visitor’s guide expanded version

an exhibition

celebrating the

visionary of the

Jewish state on the

100th anniversary

of his passing

Herzl:Up Close and Personal in pursuit of the Zionist vision

Department for Zionist Activities World Zionist Organization Edited by Steve Israel and David Breakstone

A project of the [email protected] Herzl Museum and Educational Center www.doingzionism.org Department for Zionist Activities tel. +972-2-620-2134 World Zionist Organization fax +972-2-620-4182 alone grip the souls of men. And anyone who has no use for Visions them may be an excellent, worthy, sober-minded person, but he will not be a leader of men, and no trace of him will remain. History has bestowed upon Theodor Binyamin Ze’ev Herzl the authority to have made this statement. His life lasted a scant 44 years, and he dedicated only the last nine of them to the Zionist cause. But in this brief and extraordinary span of less than a decade

he was able to mobilize the forces and craft the infrastructure Preface that would revolutionize the Jewish world and bring about the realization of the Jewish people’s age-old dream of returning to Zion. Yet with all that the Zionist movement has achieved since then, Herzl would be the first to counsel us that the cause he so passionately advanced a century ago, continues to be vital today. Two months before he died, he wrote: I truly believe that even after we possess our land, Zionism will not cease to be an ideal. For Zionism includes not only the yearning for a plot of promised land legally acquired for our weary people, but also the yearning for ethical and spiritual fulfillment. Now, 100 years after his passing, it is up to a new generation to embrace Herzl’s legacy, and make it its own. That is why we created this exhibition. It's not only about Theodor Herzl; it’s also about you. While a century has passed since Herzl’s death, many of the matters which occupied him continue to be germane today. Antisemitism has not vanished, as Herzl predicted it would. Jewish communities are still engaged in defining their relationship to general society. Assimilation continues to threaten Jewish continuity. The Jewish state has been established, but it is still far from being welcomed by the nations of the world as Herzl believed it would be. And fashioning Israel as the exemplary society Herzl envisioned remains a work-in-progress. As you wander among the panels and peruse these texts, we hope that you will allow these concerns to become your own, and that you will give some thought to the meaning of Zionism today, and its relevance to your own life. We wish you a successful journey as you set out in pursuit of the Zionist vision. Echoing the words of Rabbi Nahman of Bratzlav, we are confident that wherever it leads you, it will bring you to the Land of Israel. Next year in Jerusalem,

Dr. David Breakstone Head of the Department for Zionist Activities World Zionist Organization יום ירושלים תשס"ד Jerusalem Day 2004

3 4 How many Many influence the times in which they live, but after their death people really things tend to continue on their course essentially as they had before. Comparatively few have a lasting impact on the world. Theodor Herzl change the was one who did. flow of history? A hundred years after his death in 1904, we can say with confidence that Herzl changed the course of Jewish history. He did not do it alone, and without the confluence of other factors it may well be that the changes he set in motion would not have had their full effect. But it seems safe to say that without him Jewish life in the early twenty first century would look very different than indeed it does. Herzl was not the first Zionist, but it was he more than any other individual who put Zionism on the agenda of the Jewish people and propelled it to the centre of the international stage. When he Introduction embraced the Zionist cause in the mid 1890's, it was a minor factor in Jewish life, unknown to the world. When he died only nine years later, he left behind him a movement that would carry the idea forward until its realization in Jewish statehood in 1948 – and beyond. Today, of course, we tend to take Israel’s existence for granted, and it is natural for us that it has become the focus of Jewish life throughout the world. But this situation could hardly have been imagined a century ago. In fact, until the 1940’s, Zionism was not a mainstream movement in Jewish life. At its inception, it was considered by many to be inconsequential, and represented only a marginal response to the situation of the Jews in the modern world. From this perspective, Herzl’s diagnosis of the Jewish question, and his prescription for solving the Jewish problem, are all the m o r e remarkable. Long before the devastating events of the Holocaust, Herzl had understood the fragile nature of Jewish existence in the Diaspora, not just in the lands of Eastern Europe, where this was evident to all, but also in the countries of Central Europe where Jewish life appeared to be far more stable. It was precisely in those societies where the Jews had obtained equal rights and recognition that Herzl saw the Jewish position as becoming increasingly vulnerable in a world that was fast unraveling and rapidly changing. He was one among very few who believed that a Jewish state was the only solution to the Jewish tragedy which was beginning to emerge. Many vigorously disagreed with him at the time, but history has sadly judged him right. Herzl: thinker, dreamer and doer who changed the world in which all of us live. But few know very much about him, or exactly what he did, or how he did it, or what questions he asked, or what challenges he put before us that demand a response today as much as ever. The time has come to change that. Welcome to the world of Herzl. Welcome to 5 HHerzl:erzl: UUpp CloseClose andand Personal.Personal. Together with the panels, we offer you this set of complementary pages. They are meant to accompany you as you go through the exhibit, and provide a good deal of background, as well as numerous supplementary sources intended to stimulate you to wrestle with the same questions Herzl did - against the backdrop of today’s realities. They are arranged as follows:

1 Growing Up Herzl 8-11 the social milieu of Theodor’s formative years

2 Transitions and Transformations 12-15 the germination of the Zionist idea 3 Blueprints for Utopia 16-19 understanding Herzl's vision Experiencing the Exhibit

4 Willing Dreams into Being organisational infrastructure and 20-23 diplomatic fervor

5 Reality Check from "The Jewish State" to the State 24-27 of Israel… and beyond

28-31 General Information

6 The first page introducing each gateway offers a general historical background to the theme being addressed, elucidating and connecting the various pictures and quotations that appear on the corresponding panels. These introductory remarks do not go into detail regarding each individual element of the display, but they do provide a context for their integration.

the Exhibit A collection of sources that extend and g deepen the gateway’s theme follows each introduction, spread over four pages. The central text in each has been culled from Herzl's writings and speeches, and appears in a highlighted box. It is followed immediately by our own elaboration of its significance.

Additional quotes from Herzl himself, eriencin as well as a biographical sketch, and reflections of others complement each p of these texts. Ex The final page dealing with each gateway concludes with some thoughts and questions concerning the relevance of the subject today. These appear in a box under the heading, Herzl and Me

To gain the most from this guide, we suggest you read the appropriate introductory page as you approach each new gateway, and then search the following pages for insights into the visuals and texts displayed.

Together we hope that these sources will provide you with an enriching and interactive experience. All of the material, of course, should provide stimulus for reflection – and action - even once you have left the exhibit behind.

Now onward, in pursuit of the Zionist vision!

7 1Gateway The social milieu of Theodor’s formative years

Historical Theodor Herzl was born at a time and in a place where things appeared to be better for the Jews than they had been for thousands background of years. Budapest, in the centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was Up Herzl a good place to be in 1860. In the year before Herzl's birth, right next to the family house, Budapest Jewry had inaugurated the enormous and very beautiful Dohany synagogue, a huge cathedral like structure, which still stands today, the second largest synagogue in the entire world. It was the Temple of liberal Budapest Jewry and it was deliberately modeled on the ancient Temple of Jerusalem. The message was clear. We are at home in this society. This is a place where we belong and we, as Jews are here to stay. In those halcyon days, the promise seemed true. Although the Jews of Budapest only gained full emancipation and equality in 1867, when Herzl was seven years old, for the almost fifty thousand Jews

Growing of Budapest, their integration into society had been proceeding apace for many years. Their grandparents might have been traditional Jews, living apart from the non-Jewish society from which they felt quite alienated, but for the Jews of Budapest in the mid 19th century, like the Jews in other large cities in Western and Central Europe, those days seemed to have passed for ever. They were free. They were part of their host society and they had every reason to feel grateful to the enlightened empire that was accepting them in a way that Jews had never been accepted before in the Diaspora. Herzl was part of all this. His father was a prosperous merchant and the young Theodor had the education that every upwardly mobile Jewish child could expect to receive. His elementary school was Jewish but at age 10 he entered the main education system and received the schooling necessary for a young middle to upper middle class child in a great European centre of culture. Things were good for the family and for Theodor but the family took a very harsh blow when their eldest daughter, Pauline, died of typhus. Reeling from the shock, the family decided to relocate to an even greater centre of European culture, Vienna, and it was there that Herzl enrolled for the university and studied the law, in which he would gain his doctorate in 1884. Herzl's family home was modern and Jewish. He celebrated his bar mitzvah in the great synagogue next to his home and he had the rudiments of a Jewish education. Herzl was not ashamed of being Jewish and he would never deny his Judaism but his identity as a European intellectual of the late nineteenth century would be centred on other things. With German, the language of enlightened central Europe as his language, Herzl saw his way forward as a literary figure on the European scene. Theodor Herzl, man of the milieu into which he was born, and into which he fit quite comfortably. A Jew and a gentleman. A man of his time and of his world.

