured. I am students seeking guidance from anthropology, art history, history, and particularly eager to follow Charles Hale’s international scholars and an overworked literature, and has involved collaboration call to institutionalize Otros Saberes, faculty that frequently ignores them. As an with academic scholars in Colombia and making this initiative a permanent interdisciplinary umbrella organization of the United States as well as with grassroots component of LASA’s program, broadening Latin Americanists, LASA could play a role researchers from indigenous organizations it to include a wider range of nonacademic in stimulating a process of evaluation so in Colombia. In the mid-1990s I began to researchers, and increasing funding for that these visits are more rewarding for all work with two research teams based in the individual teams. I also hope to find new concerned. Consejo Regional Indígena del Cauca ways to share the methodologies and (CRIC), coproducing books and edited results of Otros Saberes with LASA volumes with them, and subsequently members beyond the usual Congress Anne Hanley training indigenous researchers so that they session, so that its innovative research Anne Hanley is associate professor of can conduct their own studies. This led me approaches can be more widely history at Northern Illinois University

42 (NIU). She received her PhD from Stanford contabilidade: A aventura de duas philosophies influenced social, economic, University in Latin American history in historiadoras econômicas em registros and political policies. She enjoys teaching 1995 under the direction of Stephen Haber. contábeis do século XIX,” with Luciana classes on modern Latin America, the Prior to this, she earned a BA in economics Suarez Lopes (Revista Contabilidade & history of Brazil, poverty and progress in from University of California, Berkeley Finanças, forthcoming). She is a member Latin America, Latin America through film, (1981), and an MA in Latin American of a research team of Brazilian economists Latin American revolutions, and the Latin studies from New York University (1984). that recently completed a comprehensive American city, as well as graduate seminars She has been teaching at NIU since 1999 historiographic and bibliometric analysis of in economic and urban history. Her and has served as director of graduate scholarship on Brazil’s Banco Nacional de concern with the economic history of studies since 2005. Before arriving at NIU, Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social. She underdevelopment led her to help found she taught in the Departments of was invited to write the introduction to the an interdisciplinary program in Economics and History at Northwestern centennial historical reproduction of the nongovernmental organization leadership University and in the Department of classic work by Emile Schompré, La Bourse and then to integrate that program into History at California State University, de São Paulo, 1911 (2013), and to the new School of Public Global Affairs at Hayward. contribute a chapter on the history of NIU. She is an active faculty associate of banking and economic development in both programs as well as of NIU’s Center Dr. Hanley’s area of specialization is nineteenth-century São Paulo to the volume for Latino and Latin American Studies. She nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Brasileiros e brasilianistas: Novas gerações, is a member of professional organizations Brazilian economic history, particularly the novos olhares (2014). Her current book that cross the disciplinary boundaries of history of financial institutions and their project investigates the origins of her research and teaching interests, impact on Brazil’s economic development. socioeconomic underdevelopment and including the Brazil Section of LASA, the She is the author of Native Capital: inequality by studying Brazil’s investment Brazilian Studies Association (BRASA), the Financial Institutions and Economic in public services in the first century of Conference on Latin American History, the Development in São Paulo, Brazil 1850– independence. She examines how Economic History Association, and the 1920 (Stanford University Press, 2005), and municipalities raised and spent funds on American Historical Association. several articles and chapters on economic public services such as infrastructure, water and financial history including “Business and sewer systems, health, education, and Hanley Statement Finance and the São Paulo Bolsa, 1886– safety; how revenue generating and I am deeply honored to be nominated as 1917,” in Latin America and the World spending priorities changed over time; and treasurer of the Latin American Studies Economy: Essays in Quantitative how the provision of public services Association. My first experience with Economic History, edited by John affected socioeconomic development. LASA—walking into the lobby at the 1992 Coatsworth and Alan Taylor (1998); “Is It meeting in LA as a graduate student— Who You Know? Entrepreneurs and Dr. Hanley’s research interests in economic scared the hell out of me. Where did all Bankers in São Paulo, Brazil, at the Turn of development and inequality are central to those people come from? But my second the Twentieth Century” (Enterprise and her teaching. The economic philosophies experience with LASA—attending a panel Society, 2004); and “Financing Brazil’s of the powerful have affected or at that same meeting—was amazing. Here Industrialization” in Reconceptualizing the underscored virtually every aspect of the I was, a mere graduate student, talking to Industrial Revolution, edited by Jeff Horn, historical narrative in the post- scholars from several disciplines about their Leonard L. Rosenband, and Merritt Roe independence era, particularly regional, work and mine, learning something new, Smith (2010). Dr. Hanley maintains an racial, class, and gender inequalities within and leaving feeling excited, energized, and active research agenda with Brazilian Latin American nations and the connected. Now when I enter the hotel colleagues that has yielded several accelerating economic gap between Latin lobby in Toronto or Washington or coauthored projects, including “Bancos na American and other nations from the early Chicago or San Francisco, I see that throng transição republicana em São Paulo: O nineteenth century to the present. She of scholars and feel excited by what is to financiamento hipotecário (1888–1901)” brings issues of economic theory into her come. Is it just me that hasn’t yet deleted with Renato Leite Marcondes (Estudos classes to varying degrees to help students the program app from last year’s Econômicos, 2010), and “Alice no país da understand how these economic conference? I take a look at it to recall a

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conversation I had, a paper I heard, or a especially interested in supporting travel published extensively on the consequences new friend I met. I have personally grants to international congresses for of armed conflict on women’s lives, the benefited from this organization that has graduate students and early career faculty impact of new reproductive technologies introduced me to a community of who, as we all did, will find a vibrant and for women, the construction of medical colleagues, scholarship, debates, and culture varied scholarly community with which to discourses and cosmetic alterations of the beyond my primary field. It would be good share their ideas. I strongly favor the female body, and on why women lag far to give back by serving as a member of the direction the current treasurer Timothy behind men in science and technology. My Executive Committee. Power has taken in increasing the portion most recent books are Las viudas del of the LASA Endowment invested in conflicto armado en Colombia: Memorias I have long experience with financial socially responsible funds, which has y relatos (Instituto Colombiano de analysis that makes me very comfortable yielded strong returns on investment, Antropología e Historia, 2006) and with and excited about this responsibility. and I will continue in this same vein. Familia, genero y antropologia: Desafios y Before pursuing my PhD in history, I This strategy is important. It allows us transformaciones (Instituto Colombiano de earned a degree in economics and worked to leverage our position as a major Antropologia e Historia, 2003). My for three years at the New York investment academic association to quite literally current research is about women explorers bank Smith Barney as a junior analyst in invest in the social good. I look forward and travelers during the Age of Discovery. the Department of Fundamental Research. to working with the Executive Committee I have conducted fieldwork in Colombia, Our job was to review the financials of to continue to align our financial health Ecuador, Portugal, the United States, and publicly traded companies and make with LASA’s core mission. my anthropological work has taken me to recommendations to institutional investors many places around the world. to buy, hold, or sell stock based on past and projected performance. I served as Patricia Tovar Rojas Tovar Statement assistant to the analysts for the automobile, I have a PhD in anthropology from the City I write to express my interest and steel, and retailing industries, performing University of New York (CUNY) Graduate willingness in serving as treasurer of the background research into the economics of Center (1995), a master’s degree in applied Latin American Studies Association. I each sector and assessing the performance anthropology from City College of New think this is the most influential of the corporations competing in those York, and a BA from Universidad Nacional professional organization representing the industries. The reports we generated de Colombia. Currently, I am a interests of academic people working on guided the major institutional investors— Distinguished Fellow at the Advanced issues of importance for Latin America. the ones that, among other clients, are Research Collaborative at the CUNY responsible for directing the major pension Graduate Center. I have been affiliated I am a full professor in the Anthropology funds that manage our retirement accounts. with John Jay College since 2008, and Department at John Jay College (CUNY), I used these financial analytical skills in before that I was working in the Political and I have been a member of LASA since researching and writing my first book on Science Department at Pontificia 2006. I have served as a co-chair, chair, the role of the financial sector in Brazil’s Universidad Javeriana in Bogotá. Until and member of the executive council of the early industrialization. 2006 I was the head of the Social Colombia Section. During my tenure I Anthropology Section of the Colombian promoted academic freedom, helped to Serving as LASA treasurer is similar in its Institute of Anthropology and History, create an award, supported the rights of great responsibility: to preserve and grow where I also conducted research on women LASA members, and actively participate in the financial patrimony for the long-term and armed conflict, displaced populations, the drafting of statements concerning health of the Association. This financial and inequalities in gender and science. My human rights abuses in Colombia. health is critical to promoting the research interests have focused on the study Association’s mission of fostering of widowhood, mobility, forced If elected treasurer of LASA, I would international and interdisciplinary scholarly displacement, violence, sexual and endeavor to ensure that the Association exchange by keeping annual dues relatively reproductive health, and gender and operates in a professional and appropriate low and by supporting travel. As director science. More recently, I have been manner in carrying out its assigned duties of graduate studies in my department, I am interested in colonial studies. I have and obligations. As a person working for

