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Lessons from 12 Wind Energy Markets

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Lessons from 12 Wind Energy Markets 30 Years of Policies for Wind Energy Lessons from 12 Wind Energy Markets IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency Copyright (c) IRENA 2013 Unless otherwise indicated, material in this publication may be used freely, shared or reprinted, but acknowledgement is requested. IRENA and GWEC would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from IRENA/GWEC. Any omissions and errors are solely the responsibility of the authors. DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of materials herein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the International Renewable Energy Agency concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in this material also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. 2 IRENA-GWEC: 30 YEARS OF POLICIES FOR WIND ENERGY ABOUT IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) promotes the accelerated adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy. IRENA’s founding members were inspired by the opportunities offered by renewable energy to enable sustainable development while addressing issues of energy access, security and volatility. Established in 2009, the intergovernmental organisation provides a global networking hub, advisory resource and unified voice for renewable energy. www.irena.org REPORT CONCEPT AND EDITORIAL VIEW This report was commissioned by IRENA and produced in collaboration with the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC). The lead authors were Shruti Shukla and Steve Sawyer of GWEC, with additional coordination and editing by Nicolas Fichaux, Gauri Singh, Won-Jung Lee and Salvatore Vinci of IRENA. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to acknowledge the experts who were interviewed during writing of this report, and all the reviewers of various country chapters and the draft report over 2011-2012: Arthouros Zervos (Chairman and C.E.O. of the Greek Public Power Corporation); Balawant Joshi (ABPS Infrastructure Advisory Private Limited, India); Dimitris Ibrahim (Greenpeace, Greece); D.V. Giri (Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association); Eduardo Tabbush (Bloomberg New Energy Finance); Elizabeth Salerno (American Wind Energy Association, U.S.A); Georg Schroth (BWE –German Wind Energy Association, Germany);Gordon Edge (RenewableUK, U.K.); Ioannis Tsipouridis (C.E.O. of PPC Renewables S.A., Greece); Isabel Cancela de Abreu (APREN, Portuguese Renewable Energy Association, Portugal);Ishwar Hegde (Suzlon, India); Jan Okko Ziegler (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Italy); Joscha Peter Rosenbusch (BMU – Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany); Jose Luis Garcia (Greenpeace, Spain); Luciano Pirazzi (ANEV- National Association of Wind Energy, Italy); Magdalena Garcia Mora, Nuria Iturriagagoitia and Paz Nachon Lopez (Acciona S.A., Spain); Mary Doorly (Irish Wind Energy Association, Ireland); Mohan Lal and Dilip Nigam (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India); Pedro Perrelli and Lauro Fiuza (Abeeolica – Brazilian Wind Energy Association, Brazil); Pierre Tardieu and Jacopo Moccia (European Wind Energy Association, Belgium); Rajendra Kharul (World Institute of Sustainable Energy, India);Ramon Fiestas, Liming Qiao and Mauricio Trujillo (Global Wind Energy Council); Ricardo Baitelo (Greenpeace, Brazil); Shruti Bhatia (Vestas, India); Sune Strøm (Danish Wind Industry Association, Denmark); Sven Teske (Greenpeace, International); Tarjei Haaland (Greenpeace, Denmark) For further information or for provision of feedback, please contact: IRENA, C67 Office Building, Khalidiyah Street, P.O. Box 236, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Email: [email protected]. This report is available for download from www.irena.org/Publications. IRENA-GWEC: 30 YEARS OF POLICIES FOR WIND ENERGY 3 Contents Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 Preface ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 16 Analysis: History of wind policy development across key national markets .......................................................................................... 22 Global Wind Market Update ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 BRAZIL ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40 CHINA ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 48 DENMARK ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 GERMANY ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 68 GREECE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 76 INDIA and the States of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu .................................................................................................................. 86 IRELAND ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 98 ITALY ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 105 PORTUGAL ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 111 SPAIN ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 118 UNITED KINGDOM (Including SCOTLAND) ................................................................................................................................................... 125 UNITED STATES and the States of California and Texas .............................................................................................................................. 138 Tables Table 1: Framework conditions for assessing policy and regulatory performance ............................................................................... 19 Table 2: Range of major policy mechanisms and support schemes used over time in the 12 studied markets ......................... 25 Table 3: Annual installed capacity planned for Wind Power Bases (MW) .............................................................................................. 51 Table 4: Share of Wind Energy as percentage of total electricity consumption in Denmark ........................................................... 63 Table 5: Average price results for NFFO Rounds (1 to 5) ............................................................................................................................. 128 4 IRENA-GWEC: 30 YEARS OF POLICIES FOR WIND ENERGY Figures Figure 1: Global Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity (1996-2012) ............................................................................................................. 31 Figure 2: Annual Market Forecast by Region 2012-2017 ............................................................................................................................... 32 Figure 3: Expected growth trajectory 2013-2017 ............................................................................................................................................. 35 Figure 4: Cumulative Wind Installation (MW) in Brazil ................................................................................................................................. 40 Figure 5: Cumulative Wind Installation (MW) in China .................................................................................................................................. 48 Figure 6: Cumulative Wind Installation
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