8 Decoration for a Tabernacle, Russia 1902. Lent by Central Decoration for a Tabernacle, Jerusalem Zionist Archives, Gateway1 We bring here two excerpts from the novel "Altneuland" that Herzl published in 1902. Both relate scenes from the society of Viennese Jewry at the time. They reflect the social milieu during the period when the book was written, still untouched by the nascent Zionist movement. This was the world in which Herzl passed from Wyouth to manhood. Several young men stood around the billiard table, I went to a Jewish preparatory school, making bold strokes with their long poles. They were where I was treated with a certain in the same boat as himself [Friedrich, the disillusioned Jewish protagonist of the novel], but for all that they respect because my father was a well- were not too unhappy – these budding physicians, newly to-do merchant. My first memories of baked jurists, freshly graduated engineers. They had just this school centre round the thrashing completed their professional studies and now they had nothing to do. Most of them were Jews. When they were which I got because I did not know all not too engrossed in cards or billiards, they complained the details of the exodus of the Jews how hard it was to make one’s way "these days"… from Egypt. Today there are many They were really only a kind of superior working class, school-masters who would like to victims of a viewpoint that had dominated middle-class Jewry twenty or thirty years before. The sons must not thrash me because I remember it too be what the fathers had been. They were to be freed well. Growing Up Herzl from the hardships of trade and commerce. And so the Theodor Herzl, Autobiographical Sketch, London Jewish younger generations entered the liberal professions en Chronicle, 1898. This reminiscence of his childhood is masse. The result was an unfortunate surplus of trained taken from the only autobiographical piece that Herzl is men who could find no work, but were at the same time known to have written. spoiled for a modest way of life. They could not, like their Christian colleagues, slip into public [government] 䎷䏋䏈䏒䏇䏒䏕䎃 䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎃 䏌䏖䎃 䏄䎃 䏕䏈䏐䏄䏕䏎䏄䏅䏏䏈䎃 䯭䏊䏘䏕䏈䎏䎃 䏄䏐䏒䏑䏊䎃 䏒䏗䏋䏈䏕䎃 posts…Those who had some means gradually used them 䏕䏈䏄䏖䏒䏑䏖䎃䏅䏈䏆䏄䏘䏖䏈䎃䏋䏈䎃䏋䏄䏇䎃䏅䏒䏗䏋䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏄䏅䏌䏏䏌䏗䏜䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏚䏌䏏䏏䎃 up or else continued to live on the paternal purse. Others 䏗䏒䎃䏕䏈䏌䏑䏙䏈䏑䏗䎃䏋䏌䏐䏖䏈䏏䏉䎃䏌䏑䎃䏐䏌䏇䎐䏏䏌䏉䏈䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏗䏒䎃䏓䏏䏄䏆䏈䎃䏋䏌䏐䏖䏈䏏䏉䎃䏒䏑䎃 were on the lookout for eligible [marriage partners], 䏄䎃䏗䏒䏗䏄䏏䏏䏜䎃䏇䏌䏉䏉䏈䏕䏈䏑䏗䎃䏓䏄䏗䏋䎃䏗䏋䏄䏑䎃䏒䏑䎃䏚䏋䏌䏆䏋䎃䏋䏈䎃䏋䏄䏇䎃䏌䏑䏌䏗䏌䏄䏏䏏䏜䎃 facing the delicious prospect of servitude to wealthy 䏈䏐䏅䏄䏕䏎䏈䏇䎑䎃䎤䎃䏗䏄䏏䏈䏑䏗䏈䏇䎏䎃䏚䏌䏗䏗䏜䎃䏅䏘䏗䎃䏑䏒䏗䎃䏙䏈䏕䏜䎃䏇䏈䏈䏓䎃䏚䏕䏌䏗䏈䏕䎃 fathers in law… 䏗䏕䏄䏑䏖䏉䏒䏕䏐䏈䏇䎃 䏋䏌䏐䏖䏈䏏䏉䎃 䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃 䏄䎃 䏓䏕䏒䏉䏒䏘䏑䏇䎃 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏆䏒䏘䏕䏄䏊䏈䏒䏘䏖䎃 䏗䏋䏌䏑䏎䏈䏕䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏖䏗䏄䏗䏈䏖䏐䏄䏑䎑䎃䎤䎃䏆䏄䏕䏈䏈䏕䎃䏓䏕䏒䏓䏈䏏䏏䏈䏇䎃䏅䏜䎃䏗䏋䏒䏘䏊䏋䏗䏖䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏖䏈䏏䏉䎐䏄䏇䏙䏄䏑䏆䏈䏐䏈䏑䏗䎃 䏚䏄䏖䎃 䏖䏘䏓䏓䏏䏄䏑䏗䏈䏇䎃 䏅䏜䎃 䏄䎃 䏐䏌䏖䏖䏌䏒䏑䎃 At a dinner party attended by wealthy Jews in Vienna. 䏕䏒䏒䏗䏈䏇䎃䏌䏑䎃䏗䏋䏒䏘䏊䏋䏗䏖䎃䏒䏉䎃䏇䏘䏗䏜䎃䏗䏒䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎭䏈䏚䏌䏖䏋䎃䏓䏈䏒䏓䏏䏈䎑 attention was diverted from the humorists when an 䎷䏋䏈䎃 䏖䏒䏘䏕䏆䏈䏖䎃 䏅䏕䏒䏘䏊䏋䏗䎃 䏋䏈䏕䏈䎃 䏕䏈䏙䏈䏄䏏䎃 䏄䏖䏓䏈䏆䏗䏖䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 elderly gentleman sitting next to Mrs. Loeffler remarked 䏅䏄䏆䏎䏊䏕䏒䏘䏑䏇䎃䏉䏕䏒䏐䎃䏚䏋䏌䏆䏋䎃䏋䏈䎃䏆䏄䏐䏈䎏䎃䏄䎃䏅䏄䏆䏎䏊䏕䏒䏘䏑䏇䎃䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃䏋䏈䎃 Ain a slightly raised voice that things were becoming 䏑䏈䏈䏇䏈䏇䎃䏗䏒䎃䏗䏕䏄䏑䏖䏆䏈䏑䏇䎃䏌䏑䎃䏒䏕䏇䏈䏕䎃䏗䏒䎃䏕䏈䏐䏄䏎䏈䎃䏋䏌䏐䏖䏈䏏䏉䎃䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃 worse in Moravia. "In the provincial towns," he said, 䏗䏋䏈䎃䏌䏐䏄䏊䏈䎃䏒䏉䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏖䏈䏆䏒䏑䏇䎃䎅䏑䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䏄䏏䎅䎃䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎑 "our people are in actual peril. When the Germans are 䎷䏋䏈䎃 䏔䏘䏒䏗䏈䎃 䏄䏅䏒䏙䏈䎃 䏖䏘䏆䏆䏌䏑䏆䏗䏏䏜䎃 䏆䏄䏓䏗䏘䏕䏈䏖䎃 䏗䏋䏌䏖䎃 in a bad mood, they break Jewish windows. When the 䏗䏕䏄䏑䏖䏉䏒䏕䏐䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎑䎃䎬䏑䎃䏄䎃䏗䏒䏑䏊䏘䏈䎐䏌䏑䎐䏆䏋䏈䏈䏎䎃䏗䏒䏑䏈䎏䎃䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎃䏕䏈䏉䏈䏕䏖䎃 Czechs are out of sorts, they break into Jewish homes. 䏗䏒䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏗䏚䏒䎃䏆䏒䏑䏗䏕䏄䏖䏗䏌䏑䏊䎃䏓䏄䏕䏗䏖䎃䏒䏉䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䏏䏌䏉䏈䎑䎃䎩䏕䏒䏐䎃䏖䏒䏐䏈䏒䏑䏈䎃 The poor are beginning to emigrate, but they don’t know 䏚䏋䏒䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏓䏘䏑䏌䏖䏋䏈䏇䎃䏉䏒䏕䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䏉䏄䏌䏏䏘䏕䏈䎃䏗䏒䎃䏎䏑䏒䏚䎃䏆䏏䏈䏄䏕䏏䏜䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃 where to go". 䏇䏈䏗䏄䏌䏏䏖䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏆䏏䏄䏖䏖䏌䏆䎃 䎭䏈䏚䏌䏖䏋䎃 䏖䏗䏒䏕䏜䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䎨䏛䏒䏇䏘䏖䎏䎃 䏋䏈䎃 䏚䏄䏖䎃 䏈䏙䏈䏑䏗䏘䏄䏏䏏䏜䎃 䏗䏒䎃 䏌䏑䏗䏈䏕䏑䏄䏏䏌䏝䏈䎃 䎅䏒䏑䏏䏜䎃 䏗䏒䏒䎃 䏚䏈䏏䏏䎅䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 Mrs. Laschner chose this moment to scream to her 䏐䏈䏄䏑䏌䏑䏊䎃䏒䏉䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏏䏈䏖䏖䏒䏑䎏䎃䏄䏖䎃䏋䏈䎃䏄䏗䏗䏈䏐䏓䏗䏈䏇䎃䏗䏒䎃䏒䏕䏊䏄䏑䏌䏝䏈䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃 husband, "Moritz! You must take me to the Burg theatre 䏅䏄䏖䏌䏖䎃䏉䏒䏕䎃䏄䎃䏑䏈䏚䎃䎨䏛䏒䏇䏘䏖䎃䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃䏚䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃䏕䏈䏇䏈䏈䏐䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎭䏈䏚䏖䎃 the day after tomorrow!" 䏉䏕䏒䏐䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏐䏒䏇䏈䏕䏑䎃䏒䏓䏓䏕䏈䏖䏖䏌䏒䏑䎃䏒䏉䎃䏄䏑䏗䏌䏖䏈䏐䏌䏗䏌䏖䏐䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏅䏕䏌䏑䏊䎃 "Don’t interrupt!" replied the broker. "Dr. Weiss is telling 䏗䏋䏈䏐䎃䏗䏒䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏓䏕䏒䏐䏌䏖䏈䏇䎃䏏䏄䏑䏇䎃䏒䏉䎃䎬䏖䏕䏄䏈䏏䎑䎃䎩䏒䏕䎃䏊䏒䏒䏇䎃䏕䏈䏄䏖䏒䏑䎃 us about the situation in Moravia. Not pleasant, on my 䏋䏈䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏓䏌䏆䏗䏘䏕䏈䏇䎃䏄䏖䎃䏄䎃䏐䏒䏇䏈䏕䏑䎐䏇䏄䏜䎃䎰䏒䏖䏈䏖䎑䎃䎥䏘䏗䎃䏌䏑䎃䏒䏕䏇䏈䏕䎃 honour." Samuel Weinberger, father of the bridegroom, 䏗䏒䎃䏅䏈䏆䏒䏐䏈䎃䏗䏋䏄䏗䎏䎃䏋䏈䎃䏋䏄䏇䎃䏗䏒䎃䏒䏙䏈䏕䏆䏒䏐䏈䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏏䏌䏐䏌䏗䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䏖䎃䏒䏉䎃 broke into the conversation. "Being a rabbi, Doctor, you 䏋䏌䏖䎃䏅䏄䏆䏎䏊䏕䏒䏘䏑䏇䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䏐䏌䏏䏌䏈䏘䎏䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏚䏈䏄䏏䏗䏋䏜䎃䏅䏒䏘䏕䏊䏈䏒䏌䏖䎃 see things rather black"… 䏖䏒䏆䏌䏈䏗䏜䎃䏒䏉䎃䎭䏈䏚䏌䏖䏋䎃䎹䏌䏈䏑䏑䏄䎏䎃䏚䏌䏗䏋䎃䏌䏗䏖䎃䏆䏜䏑䏌䏆䏄䏏䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏚䏒䏕䏏䏇䎐 䏚䏈䏄䏕䏜䎃䏄䏅䏖䏈䏑䏆䏈䎃䏒䏉䎃䏆䏒䏑䏆䏈䏕䏑䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏏䏄䏆䏎䎃䏒䏉䎃䏇䏈䏈䏓䎃䏗䏋䏌䏑䏎䏌䏑䏊䎃 Dr. Weiss, a simple rabbi from a provincial town in 䏄䏅䏒䏘䏗䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䎭䏈䏚䏌䏖䏋䎃 䏖䏌䏗䏘䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏄䏖䎃 䏄䎃 䏚䏋䏒䏏䏈䎑䎃 䎷䏋䏌䏖䎃 䏖䏒䏆䏌䏈䏗䏜䎃 Moravia, did not know exactly in what company he 䏋䏈䎃䏚䏌䏗䏋䏈䏕䏌䏑䏊䏏䏜䎃䏖䏄䏗䏌䏕䏌䏝䏈䏇䎃䏌䏑䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䯭䏕䏖䏗䎃䏆䏋䏄䏓䏗䏈䏕䎃䏒䏉䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䎔䎜䎓䎕䎃 found himself, and ventured a few shy remarks. "A new 䏑䏒䏙䏈䏏䎃䎤䏏䏗䏑䏈䏘䏏䏄䏑䏇䎃䎋䎲䏏䏇䎐䎱䏈䏚䎃䎯䏄䏑䏇䎌䎏䎃䏈䏛䏆䏈䏕䏓䏗䏖䎃䏉䏕䏒䏐䎃䏚䏋䏌䏆䏋䎃 movement has arisen within the last few years, which is 䏄䏓䏓䏈䏄䏕䎃䏒䏑䎃䏗䏋䏌䏖䎃䏓䏄䏊䏈䎑 called Zionism. Its aim is to solve the Jewish problem through colonization on a large scale. All who can no longer bear their present lot will return to our old home, to Palestine." He spoke very quietly, unaware that the people about him were getting ready for an outburst of laughter. He was therefore dumbfounded at the effect of the word "Palestine". The laughter ran the whole range. The ladies giggled, the gentlemen roared and neighed… 9 "I’ll be ambassador [of the new Jewish state] at Vienna", shouted Gruen. The laughter broke out again. "I too!", "I too!"… The old rabbi, deeply embarrassed, did not again raise his eyes from his plate while the humorists zealously dissected the new idea. 1Gateway BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH REFLECTIONS The life of a student in Vienna in the closing decades Many believe that Herzl grew up in an assimilated of the nineteenth century was rather [difficult] owing Jewish home, ignorant of Judaism. Marvin Lowenthal, Bto racial and nationalist conflicts which often erupted Ra historian of Herzl, refutes this myth. into violent scenes... Herzl joined the students' union While his boyhood, it is true, failed to kindle in him called Albia… Owing to the constant wrangling about any marked enthusiasm for being Jewish, it would political questions, the students developed a high be far from the truth to imagine that his family and degree of sensitivity and were quick to seize upon any background were innocent of Judaism. He came to remark in their hearing that they considered a reflection the Jewish scene as no outsider, no total stranger, upon their honour. Such an affront could be avenged no Moses out of a heathen Egypt, as some of his only by a duel, and duels were fought mostly with East European colleagues, half-bewitched and half- swords. Members of the Albia were therefore expected suspicious, regarded him when he lifted up the banner to devote a good part of their time to fencing at least of Zion. two hours each per day…and they all had to fight at least one duel to maintain their corporate honour. Herzl During his boyhood the essential Jewish customs fought his duel on May 11, 1881, with a member of were observed in the Herzl household, the festivals the students' union Allemania, and both retired with were celebrated in the traditional manner, particularly Growing Up Herzl gashed cheeks, which a surgeon in readiness promptly Passover and Chanukah, and little Theodor stitched. After this "satisfaction of honour", Herzl was accompanied his father to the Tabakgasse Synagogue applauded at the "beer evening" for which the members every Friday evening and Sabbath morning. From of the Albia assembled later. the age of six to ten he attended …Students of the German the local Jewish nationalist party gradually Community School began to predominate in the – there were no Albia, with the inevitable normal public result that there was an schools – and the increasing discussion of the reports show that Jewish question. The effect in "Religion" and of this was not only to arouse "Hebrew Subjects" in Herzl a keener sense of his marks ranged his Jewish consciousness from good to but also to provoke in him a excellent. At feeling of resentment at the eight his father gibes and pinpricks that were enrolled him as all too manifest… [Finally, a member of the after a particularly vicious Chevra Kadishah antisemitic speech made by [the burial society, a member of Albia and not a very prestigious condemned by the leaders Jewish institution]; of the society], he decided and at thirteen he to send in his resignation. was confirmed in In his letter he wrote that he accordance with was apparently disqualified the time-honored for continued membership usage, learning as he was tainted with enough Hebrew, "Semitism", a word that he even if by rote, to observed was unknown when read the appropriate he joined, and he therefore 'portion' of the asked for his "honourable Torah and recite the discharge". The reply that blessings. Later in he received rebuked him for life, when entering showing a lack of respect upon a new critical in his letter and informed him that his venture, he never failed request for an "honourable discharge" to ask for the parental could not be granted, but that he had been blessing – a Biblical observance that weathered Johann expelled. A few days later, however, the committee had Strauss' Vienna. The home ceremonies and the regular 10 second thoughts and agreed to accept his resignation. synagogue attendance, with their inevitable exposure Thereupon, Herzl returned the coloured [cap and to something of the Hebrew language and Jewish spirit, ribbons] of membership and his drinking mug. He had were bound to leave on a sensitive nature impressions had enough of the students' fraternities and joined no which the outer world would blanket but never could other. efface. Israel Cohen, "Theodor Herzl" Marvin Lowenthal, from his introduction to "The Diaries of Theodor Herzl" Gateway1 Chaim Weizmann was a younger contemporary of Max Nordau was Herzl's principal lieutenant in the Herzl. Initially his protege, he would eventually latter's years of leadership of the Zionist movement. become one of his most vocal critics – but he always In this piece, from a year after Herzl's death, Nordau Cheld him in the highest esteem. In later years, Weizmann Aasseses his late comrade. would come to lead the Zionist movement, eventually On July 3rd last year Theodor Herzl closed his eyes becoming the first president of the State of Israel. forever…At thirty-five years of age quite unknown to the Jewish people, nine years later he had become its I first saw Herzl at the second Congress, in Basel, in pride and its hope. That he was able to attain this place the summer of 1898, and though he was impressive, I in Jewish thought and feeling is one of the wonders of cannot pretend that I was swept off my feet. There was his wonderful life. He had waded far in the waters of a great genuineness about him, and a touch of pathos. assimilation, even through the deep parts that almost It seemed to me almost from the beginning that he was completely immersed him. In the sunniest years of undertaking a task of tremendous magnitude without his life he was completely taken up with interests that adequate preparation. He had great gifts and he had showed not a spark of Judaism. He devoted himself connections. But these did not suffice. As I learned to wholly to artistic labors. He untiringly dedicated all his know him better at succeeding Congresses, my respect energies to literary work. He had no other ambition than for him was confirmed and deepened. As a personality that of conquering the stage and establishing himself in he was both powerful and naive… the conquered sphere. Nothing drew him in the

direction of his real life-work. Nothing Growing Up Herzl But now that I have come to know and attracted his mind to deal with Jewish understand the Viennese milieu in questions till the day came when which he grew up - so remote from the situation of the Jewish people all the troubles and vicissitudes made him powerfully conscious of our life - and especially when of his own Judaism… I compare him with other Jewish No one, not even himself, Viennese intellectuals, of his time had an inkling of the qualities or a little later, I am amazed at that he brought to his new Herzl's greatness, at the profundity task. Herzl really grew with of his intuition, which enabled him his greater purposes; he grew so to understand as much of our world mightily that his acquaintances and as he did. He was the first - without colleagues could no longer gauge him a rival - among the Western leaders, but by the accustomed standard, because even he could not break the mold of his he had outgrown their limited measure. The life. Within the limitations of that mold, and with vivacious conversationalist, the genial raconteur, his magnificent gifts and his complete devotion, he the witty and playful comedy-writer, was changed in rendered incalculable service to the cause. He remains a night into a statesman of wide vision who boldly the classical figure in Zionism. and resolutely strode along an almost impassable route towards a lofty goal.