44 many years on issues of gender and published in hardcover in 2005 and American academic interests more visible inequality in Latin America, I will try to do reprinted in paperback in 2013. within a global context. my best to contribute to the success of the mission, responsibilities, and initiatives of Castiglioni Statement LASA, making it more proactive and Over the years, the Latin American Studies Evelina Dagnino visible. Association has been a rich space in which Evelina Dagnino has an MA and a PhD in scholars from different countries, political science from Stanford University I seek the support of my colleagues to serve institutions, and disciplines converge to and an MA from the Federal University of as treasurer for the opportunity to share knowledge and experiences. In Minas Gerais (UFMG). She has been a full represent and more effectively serve the addition, LASA’s annual meetings offer the professor at the Department of Political interests of LASA members. I will be unique opportunity to facilitate interaction Science at the University of Campinas honored by your vote to continue my among peers in a thriving milieu of (UNICAMP) in Campinas, Brazil, for 40 service on behalf of our collective interests. collegiality. Given the opportunity as a years and continues her affiliation to the member of LASA’s Executive Council, I university. She has also been a visiting Rossana Castiglioni will be honored to fulfill my duties, professor at Yale University, Goteborg Rossana Castiglioni (PhD University of contributing to the development of the University in Sweden, at SEPHIS— Notre Dame, 2003; BA in sociology, main goals of LASA. I am particularly University of Philippines, at FLACSO, and Universidad de la República, Uruguay) is committed to helping highlight the at IDES/UNGS in Buenos Aires, and at associate professor of the School of relevance of the academic production that Universidad de Costa Rica, as well as at Political Science and director of the PhD emerges from Latin America, as well as the Pontifícia Universidade Católica in São program in political science at Universidad challenges that Latin American institutions Paulo. She holds a research fellowship Diego Portales in Santiago, Chile. From and scholars face. I am convinced that in from the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas 2006 to 2013 she was department chair of the past decade many Latin American (CNPq) and leads a CNPq Research the School of Political Science at institutions have made strong progress not Group, Construção Democrática. This Universidad Diego Portales. She works on only in the realm of knowledge generation group was preceded by a more informal comparative politics, with an emphasis on and diffusion but also in terms of the UNICAMP-based Group of Studies on the comparative social policy in Latin America. quality of higher education. However, Democratic Construction (GECD), whose She teaches courses on social policy, Latin strong quality gaps between countries, contribution to the Brazilian and Latin American politics, and comparative regions, and institutions still prevail. American debate on democracy was not politics. She has been a visiting scholar at Additionally, despite advances, progress has irrelevant. the Kellogg Institute for International not benefited all in the same way, as Studies, Universidad de la República, the differences based in gender, sexual She has published extensively in several University of Wisconsin, Madison, and the orientation, race, ethnicity, and income are countries on democracy and citizenship, University of Oxford. Castiglioni was the still pervasive. My experience as social movements, civil society and recipient of the 2003 Eli J. and Helen department chair as well as my involvement participation and the relations between Shaheen Graduate School Award in the in various research projects has broadened culture and politics. She edited Cultures of Social Sciences of the University of Notre my expertise and interest in different Politics/Politics of Cultures: Re-visioning Dame. Her work has appeared in Electoral subject areas and approaches. On a Latin American Social Movements, with Studies, Latin American Politics and personal level, I greatly enjoy a Sonia Álvarez and Arturo Escobar Society, Canadian Journal of Political multicultural environment like LASA. (Westview Press, 1998), also published in Science, The Developing Economies, Living and working in four different Portuguese and Spanish; Os anos 90: Revista de Ciencia Política, and Revista countries has been extremely enriching for Política e sociedade no Brasil (1994); Uruguaya de Ciencia Política. Her book me and I would very much look forward to Sociedad civil, espacios públicos y The Politics of Social Policy Change in continue working in a diverse, gender- democratización: Brasil (Fondo de Cultura Chile and Uruguay: Retrenchment versus sensitive setting. In sum, my main purpose Económica, 2002); La disputa por la Maintenance, 1973–1998 (Routledge) was as a member of LASA’s Executive construcción democrática en América Committee will be to help make Latin Latina, with Alberto J. Olvera e Aldo

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Panfichi (Fondo de Cultura Económica, Dagnino Statement the Executive Council and with LASA’s 2006), both also published in Portuguese I attended my first LASA Congress in 1991 membership. and resulting from collective international in Washington. It is only fair to say that it research projects financed by the Ford definitively changed my academic life. It Researchers on Latin America share a Foundation; Mobilização, participação e not only provided exciting intellectual and peculiarity: most of them are, in varying direitos, with Regina Pahim Pinto (2007); political debate but it also opened up degrees, a combination of intellectuals and and Democracia, sociedade civil e incredibly rich opportunities for intellectual activists of different sorts. Their political participação, with Luciana Tatagiba and research partnerships, renewed and commitments have continually contributed (2007). Her latest book, written constantly multiplying over the years at to defining and supporting the values of collectively with John Clarke, Catherine successive Congresses. The friendly LASA and the role it has played over the Neveu, and Kathleen Coll, is Disputing atmosphere, the interdisciplinary emphasis, years. In critical times both in the United Citizenship (Policy Press, 2014). and the intellectual and political vitality States and in Latin America, where the that are characteristic of LASA Congresses reaction against progressive changes in In addition to her background in political make them a notable favorable several countries is mounting, engagement science, Dagnino is an enthusiast of environment for these relationships to with political debate on sustaining and interdisciplinary and collective work, and flourish. radicalizing democracy is even more crucial. created, as early as 1989, the Culture and I would support the extension of LASA’s Politics interdisciplinary area of the Social Although times are different now, as institutional role in promoting this debate Sciences Doctoral Program at UNICAMP. international exchanges and collaboration also beyond its own constituency, reaching She coordinated it for many years, bringing became easier, a large number of Latin out and searching for relevant interlocutors. together sociologists, anthropologists, and American scholars, especially younger ones political scientists at a time when this was and those working in smaller institutions, Moreover, also because of this shared far from being conventional wisdom. still don’t have access to these exchanges. peculiarity, Latin American scholars have For them attending a LASA Congress is a been able to produce an incredibly rich She has been a member of the Centre precious opportunity. I would make a body of knowledge, both empirical and Advisory Review Group (CARG) of the priority of increasing the chances of these theoretical, on the challenges generated by Development Research Centre on scholars to participate and share these the current social, political, and cultural Citizenship, Participation and opportunities if I am honored with a place conditions of the continent. LASA has an Accountability, IDS, University of Sussex, on LASA’s Executive Council. immense potential to be an important (2007–2010). She presently is a member of channel to spread this knowledge about the board of the United Nations Research I share deeply LASA’s concern with Latin American experiences with the Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) extending the diversity of scholars—in radicalization of democracy and the in Geneva (2009–2015), and of the Board terms of their backgrounds and origins—as overcoming of inequality, in all its forms, to of Trustees of the Institute of Development well as enriching the diversity of themes, other parts of the world, where it can be a Studies (IDS) at the University of Sussex, in theoretical and methodological valuable resource to people sharing those Brighton, UK (2013–2017). Her activities perspectives, and approaches. However, as same challenges. From environmental in LASA include serving as a track chair we all know, LASA’s already successful policies to social participation and new and co-chair three times, most recently in efforts in that direction have resulted in a modalities of political representation, 2014–2015, and as chair of the Premio tremendous growth that brought new antiracism and antisexist policies, health, Iberoamericano Book Award Committee in challenges, which now have to be faced. housing, and social and cultural policies, 2012. She also served as a member of the Time and space are huge constraints in the there is a whole universe of experiences editorial committee of the Latin American organizational success of Congresses. If whose success and/or limits and difficulties Research Review (2010–2014), as well as there is one common complaint about can be refreshing and appreciated within of other Brazilian and Latin American them, it is the lack of time for more the global context. journals (Revista Brasileira de Ciências substantial discussion in the panels. Ways Sociais; Contemporânea; Plural; Perfiles of handling these difficult dilemmas is Finally, one additional issue that I would Latinoamericanos). something that I would like to discuss in address relates to the LASA’s

46 communication resources. LASA’s website Dominican borderlands and life narratives American history article in English. She is efficiently fulfills many informational needs of the 2010 Haitian earthquake. on the editorial board of The Americas as but it could be improved by a more well as Estudios Sociales (Dominican dynamic presentation. It can work as a Her book The Dictator’s Seduction: Politics Republic) and is a senior editor of the useful resource for more substantial uses, and the Popular Imagination in the Era of Oxford Research Encyclopedia in Latin perhaps incorporating some of the features Trujillo (Duke University Press, 2009, American History. of the LASA Forum, thus contributing to forthcoming in Spanish by the Academia stimulate and reinforce a more frequent, Dominicana de Historia) won the Bolton- In 2011 Derby received a LASA/Ford easier, nonbureaucratic contact between the Johnson Prize (Conference on Latin special projects grant for an intensive institution and its membership, in addition American History/American Historical training program in oral history for to the annual Congresses. Association), shared the Gordon K. and students at the Université d’Etat d’Haiti Sybil Lewis Award (Caribbean Studies (UEH) in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, which Association), and earned honorable trained 30 students for one week in oral Lauren (Robin) Derby mention for the LASA Bryce Wood Award. historical methodology. The project Lauren (Robin) Derby is associate A study of the culture of consent of the intended to help revive the anthropology professor of Latin American history at the regime, it argues that one of the more and history departments of the State University of California, Los Angeles pernicious aspects of the terror under University of Haiti, which suffered the (UCLA). She has been a visiting professor Trujillo was the way the regime adopted collapse of 80 percent of its structures and at the University of Utrecht in the quotidian practices such as gossip, gift the loss of many faculty members during Netherlands and at the University of exchange, and witchcraft into the repertoire the 2010 earthquake, as well as to foster Chicago, where she completed her PhD. of domination, leaving almost no place for interdisciplinary collaboration. The project Dominicans to hide or resist. She also also sought to build a bridge between the Her research in Latin American and coedited Activating the Past: History and Latin American Studies Association and Caribbean history examines race, slavery, Memory in the Black Atlantic World (with scholars in Haiti, after several defections of and plantation sociology in relation to Andrew Apter, Cambridge Scholars Press, Haitian scholars a few years previously. sovereignty, charisma, and popular culture. 2010), which considers how ritual can Derby organized panels for two subsequent It combines cultural analysis drawn from embed memories of slavery; and The Haitian Studies Association meetings which anthropology with political economy, state Dominican Republic Reader (with Eric brought together several of these students formation, and environmental change, Paul Roorda and Raymundo Gonzalez, in oral history panels; she was part of a focusing on the Dominican Republic and Duke University Press, 2014). She has multidisciplinary research project on Haiti as well as Puerto Rico and Cuba. published 27 articles in the United States, resiliency in post-earthquake Haiti directed Oral history has long been a major source Argentina, Mexico, Haiti, and the by Thom Mayne of the Morphosis lab in for her research, and her current book Dominican Republic on issues of rumor, the UCLA architecture department. A project interprets oral narratives of race and nation in Haiti, the Dominican member of LASA for over two decades, she shape-shifting spirits in Haiti and the Republic and Puerto Rico, and the history has served as LASA history track co-chair. Dominican frontier as evidence of the and popular culture of animals on She has received research support from the longue durée historical memory of the feral Hispaniola in edited volumes and journals American Council on Learned Societies and hunting economy and vernacular ranging from Hispanic American Historical the Fulbright Program, among others. understandings of nature. She is currently Review and History Compass to Small Axe. involved with several digitization projects Her essay entitled “Haitians, Magic and She is a founding member of the Atlantic to make public her oral histories and Money: Raza and Society in the Haitian- Studies Cluster in the History Department, fieldwork related to popular Catholicism, Dominican Borderlands, 1900–1937,” in UCLA, and the UC-Cuba Academic Vodú, and popular demonology in Haiti Comparative Studies in Society and History Initiative, which coordinates activities and the Dominican Republic, as well as won the Conference on Latin American around Cuba for faculty and graduate interviews with victims and perpetrators of History Award (given by the Latin students throughout the University of the 1937 Haitian massacre in the Americanist division of the American California system, and a member of the Historical Association) for best Latin UC-Haiti initiative. An advisory member

47 lasaforum winter 2015 : volume xlvi : issue 1

of the Latin American Institute, UCLA, for conversation with one another. I was part Paulo, 1991) and currently is full professor five years she co-led a speaker series with a of a project at the University of Florida at the History Department of that same colleague from the Spanish Department, along similar lines called “Reexamining the university, member of the scientific “Rethinking the Caribbean”; she is Black Atlantic: Afro Descendants Still at committee of the Conselho Nacional de currently launching a UCLA summer the Bottom?” which was a very stimulating Pesquisa (CNPQ/Brasília) and of the program in Cuba in association with the and productive effort to bring local Biblioteca Brasiliana Guita e José Mindlin Ministry of Culture. activists, scholars, and funders together, (BBM/USP), the most important library of and which resulted in a book and several rare manuscripts and books collected by Derby Statement events. private initiative in Brazil. She is a I am honored to have been nominated to specialist in the nineteenth-century history serve on the executive council of LASA and I am committed to border crossing, as of slavery, race, abolition, travel narratives, would be thrilled to support an evident in my research on the Haitian- and photography; she has published widely organization which has long been my Dominican border since 1986; but also in in Portuguese and English, including books, principal academic affiliation. At a time the sense of interdisciplinarity and working journal articles, and book chapters. In when neoliberalism is intensifying with people in other fields from 2014, she had supervised 12 master’s theses inequalities within the Americas as well as comparative literature to public health. and 12 PhDs. the academy, organizations such as LASA LASA also has been an important place play a seminal role in maintaining a critical where social scientists, policy makers and Her major publications include the books dialogue about social justice across the those working in the humanities can O plano e o pânico: Os movimentos sociais Americas. Having commenced my career commingle in fruitful ways. As a graduate na década da abolição (2nd ed., EDUSP, as a Latin Americanist during the Reagan student in history with Fredrich Katz and 2010) and Crime e escravidão (2nd ed., years, and as a Caribbeanist, I feel strongly John Coatsworth at the University of EDUSP, 2014). She also edited, annotated, that academics should be part of the Chicago, I was trained as a comparativist. and wrote the introduction to Brazil conversation about U.S. policy in Latin Since my own work poaches from through the Eyes of William James: Letters, America. LASA has played a leading role anthropology as well as critical theory, and Diaries, and Drawings (David Rockefeller in speaking out against U.S. policies since I believe that complex social issues Center for Latin American Studies/Harvard deleterious to the hemisphere and in and cultural phenomena require drawing University Press, 2006; Brazilian edition, nourishing the intellectual life of academics upon interdisciplinary tools of analysis, I EDUSP, 2010); edited (with Sasha Huber) from Latin America and the Caribbean would help ensure that humanities and the book (T)Races of Louis Agassiz: who have long suffered the kind of social science approaches feel equally at Photography, Body, and Science, Yesterday “flexible” work conditions now becoming home within LASA. I have long worked to and Today (2nd ed., Funarte/Capacete, the norm in the United States. I have long ensure a robust presence of Caribbean 2014); edited, annotated, and wrote the been committed to using research to cast a nationals within LASA and to that end introduction to Diário íntimo [The spotlight on conditions of inequality and have organized panels with scholars from Intimate Diary of Couto de Magalhães] distress in Latin America, and LASA has a the Dominican Republic and Haiti in an (Companhia das Letras, 1997). She also long track record of supporting engaged effort to increase their presence at LASA. I published a number of scholarly articles, scholarship which seeks to be socially would work hard to help maintain diversity for example, “From Slave Rebels to relevant. within the Latin Americanist community in Strikebreakers: The Quilombo of an era of dwindling resources, an issue Jabaquara and the Problem of Citizenship As an oral historian, I am very excited which I am unfortunately quite familiar in Late-Nineteenth-Century Brazil” about recent LASA initiatives, such as the with since it looms large within the (Hispanic American Historical Review, “Precaridades, exclusiones, emergencias” University of California system. 2006), “Slavery and Social Movements in panels and the Otros Saberes project, that Nineteenth-Century Brazil: Slaves seek to bring marginalized forms of Strategies and Abolition in São Paulo” knowledge into academic spaces by inviting Maria Helena Pereira Toledo Machado (Review: Fernand Braudel Center for the black and indigenous intellectuals to LASA, Maria Helena Pereira Toledo Machado has Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and by bringing scholars and activists into a PhD in history (Universidade de São and Civilizations, 2011), and she recently