Issues of Jewish identity are high on the agenda of the Jewish people today. Israelelatively Cohen’s marginal sketch HERZL reveals that Herzl was never a person who ignored his Jewishness. Nevertheless, we know that it figured AND differently in importance to him at various stages in his life. To start with, it was a r ME aspect of who he was. While never denied, his Jewishness was secondary to many other concerns on his personal agenda. Eventually, it began to grow in importance until it displaced all the other items on that agenda and became the preoccupation of his life. While demographers are busy counting Jews, perhaps the really important issue today is not how many there are, but rather the place that being Jewish figures on the personal priority list of each. Where does being Jewish figure in your own sense of identity? What have been the formative Jewish experiences in your own life? Where do you stand on the line between the first Herzl and the second? What does being a member of the Jewish people mean to you? What responsibilities does that membership carry? What burdens? 11 Is your own life an expression of Jewish pride? Would you engage, as did Herzl, in a modern-day "duel" to protect Jewish honour? 2Gateway The germination of the Zionist idea It was as a student in Vienna that something began to change for Herzl. Historical He began to encounter antisemitism, which had not disappeared in background spite of the emancipation. On the contrary, the beginnings of the integration of the Jews into general society had caused unease among many gentiles, and outright opposition among others. From the 1880's we begin to see a resurgence of physical violence against the Jews, whose situation was becoming increasingly vulnerable. The famous Kishinev pogrom of Easter 1903 (in which some fifty Jews were murdered, hundreds seriously injured, and thousands lost their homes) would become a symbol of the frailty and susceptibility of Jewish life in a newly vicious world. Herzl first encountered this new virulent form of antisemitism personally as a student in Vienna (as elaborated on in the preceding gateway.) Until then, it had been easy for him to accept the easy duality of his identity as a European Jew without question. But from this point on, the problem would begin to prey on his mind. However, it was not antisemitism alone that concerned Herzl. He understood that these new and dangerous trends were not emerging in a vacuum. He believed that there was a context that nourished them. He saw that the old Europe was beginning to fall apart. The liberal states of western and central Europe, which had provided a safe haven for the Jews for most of the nineteenth century, were about to disappear - to be replaced, he felt, by a far more threatening reality. He sensed real danger for the Jews of Europe. In the mid to late 1880's, Herzl abandoned the law and devoted himself to a career as a playwright and a journalist, writing light witty social pieces for a number of newspapers. In 1891, he took up an appointment as the Paris correspondent of the great liberal Viennese newspaper the Neue Freie Presse. As a journalist, Herzl encountered the rising reactionary nationalist and antisemitic opinion in France and he wrote about the rising wave in a number of his articles for the paper. Increasingly gripped by the Jewish question, he began to ponder different ways of responding to it. The Jewish problem, he would conclude, was deeper than he had at first optimistically assumed. It would not simply vanish with time. At one point, he flirted Transitions and Transformations with the idea of promoting the mass conversion of the entire younger generation of Jews, which he ventured would solve the Jewish problem once and for all. But the trial of Alfred Dreyfus, an assimilated French Jewish army officer falsely accused of selling secrets to the Germans, brought Herzl to the realization that a more radical solution for the Jewish problem would have to be found. Even after proof that Dreyfus was innocent had surfaced, the prosecution continued apace, and the defendant was found guilty, stripped of his rank, and sent off to prison – to the accompaniment of the cries of the masses, "Death to the Jews!" Herzl concluded that his people would never be accepted by European society, that the new European nationalism was too exclusionary. The Jewish question, he determined, required a national and political solution, and thus was born Herzl's Zionist vision.