48 coauthored, with Flávio Gomes, She was visiting professor on several social role played by human sciences in the “Migraciones, desplazamientos y occasions at the University of Michigan twenty-first century. campesinos negros en São Paulo y Río de (Ann Arbor) and was a visiting scholar at Janeiro (Brasil) en el siglo XIX” (Boletín the David Rockefeller Center for Latin Significant issues such as globalization, Americanista, 2014). American Studies (Harvard University). regionalization, consolidation of Her current research covers the abolitionist democracies, the rise of social movements, Prof. Machado collaborated in the press in São Paulo, runaway slave and the struggles for racial, ethnic, gender conception and conduct of many engaged communities on the edge of abolition, early and sexual diversity rights have been interventions and publications in art, race, racial photography, slave biographies, and reflected by the academic production of and racism, as in “(Re)constructing Renty’s the medicalized body of nineteenth-century those who take part in the Association. Image: From Agassiz’s Daguerreotype to women in slavery. I feel deeply enthusiastic to participate in De-mounting Agassiz Campaign,” in Sasha this continuous process of renewal, Huber, Rentyhorn, Agassizhorn (Helsinki: Please check https://usp-br.academia.edu/ assisting LASA to keep in tune with the Museum of Contemporary Art Kiasma, MariaHelena to see more of her great challenges of our time. 2010), and the organization of the dossier publications. “Louis Agassiz” in the website Mirror of I understand it is my duty to act within the Race, in which she also contributed the Machado Statement Brazilian academic context in order to article “Nineteenth-Century Scientific I am deeply honored by the invitation to elevate the status of topics and events Travel and Racial Photography: The be a candidate for the LASA Executive proposed by LASA, strengthen the bonds Formation of Louis Agassiz’s Brazilian Council. LASA is the most consolidated between undergraduate and graduate Collection” (http://mirrorofrace.org/wp/ association of Latin Americanists, endowed students and this Association, and machado/, 2012). In 2010, she launched with broad input into the different introduce relevant researchers to the (T)Races of Louis Agassiz: Photography, academic environments that make up the environments corresponding to their Body, and Science, Yesterday and Today/ context of intellectual production academic production and social debates. Rastros e raças de Louis Agassiz: concerning Latin America. Throughout my My duties will also concern using the Fotografia, corpo e ciência, ontem e hoje career, I have seen the Association as a experience acquired in LASA’s (Teatro de Arena, São Paulo). In 2011, landmark of both endurance and administrative board to optimize local Prof. Machado launched the exhibition innovation. Congregating researchers from processes of knowledge management and Rastros e raças de Louis Agassiz (Centro varied universities and research centers, relationship with the society. Universitário Maria Antônia, USP, and LASA has been able to engage in Pinacoteca de São Bernardo do Campo, meaningful social struggles through the As a researcher of slavery, abolition, race, São Paulo). years while structuring fundamental and racism, I will particularly focus on multidisciplinary research and participating in affirmative action as well as In 2013, she presented the photographic encompassing all forms of productive in other types of mobilizations and exhibition Emancipação, inclusão, debates. struggles for the development of equal exclusão: Desafios do passado e do rights. Ethnic rights, such as those related presente (Museu de Arte Contemporânea As a professor at a Brazilian public to indigenous landholding, obtainment of da Universidade de São Paulo), with university (the University of São Paulo) legal entitlement to the land of quilombo co-curators Lilia Schwarcz and Sérgio who takes part in academic activities of communities, and the support of legal and Burgi, sponsored by Instituto Moreira different scope, such as those concerning labor rights of Afro-descendant women or Salles. She is also engaged in the discussion research and administration as well as low-income female workers will compose a of affirmative action in her university as a Brazilian funding agencies, I am greatly field of special importance to me on the member of the Comissão para Discussão de optimistic about LASA’s increasing LASA Executive Council. Moreover, I Cotas na Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências integration of Latin American researchers. believe that strengthening dialogue between Humanas e Letras (FFLCH/USP). The diversity among us is aligned to the researchers from different nationalities who challenges faced by the renewal of the participate in LASA is fundamental to

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raising efforts around topics that arouse española del siglo XVI y el conocimiento Joel Stillerman and affect us as a research community. por cuestionario (2001). Joel Stillerman is an associate professor of sociology at Grand Valley State University Finally, as a member of the administrative Millán is director of the Instituto Caro y (GVSU). In 1998, he received his PhD in board of the Biblioteca Brasiliana Guita e Cuervo (since December 2013 to the sociology and historical studies at the New José Mindlin, I am aware of the necessity to present). In 2014 she has served as jury School for Social Research, where he was meet the challenges of digitization within member of the Premio Cervantes de trained by sociologists, anthropologists, the human sciences, illuminating new Literatura and organized two major and historians. From 1998 to 2002 he was pathways to Latin American academic exhibits: La Gran Guerra: Narrativas y assistant research social scientist at the production. vivencias colombianas en el fin de una era, Center of Latin American Studies at the at Colombia’s National Library, the University of Arizona. From 2006 to 2008 As an association that brings together and National Archives and the Archive of he served as director of Latin American organizes multiple researchers and Bogotá, and Palabras de maíz y de café: El Studies at GVSU. From 2008 to 2009 he perspectives, LASA is constantly facing the Atlas Lingüístico-Etnográfico de Colombia was a visiting professor in the Instituto de need for renovation. Taking part in this (ALEC) at Instituto Cervantes in Madrid. Estudios Urbanos y Territoriales de la challenge will be a great opportunity! Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Millán has been a LASA member since while on a U.S. Department of Education 2002 and has served as LASA’s Colombian Fulbright Hayes Faculty Research abroad Carmen Millán de Benavides Section co-president, as a jury member for grant. From 2009 to 2010 he was chair of Carmen Millán de Benavides is a the Montserrat Ordóñez Award (2007), the Sociology Department at Universidad Colombian lawyer (Pontificia Universidad and as a track chair (2013). Diego Portales in Chile. Javeriana, PUJ, 1977) who holds a master’s in public administration (1994 PSU) and Millán Statement Stillerman has been an active academic PhD in Spanish (the Pennsylvania State Throughout my academic career I have citizen throughout his career. At Arizona, University, 1997). She is a full professor at been well aware of the importance of he wrote portions of successful U.S. PUJ. She is a cofounder of Instituto de scholarly exchange on an equal footing. Department of Education Title VI Latin Estudios Sociales y Culturales PENSAR in That is why I joined LASA and have American Studies and Rockefeller Bogotá, and creator of Semillero de Jóvenes stressed the need for joining El Consejo Foundation grants. He has held several Investigadores PENSAR, a program aimed Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales offices in LASA and the American at training young researchers with (CLACSO) and other associations of that Sociological Association (ASA). In LASA, interdisciplinary approaches. Her research sort. I believe in nurturing participation in he was chair of the Labor Studies Section areas include gender and LGBT agency, congresses, conferences, and editorial (2001–2004), chair of the Task Force on colonial literature and letters, and letter projects. In times of funding attrition for Labor Relations (2006–2008), and writing throughout the twentieth century. the social sciences, I think we need to focus program track chair for the 2013 Congress. on the importance of finding creative Additionally, in the ASA, he was council She was a visiting fellow at Colby College mechanisms to socialize research: exhibits, member of the Section on Labor and Labor (2001–2002) and faculty fellow at online archives, Creative Commons– Movements (2001–2004), chair of the Georgetown (Fall 2007). Her publications licensed papers, and the like but within a Community and Urban Sociology include Mujeres en la música en Colombia: major hub: a LASA open library perhaps? Publications Committee (2010–2013), and El género de los géneros (as coeditor, Or a LASA open gallery with cinema, a founding officer of the Section on the 2012), De usted atentamente: Manual de exhibits, teaching materials? We need to Sociology of Consumption. conservación de cartas y papeles personales envision ways of encouraging young (2009), and Pensamiento colombiano del researchers to join LASA and think about Stillerman has received extramural funding siglo XX (coeditor with Guillermo Hoyos new ways of sharing knowledge. for his research on Chile and Latin America and Santiago Castro), a three-volume through U.S. Department of Education/ project, Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Fulbright-Hayes, Fulbright-CIES, and Reino de Granada: La cosmografía Ford-LASA Special Projects grants. Several

50 of his publications examine the nature and Pinochet’s 1973–1990 military regime. have been an active member of LASA since fate of public space, the dynamics of urban Stillerman’s analysis builds on Henri 1997, serving as chair of the Section on informal employment, and the effects of Lefebvre’s concept of the production of Labor Studies, chair of the Task Force on shopping malls on urban social life. In space and Neil Brenner’s analysis of the Labor Relations, and program track chair these works, he reassesses the familiar “rescaling” of states in the neoliberal era. on Labor Studies and Class Relations. I argument that current patterns of urban His findings appear in Political Power and believe my interdisciplinary background development have led to the decline of Social Theory, Mobilization, and Revista and extensive service to LASA have given public space and its replacement with Política; in Victims of the Chilean Miracle, me a broad appreciation for the diverse exclusionary retail settings. Through edited by Peter Winn (2004); and in his field of Latin American studies and a ethnographic comparisons of neighborhood coedited volume (with Ana Cárdenas and strong understanding of the Association. I street markets, flea markets, and shopping Felipe Link), ¿Qué significa el trabajo hoy? believe I am well prepared to serve on the malls, he has found that many authors’ (2012). Additionally, he wrote a Social Executive Council (EC) and would be focus on control and surveillance in public Science History article and a book chapter honored to have the opportunity to do so. and retail settings ignores the social on transnational labor activism under practices of urbanites that frequent these NAFTA, and coedited two special issues of As a member of the EC, I would work to areas. His findings sharply contrast with International Labor and Working-Class continue LASA’s efforts to branch out research indicating that malls are more History on work and union activism in beyond its traditional strengths in the “privatized” than traditional retail formats. Latin America that built on a Ford-LASA humanities and the social sciences to While street markets are more accessible Special Projects Grant. emerging fields of interest to LASA than malls, they rely on intimate relations members and the broader public, such as among neighbors and are thus more In a third project, he examines Santiago’s the environment, medicine, the natural “private” than shopping centers. In changing middle class. In an article in sciences, law, and education. I would work contrast, shopping mall visitors tend to Political Power and Social Theory and two to support and expand upon LASA’s Otros encounter strangers, making their manuscripts, he compares middle-class Saberes and Special Projects Fund because interactions more “public” than those couples’ decisions in the housing, school, they provide unique opportunities for found in street markets. Further, Chile’s and home decoration markets. Building on interdisciplinary intellectual exchange and distinctive patterns of residential the work of Pierre Bourdieu and his critics, collaboration among scholars and civil segregation and urban transit, as well as he explores symbolic battles between society organizations across the Americas. the persistence of informal employment, middle-class fractions focused on I would like to explore with other EC have permitted a diverse clientele to consumption, taste, and educational members opportunities to expand and frequent malls and creatively appropriate investments. Finally, he recently completed secure additional funding for LASA’s mall settings, in contrast with claims that The Sociology of Consumption: A Global programs in civic engagement and applied malls intensify socioeconomic segregation. Approach (forthcoming 2015, Polity research to disseminate our work and His findings appear in the journals City & Books). In contrast to most syntheses in expertise beyond the academy and to Community, Qualitative Sociology, Journal this field, this book focuses on consumer develop additional collaborations with of Contemporary Ethnography, and culture in the global South and the organizations within civil society. Further, I Estudios Avanzados; and in Street interaction between consumption and would like to explore opportunities for Entrepreneurs: People, Place and Politics in inequalities based on class, race, gender, LASA to spearhead cross-regional research Local and Global Perspective, edited by sexualities, and age. and scholarly exchanges that would John Cross and Alfonso Morales (2007), promote dialogue and collaboration Lived Experiences of Public Consumption: Stillerman Statement between LASA members and their Encounters with Value in Marketplaces on As noted in my biography, I have an counterparts in other area studies, Five Continents, edited by Daniel Thomas interdisciplinary background in sociology, international studies, and global studies Cook (2008), and Consumer Culture in anthropology, and history and have taught organizations. I believe these activities Latin America, edited by John Sinclair and in and directed Latin American Studies would enrich our important work and Anna Cristina Pertierra (2012). programs at the University of Arizona and build on our mission. Grand Valley State University, respectively. A second body of work focuses on urban I have also taught and conducted labor activism before, during, and after collaborative research in Chile. Further, I

51 lasaforum winter 2015 : volume xlvi : issue 1

CALLING ALL MEMBERS

Call for Applications to Edit the Latin American Research Review

Applications are invited for the position of LASA allocates resources to the Review editor of the Latin American Research editor including travel to the Editorial Review (LARR), the journal of the Latin Board meetings and LASA Congresses; American Studies Association (LASA). The however, it does not pay for office space or Review is published three to four times a release time. It is important that the year in an electronic semi-open-access Association be provided with information format. that supports the feasibility of the editor’s application. In the past, university Manuscript selection duties will begin on contributions to the LARR editorship have January 1, 2016, and the first issue to included half-time release from teaching for appear under the name of the newly the editor and/or additional release time for appointed editor will be volume 52, no. 1 the associate editors. (2017). Contracts to edit LARR normally are five years in duration, although the It is expected that completed proposals will LASA Ways and Means Committee has the identify the proposed new editor(s) and right to award a contract for a different their qualifications, specify the nature and time period. Candidates must hold a extent of the support provided by the host tenured position in an academic institution. institution, and contain a letter from the president of that institution formally In accordance with LASA’s mission to committing the resources of the institution publish high-quality scholarship, the as specified in the proposal. following basic criteria will be considered in selecting the LARR editor: The LASA Secretariat is responsible for all administrative, operational, and financial 1) an established record of scholarship; support functions associated with the publication of the Review, including 2) experience with and understanding of maintenance of the subscriber/member the wide variety of activities associated database, production, and maintenance of with journal editorship, including the online platform. submissions, reviewing, and relations with editorial boards; Completed proposals must be received by June 5, 2015, and should be directed to 3) strong familiarity with the present state Milagros Pereyra-Rojas, Executive Director, of the Review, its strengths and Latin American Studies Association, 416 challenges, and a vision for its future; Bellefield Hall, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260. Applications will 4) openness to the different methods, be reviewed by the LASA Ways and Means themes, theories, and approaches to the Committee, which will present its final field; and selection to the Executive Council for its approval. The LASA Executive Director 5) a record of responsible service to will work out the contractual agreement scholarly publishing and evidence of with the nominee. The final decision is organizational skill and intellectual expected by July 3, 2015. leadership.

52 CALLING ALL MEMBERS

Call for Applications to Direct the LASA Film Festival

Applications are invited for the position of information that supports the feasibility of director of the LASA Film Festival, the the director’s application. In the past, festival of the Latin American Studies university contributions to the Film Festival Association (LASA). The festival takes director have included: time release from places during the LASA Congresses. teaching for the director; adequate office space; and salary support for a director’s Duties will begin on January 1, 2016, and assistant. the first festival to appear under the name of the newly appointed director will be It is expected that completed proposals will the LASA2017 Film Festival. Contracts to identify the proposed new director(s) and direct the festival normally are five years their qualifications, identify an advisory in duration, although the LASA Ways and board that will serve as a selection Means Committee has the right to award committee, specify the nature and extent of a contract for a different time period. the support provided by the host Candidates must hold a tenured position institution, and contain a letter from the in an academic institution. president of that institution formally committing the In accordance with LASA’s mission to offer resources and personnel of the institution a high-quality festival, the following basic as specified in the proposal. criteria will be considered in selecting the director: The LASA Secretariat is responsible for all administrative, operational, and financial 1) an established record of scholarship; support functions associated with the production of the Film Festival. 2) experience with and understanding of the wide variety of activities associated Completed proposals must be received by with film festival direction, including June 5, 2015, and should be directed to: submissions, reviewing, selection Milagros Pereyra-Rojas, Executive Director, process, and programming; Latin American Studies Association, 416 Bellefield Hall, University of Pittsburgh, 3) strong familiarity with the present state Pittsburgh, PA 15260. Applications will of the field, its strengths and challenges, be reviewed by the LASA Ways and Means and a vision for its future; Committee, which will present its final selection to the Executive Council for its 4) openness to the different methods, approval. The LASA Executive Director themes, theories, and approaches to the will work out the contractual agreement field; and with the nominee. The final decision is expected by July 3, 2015. 5) a record of responsible service to the field and evidence of organizational skill and intellectual leadership.