12

E.M Lilien Illustration for "Lieder des Ghetto" by Moris Rosenfeld, Published by Marquardt & Co. Berlin, 1902 Gateway 2 Here is the opening section of the largely autobiographical story, "The Menorah", which Herzl wrote in 1897. Deep in his soul he began to feel the need of being a Jew. His circumstances were not unsatisfactory; he enjoyed an ample income and a profession that permitted him to do whatever his heart desired. For he was an artist. His H Jewish origin and the faith of his fathers had long since ceased to trouble him, when We have honestly tried everywhere to merge suddenly the old hatred came to the surface ourselves in the social life of surrounding again in a new mob-cry. With many others communities and to preserve the faith of our he believed that this flood would shortly subside. But there was no change for the fathers. We are not permitted to do so. In vain better; and every blow, even though not are we loyal patriots...In countries where we aimed directly at him, struck him with fresh have lived for centuries we are still cried down pain, till little by little his soul became one bleeding wound. These sorrows, buried as strangers. deep in his heart, and silenced there, evoked But the distinctive nationality of Jews neither thoughts of their origin and of his Judaism, can, will, nor must be destroyed, because and now he did something he could not external enemies consolidate it. It will not be perhaps have done in the old days – he began to love his Judaism with an intense destroyed; this is shown during two thousand fervour. Although in his own eyes he years of appalling suffering. could not, at first, clearly justify this new Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State, 1896. yearning, it became so powerful at length This was Herzl’s classic work, in which he first systematically that it crystallized from vague emotions recorded all the major elements of his thinking on the subject of into a definite idea which he must express. the Jewish question and Zionism. This quote introduces us to one It was the conviction that there was only one of his key determinations: that the genuine integration of the Jew solution for this moral misery – the return to into the surrounding society is impossible. Judaism. 䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎊䏖䎃䏗䏕䏄䏑䏖䏉䏒䏕䏐䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃䏄䎃䎽䏌䏒䏑䏌䏖䏗䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏆䏄䏘䏖䏈䏇䎃䏅䏜䎃䏄䏑䏗䏌䏖䏈䏐䏌䏗䏌䏖䏐䎑䎃 䎬䏗䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏄䎃䏓䏋䏈䏑䏒䏐䏈䏑䏒䏑䎃䏒䏉䎃䏚䏋䏌䏆䏋䎃䏋䏈䎃䏋䏄䏇䎃䏏䏒䏑䏊䎃䏅䏈䏈䏑䎃䏄䏚䏄䏕䏈䎏䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏚䏋䏌䏆䏋䎏䎃 䏄䏖䎃䏚䏈䎃䏖䏄䏚䎃䏌䏑䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏓䏕䏈䏙䏌䏒䏘䏖䎃䏊䏄䏗䏈䏚䏄䏜䎏䎃䏋䏈䎃䏋䏄䏇䎃䏓䏈䏕䏖䏒䏑䏄䏏䏏䏜䎃䏆䏒䏑䏉䏕䏒䏑䏗䏈䏇䎃 Rabbi Dr. Moritz Gudemann was a rabbi 䏌䏑䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䏖䏗䏘䏇䏈䏑䏗䎃䏇䏄䏜䏖䎑䎃䎬䏗䎃䏉䏒䏕䏐䏈䏇䎃䏄䎃䏆䏒䏑䏖䏆䏌䏒䏘䏖䎃䏓䏄䏕䏗䎃䏒䏉䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏅䏄䏆䏎䏊䏕䏒䏘䏑䏇䎃 and scholar who became Chief Rabbi of the 䏒䏉䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䏏䏌䏉䏈䎃䏈䏙䏈䏕䎃䏖䏌䏑䏆䏈䎏䎃䏅䏘䏗䎃䏋䏈䎃䏏䏒䏑䏊䎃䏖䏒䏘䏊䏋䏗䎃䏖䏒䏏䏘䏗䏌䏒䏑䏖䎃䏗䏒䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏓䏕䏒䏅䏏䏈䏐䎃 Viennese community in 1890. Initially he 䏌䏑䎃䏄䎃䏙䏄䏕䏌䏈䏗䏜䎃䏒䏉䎃䏚䏄䏜䏖䎃䏅䏈䏉䏒䏕䏈䎃䏄䏇䏒䏓䏗䏌䏑䏊䎃䏄䎃䏑䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䏄䏏䏌䏖䏗䎃䏓䏒䏖䏌䏗䏌䏒䏑䎑䎃䎬䏑䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃 wasR captivated by Herzl's personality and 䏅䏌䏒䏊䏕䏄䏓䏋䏌䏆䏄䏏䎃 䏓䏌䏈䏆䏈䎃 䏄䏓䏓䏈䏄䏕䏌䏑䏊䎃 䏒䏑䎃 䏗䏋䏈䏖䏈䎃 䏓䏄䏊䏈䏖䎏䎃 䏉䏒䏕䎃 䏈䏛䏄䏐䏓䏏䏈䎏䎃 䏋䏈䎃 ideas. With time, however, his enthusiasm 䏇䏈䏖䏆䏕䏌䏅䏈䏖䎃 䏄䏑䎃 䏌䏇䏈䏄䎃 䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃 䏋䏈䎃 䏋䏄䏇䎃 䏋䏄䏇䎃 䏅䏈䏉䏒䏕䏈䎃 䏅䏈䏆䏒䏐䏌䏑䏊䎃 䏄䎃 䎽䏌䏒䏑䏌䏖䏗䎏䎃 waned, and he eventually even began Transitions and Transformations 䏓䏕䏒䏓䏒䏖䏌䏑䏊䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏐䏄䏖䏖䎐䏆䏒䏑䏙䏈䏕䏖䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏜䏒䏘䏑䏊䏈䏕䎃 䏊䏈䏑䏈䏕䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏒䏉䎃 attacking Herzl's views, causing him great 䎹䏌䏈䏑䏑䏈䏖䏈䎃䎭䏈䏚䏖䎃䏗䏒䎃䎦䏄䏗䏋䏒䏏䏌䏆䏌䏖䏐䎑䎃䎶䏒䏐䏈䎃䏒䏉䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䏓䏏䏄䏜䏖䎃䏄䏏䏖䏒䎃䏋䏄䏇䎃䏇䏈䏄䏏䏗䎃 disappointment. 䏌䏖䏖䏘䏈䏖䎃䏆䏒䏑䏑䏈䏆䏗䏈䏇䎃䏚䏌䏗䏋䎃䏄䏑䏗䏌䏖䏈䏐䏌䏗䏌䏖䏐䎏䎃䏅䏘䏗䎃䏋䏈䎃䏗䏕䏌䏈䏇䎃䏗䏒䎃䏏䏌䏙䏈䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䏏䏌䏉䏈䎃䏌䏑䎃 䏖䏓䏌䏗䏈䎃䏒䏉䎃䏌䏗䎏䎃䏋䏒䏓䏌䏑䏊䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏅䏈䏏䏌䏈䏙䏌䏑䏊䎃䏗䏋䏄䏗䎏䎃䏚䏋䏌䏏䏈䎃䏓䏕䏒䏅䏏䏈䏐䏄䏗䏌䏆䎏䎃䏌䏗䎃䏚䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃䏑䏒䏗䎃 After luncheon I brought the manuscript of 䏓䏕䏈䏙䏈䏑䏗䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏄䏇䏙䏄䏑䏆䏈䏐䏈䏑䏗䎃䏒䏉䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎭䏈䏚䏖䎃䏚䏌䏗䏋䏌䏑䎃䏖䏒䏆䏌䏈䏗䏜䎑䎃䎯䏌䏅䏈䏕䏄䏏䏌䏖䏐䎏䎃 my "address to the Rothschilds" from the hotel, 䏋䏈䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏆䏒䏑䏙䏌䏑䏆䏈䏇䎏䎃䏚䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃䏗䏕䏌䏘䏐䏓䏋䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎭䏈䏚䏖䎃䏚䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃䏅䏈䎃䏄䏇䏐䏌䏗䏗䏈䏇䎃 and began reading it to them in the empty 䏄䏑䏇䎃䏉䏘䏏䏏䏜䎃䏌䏑䏗䏈䏊䏕䏄䏗䏈䏇䎃䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏖䏒䏆䏌䏈䏗䏌䏈䏖䎃䏚䏋䏈䏕䏈䎃䏗䏋䏈䏜䎃䏏䏌䏙䏈䏇䎑 䎺䏋䏄䏗䎃 䏈䏙䏈䏑䏗䏘䏄䏏䏏䏜䎃 䏗䏕䏄䏑䏖䏉䏒䏕䏐䏈䏇䎃 䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎃 䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃 䏄䎃 䎽䏌䏒䏑䏌䏖䏗䎃 䏚䏄䏖䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 dining room at Jochsberger's …The effect was 䏈䏐䏈䏕䏊䏈䏑䏆䏈䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏄䎃 䏆䏒䏑䏖䏆䏌䏒䏘䏖䏑䏈䏖䏖䎃 䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏄䏗䏗䏈䏐䏓䏗䎃 䏗䏒䎃 䏄䏖䏖䏌䏐䏌䏏䏄䏗䏈䎃 considerable. I saw it in Gudemann's shining 䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃 䏊䏈䏑䏈䏕䏄䏏䎃 䏖䏒䏆䏌䏈䏗䏜䎃 䏆䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃 䏑䏈䏙䏈䏕䎃 䏚䏒䏕䏎䎑䎃 䎷䏋䏈䎃 䎭䏈䏚䏖䎃 䏚䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃 䏑䏒䏗䎃 䏅䏈䎃 eyes. 䏄䏆䏆䏈䏓䏗䏈䏇䎃 䏋䏒䏚䏈䏙䏈䏕䎃 䏐䏘䏆䏋䎃 䏗䏋䏈䏜䎃 䏐䏌䏊䏋䏗䎃 䏗䏕䏜䎑䎃 䎷䏋䏌䏖䎃 䏚䏄䏖䎃 䎃 䏓䏒䏚䏈䏕䏉䏘䏏䏏䏜䎃 䏈䏙䏌䏇䏈䏑䏆䏈䏇䎃䏉䏒䏕䎃䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎃䏅䏜䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎧䏕䏈䏜䏉䏘䏖䎃䏗䏕䏌䏄䏏䎏䎃䎃䏚䏋䏌䏆䏋䎃䏋䏈䎃䏚䏌䏗䏑䏈䏖䏖䏈䏇䎃䏄䏖䎃䏄䎃 Gudemann, the "anti-Zionist" was already 䏍䏒䏘䏕䏑䏄䏏䏌䏖䏗䎑䎃䎱䏒䏗䎃䏒䏑䏏䏜䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏗䏋䏌䏖䎃䏌䏑䏑䏒䏆䏈䏑䏗䎃䎭䏈䏚䏌䏖䏋䎃䏒䏉K䏆䏈䏕䎃䏌䏑䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎩䏕䏈䏑䏆䏋䎃 won over. He said: "If you are right, what I 䏄䏕䏐䏜䎃 䏉䏒䏘䏑䏇䎃 䏊䏘䏌䏏䏗䏜䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏉䏄䏅䏕䏌䏆䏄䏗䏈䏇䎃 䏆䏋䏄䏕䏊䏈䏖䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏈䏖䏓䏌䏒䏑䏄䏊䏈䎏䎃 䏅䏘䏗䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 have hitherto believed falls to pieces. And yet 䎩䏕䏈䏑䏆䏋䎃䏐䏄䏖䏖䏈䏖䎃䏕䏈䏖䏓䏒䏑䏇䏈䏇䎃䏗䏒䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏄䏉䏉䏄䏌䏕䎃䏅䏜䎃䏆䏏䏄䏐䏒䏕䏌䏑䏊䎃䏉䏒䏕䎃䎅䏇䏈䏄䏗䏋䎃 I am wishing that you are right. Up till now 䏗䏒䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎭䏈䏚䏖䎑䎅䎃 I have believed that we are not a nation – but 䎷䏋䏈䎃 䏈䏙䏒䏏䏘䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏗䏋䏌䏖䎃 䏕䏈䏄䏏䏌䏝䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏌䏖䎃 䏕䏈K䏈䏆䏗䏈䏇䎃 䏌䏑䎃 䏄䎃 䏗䏕䏄䏑䏖䏓䏄䏕䏈䏑䏗䏏䏜䎃 more than a nation. I believed that we have 䏄䏘䏗䏒䏅䏌䏒䏊䏕䏄䏓䏋䏌䏆䏄䏏䎃 䏖䏗䏒䏕䏜䎃 䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃 䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎃 䏚䏕䏒䏗䏈䎃 䏌䏑䎃 䎔䎛䎜䎚䎏䎃 䎷䏋䏈䎃 䎰䏈䏑䏒䏕䏄䏋䎏䎃 the historic mission of being the exponents of 䏉䏕䏒䏐䎃 䏚䏋䏌䏆䏋䎃 䏚䏈䎃 䏅䏕䏌䏑䏊䎃 䏄䏑䎃 䏈䏛䏆䏈䏕䏓䏗䎃 䏄䏅䏒䏙䏈䎑䎃 䎬䏗䎃 䏄䏏䏖䏒䎃 䏓䏄䏕䏄䏏䏏䏈䏏䏖䎃 䏓䏄䏕䏗䎃 䏒䏉䎃 universalism among the nations and therefore 䎰䏄䏛䎃䎱䏒䏕䏇䏄䏘䎊䏖䎃䏖䏓䏈䏈䏆䏋䎃䏄䏗䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃K䏕䏖䏗䎃䎽䏌䏒䏑䏌䏖䏗䎃䎦䏒䏑䏊䏕䏈䏖䏖䎃䏌䏑䎃䎔䎛䎜䎚䎏䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃 were more than a people identified with a 䏕䏈K䏈䏆䏗䏖䎃䏗䏋䏈䏌䏕䎃䏕䏄䏇䏌䏆䏄䏏䎃䏅䏈䏏䏌䏈䏉䎃䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃䏗䏋䏈䏌䏕䎃䏓䏕䏈䏙䏌䏒䏘䏖䏏䏜䎃䏋䏈䏏䏇䎃䏆䏒䏑䏙䏌䏆䏗䏌䏒䏑䏖䎃 specific land."… 䏋䏄䏇䎃䏅䏈䏈䏑䎃䏗䏒䏗䏄䏏䏏䏜䎃䏚䏕䏒䏑䏊䎑䎃䎤䎃䏖䏌䏐䏌䏏䏄䏕䎃䏗䏋䏈䏐䏈䎃䏒䏉䎃䏗䏕䏄䏑䏖䏉䏒䏕䏐䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃䏄䏓䏓䏈䏄䏕䏖䎃 䏌䏑䎃䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎊䏖䎃䏇䏌䏄䏕䏜䎏䎃䏄䏖䎃䏋䏈䎃䏕䏈䏆䏒䏕䏇䏖䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏌䏑䏌䏗䏌䏄䏏䎃䏌䏐䏓䏄䏆䏗䎃䏒䏉䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䏌䏇䏈䏄䏖䎃䏒䏑䎃 Gudemann further said: "I am altogether 䎵䏄䏅䏅䏌䎃䎪䏘䏇䏈䏐䏄䏑䏑䎏䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎦䏋䏌䏈䏉䎃䎵䏄䏅䏅䏌䎃䏒䏉䎃䎹䏌䏈䏑䏑䏄䎑䎃䎤䏏䏏䎃䏒䏉䎃䏗䏋䏈䏖䏈䎃䏖䏒䏘䏕䏆䏈䏖䎃 overwhelmed. I feel like someone who has 䏗䏄䏏䏎䎃䏄䏅䏒䏘䏗䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏈䏛䏓䏈䏕䏌䏈䏑䏆䏈䎃䏒䏉䎃䏕䏄䏇䏌䏆䏄䏏䎃䏄䏑䏗䏌䏖䏈䏐䏌䏗䏌䏖䏐䎃䏒䏑䎃䏖䏒䏐䏈䎃䏄䏖䏗䏘䏗䏈䎃 been summoned to hear about something, and 䎨䏘䏕䏒䏓䏈䏄䏑䎃 䎭䏈䏚䏖䎏䎃 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏓䏕䏒䏙䏌䏇䏈䎃 䏖䏒䏐䏈䎃 䏌䏑䏖䏌䏊䏋䏗䎃 䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏕䏈䏄䏏䏌䏗䏜䎃 䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃 䎽䏌䏒䏑䏌䏖䏐䎃 䏚䏄䏖䎃 䏄䎃 䏚䏈䏏䏏䎐䏆䏒䏑䏖䏌䏇䏈䏕䏈䏇䎃 䏕䏈䏖䏓䏒䏑䏖䏈䎃 䏗䏒䎃 䏄䎃 䏊䏈䏑䏘䏌䏑䏈䎃 䏓䏕䏒䏅䏏䏈䏐䎃 when he arrives there is placed before him not 13 䏚䏌䏗䏋䎃䏚䏋䏌䏆䏋䎃䏖䏈䏕䏌䏒䏘䏖䎃䎭䏈䏚䏌䏖䏋䎃䏗䏋䏌䏑䏎䏈䏕䏖䎃䏋䏄䏙䏈䎃䏋䏄䏇䎃䏗䏒䎃䏖䏗䏕䏘䏊䏊䏏䏈䎃䏒䏙䏈䏕䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃 a piece of information but two magnificent 䏜䏈䏄䏕䏖䎑䎃䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏑䏒䏗䎃䏄䏏䏒䏑䏈䎃䏌䏑䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䏄䏑䏄䏏䏜䏖䏌䏖䎃䏒䏉䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏖䏌䏗䏘䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎑䎃 horses." The simile pleased me greatly, for it made me realize the plastic force of my idea. Herzl's Diary, 18 August 1895 2Gateway BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH REFLECTIONS This story appears in the opening pages of Herzl's Max Nordau, Herzl's great lieutenant within the Zionist Badult diary. It represents a fantastic idea of how to Mmovement, made the following comments in his speech solve the Jewish problem that Herzl had entertained a to the first Zionist Congress in 1897. It is interesting couple of years prior to his move towards Zionism. to compare these comments with Herzl's story, "The Menorah", the beginning of which appears on these About two years ago I wanted to solve the Jewish pages. question, at least in Austria, with the help of the Catholic Church. I wished to arrange for an audience Then came the Emancipation. The law assured the Jews with the Pope …and say to him: Help us against that they were citizens of their country in every respect. the antisemites and I will lead a great movement In the honeymoon period of the Emancipation, under the for the free and honorable conversion of Jews to influence of the new legal equality, Christian feelings Christianity. were evoked which were warm and accepting of the new status of the Jew. Well nigh intoxicated, the Jews rushed Free and honorable, inasmuch as the leaders of this to burn all their bridges immediately. They now had movement – myself in particular – would remain another home, so they no longer needed a ghetto; they Jews, and, as Jews, would urge a conversion to the majority faith. In broad daylight, on twelve o'clock on now had other connections and were no longer forced a Sunday, the exchange of faith would take place in St. to live only among their coreligionists. Their instinct Stephen's Cathedral, with solemn parade and the peal of self-preservation adapted itself immediately and of bells. Not with shame, as sorry individuals completely to the new circumstances. This instinct have hitherto gone over, but with a proud had formerly been directed toward maintaining gesture. And because the Jewish leaders the most clear-cut apartness; now it sought would remain behind, conducting the the closest association with and imitation people only to the threshold of the of the gentiles. In place of being different, church and themselves staying outside, which had been the Jew's salvation, the it would elevate the whole performance new policy was thoroughgoing mimicry. to a display of utter sincerity. For one or two generations the Jew was We, the steadfast leaders, would have allowed to believe that he was merely a German, constituted the final generation. We Frenchman, Italian and so forth, like all the rest would have remained within the of his countrymen. faith of our fathers. But we All at once, twenty years ago, after would have made Christians a slumber of thirty to sixty years, of our children before antisemitism once more sprang they reached the age of out of the innermost depths Transitions and Transformations independent decision of the nations of Western – after which Europe. It revealed to conversion looks like an act of cowardice a mortified Jew, who or calculation. As is thought antisemitism was my custom, I had gone forever, the true thought out the picture of his situation. plan to the finest He was still allowed detail. I saw myself to vote for members in negotiation with of Parliament, but he the Archbishop of saw himself excluded, Vienna, I stood, in with varying degrees imagination, before of politeness, from the the Pope – who clubs and gatherings regretted beyond words of his Christian fellow that I didn't become countrymen. He was allowed Christian too – and sent the to go wherever he pleased, but slogan of race-merger flying everywhere he encountered the across the world. sign: "No Jews admitted." Such is the contemporary situation of the emancipated Jew in Western Europe. He has abandoned his specifically Jewish character, yet the nations do not accept him as part of their national communities. He flees from his Jewish fellow, because antisemitism has taught him, too, to be contemptuous of them, but his gentile compatriots repulse him as he 14 attempts to associate with them. He has lost his home in the ghetto yet the land of his birth is denied to him as his home. Gateway 2 Leon Pinsker was a Zionist who presented an analysis of the Jewish problem similar to that of Herzl’s - 15 years prior to the appearance of "The Jewish State." Herzl later claimed that had he known of Pinsker’s work, he never would have published his own. LAmong the living nations of the earth the Jews occupy the position of a nation long since dead. With the loss of their fatherland, the Jews lost their independence and fell into a state of decay which is incompatible with the existence of a whole and vital organism. The state was crushed by the Roman conquerors and vanished from the world's view. But after the Jewish people had yielded up its existence as an actual state, as a political entity, it could nevertheless not submit to total destruction – it did not cease to exist as a spiritual nation. Thus, the world saw in this people the frightening form of one of the dead walking among the living. This ghost-like apparition of a people without unity or organization, without land or other bond of union, no longer alive, and yet moving about among the living – this eerie form scarcely paralleled in history, unlike anything that preceded or followed it, could not fail to make a strange and peculiar impression upon the imagination of the nations. And if the fear of ghosts is something inborn, and has a certain justification in the psychic life of humanity, is it any wonder that it asserted itself powerfully at the sight of this dead and yet living nation? Fear of the Jewish ghost has been handed down and strengthened for generations and centuries. Leon Pinsker, "Auto Emancipation", 1881 Transitions and Transformations

The phenomenon of antisemitism has erupted at different times above the surface of HERZL modern Jewish history. There are those who believe that below the facade of acceptance, AND it is a constant factor that Jews must recognize will never disappear, though they might ME advocate different strategies for dealing with it. Others have been more optimistic, believing that it is something that can be eradicated by the encouragement of liberal social trends, or radical social upheaval. Herzl was one of the latter. He believed that Zionism would actually eliminate the problem of antisemitism, that the establishment of a Jewish homeland would result in its abrupt disappearance. The last few years clearly demonstrate that in this respect Herzl was wrong. What is your explanation for the persistent phenomenon of antisemitism? Was Herzl hopelessly naive and optimistic in his analysis and prediction? Or is it still too early to judge? Do you believe that antisemitism might eventually disappear? If so, under what circumstances? If not, what do you believe to be its underlying cause? In either case, what is the appropriate Jewish response to the phenomenon today – on both the personal and communal level, in your 15 community, and around the world? 3Gateway Understanding Herzl’s vision Historical In a frenzy of activity in mid 1895, Herzl did two major things. Firstly, he started to initiate meetings with influential Jews to whom background he wanted to explain the new ideas that were giving him no rest. At the same time, he began to commit his ideas to writing, initially as notes for the meetings. Weeks of drafting and redrafting his ideas coupled with his disappointment at his failure to convince many of those to whom he tried to explain them, led to the decision to publish his thinking. He would go above the heads of the established Jewish leaders and appeal to a wider public. This decision led him to publish in early 1896, his major programmatic work Der Judenstaat, The Jewish State. In this pamphlet, he explained his ideas. A radical solution was needed: the Jews must have a state of their own. Only a Jewish state would change the status of Jews throughout the world – both those who would be drawn there and those who would remain in the Diaspora, bolstered by their connection with a sovereign Jewish entity. Herzl was above all a rational man. His solution appealed to reason, both on the part of Jews and on the part of the host nations, which he believed would jump at the chance to get rid of their "Jewish problem". Interestingly, initially he was not convinced that the Jewish state must be in the historic land of Israel but he was quickly converted to the understanding that there was no other option. No other place would have the desired impact on the Jews themselves.