LASA allocates resources to the Film Festival director including travel to LASA Congresses; however, it does not pay for office space or release time. It is important that the Association be provided with

53 lasaforum winter 2015 : volume xlvi : issue 1

NEWS FROM LASA

LASA Voluntary Support

Since our last report in the Spring 2014 We gratefully acknowledge the following Silvia Arrom LASA Forum, nearly 890 individual gifts donors for their contributions to any of the Wileidys Artigas have been received in support of the LASA funds since our last report. Please Virginia Aspe Armella various LASA funds. The Association is note that in the interest of conserving space Virgínia Ávila extremely grateful for the generous support donor names are printed only once, Mónica Ayala-Martínez of the members, foundations, and friends regardless of the number of their Florence Babb who make it possible for LASA to continue contributions or gifts to multiple funds. Helga Baitenmann to advance its mission. Contributions to Many donors frequently designate more Beth Baker Cristales any of the LASA funds help to ensure that than one fund for their support and add a Paulo Vinicius Baptista da Silva more scholars will be able to participate in gift with each membership renewal or Javiera Barandiaran the annual LASA Congress, regardless of Congress registration. Thank you! Andréa Barbosa Gouveia financial constraints. Dora Barrancos Are you interested in learning more about María Concepción Barrón Tirado For the most recent Congress, LASA2014, how to make a contribution, establish a Gabriela Cristina Barroso 288 travel grantees benefited from grants LASA Life Membership, or create a named Sarah Barrow ranging from $600 to $1,000. A total of fund? Please contact LASA ([email protected]) Horace Bartilow $283,180 was available, derived from for more information. Jason Bartles LASA Endowment proceeds ($150,199) Leslie Bayers plus $20,000 from Operations, support Gerard Aching Luis Beltrán-Álvarez contributed by several foundations Telmo Adams Catherine Benamou ($111,000), and direct contributions to the Mary Addis Vivienne Bennett LASA Travel Fund ($2,488), the Student Roberto Alejandro Mónica Bernabé Fund ($4,326), and the Indigenous and Eugenia Allier Montaño Reinaldo Berríos Afro-descendant Fund ($5,168). Ana Lucia Almeida Phillip Berryman Paulo Almeida Maria Bertely Busquets LASA Life Memberships not only serve as Ronaldo Almeida Rachel Bertol Domingues tangible evidence of the value placed on Martina Alvarado Bernadete Beserra membership in the Association but they Sonia Alvarez Félix Besio Echeverría provide direct support for the LASA Stephanie Alvarez Diuris Betances Endowment, helping to ensure Congress Silvia Alvarez Curbelo Michelle Bigenho travel grant support for generations of Maritza Alvarez Herrera Carwil Bjork-James Latin Americanists to come. There are Nora Ampudia Donaldo Borges currently 104 Life Members, 90 of whom Thomas Anderson Fabian Borges-Herrero made this major commitment to LASA, and Robert Andolina Ana Laura Borro 14 of whom received Honorary Life Ronald Angel Celina Bortolotto Memberships as recipients of the Kalman Sandra Angeleri Merle Bowen Silvert Award. The most recent life Olivier Antoine Carolina Bown members are Erik Ching (Furman Frances Aparicio Philip Brenner University), Sara Cooper (California State Nancy Appelbaum Luiz Carlos Bresser-Pereira University, Chico), Helga Baitenmann Kirsten Appendini Ronald Briggs (Institute for the Study of the Americas), Joseph Arbena Jonathan Brown Dara Goldman (University of Illinois, Santiago Arboleda Quiñonez R McKenna Brown Urbana-Champaign), and Tulio Halperín- Moises Arce Pamela Brownell Donghi† (University of California, Benjamin Arditi Carole Browner Berkeley), recipient of the Kalman Silvert Arturo Arias Maria Lucia Bueno Ramos Award. We extend our most sincere thanks Leslie Elliott Armijo Raul Bueno-Chavez to all Life Members for their generosity. Cynthia Arnson John Burdick

54 Francisco Cabanillas Héctor Cruz Feliciano Enrique Dussel Peters Fabiola Cabra Ana Josefina Cuevas Hernández Anne Marie Ejdesgaard Jeppesen Geraldo Cadava Lucas Cunha Maria Elicher Fernando Calderón Figueroa Gregory Cushman Anne Eller Jaqueline Caniguan James Martín Cypher Laura Enriquez Frederico Canuto Alexandre Da Costa Dora Elvia Enríquez Licón Artionka Capiberibe Rafael da Silva June Carolyn Erlick Yvonne Captain-Hidalgo Evelina Dagnino Manuel Roberto Escobar Cajamarca Dora Cardaci Selina Maria Dal Moro Simón Escoffier Martínez Camila Cardenas Neira Juan José Daneri Alberto Escovar Wilson-White Jaime Alberto Carmona Parra Claudia Darrigrandi Eduardo Espinosa Ricardo Caro Cardenas Stuart Day Fatima Espinoza Vasquez Leah Carroll Maite De Cea Paul Fallon Hubert Carton de Grammont Ronaldo de Jesus Luisa Farah Schwartzman Haydée Caruso Luis de la Mora Linda Farthing Edemir De Carvalho Jose Guillermo De Los Reyes Sílvia Regina Fernandes Marta Casaus Arzu Juan Carlos De Orellana Sanchez Héctor Alberto Fernández Morales Manuel Ángel Castillo García Carlos De Oro Nincen Figueroa Urquiza Mario Castro-Villarreal Boaventura De Sousa Santos Kathleen Fine-Dare Carlos Cataño Evelyn Dean-Olmsted Barbara Fischkin Denise Cavalheiro Leite Orlando Deavila Pertuz Gustavo Fischman Amilcar Challu Carmen Diana Deere John Fitch Amy Chazkel Jorge Enrique Delgado Troncoso Elizabeth Fitting Gabriela Noelia Cheli Ralph Della Cava Annegret Flohr Marc Chernick Milagros Denis Cornelia Butler Flora Peter Cleaves Ana Deutsch Margarita Flores Isabel Clemente Batalla Barbara Deutsch Lynch Tania Flores Deb Cohen Evelyn Devadason Herlinda Flores Badillo Trudie Coker Tracy Devine Guzmán Charles Fortin Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld Maria Florencia Di Matteo Jonathan Fox Soledad Coloma Rut Diamint Maria Estela Dal Pai Franco Alice Colón-Warren Carla Dias Bonnie Frederick Amanda Concha-Holmes Paloma Diaz Karin Friederic Maria Lorena Cook Patricia Díaz Elisabeth Jay Friedman William Cooper George Díaz Guillermo Fuentes Michael Coppedge Arturo Díaz Cruz Kathryn Furlong Jose Eduardo Corbetta Maria del Huerto Diaz Habra Francis Galan Luis Miguel Córdoba Ochoa Sebastian Diaz-Duhalde Luciana Garcia Jorge Coronado John Dinges Maria Elena García Javier Corrales Rita de Cassia Diogo Armando García Chiang Luis Correa-Díaz John Dirks Bertha García-Gallegos Carlos Cortez Minchillo Sandra Dixon Tania García-Ramos Claudia de Lima Costa Héctor Domínguez-Ruvalcaba Hamlet Antonio García Zúñiga Hilda Irene Cota Guzman Kirstie Dorr David Garrett Robert Cottrol Patrick Dove Adriana Garriga Lopez Linda Craft Juan Ramon Duchesne Winter Caroline Garriott Ana Crespo-Solana Esperanza Duran Jocelyn Géliga Vargas

55 lasaforum winter 2015 : volume xlvi : issue 1

Marc Gidal Jennifer Hoyt William LeoGrande Angela Giglia Ciotta Daniel Huertas Nadal Célia Lessa Kerstenetzky Juan Giusti Sallie Hughes Alejandro Liberman Michel Gobat Christopher Hull Cesar Lima Katherine Godfrey Teodora Hurtado Eloise Linger Tainá Godinho Scott Ickes Alicia Lissidini Dotti Carmen Godoy Orlidy Inoa Lazala Valeria Llobet Reena Goldthree Rogeria Ipanema Soledad Loaeza Tovar Andrea Geanina Gómez Herrera Brian Jackson John Locke Alfonso Gómez Rossi Jean Jackson Mary Long Celeste Gonzalez de Bustamante Nathalia Jaramillo Ryan Long Diana Gonzalez-Cameron Evelyn Jennings Márcia Lopes Reis Juan Carlos González-Espitia Karen Kampwirth María del Pilar Lopez Héctor González Lima Diana Kapiszewski Claudia Lopez Cardoso Gustavo Gordillo de Anda Temma Kaplan Carlos López Portillo Tostado Monika Gosin Terry Karl Abraham Lowenthal Tricia Gray Yuri Kasahara Lucy Luccisano Merilee Grindle Cristóbal Kay Luiza Lusvarghi Daniel Grippo Margaret Keck Elielma Machado Sabrina Guerra Maria Teresa Miceli Kerbauy Morna Macleod Gustavo Guerrero Heather Kerst Raul Madrid Bret Gustafson Andrew Kirkendall Emily Maguire Daniel Gutiérrez Martínez Luz Angelica Kirschner Yael Marciano Matthew Gutmann Sandra Klinzing Luis Marentes María Constanza Guzmán Roberto Patricio Korzeniewicz Víctor Manuel Marí Sáez Charles Hale Lidija Kos Stanisic Andreea Marinescu Nora Hamilton Elizabeth Krahe Rita de Cassia Marques John Hammond Chris Krueger Alejandro Márquez Howard Handelman Sayuri Kuwabara Leslie Marsh Regina Harrison Kung Kwo-Wei Lidia Marte Kyle Harvey Jane Landers Thenesoya Vidina Martín De la Nuez Matthew Hayes Jill Lane Fernando Martin Mayoral Hugh Hazelton Victoria Langland Wilton Martinez Julianne Hazlewood María Sol Lanteri Fernando Martinez Escobar Kevin Healy Pablo Lapegna Enrique Daniel Martinez Larrechea Valerie Hecht Sara Maria Lara Flores Concepción Martínez-Maske Justin Helepololei Juan Lara Fontánez Carmen Martínez Novo Federico Helfgott Javiera Larraín George Juan Froilán Martínez Pérez Ted Henken Brooke Larson Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel Heather Hennes Mirna Lascano Maria de Fatima Martins Jane Henrici Carmen Le Foulon Yolanda Massieu Trigo Oscar Gerardo Hernandez Sharon Lean Suzeley Mathias Carlos Hernandez Correa Linda Ledford-Miller Shigeko Mato Jorge Hernández Diaz Horacio Legrás Yaeko Matsumoto Jesus Alejandro Hernandez-Ramirez Kathryn Lehman Andres Matta Kathryn Hochstetler Gerardo Leibner Shannan Mattiace Carlos Horta Michele Leiby Lindsay Mayka

56 Katherine McCaffrey Gabriela Nouzeilles Sylvain Poosson Kathryn McKnight Amandino Nunes Junior Jeanny Lucero Posso Quiceno Teresa Meade Ana Maria Ochoa Gautier Nancy Postero Julia Medina Elane Oliveira Margaret Power Altagracia Medina María Rosa Olivera-Williams Gary Prevost Eduardo Mei Minna Opas Frank Proctor William Mejia Ochoa David Orique Francisco Eduardo Pucci Garmendia Mariselle Meléndez Bibiana Ortega Gómez Fernando Puente Maria Luisa Mendez Layera Sutti Ortiz Sandra Pujals Marina Mendonca Victor Ortiz Alicia Puyana Miguel Ángel Mendoza-González Gerardo Otero Samantha Viz Quadrat Humberto Merritt Lorena Oyarzún Serrano Susan Canty Quinlan Evelyne Mesclier Adriana Pacheco Mareia Quintero Rivera Alejandro Meter Nicole Pacino Carliene Quist Oliver Meza Canales Hector Antonio Padilla Delgado Seth Racusen Carlos R S Milani Anthony Pahnke Franklin Ramirez René Millán David Scott Palmer Javier Ramirez Carmen Millán de Benavides Maria Virginia Palomo Garzón Ana Cristina Ramírez Barreto Marilyn Miller Carlos Parodi Telésforo Ramírez García Michael Miller Federico Parra Hinojosa Edgardo Ramírez-Rivera Paula Andrea Miranda Herrera Tianna Paschel Gabriela Ramos Michel Misse Elvira Mireya Pasillas-Torres Rafael Ramos da Luz Renae Mitchell John Pate Peter Ranis Sandra Rita Molina Rossana Patron Joanne Rappaport Maxine Molyneux Silvia Paverchi Alecsandro Ratts Iliana Enriqueta Montaño Mèndez Olga Alicia Paz Bailey Claudia Rauhut Ellen Moodie Mario Pecheny Carmen Rosa Rea Campos Claudia Morales Ramírez Silvia Pedraza Justin Read Jairo Moreno Ricardo Pedroarias Rossana Reguillo Maria Moreno María Angélica Peralta Valderrama Israel Reyes Stella Moreno Fabiana Perera Andrew Reynolds Cheron Moretti Milagros Pereyra-Rojas Elva Reza-Lopez Italo Moriconi Jr Leda Perez Ana Ribeiro Nancy Morris Miguel Pérez Ahumada Paola Ricaurte Quijano Dorothy Mosby Pablo Perez Akaki Juan José Rico Urbiola Jhon Fisher Muñoz Clarisa Pérez-Armendáriz Barbara Riess Diana Murcia Riaño Guadalupe Fabiola Perez Baleon Teresa Rinaldi Catherine Murphy Alejandro Iván Pérez Daniel María Gladys Rivera Herrejon Maria Paula Nascimento Araujo Aníbal Pérez-Liñán Bryan Roberts Miguel Navarro Omar Alejandro Perez Rubiera Hector Robles Silvia Navia Tom Perreault Roberto Rocco Alice Nelson Brandt Peterson Diana Rodriguez Franco Mauro Neves Junior Claudia Giovanna Pineda Mendoza Angel Armando Rodríguez Luna Bettina Ng’Weno Walescka Pino Ojeda María Cristina Rodríguez-Pagán Melanie Nicholson David Pion-Berlin Diana Rodriguez Quevedo Karoline Noack Juan Poblete Manuel Angel Rodriguez Rodriguez Liisa North Aaron Pollack Isa Rodriguez-Soro

57 lasaforum winter 2015 : volume xlvi : issue 1

Ramiro Rodríguez Sperat Adam Joseph Shellhorse María Eugenia Valdés Vega Matthias Röhrig Assunção Dale Shuger Gabriela Valdivia Cristina Rojas Rachel Sieder Jennife Valko Miguel Rojas Sotelo Wayne Smith Joana Vargas Isaias Rojas-Perez Samuel Soares Margarita Vargas Reinaldo Roman Natalia Sobrevilla Perea Manuel Vasquez Sara Romanò Yves Bernardo Roger Solis Nicot Yessika Vasquez Gonzalez Wagner Romão David Solodkow Ivani Vassoler-Froelich Sergio Francisco Romero Eduardo Sota García João Paulo Veiga Lourdes Romero Navarrete Rosa Soto Margarita Velazquez Clara Ronderos Maritza Sotomayor Florencia Velázquez Morales Maria Roof Candice Souza Mayra Vélez Serrano Mayra Rosario-Urrutia Rose Spalding Vivianne Ventura Dias Adrienne Rosen Karen Spira Jose Raimundo Vergolino Olimpia Rosenthal Leonardo Stanley George Vickers Estela Ruíz Larraguivel William Stanley Peter Wade Cecilia Rustoyburu Pamela Starr Heather Walsh-Haney Christopher Sabatini Lynn Stephen Marcos Wasem Francisco Sabatini Skye Stephenson Barbara Weinstein María Del Carmen Sahonero John Stolle-McAllister Jurgen Weller Marcelo Saín Karen Stolley Alan David West-Durán Héctor Saint-Pierre Maria Victoria Suarez Wendy Westmoreland Pedro Salas María Eugenia Suárez de Garay Laurence Whitehead Veronica Salles-Reese Juanita Sundberg Michelle Wibbelsman Mathews Samson Estelle Tarica Timothy Wickham-Crowley Carolina Paz Sanchez De Jaegher Gina Tarver Stephen Wilkinson Sergio Sánchez Diaz Ademario Tavares Heather Williams Mónica Lorena Sánchez Limon Lucy Taylor Eliza Willis James Sanders Edward Telles Peter Winn Victoria Sanford Millicent Thayer Kristina Wirtz Alessandra Santos Gwynn Thomas Juan Eduardo Wolf Miriam Gomes Saraiva Lorrin Thomas Justin Wolfe Patience Schell Camelia Nicoleta Tigau John Parke Wright IV Veronica Schild Antonella Tiravassi Patricia Zamudio Grave Freya Schiwy Verioska Torres Marc Zimmerman Andrew Schlewitz Antonio Torres-Ruiz Veronica Zubillaga Ella Schmidt Jacqueline Tort Clarence Zuvekas Jr. Arthur Schmidt Edith Tovar David Schuettler Patricia Tovar Rojas T M Scruggs Maria Aurea Toxqui-Garay Renata Segura Zulema Trejo Contreras Linda Seligmann Diego Tuesta Sandra Sepúlveda Brian Turner Médar Serrata Fredrik Uggla Luisa Serviddio Miren Uriarte Daniel Sharp Carlos Uscanga Maureen Shea Julio Jose Valdes Jover

58 IN MEMORIAM

Tulio Halperín Donghi

The Latin American Studies Association That said, he never severed his close ties announces with sadness that Tulio Halperín with Argentina. With the return of Donghi, immediate past recipient of the democracy in 1983, Tulio became a central Kalman Silvert Award, died on November figure in the renewal of Argentine history, 14, 2014, at his home in Berkeley, as his texts became centerpieces in California. He was 88 years old. scholarly debate and the training of younger scholars. Tulio Halperín was one of the most distinguished historians ever to work on Tulio Halperín’s passing has brought forth Latin America. He authored scores of a tsunami of tributes throughout the United books and countless articles and States, Europe, and Latin America. He was commentaries. English-language readers a witty and playful conversationalist, a know his magisterial study, The thoughtful observer, a caring mentor, and a Contemporary History of Latin America, devoted friend. We will miss him. We will but in his native Argentina, it is Revolución also have his legacy for decades to come. y guerra that is regarded as the historical inquiry that changed the discipline of nineteenth-century studies. One strand of his voluminous writings on Argentina explored the creation of a new nation in the post-independence era. A second focused on intellectual history, especially in the nineteenth century. A third explored the complexities and consequences of Peronism; Halperín’s essays in this area influenced not only scholarly research but also public debates. In the words of one Argentine scholar, Tulio’s overall body of work was punzante.