Blueprints for Utopia Herzl was not the first Zionist. Many of his ideas had been put forward some fifteen years earlier by an Eastern European Jew, Leon Pinsker, reacting with many other Russian Jews to the impact of the pogroms of 1881. A fledgling Zionist movement, the Lovers of Zion, began at the time, and many thousands of Jews had emigrated to Palestine in the intervening years – a phenomenon virtually unknown to Herzl. Herzl had many critics. Chief among them would be the intense Jewish intellectual Asher Ginzberg, known by the pen name Ahad Ha'Am. He was withering in his criticism of Herzl, who, he believed, lacked an understanding and appreciation for Jewish culture. Herzl, he claimed, was concerned with Jews but not with Judaism. Herzl envisioned a central European culture for the Jews of the new country he promoted. For Ahad Ha'am, a secular Jew, the new society culture needed to be based on the deepest intellectual and cultural resources of the Jewish people. His critique was bolstered by the other major work that Herzl would publish in 1902, Altneuland, a futuristic novel of the new Jewish state, two decades forth. That novel depicted a thriving Jewish state in Palestine – the old- new land – developing remarkably well and accepted by all, organized according to the highest principles and way of life that Europe could suggest. Others shared the same views as Ahad Ha'am and provided a strong opposition to Herzl within the Zionist movement. Nevertheless they saw him as a leader who could take them where they could never go without him. The man who seemed to be able to talk to kings and emperors on equal terms was not a leader that they were capable of replacing, whatever the depth of their criticism of his positions on Jewish life and culture. But if Herzl was criticized by some of the Jewish intellectual elite, he was embraced by the Jewish masses in a manner more appropriate for a prophet than a statesman. Indeed many saw him as a modern-day Moses. To them, the age-old Messianic dream was about to be realized by this most unlikely of candidates, this worldly Viennese Jew, a man of European culture, the man who put Zionism and the idea of a Jewish state on the international agenda.

16 Gateway 3 David Ben Gurion, that greatest of all Zionist leaders, was opposed to Herzl from many points of view, but he knew to respect the extraordinary achievement of the man. Until Herzl the Jewish people had been no more than an object of history, a plaything in the hands of strangers Dand political forces who used it for good or for ill. Herzl transformed a pulverized people born on the currents of history by chance winds, favorable or adverse, into a people who acted out its During these days I have more than once national will and established itself as an been afraid I was losing my mind. This is how autonomous factor on the international tempestuously the trains of thought have raced scene. Herzl was the founding father of the revival of Jewish politics. He set the through my soul. A lifetime will not suffice political goal of the people in a simple, clear, to carry it all out. But I shall leave behind and challenging phrase, "The Jewish State", a spiritual legacy. To whom? To all men.... I and created the instruments, the means, and the power as well, which were required believe that for me life has ended and world for attaining the goal. Herzl realized that, history has begun. despite its dispersion and rootlessness, the Theodor Herzl, Diary entry, June 16, 1895 Jewish people is a power, provided that Penned during a turbulent period in Herzl's life, as he was shaping it can and will organise its capacities and his Zionist vision and attempting to disseminate his ideas among the make use of them. The ability and will to richer and more influential dignitaries of the Jewish community. do this were the gifts which Herzl himself endowed the people. 䎱䏒䏚䏋䏈䏕䏈䎃 䏌䏖䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏓䏈䏕䏖䏒䏑䏄䏏䎃 䏗䏕䏄䏑䏖䏉䏒䏕䏐䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏌䏑䎃 䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎊䏖䎃 䏏䏌䏉䏈䎃 䏐䏒䏕䏈䎃 䏄䏓䏓䏄䏕䏈䏑䏗䎃 䏗䏋䏄䏑䎃 䏌䏑䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏜䏈䏄䏕䏖䎃 䎔䎛䎜䎘䎃 䎐䎃 䎔䎛䎜䎚䎑䎃 䎷䏋䏈䏖䏈䎃 䏚䏈䏕䏈䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏇䏄䏜䏖䎃 David Ben Gurion

䏚䏋䏈䏑䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎽䏌䏒䏑䏌䏖䏗䎃䏌䏇䏈䏄䎃䏆䏒䏐䏓䏏䏈䏗䏈䏏䏜䎃䏗䏒䏒䏎䎃䏋䏒䏏䏇䎃䏒䏉䎃䏋䏌䏐䎏䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏈䏙䏈䏕䏜䏗䏋䏌䏑䏊䎃 Blueprints for Utopia 䏈䏏䏖䏈䎃 Ft䎃 䏄䏏䏏䎃 䏒䏗䏋䏈䏕䎃 䏆䏒䏑䏆䏈䏕䏑䏖䎃 䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃 䏋䏄䏇䎃 䏓䏕䏈䏙䏌䏒䏘䏖䏏䏜䎃 䏅䏈䏈䏑䎃 䏖䏒䎃 䏆䏈䏑䏗䏕䏄䏏䎃 His self-confidence not withstanding, Herzl Ft䎃䏅䏈䏊䏄䏑䎃䏗䏒䎃䏕䏈䏆䏈䏇䏈䎃䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏅䏄䏆䏎䏊䏕䏒䏘䏑䏇䎑䎃䎶䏘䏆䏋䎃䏚䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏖䏌䏗䏘䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 knew very well that the realization of his 䏕䏈䏐䏄䏌䏑䎃䏘䏑䏗䏌䏏䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䏇䏈䏄䏗䏋䎃䏌䏑䎃䎔䎜䎓䎗䎑䎃 ideas would require the surmounting of numerous obstacles, not the least of which 䎷䏋䏈䎃 䏈䏉䏉䏈䏆䏗䎃 䏚䏄䏖䎃 䏈䏏䏈䏆䏗䏕䏌䏉䏜䏌䏑䏊䎑䎃 䎬䏗䎃 䏌䏖䎃 䏄䏖䎃 䏌䏉䎃 䏄䎃 䏖䏗䏕䏒䏑䏊䎃 䏓䏈䏕䏖䏒䏑䏄䏏䏌䏗䏜䎃 䏋䏄䏇䎃 H 䏖䏒䏐䏈䏋䏒䏚䎃 䏆䏒䏐䏈䎃 䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃 䏆䏒䏑䏗䏄䏆䏗䎃 䏚䏌䏗䏋䎃 䏄䎃 䏓䏒䏚䏈䏕䏉䏘䏏䎃 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏒䏙䏈䏕䏚䏋䏈䏏䏐䏌䏑䏊䎃 was the opposition of many nay-sayers 䏉䏒䏕䏆䏈䎃K䏈䏏䏇䎃䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃䏇䏕䏄䏊䏊䏈䏇䎃䏋䏌䏐䎃䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃䏄䎃䏆䏒䏐䏓䏏䏈䏗䏈䏏䏜䎃䏑䏈䏚䎃䏒䏕䏅䏌䏗䎃䏒䏉䎃䏏䏌䏉䏈䎑䎃䎤䎃 among the Jews themselves. The following 䏊䏏䏄䏑䏆䏈䎃䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䏇䏌䏄䏕䏌䏈䏖䎃䎋䏚䏋䏌䏆䏋䎃䏋䏈䎃䏒䏑䏏䏜䎃䏖䏗䏄䏕䏗䏈䏇䎃䏗䏒䎃䏎䏈䏈䏓䎃䏄䏗䎃䏗䏋䏌䏖䎃䏓䏒䏌䏑䏗䎌䎏䎃 quotes, taken from a variety of sources, 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏄䏑䎃 䏄䏑䏄䏏䏜䏖䏌䏖䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏇䏈䏖䏆䏕䏌䏓䏗䏌䏒䏑䏖䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏗䏋䏒䏖䏈䎃 䏚䏋䏒䎃 䏎䏑䏈䏚䎃 䏋䏌䏐䎃 䏌䏑䎃 reveal both the depth of his conviction and 䏗䏋䏈䏖䏈䎃䏜䏈䏄䏕䏖䎃䏏䏈䏄䏙䏈䏖䎃䏑䏒䎃䏕䏒䏒䏐䎃䏉䏒䏕䎃䏇䏒䏘䏅䏗䎃䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎃䏋䏄䏇䎃䏈䏛䏓䏈䏕䏌䏈䏑䏆䏈䏇䎃 the awareness of the hurdles he had to 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏈䏔䏘䏌䏙䏄䏏䏈䏑䏗䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏄䎃 䏕䏈䏏䏌䏊䏌䏒䏘䏖䎃 䏙䏌䏖䏌䏒䏑䎑䎃 䎱䏒䏗䏋䏌䏑䏊䎃 䏚䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃 䏈䏙䏈䏕䎃 䏅䏈䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 overcome. 䏖䏄䏐䏈䎃䏉䏒䏕䎃䏋䏌䏐䎃䏄䏊䏄䏌䏑䎑䎃䎷䏋䏈䎃䏓䏒䏚䏈䏕䎃䏒䏉䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏌䏇䏈䏄䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏄䏏䏏䎃䏈䏑䏆䏒䏐䏓䏄䏖䏖䏌䏑䏊䎏䎃 Of course the practical people, the over- K 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏏䏏䏈䏇䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䏏䏌䏉䏈䎃䏚䏌䏗䏋䎃䏄䎃䏐䏈䏄䏑䏌䏑䏊䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏓䏘䏕䏓䏒䏖䏈䎃䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃䏋䏄䏇䎃䏅䏈䏈䏑䎃䏏䏄䏆䏎䏌䏑䏊䎃 wise, will come and ask what is to be 䏅䏈䏉䏒䏕䏈䎑 gained by all this. We know these people. 䎷䏋䏈䎃䏕䏈䏄䏆䏗䏌䏒䏑䏖䎃䏒䏉䎃䏗䏋䏒䏖䏈䎃䏈䏛䏓䏒䏖䏈䏇䎃䏗䏒䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䏌䏇䏈䏄䏖䎃䏅䏄䏖䏌䏆䏄䏏䏏䏜䎃䏇䏌䏙䏌䏇䏈䎃䏘䏓䎃 We remember all the stones they hurled in 䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃 䏗䏚䏒䎃 䏎䏌䏑䏇䏖䎑䎃 䎷䏋䏈䏕䏈䎃 䏄䏕䏈䎃 䏗䏋䏒䏖䏈䎃 䏚䏋䏒䏐䎃 䏋䏈䎃 䏐䏄䏑䏄䏊䏈䏇䎃 䏗䏒䎃 䏈䏑䏗䏋䏕䏄䏏䏏䎃 our path, all the annoyances they wished to 䏚䏌䏗䏋䎃 䏋䏌䏖䎃 䏙䏌䏖䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏈䏑䏗䏋䏘䏖䏌䏄䏖䏐䎑䎃 䎰䏄䏑䏜䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏗䏋䏈䏐䎃 䏚䏈䏑䏗䎃 䏗䏋䏕䏒䏘䏊䏋䎃 cause us and succeeded in causing us. It is 䏄䎃 䏖䏌䏐䏌䏏䏄䏕䎃 䏗䏕䏄䏑䏖䏉䏒䏕䏐䏌䏑䏊䎃 䏈䏛䏓䏈䏕䏌䏈䏑䏆䏈䎃 䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃 䏚䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃 䏄䏉䏉䏈䏆䏗䎃 䏗䏋䏈䏌䏕䎃 䏏䏌䏙䏈䏖䎃 these same people who are never done with 䏉䏒䏕䏈䏙䏈䏕䎑䎃 䎥䏘䏗䎃 䏗䏋䏈䏕䏈䎃 䏚䏄䏖䎃 䏄䏏䏖䏒䎃 䏒䏓䏓䏒䏖䏌䏗䏈䎃 䏕䏈䏄䏆䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏗䏒䎃 䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎊䏖䎃 䏌䏇䏈䏄䎝䎃 asking what we have accomplished, how far 䏒䏑䏈䎃䏒䏉䎃䏇䏌䏖䏄䏓䏓䏕䏒䏙䏄䏏䎏䎃䏒䏉䎃䏆䏜䏑䏌䏆䏌䏖䏐䎏䎃䏒䏉䎃䏇䏌䏖䏐䏌䏖䏖䏌䏙䏈䎃䏚䏒䏕䏏䏇䏏䏌䏑䏈䏖䏖䎑䎃䎰䏄䏑䏜䎃 䎐䎃䎺䏈䏖䏗䏈䏕䏑䎃䎭䏈䏚䏖䎃䏌䏑䎃䏓䏄䏕䏗䏌䏆䏘䏏䏄䏕䎃䎐䎃䏉䏈䏏䏗䎃䏗䏋䏕䏈䏄䏗䏈䏑䏈䏇䎃䏅䏜䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏖䏘䏊䏊䏈䏖䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 we have progressed, when we shall finally 䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃 䏈䏐䏄䏑䏆䏌䏓䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏌䏑䏗䏈䏊䏕䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏋䏄䏇䎃 䏉䏄䏌䏏䏈䏇䎑䎃 䎷䏋䏈䏜䎃 䏚䏈䏕䏈䎃 䏈䏙䏈䏑䎃 reach our goal. If they had helped us with all 䏐䏒䏕䏈䎃 䏇䏈䏈䏓䏏䏜䎃 䏄䏉䏉䏕䏒䏑䏗䏈䏇䎃 䏅䏜䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏖䏘䏊䏊䏈䏖䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏓䏏䏄䏆䏈䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 their strength instead of hampering us with 䎭䏈䏚䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏌䏑䎃䏄䎃䎭䏈䏚䏌䏖䏋䎃䏖䏗䏄䏗䏈䎑䎃䎷䏋䏈䏜䎃䏋䏄䏇䎃䏖䏓䏈䏑䏗䎃䏗䏋䏈䏌䏕䎃䏚䏋䏒䏏䏈䎃䏏䏌䏙䏈䏖䎃䏗䏕䏜䏌䏑䏊䎃 all their strength, they could not question us 䏗䏒䎃䏓䏕䏒䏙䏈䎃䏈䏛䏄䏆䏗䏏䏜䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏒䏓䏓䏒䏖䏌䏗䏈䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏑䏒䏚䎃䏋䏈䏕䏈䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏄䎃䏐䏄䏑䎃䏚䏋䏒䏖䏈䎃䏖䏌䏆䏎䎃 more eagerly … We build on and on. I am 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏇䏈䏏䏘䏇䏈䏇䎃 䏙䏌䏖䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏗䏋䏕䏈䏄䏗䏈䏑䏈䏇䎃 䏗䏒䎃 䏘䏓䏖䏈䏗䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏉䏒䏘䏑䏇䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏗䏋䏈䏌䏕䎃 convinced that all those Jews who stand 䏏䏌䏙䏈䏖䎑䎃䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏌䏐䏐䏈䏑䏖䏈䏏䏜䎃䏇䏌䏖䏄䏓䏓䏒䏌䏑䏗䏈䏇䎃䏅䏜䎃䏗䏋䏈䏖䏈䎃䏕䏈䏄䏆䏗䏌䏒䏑䏖䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃 aside today with a malicious smile and with 䏉䏈䏏䏗䎃䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃䏗䏋䏈䏜䎃䏚䏈䏕䏈䎃䏗䏕䏈䏄䏖䏒䏑䏒䏘䏖䎃䏗䏒䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎭䏈䏚䏌䏖䏋䎃䏓䏈䏒䏓䏏䏈䎃䏚䏋䏒䏖䏈䎃䏅䏈䏖䏗䎃 their hands in their trousers’ pockets, will 䏑䏈䏈䏇䏖䎃䏚䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃䏅䏈䎃䏖䏈䏕䏙䏈䏇䎃䏅䏜䎃䏋䏌䏖䎃䎽䏌䏒䏑䏌䏖䏗䎃䏇䏒䏆䏗䏕䏌䏑䏈䎑䎃 also want to dwell in our beautiful house. Address to the fourth Zionist Congress Today I am an isolated and lonely man, tomorrow perhaps the intellectual leader of hundreds of thousands - in any case, the discoverer and proclaimer of a mighty idea. Diary, June 15, 1895