As needs arose, Halperín devoted great energy to the enrichment and development of academic life. After the overthrow of Perón, he provided his generation with crucial intellectual and institutional leadership, serving as Dean of Social Sciences at the Universidad Nacional del Litoral in Rosario. He formed and led generations of students with his vast and demanding inquiries. With the Onganía regime in Argentina, however, Halperín began to imagine a life abroad. After a brief tenure at Oxford, he moved to the University of California at Berkeley, where he remained on the faculty until his retirement.

59 lasaforum winter 2015 : volume xlvi : issue 1

IN MEMORIAM

Carlos Hasenbalg por Livio Sansone | Centro de Estudos Afro-Orientais (CEAO), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Brasil

E’ com muita dor que comunico que no irreverencia e auto-ironia, na melhor domingo dia 5 de outubro faleceu em tradição do humor portenho. E quando o Buenos Aires Carlos Hasenbalg. Sociólogo, paradigma se afirmou — com a aceitação renovador dos estudos sobre discriminação da existência de uma sensível divisão em racial e desigualdades, professor do IUPERJ termos de presencia no mercado de (Rio de Janeiro) e diretor do Centro de trabalho entre brancos e não brancos como Estudos Afro-Asiáticos da UCAM importante categoria analítica por parte do (Universidade Cândido Mendes) no Rio e IPEA, instituto de pesquisa da Presidência editor da revista Estudos Afro Asiaticos de da Republica, e adoção de politicas de ação 1986 a 1996. Aliado, companheiro e afirmativa por parte do governo federal amigo das lutas antirracistas. Carlos deu — Carlos resolveu passar o estandarte aos inicio a uma nova abordagem das relações mais jovens. Insistiu em dizer que, agora, e hierarquias raciais no Brasil, e chegou a era o momento de outros falarem contra o influenciar também pesquisadores em racismo. E voltou para sua Buenos Aires, outros países de nossa região. Salientando deixando muito de nos afonos e sem sua que o racismo pode sim ter uma das suas guia. Carlos não queria ser protagonista, origens na escravidão, mas que exatamente preferia ser observador e formador: um as condições da modernidade e da verdadeiro professor. Que suava para industrialização do mercado de trabalho preparar meticulosamente suas aulas e teriam criado novas formas de racismo, sua gostava de ordem, disciplina e método em obra pioneira Discriminação e seu trabalho – um frase que tinha desigualdades raciais no Brasil, publicado aprendido em sua passagem pelo colégio originalmente em 1979, deu origem àquele militar quando jovem e que ele que rapidamente foi se configurando como ironicamente me repetia um tanto quanto um paradigma de interpretação desta obsessivamente nas muitas e longas dimensão determinante da realidade conversas de botequim que tivemos. brasileira. Diferente de outros pioneiros Carlos deixa um vazio grande. Temos que nas ciências humanas, Carlos nunca nos esforçar para preenche-lo, com a reivindicou este lugar para si, mas quis generosidade, o altruísmo e a tolerância compartilha-lo com a nova leva de que caraterizaram o grande Carlos pesquisadores, em sua grande maioria Hasenbalg. Carlos doou ha poucos anos a engajados e negros, que nas ideias dele biblioteca dele para a biblioteca do Ceao/ identificavam um grande poder de ruptura UFBA. Tínhamos planos para convida-lo da ordem acadêmica constituída. A para uma homenagem aqui em Salvador. Universidade no meado dos anos de 1980, Eu, ademais, perco um grande amigo, no começo da redemocratização, não era companheiro de conversas e navegações. lugar para se falar de racismo no Brasil, e Mestre e amigo. menos ainda era um lugar para a promoção da inclusão de intelectuais e pesquisadores negros à sociedade. Discordando radicalmente com esta tradição Carlos Hasenbalg, sem nunca cair no panfletismo, fez do CEAA um espaço de formação e promoção de uma nova geração de pesquisadores negros. Também nisto ele ficará inesquecível. Carlos sempre juntou severidade e busca de excelência com

60 IN MEMORIAM

María Elena Martínez-López (1966–2014) by Rocío Quispe-Agnoli, LSN Program Track Co-chair | Michigan State University and Juan Carlos González Espitia, LSN Program Track Co-chair University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

Our colleague María Elena Martínez, María Elena Martínez was scheduled to renowned for her work on race, ethnicity, participate in the 2015 LASA Congress as a and issues of purity of blood in Spanish panelist in “‘Race, Color, Casta’ and other America and colonial Mexico, passed away Labels in Latin America and the Caribbean: on November 16, 2014. She was associate Scholarly Dilemmas,” a special workshop professor of history and American studies organized by the Colonial and Nineteenth- and ethnicity at the University of Southern Century Literary Studies Program track California. Her book Genealogical chairs. This workshop will be dedicated to Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and her memory and will take place Saturday, Gender in Colonial Mexico (Stanford May 30, 2015, at 4:00 p.m. University Press, 2008) traced the origins and paths of the idea of purity of blood and the (re)creation of racial categories in the Colonial Atlantic Spanish world.

A native of Mexico, María attended Northwestern University, where she received her BA in Latin American studies in 1988. This was followed by an MA in 1992 and a PhD in Latin American history in 2001 from the University of Chicago. Soon after receiving her doctoral degree, she joined the University of Southern California. She was the faculty leader of the Colonial Latin American Seminar at the USC Early Modern Studies Institute and directed Chicano and Latin American Studies from 2009 to 2011. María Elena was also the cofounder and leader of the Tepoztlán Institute for the Transnational History of the Americas. In 2013 she received a USC Mellon Mentoring Award for her work with graduate students, and she was selected as a 2015 Stanford University Humanities Fellow.

She was an outstanding and passionate scholar in our field, a patient mentor, a wise colleague, and devoted friend. She is missed, but we will see her once and again in her relevant writings and contributions to colonial Spanish America and the Iberian Atlantic world.

61

ERIP 2015 Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia, USA

Submit online at: CALL FOR PAPERS erip.vcu.edu/papers 4th Conference on Ethnicity, Race, and Indigenous Peoples in Latin America and the Caribbean Conference dates: October 15-17, 2015

About ERIP This conference is organized by ERIP, the LASA section on Ethnicity, Race, and Indigenous Peoples, in collaboration with Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) and the Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies journal (LACES). ERIP is committed to the promotion of research, teaching, and the exchange of ideas about the distinctive cultures, racial identities and relations, as well as concerns of subaltern ethnic groups in the region, particularly indigenous peoples and Afro-descendants.

Communities, Circulations, Intersections evokes the scope of the 2015 ERIP conference. Panel and paper proposals related to this motif, as well as to all topics related to the section’s mission and areas of interest in Latin American and Caribbean studies, are welcome and encouraged.

SUBMISSION GUIDELINES Presenters may propose individual papers, panels, or posters on all subjects The deadline to related to the section’s mission and areas of interest in Latin American submit proposals is and Caribbean studies. In particular, the 2015 conference seeks to foster reflections on the involvement of peoples of indigenous and African descent June 15, 2015, 5pm in migrations, the circulation of ideas and practices, and their exchange of resources and commodities in Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Visit erip.vcu.edu/papers challenges and opportunities posed to the heritage and development of for submission instructions these communities. A social enterprise at the service of academic and other high social impact conferences.

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Through a portfolio of services MaestroMeetings offers support As a nonprofit, we are is driven by that include site selection, contract through financial contributions and an ingrained desire to collaborate negotiation and logistical support, sponsorships that have a measurable and share information with other we support our clients efforts to impact on the profitability and visibility organizations. In addition to sharing promote collaboration by hosting of conferences and other such events. our industry know-how one to superbly organized conferences one with our clients, we also make around the world. available to the general public relevant case studies, and industry data and articles.

CONTACT US TO LEARN MORE Nonprofit organizations interested in learning more about MaestroMeetings hotel contract negotiation services exclusively for the nonprofit sector can visit www.maestromeetings.org. The Latin American Studies Association (LASA) is the largest professional association in the world for individuals and institutions engaged in the study of Latin America. With over 7,000 members, 49 percent of whom reside outside the United States, LASA is the one association that brings together experts on Latin America from all disciplines and diverse occupational endeavors across the globe. LASA’s mission is to foster intellectual discussion, research, and teaching on Latin America, the Caribbean, and its people throughout the Americas, promote the interests of its diverse membership, and encourage civic engagement through network building and public debate. 416 Bellefield Hall University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15260

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