But one thing I regard as certain, and place beyond the reach of all doubt: the movement will endure. I do not know when I shall die, but Zionism will never die. Since those days in Basle, the Jewish people have a national representation once again; as a result the Jewish State will once more rise in its own country… B"Autobiographical Sketch", London Jewish Chronicle, 1898 17 Thus everything I resolve shall come to pass, even if at another time and in another way; and the goal itself will assuredly be reached, although I myself shall scarcely live to see it. TDiary, July 19, 1896 3Gateway The following is extracted from "The Jewish State," BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Herzl’s classic exposition of his ideas, published in 1896. During the last two months of my stay in Paris I wrote T the book The Jewish State. I cannot remember ever The idea which I have developed in this pamphlet is B having written anything in such a mood of exaltation. an age-old one: the restoration of the Jewish state. Heine tells us that he heard the flapping of eagles' wings The world resounds with outcries against the Jews, above his head when he wrote certain stanzas. I too and this is what has awakened the dormant idea. seemed to hear the flutter of wings above my head while I wish it to be clearly understood from the outset I wrote The Jewish State. I worked at it daily, until I was that I am inventing nothing… neither the historic completely exhausted. My one recreation was on the condition of the Jews nor the means to improve it. In evenings when I could go to hear Wagner's music, and fact, every man will see for himself that the materials particularly Tannhauser, an opera which I go to hear as for the structure I am designing not only exist, but are often as it is produced. And only on those evenings when within easy reach. If, therefore, this attempt to solve there was no opera did I have my doubts as to the truth the Jewish Question is to be designated by a single of my ideas … phrase, let it be said to be the result of an inescapable When I had completed the book I asked my oldest and conclusion rather than of a flighty imagination … best friend to read the manuscript. In the midst of the The entire plan is in its essence perfectly simple, reading he suddenly burst into tears. I found this natural as it must be if it is to be comprehensible to all. Let enough, since he was a Jew; I too had wept at times sovereignty be granted us over a portion of the earth's during the writing of it. But I was staggered when he surface that is sufficient for our rightful national gave me an entirely different reason for his tears. He

Blueprints for Utopia thought that I had gone off my head, and since he was requirements. We shall take care of everything else my friend he was touched to tears by my misfortune. He ourselves…Prayers will be offered up for the success ran off without saying another word. After a sleepless of our work not only in temples but in churches night he returned and pressed me hard to leave the as well, for it will bring relief from an old entire business alone, for everyone would take me burden, from which all have suffered. But for a lunatic. first we must bring enlightenment to men's "Autobiographical Sketch", London minds. The idea Jewish Chronicle, 1898 must make its way into the most distant, REFLECTIONS miserable hamlets The author Stefan Zweig where our people was in high school in Vienna dwell. Then they will whenR Herzl's pamphlet, "The awaken from their Jewish State", appeared. gloomy brooding, Here he recounts its effect their lives will take on the Jewish community of on a new significance. Vienna. Every man need only think of himself, I was still in the and the movement Gymnasium when this will assume vast short pamphlet [The Jewish proportions. State]… appeared; but I can still remember the general astonishment and And what glory annoyance of the middle awaits those who class Jewish elements of fight unselfishly for Vienna. What has happened, the cause! That is they said angrily, to this why I believe that otherwise intelligent, witty, a wondrous generation and cultivated writer? What for Jews will spring into existence. The Maccabees foolishness is this that he has thought up and writes will rise again. Let me repeat once more my opening about? Why should we go to Palestine? Our language words: The Jews who wish for a state of their own is German and not Hebrew, and beautiful Austria is our shall have it. We shall live at last as free men on our homeland. Are we not well off under the good Emperor own soil, and die peacefully in our own homes. The Franz Josef? Do we not make an adequate living, and world will be freed by our liberty, enriched by our is our position not secure? Why does he, who speaks as wealth, magnified by our greatness. And whatever a Jew and who wishes to help Judaism, place arguments we attempt to accomplish there for our own welfare, in the hands of our worst enemies and attempt to separate 18 will spread and redound powerfully and beneficially us, when every day brings us more closely and intimately for the good of all mankind. into the German world? Gateway 3 The letter from which this excerpt was taken was the messianic promises of Judaism as contained in Holy published by the Association of German Rabbis in an Writ and in later religious sources. 2. Judaism obligates attempt to oppose and ultimately cancel the planned its adherents to serve with all devotion the Fatherland firstT Zionist Congress which was originally scheduled to which they belong, and to further its national for Munich. In the short run, at least, they succeeded. interests with all their heart and with all their strength The Congress was moved to Basle, Switzerland. … Religion and patriotism both lay upon us the duty of asking all who are concerned with the welfare of Judaism The Association of Rabbis in Germany regards it as to stay away from the proper to make the above mentioned Zionist following explanations: endeavors and most 1.The efforts of so- particularly from the called Zionists to found Congress which is still a Jewish national state being planned, despite all in Palestine contradict the warnings against it. Blueprints for Utopia

rmational effect on the In our generation, too, Israel and Zionism has had a transfo HERZL lives of many Jews. The period after the Six Day Warh ofin the1967 Jewish saw statecountless seemed Jews to AND around the world standing tall andrable proud Jews as have the alsotriump been changed forever after visiting ME reflect on them as well. Innume d in Israel; others continue to be inspired the Jewish state. Some have come and settle from afar. (Palestinian uprising), however, have generated a more complex The last years of the intifada reaction within the Jewish world. Many Jews have felt that an attackel, with upon whom Israel they is also believe an attack they upon them and feel a renewed connection with the Jews in Isra share a common destiny. Others are troubled by what they understand of Israel's policies, and elationship of the have distanced themselves from the Jewish state, infeeling a poor that light. its Clearlyactions the are r in some measure responsible for Arab terrorism, and also cast them Jewish people to the Zionist cause remains an issue that Jews around the world continue to deal with, a hundred years after Herzl's death. What do Zionism and the State of Israel mean to you, on the most personal level? Is the Zioinst idea an essential part of who you are? Would your life in any way be different if there were no Israel? tence of a Jewish state a source of inspiration or a source of For you personally, is the exis embarrassment? What does it mean to be a Zionist today? Does it mean something different now than it did in Herzl’s time? At the creation of the State? During the Six Day War? 19 Whatever your definition of the word Zionist, do you consider yourself to be one? 4Gateway Organizational infrastructure and diplomatic fervor

Historical If Herzl had been merely another thinker, he would be no more than a historical footnote, and not a particularly distinguished one. Little in background his thought was original. Much of it had been foreshadowed by earlier thinkers such as Pinsker. What set him apart and gave him his extraordinary significance was his ability to translate his theories into practice and to place them on the Jewish – and the international – agenda. His appeal to the masses over the heads of the established Jewish leadership did not end with the publication of The Jewish State in 1896. In 1897, he convened the first Zionist Congress, which established the World Zionist Organization, the authoritative embodiment of the Zionist movement since its inception. Within a few years, the movement would set up a whole host of institutions that would take abstract ideas and turn them into reality. These would include the Jewish Colonial Trust (the Zionist movement's first bank) in 1898, and the Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael (the Jewish National Fund) in 1901. The latter has been a particularly important vehicle for the implementation of the Zionist agenda, initially through its purchase of lands and its leading role in their reclamation and afforestation, and later through its vital contributions in the areas of conservation, water resource development, and education. In addition, Die Welt, the newspaper founded privately by Herzl in 1897 as a vehicle for promoting his ideas, was taken over as the official organ of the Zionist movement at the fifth Zionist Congress in 1903. It was an important instrument for spreading the Zionist idea and was edited over the Willing Dreams into Being Willing years by a group of outstanding intellectuals. Already the first Zionist Congress had an enormous affect on Jews all over Europe but by no means did they all embrace Herzl’s ideas. In fact, there were many who vehemently opposed them. Even among his fellow Zionists there were those who strongly differed with his approach. The Hovevei Zion, for instance, believed the Zionist ideal could be achieved only through large-scale settlement of the land, while Herzl argued that first it was necessary to receive an internationally recognized charter granting the Jewish people sovereignty over a parcel of territory – preferably in Palestine, but not necessarily so. To this end, and ignoring the opposition, Herzl embarked on several years of frenzied diplomatic activity. His ability to meet with world leaders was remarkable and his efforts were tireless, but they were also fruitless in practical terms, at least until the time of his death.

20 Post Card from the 50th anniversary of the 1st Zionist Congress in Basle the 50th anniversary of 1st Zionist Congress from Post Card Gateway 4 The following excerpts from Herzl’s diaries provide an intimate glimpse Never for a moment did I abandon into just a few of the numerous audiences that Herzl was able to arrange the Basle Program [and its call with major world figures of his time: for a Jewish homeland in Eretz T NIsrael]. At one difficult moment General impression: Edmond [de Rothschild] is a decent, good-natured, faint- when I thought all hope was lost… hearted man who utterly fails to understand the matter and who would like I indeed wanted to suggest to you to call it off as a coward tries to call off an imperative surgical operation. I what I believed the circumstances believe he is now disgusted that he ever began with Palestine. And the fate of required… But aware of how this millions hangs on such men! disturbed you so, I now want to say to you, in the language of our forebears, a statement of age-old Yesterday I was with the Pope… He received me standing and held out his comfort – that at this moment, is hand, which I did not kiss… I believe this spoiled my chances with him, for also a personal commitment, "Le- everyone who visits him kneels and at least kisses his hand. This hand kiss had shana ha-ba-ah,b'Yerushalayim" worried me a great deal and I was glad when it was out of the way… - "If I forget you, O Jerusalem, let I briefly laid my request before him. But annoyed perhaps by my refusal my right hand lose its cunning." to kiss his hand, he answered Address to the sixth Zionist Congress in a stern categorical manner: "We are unable to favor this We must found an Arbor Ahad Ha'am, a contemporary movement. We cannot prevent Society for afforesting the of Herzl and his greatest critic the Jews from going to Jerusalem land. Every Jew provides during the early years of the – but we could never sanction AZionist movement, was also well it. The ground of Jerusalem, if for one or more trees. Ten aware of the charismatic power it were not always sacred, has million trees! of his ideological adversary. been sanctified by the life of Theodor Herzl, Diary entry, August 23, The actual, living Herzl said Jesus Christ… The Jews have not 1896 and did much that was open to recognized our Lord, therefore, question; and those who did not we cannot recognize the Jewish 䎲䏑䏈䎃䏒䏉䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏈䏛䏗䏕䏄䏒䏕䏇䏌䏑䏄䏕䏜䎃䏆䏋䏄䏕䏄䏆䏗䏈䏕䏌䏖䏗䏌䏆䏖䎃 Dreams into Being Willing 䏒䏉䎃 䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎃 䏚䏄䏖䎃 䏋䏌䏖䎃 䏄䏅䏌䏏䏌䏗䏜䎃 䏗䏒䎃 䏐䏄䏎䏈䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 willfully blind themselves were people!" bound sometimes to oppose 䏍䏘䏐䏓䎃 䏉䏕䏒䏐䎃 䏗䏋䏒䏘䏊䏋䏗䎃 䏗䏒䎃 䏄䏆䏗䏌䏒䏑䎑䎃 䎰䏒䏖䏗䎃 䏊䏕䏈䏄䏗䎃 䏗䏋䏌䏑䏎䏈䏕䏖䎃 䏄䏕䏈䎃 䏈䏖䏖䏈䏑䏗䏌䏄䏏䏏䏜䎃 䏍䏘䏖䏗䎃 䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃 him most strenuously; and The [German] Kaiser left a deep Ft䎃䏗䏋䏌䏑䏎䏈䏕䏖䎑䎃䎷䏋䏈䎃䏊䏕䏈䏄䏗䏈䏖䏗䎃䏙䏌䏖䏌䏒䏑䏄䏕䏌䏈䏖䎃䏋䏄䏙䏈䎃 even to complain of some of and strong impression on me. 䏘䏖䏘䏄䏏䏏䏜䎃 䏗䏕䏌䏈䏇䎃 䏗䏒䎃 䏌䏑䏖䏓䏌䏕䏈䎃 䏒䏗䏋䏈䏕䏖䎃 䏚䏌䏗䏋䎃 䏗䏋䏈䏌䏕䎃 the methods which he adopted. Afterwards I tried to render it 䏌䏇䏈䏄䏖䎃 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏏䏈䏗䎃 䏗䏋䏈䏐䎃 䏗䏄䏎䏈䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏕䏘䏑䏑䏈䏕䎊䏖䎃 But the ideal figure of Herzl, into a comparison, and hit upon 䏅䏄䏗䏒䏑䎃 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏓䏄䏖䏖䎃 䏌䏗䎃 䏒䏑䎃 䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏕䏈䏄䏏䏐䎃 䏒䏉䎃 which is being created before 䏓䏕䏄䏆䏗䏌䏆䏄䏏䎃䏓䏒䏏䏌䏗䏌䏆䏖䎑䎃䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏇䏌䏉䏉䏈䏕䏈䏑䏗䎑䎃䎫䏈䎃 our eyes in the popular mind the following: I felt as though I 䏓䏕䏒䏊䏕䏈䏖䏖䏈䏇䎃䏉䏕䏒䏐䎃䏌䏇䏈䏄䎃䏗䏒䎃䏕䏈䏄䏏䏌䏝䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃䏄䏖䎃䏌䏉䎃 had entered a magic forest where - what a splendid vision it will 䏌䏗䎃 䏚䏈䏕䏈䎃 䏒䏑䏈䎃 䏄䏆䏗䎑䎃 䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎃 䏘䏑䏇䏈䏕䏖䏗䏒䏒䏇䎃 䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃 be, and how potent its influence the fabulous unicorn is said 䏌䏉䎃䏄䏑䎃䏌䏇䏈䏄䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏗䏒䎃䏏䏈䏄䏇䎃䏓䏈䏒䏓䏏䏈䎃䏉䏒䏕䏚䏄䏕䏇䎏䎃䏌䏗䎃 to dwell. Suddenly there stood 䏑䏈䏈䏇䏈䏇䎃 䏗䏒䎃 䏅䏈䎃 䏗䏕䏄䏑䏖䏏䏄䏗䏈䏇䎃 䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃 䏆䏒䏑䏆䏕䏈䏗䏈䎃 to cleanse that very mind of the before me a splendid woodland 䏗䏈䏕䏐䏖䎑䎃 䎷䏋䏈䎃 䏌䏇䏈䏄䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䎤䏕䏅䏒䏕䎃 䎶䏒䏆䏌䏈䏗䏜䎃 taint of galuth (exile), to awaken animal, with a single horn on 䎐䎃 䏚䏋䏌䏆䏋䎃 䏋䏈䎃 䏆䏒䏑䏆䏈䏌䏙䏈䏇䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏈䏙䏈䏑䎃 䏅䏈䏉䏒䏕䏈䎃 it to a sense of national self- its head. Its looks, however, 䏆䏒䏑䏙䏈䏑䏌䏑䏊䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 K䏕䏖䏗䎃 䎽䏌䏒䏑䏌䏖䏗䎃 䎦䏒䏑䏊䏕䏈䏖䏖䎄䎃 respect, and to whet its desire surprised me less than the fact 䎐䎃䏚䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃䏅䏈䎃䏗䏕䏄䏑䏖䏏䏄䏗䏈䏇䎃䏚䏌䏗䏋䏌䏑䎃䏄䎃䏉䏈䏚䎃䏜䏈䏄䏕䏖䎃 for a real national life! The that it existed. I had previously 䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏖䏒䏏䏌䏇䎃 䏌䏑䏖䏗䏌䏗䏘䏗䏌䏒䏑䏄䏏䎃 䏖䏘䏅䏖䏗䏄䏑䏆䏈䎃 䏒䏉䎃 first fruits of that influence are imagined the appearance, 䏗䏋䏈䎃䎮䏈䏕䏈䏑䎃䎮䏄䏜䏈䏐䏈䏗䎃䎯䏈䎬䏖䏕䏄䏈䏏䎃䎋䏗䏋䏈䎃䎭䏈䏚䏌䏖䏋䎃 already visible, before the month but not the actual breath and 䎱䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䏄䏏䎃 䎩䏘䏑䏇䎌䎑䎃 䎨䏖䏗䏄䏅䏏䏌䏖䏋䏈䏇䎃 䏄䏖䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏄䏕䏐䎃 of mourning is over. And, of 䏒䏉䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䎽䏌䏒䏑䏌䏖䏗䎃 䏐䏒䏙䏈䏐䏈䏑䏗䎃 䏆䏋䏄䏕䏊䏈䏇䎃 䏚䏌䏗䏋䎃 course, imagination has not yet life of this creature. And my 䏏䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏓䏘䏕䏆䏋䏄䏖䏈䎃 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏇䏈䏙䏈䏏䏒䏓䏐䏈䏑䏗䎏䎃 䏚䏌䏗䏋䎃 astonishment grew when the finished its work. The creation 䏖䏓䏈䏆䏌䏄䏏䎃 䏕䏈䏖䏓䏒䏑䏖䏌䏅䏌䏏䏌䏗䏌䏈䏖䎃 䏉䏒䏕䎃 䏕䏈䏆䏏䏄䏐䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 is not yet perfected. As time creature began to speak in a 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏄䏉䏉䏒䏕䏈䏖䏗䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎏䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䎮䎑䎮䎑䎯䎑䎃 䎋䎭䎑䎱䎑䎩䎑䎌䎃 kindly human voice and said: "I 䏓䏏䏄䏑䏗䏈䏇䎃 䏒䏙䏈䏕䎃 䎕䎓䎏䎓䎓䎓䎏䎓䎓䎓䎃 䏗䏕䏈䏈䏖䎃 䏌䏑䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 goes on, and the ideal picture am the fabled unicorn." 䎘䎓䎃䏜䏈䏄䏕䏖䎃䏌䏗䎃䏗䏒䏒䏎䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏖䏗䏄䏗䏈䎃䏗䏒䎃䏆䏒䏐䏈䎃䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃 of the national hero attains its 䏅䏈䏌䏑䏊䎃 Ft䎃 䏗䏚䏌䏆䏈䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏐䏌䏑䏇䎐䏅䏒䏊䏊䏏䏌䏑䏊䎃 䏑䏘䏐䏅䏈䏕䎃 perfect form, he will perhaps 䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎃䏋䏄䏇䎃䏉䏄䏑䏗䏄䏖䏌䏝䏈䏇䎃䏄䏅䏒䏘䏗䎃䏌䏑䎃䎔䎛䎜䎙䎑䎃 become for our day what the Had a long talk with the 䎷䏋䏌䏖䎃䏌䏖䎃䏄䎃䏐䏄䏊䏑䏌K䏆䏈䏑䏗䎃䏈䏛䏄䏐䏓䏏䏈䎃䏒䏉䎃䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎃䏄䏖䎃䏄䎃 old national heroes were for electrical engineer (Johann) 䏓䏕䏄䏆䏗䏌䏆䏄䏏䎃䏙䏌䏖䏌䏒䏑䏄䏕䏜䎑䎃 our ancestors in days gone by; Kremenezky. He is a good the people will make him the Zionist with modern ideas. embodiment of its own national Great chemical industries could be established on the shores of the highly salty ideal, in all its radiance and purity, Dead Sea. The streams feeding it would be diverted and used for drinking and will derive from him strength purposes. They would be replaced by a canal from the Mediterranean, part and courage to struggle onward 21 of which would have to pierce the hills through a tunnel (a tourist spectacle). indefatigably along the hard road The difference between the levels of the two seas (waterfall) could be utilized of history. for driving machines. Many thousands of horse-power. 4Gateway BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH REFLECTIONS The following is drawn from a reminiscence by Maria Maurice Samuel, the Jewish writer and Zionist BStona, a colleague of Herzl’s on the staff of his Viennese publicist,A has recorded the following insightful newspaper. comments about Herzl's consummate political skills, and the impact of his efforts. Meetings with Theodor Herzl were always festive occasions for me, whether I saw him at some social And what a powerful record of the indefatigable function or visited him at home or in his office. His energy, the unshatterable hopefulness, the infinite powerful, noble personality, the forcefulness of his ingenuity which went into the career of the diplomat, ideas always affected me strangely and profoundly. taken up at a moment’s notice by Herzl. He cannot see He was always surrounded by an aura of gentle anybody without asking himself instinctively; "Can I melancholy. Never did I see him laugh heartily. use him? Can he introduce me to somebody who can Concern over his lofty purpose determined his life introduce me to somebody who can introduce me to the more and more; the decision he had formed possessed somebody?" his heart to an ever- increasing degree. Would Herzl ever have achieved anything direct with He once told me, as he gazed out the window of these tortuous negotiations? It is easily permissible to his office upon the cold, bare walls opposite: "My doubt it. It seems quite certain that the Turks did not experience is that of one who has been sitting quietly take him seriously; they took nobody seriously because and happily at his desk when suddenly, startled by their Levantine levity made that impossible. Others a din in the street, he looks out his window and sees a were fascinated by him, but it is doubtful whether group of men engaged in violent dispute. He leaves his they ever saw enough of a quid pro quo in his plans. room and goes down to these people in order to restore Herzl might have gone on for twenty years, offering, peace. But they take him away with them, and do not retracting, arranging, rearranging. And nothing would let him return to his own work. He must help them. My have come of it in that direction. dearest wish is to finish the task I have set myself and But meanwhile he was of course building, largely to return to my study, my dreams, my books – to my without intent, elsewhere. The mere fact of negotiation Willing Dreams into Being Willing own work." was itself the starting point for other, indirect, This joy, this return to himself was denied him. He fell achievements. The breath of a larger world suddenly in the battle into which he had gone voluntarily, for passed - fresh, invigorating - across the tiny-minded idealistic reasons, as a conciliator and a constructive Zionist world of the time… force – he died before he had reached his goal. A modern Moses, he was permitted to see the land of his Marvin Lowenthal, Jewish historian, makes the dreams only from a distance. following comment in his introduction to the edition of Herzl's diaries that he edited. The present State of Israel owes its origin to Theodor Herzl – at least in the sense that he was the catalyst who precipitated the modern forces that brought it to birth. Since Moses, no single man, no Washington or Bismarck, has been to equal degree the father of a country …Thus he became, in Zangwill's phrase, "the first Jewish statesman since the destruction of Jerusalem." He represented and presented not the cause of the Russian Jews, Galician Jews, or any other segment of Jewry, but the cause of the Jewish people as a whole – a people with a common past and the aspiration towards a common future. He put Zionism, the program of this indivisible people, on the map; and, in creating the Zionist 22 Organization, he gave the Jewish people an address. Certificate - issued by The Jewish National Fund Gateway 4 It was scarcely necessary to wait for the appreciation land he develops into a Lover of Zion. He has definite and judgment of history. Herzl knew that the Jewish plans, well-defined ideas, a complete program. He people adored him; he felt that "if he should die soon" has clear views on how to realize the program. As a Ithe whole Jewish people would mourn. But adoration humanitarian he wants to change modern conditions of was not of importance to him. He wanted action. He life. As a moralist he has the highest ethical standards. could not be moved by manifestations of enthusiasm Jacob Hodess, Zionist publicist, commenting on the publication of Herzl's which did not yield practical results. While his diaries inventive mind flashed with ideas which he hastened to materialize, his supporters, as it appeared to him, watched him with not much more than affectionate curiosity. He explored every possibility, and availed himself of every opportunity to advance his cause… "There are dreamers," he writes to Cecil Rhodes, "who glance across great gulfs of time; but they are apt to lack practical sense. Then again there are practical men, like the trust magnates of America, but they lack Dreams into Being Willing political vision." From the exponent of a Jewish State in some indefinite

zl understood was the need to turn caring into doing. As we look around HERZL One thing that Her the Jewish world today, it becomes apparent that the importance of activism has rarely AND been greater. These are years deeply problematic for the Jewish people, attacked from ME without and divided within. Most worrisome of all, perhaps, is the fact that so many Jews have basically opted out of belonging to their people. Apathy in the face of objective crisis is a dangerous phenomenon. At the same time, we can be heartened by the countless who work to strengthen the Jewish collective in the face of those phenomena that threaten it. But it would be naive to understand our history of survival as a guarantee of our continued existence. What is your take on the issues challenging Jewish continuity today? Do you believe the forces of national activism will overcome the forces of national apathy? Do present-day circumstances require the establishment of new organizations, projects, or institutions in the Jewish world? In your local Jewish community? In what ways are you connected to the Jewish collective today, and what are you prepared to do to assure its future? If you are not yet associated with your local Zionist Federation, seek it out, and discover how it is furthering the work of the World Zionist Organization founded by Theodor Herzl more 23 than 100 years ago. 5Gateway From "The Jewish State" to the State of Israel – and beyond Historical On July 3, 1904 (20 Tammuz), Theodor Herzl died of a combination of a weak heart and pneumonia. He was buried next to his father's background grave in Vienna, but willed that the Jewish people re-inter his body in the land of Israel. In August 1949, a year after the establishment of the Jewish state, he was brought to burial on the mountain in Jerusalem bearing his name. Herzl paid a great personal price for his involvement in the Zionist movement. He completely gave up the life to which he had so aspired, that of a European playwright and man of letters, in exchange for the constant stress of public life, and yet there is little doubt Reality Check that his premature death was hastened by the deep anguish he felt over the accusations of many within the Zionist movement that he had abandoned one of its fundamental tenets by advocating the Uganda Plan.* Even before this episode, however, his diaries reflect that he often felt abandoned by his followers and taken advantage of by opportunists, in what he described as essentially a thankless task that was costing him a great deal, damaging his health, and producing precious little in tangible results. Herzl’s family paid a terrible price for his efforts as well, and it has been suggested that the heartbreaking stories of his children, all three of whom died tragically after living lives plagued by illness and mental instability, were in some measure the result of their father’s preoccupation with the Zionist cause. But if on a personal level Herzl’s life was fraught with frustration, from a historical perspective it must be judged a brilliant success. Although at the time of his death the Zionist movement had achieved little in concrete terms, ultimately his efforts would impact the lives of millions. When the State of Israel was founded in 1948, Herzl was revered, quite correctly, as the father figure without whom it would never have come into existence. The years since its establishment have not been easy ones for the Jewish State. Forced to cope with an unremittingly hostile outside world, with neighbours fervently opposed to the very existence of any Jewish enclave in an Arab Middle East, and with the need to absorb millions of immigrants, many of whom had had no experience with modernity and who were desperately poor, Israel has not had an easy path to walk. For these and many other reasons, Israel is not Altneuland - the utopian New Society Herzl envisioned in his 1902 novel. Yet its achievements are unquestionable and unparalleled. Israel has increased its Jewish population by thousands of percent in the years since Herzl's death, successfully melding millions of immigrants from more than 120 countries into a stable and vibrant democracy, the only one in the Middle East. Its advances in such fields as technology, land reclamation, medicine, and agriculture have earned it worldwide admiration. And the list goes on and on. The very real problems cannot and should not be ignored, but for every fault one can point to in Israel, there is also an estimable triumph. Of course there is still much to be done, and Herzl would be the first to recognize that. But what essentially began in the mind and was then committed to paper, is now a concrete reality that is here to stay. With Herzl as their inspiration, the Jewish people willed his dream into being, changing the course of Jewish history forever. The achievement is extraordinary. * Herzl’s proposal that for practical reasons the Zionist movement focus its efforts on obtaining a charter to settle Uganda rather than Palestine created such a furious rift within the organization that he had to withdraw it, despite his deep personal conviction that it would have best served the vital and pressing interests of the Jewish people.

24 Gateway 5 The following excerpts from "Altneuland" give expression I once called Zionism a never-ending to but a few of Herzl’s aspirations for what the Jewish state ideal, and I truly believe that even after he envisioned might evolve into. AllT the buildings [in the Old City of Jerusalem] were we possess our land, the Land of Israel, devoted to religious and benevolent purposes – hospices Zionism will not cease to be an ideal. for pilgrims of all denominations. Moslem, Jewish, and For Zionism as I understand it includes Christian welfare institutions, hospitals, clinics stood side not only the yearning for a plot of by side. In the middle of a great square was the splendid promised land legally acquired for our Peace Palace, where international congresses of peace- lovers and scientists were held, for Jerusalem was now a weary people, but also the yearning for home for all the best strivings of the human spirit: for Faith, ethical and spiritual fulfillment. Love, Knowledge. Herzl, Tikvatenu (Our Hope). March 1904 The "Old-New-Land" had been fructified into a garden and 䎷䏋䏈䎃䏆䏕䏈䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃䏒䏉䎃䏄䎃䎭䏈䏚䏌䏖䏋䎃䏖䏗䏄䏗䏈䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏑䏈䏙䏈䏕䎃䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎊䏖䎃䏖䏒䏏䏈䎃 a home for people who had once been poor, weak, hopeless, Reality Check 䏆䏒䏑䏆䏈䏕䏑䎏䎃䏕䏈䏊䏄䏕䏇䏏䏈䏖䏖䎃䏒䏉䎃䏚䏋䏈䏕䏈䎃䏌䏗䎃䏚䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃䏅䏈䎃䏈䏖䏗䏄䏅䏏䏌䏖䏋䏈䏇䎑䎃 and homeless. 䎫䏈䎃䏚䏄䏖䎃䏄䏏䏚䏄䏜䏖䎃䏆䏒䏑䏆䏈䏕䏑䏈䏇䎃䏄䏖䎃䏚䏈䏏䏏䎃䏚䏌䏗䏋䎃䏌䏗䏖䎃䏆䏋䏄䏕䏄䏆䏗䏈䏕䎑䎃 "I feel myself crushed by all this greatness," sighed 䎱䏒䏚䏋䏈䏕䏈䎃 䏌䏖䎃 䏗䏋䏌䏖䎃 䏅䏈䏗䏗䏈䏕䎃 䏈䏛䏓䏕䏈䏖䏖䏈䏇䎃 䏗䏋䏄䏑䎃 䏌䏑䎃 䏋䏌䏖䎃 䏑䏒䏙䏈䏏䎏䎃 Friedrich, when at least he could speak." 䎤䏏䏗䏑䏈䏘䏏䏄䏑䏇䎏䎃䏚䏋䏌䏆䏋䎃䏋䏈䎃䏚䏕䏒䏗䏈䎃䏌䏑䎃䎔䎜䎓䎕䎑䎃䎬䏉䎃䏑䏒䏗䎃䏄䎃䏊䏕䏈䏄䏗䎃䏑䏒䏙䏈䏏䎃 "Not we," responded David earnestly. "We have not been crushed 䏌䏑䎃 䏏䏌䏗䏈䏕䏄䏕䏜䎃 䏗䏈䏕䏐䏖䎏䎃 䏌䏗䎃 䏌䏖䎃 䏑䏈䏙䏈䏕䏗䏋䏈䏏䏈䏖䏖䎃 䏄䏑䎃 䏈䏛䏗䏕䏄䏒䏕䏇䏌䏑䏄䏕䏜䎃 by the greatness of these forces – it has lifted us up!" 䏚䏒䏕䏎䎃 䏌䏑䎃 䏗䏈䏕䏐䏖䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䏙䏌䏖䏌䏒䏑䎃 䏌䏗䎃 䏓䏕䏈䏖䏈䏑䏗䏖䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏚䏋䏄䏗䎃 䏗䏋䏈䎃 䎭䏈䏚䏌䏖䏋䎃 䎅䎱䏈䏚䎃 䎶䏒䏆䏌䏈䏗䏜䎅䎃 䏐䏌䏊䏋䏗䎃 䏏䏒䏒䏎䎃 䏏䏌䏎䏈䎃 䏗䏚䏈䏑䏗䏜䎃 䏜䏈䏄䏕䏖䎃 We neither reward nor punish our children for their fathers’ 䏄䏉䏗䏈䏕䎃 䏌䏗䏖䎃 䏉䏒䏘䏑䏇䏌䏑䏊䎑䎃 䎯䏌䏎䏈䎃 䏄䏏䏐䏒䏖䏗䎃 䏄䏏䏏䎃 䏘䏗䏒䏓䏌䏄䏑䎃 䏑䏒䏙䏈䏏䏖䎃 䏌䏗䎃 䏖䏘䏉䏉䏈䏕䏖䎃䏉䏕䏒䏐䎃䏄䎃䏆䏈䏕䏗䏄䏌䏑䎃K䏄䏗䏑䏈䏖䏖䎃䏒䏉䎃䏓䏏䏒䏗䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏆䏋䏄䏕䏄䏆䏗䏈䏕䎏䎃 business transactions. Each generation is given a new start. 䏅䏘䏗䎃 䏌䏗䎃 䏇䏒䏈䏖䎃 䏒䏉䏉䏈䏕䎃 䏄䎃 䏉䏄䏖䏆䏌䏑䏄䏗䏌䏑䏊䎃 䏊䏏䏌䏐䏓䏖䏈䎃 䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃 䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䎊䏖䎃 Therefore, all our educational institutions are free from the 䏇䏕䏈䏄䏐䎃䏒䏉䎃䏚䏋䏄䏗䎃䏄䏑䎃䏈䏛䏈䏐䏓䏏䏄䏕䏜䎃䎭䏈䏚䏌䏖䏋䎃䏋䏒䏐䏈䏏䏄䏑䏇䎃䏆䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃 elementary schools to the Zion University. All the pupils 䏇䏈䏙䏈䏏䏒䏓䎃䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃䏌䏑䎃䎨䏕䏈䏗䏝䎃䎬䏖䏕䏄䏈䏏䎑 must wear the same kind of simple clothing… We think it 䎷䏋䏈䎃䏒䏘䏗䏏䏌䏑䏈䎃䏒䏉䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏑䏒䏙䏈䏏䎃䏌䏖䎃䏖䏌䏐䏓䏏䏈䎃䎑䎃䎬䏗䎃䏒䏓䏈䏑䏖䎃䏌䏑䎃䎔䎜䎓䎕䎑䎃 unethical to single out children according to their parents’ 䎩䏕䏌䏈䏇䏕䏌䏆䏋䎏䎃 䏄䎃 䏜䏒䏘䏑䏊䎃 䎭䏈䏚䎃 䏉䏕䏒䏐䎃 䎹䏌䏈䏑䏑䏄䎃 䎋䏄䏑䏇䎃 䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䙹䏖䎃 wealth or social rank. That would be bad for all of them. 䏄䏏䏗䏈䏕䎐䏈䏊䏒䎌䎃䏌䏖䎃䏇䏌䏖䏊䏘䏖䏗䏈䏇䎃䏅䏜䎃䏚䏋䏄䏗䎃䏋䏈䎃䏓䏈䏕䏆䏈䏌䏙䏈䏖䎃䏒䏉䎃䏄䏖䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃 The children from the well-to-do families would become 䏖䏋䏄䏏䏏䏒䏚䏑䏈䏖䏖䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏆䏌䏙䏌䏏䏌䏝䏈䏇䎃 䏏䏌䏉䏈䎃 䏗䏋䏕䏒䏘䏊䏋䏒䏘䏗䎃 䏗䏘䏕䏑-䏒䏉-䏗䏋䏈- lazy and arrogant, the others embittered. 䏆䏈䏑䏗䏘䏕䏜䎃 䎨䏘䏕䏒䏓䏈䎏䎃 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏇䏌䏖䏆䏒䏘䏕䏄䏊䏈䏇䎃 䏅䏜䎃 䏋䏌䏖䎃 䏒䏅䏖䏈䏕䏙䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃 K 䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏒䏓䏓䏒䏕䏗䏘䏑䏌䏗䏌䏈䏖䎃䏉䏒䏕䎃䏊䏈䏑䏘䏌䏑䏈䎃䏉䏘䏏 䏏䏏䏐䏈䏑䏗䎃䏄䏕䏈䎃䏏䏌䏐䏌䏗䏈䏇䎏䎃 [Miriam] has duties and performs them, because she also 䏓䏄䏕䏗䏌䏆䏘䏏䏄䏕䏏䏜䎃䏉䏒䏕䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎭䏈䏚䏖䎑䎃䎤䏗䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏄䏊䏈䎃䏒䏉䎃䎕䎖䎏䎃䏋䏈䎃䏏䏈䏄䏙䏈䏖䎃 has rights. In our New Society the women have equal rights 䎨䏘䏕䏒䏓䏈䎃䏉䏒䏕䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏓䏕䏌䏙䏄䏗䏈䎃䏌䏖䏏䏄䏑䏇䎃䏒䏉䎃䏄䏑䎃䏒䏏䏇䏈䏕䎃䏆䏒䏐䏓䏄䏑䏌䏒䏑䎏䎃 䎮䏌䏑䏊䏖䏆䏒䏘䏕䏗䎏䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏗䏚䏒䎃䏄䏕䏈䎃䏆䏒䏐䏓䏏䏈䏗䏈䏏䏜䎃䏆䏘䏗䎃䏒䏉䏉䎃䏉䏕䏒䏐䎃 with the men… They have active and passive suffrage as a 䏗䏋䏈䎃䏕䏈䏖䏗䎃䏒䏉䎃䏆䏌䏙䏌䏏䏌䏝䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎑䎃䎷䏚䏈䏑䏗䏜䎃䏜䏈䏄䏕䏖䎃䏏䏄䏗䏈䏕䎃䏗䏋䏈䏜䎃䏐䏄䏎䏈䎃 matter of course. They worked faithfully beside us during 䏄䎃䏗䏕䏌䏓䎃䏗䏒䎃䎳䏄䏏䏈䏖䏗䏌䏑䏈䎑䎃䎨䏙䏈䏕䏜䏗䏋䏌䏑䏊䎃䏗䏋䏈䏜䎃䏈䏛䏓䏈䏕䏌䏈䏑䏆䏈䎃䏒䏑䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃 the reconstruction period. Their enthusiasm lent wings to the 䏑䏈䏛䏗䎃䎕䎘䎓䎃䏓䏄䏊䏈䏖䎃䏒䏕䎃䏖䏒䎃䏌䏖䎃䎫䏈䏕䏝䏏䙹䏖䎃䏌䏐䏄䏊䏌䏑䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃䏕䏘䏑䎃䏚䏌䏏䏇䎏䎃 men’s courage. It would have been the blackest ingratitude 䏋䏌䏖䎃䏉䏄䏑䏗䏄䏖䏜䎃䏒䏉䎃䏚䏋䏄䏗䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎭䏈䏚䏌䏖䏋䎃䏓䏈䏒䏓䏏䏈䎃䏚䏒䏘䏏䏇䎃䏄䏆䏋䏌䏈䏙䏈䎃 if we had relegated them to the servants’ hall or to a harem. 䏗䏚䏒䎃䏇䏈䏆䏄䏇䏈䏖䎃䏄䏉䏗䏈䏕䎃䏒䏅䏗䏄䏌䏑䏌䏑䏊䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏕䏌䏊䏋䏗䎃䏗䏒䎃䏕䏈䏗䏘䏕䏑䎃䏗䏒䎃䏗䏋䏈䏌䏕䎃 䏋䏒䏐䏈䏏䏄䏑䏇䎑 …she is at the head of the greatest eye clinic in the world. 䎷䏋䏈䎃 䏖䏒䏆䏌䏈䏗䏜䎃 䎩䏕䏌䏈䏇䏕䏌䏆䏋䎃 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䎮䏌䏑䏊䏖䏆䏒䏘䏕䏗䎃 䏈䏑䏆䏒䏘䏑䏗䏈䏕䎃 May I bring these gentlemen to your clinic, Doctor, when we 䏌䏖䎃 䏗䏋䏒䏕䏒䏘䏊䏋䏏䏜䎃 䏐䏒䏇䏈䏕䏑䎏䎃 䏗䏈䏆䏋䏑䏒䏏䏒䏊䏌䏆䏄䏏䏏䏜䎃 䏄䏇䏙䏄䏑䏆䏈䏇䎏䎃 come to Jerusalem? Large numbers of people, gentlemen, 䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏖䏒䏆䏌䏄䏏䏏䏜䎃 䏓䏕䏒䏊䏕䏈䏖䏖䏌䏙䏈䎏䎃 䏕䏈䏓䏏䏈䏗䏈䎃 䏚䏌䏗䏋䎃 䏄䏑䎃 䏈䏛䏗䏈䏑䏖䏌䏙䏈䎃 have had their eyesight saved or restored there… People 䏑䏈䏗䏚䏒䏕䏎䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏕䏄䏌䏏䏚䏄䏜䏖䎏䎃 䏈䏏䏈䏆䏗䏕䏌䏆䏄䏏䎃 䏓䏒䏚䏈䏕䎃 䏓䏏䏄䏑䏗䏖䎏䎃 䏐䏒䏇䏈䏕䏑䎃 come from all over Northern Africa and Asia. The blessings 䏆䏈䏐䏈䏑䏗䎃 䏉䏄䏆䏗䏒䏕䏌䏈䏖䎏䎃 䏄䎃 䏆䏒䏐䏓䏕䏈䏋䏈䏑䏖䏌䏙䏈䎃 䏖䏜䏖䏗䏈䏐䎃 䏒䏉䎃 䏚䏄䏗䏈䏕䎃 bestowed by our medical institutions have won us more 䏆䏒䏏䏏䏈䏆䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏌䏕䏕䏌䏊䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎏䎃䏖䏒䏓䏋䏌䏖䏗䏌䏆䏄䏗䏈䏇䎃䏆䏌䏗䏜䎃䏓䏏䏄䏑䏑䏌䏑䏊䎏䎃䏄䎃 friends in Palestine and the neighboring countries than all 䏓䏕䏒䏊䏕䏈䏖䏖䏌䏙䏈䎃䏓䏈䏑䏄䏏䎃䏖䏜䏖䏗䏈䏐䎏䎃䏘䏑䏌䏙䏈䏕䏖䏄䏏䎃䏖䏘䏉䏉䏕䏄䏊䏈䎏䎃䏗䏒䏏䏈䏕䏄䏑䏆䏈䎃 our industrial and technical progress. 䏒䏉䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏖䏗䏕䏄䏑䏊䏈䏕䎏䎃䏉䏕䏈䏈䎃䏈䏇䏘䏆䏄䏗䏌䏒䏑䎃䏗䏋䏕䏒䏘䏊䏋䎃䏘䏑䏌䏙䏈䏕䏖䏌䏗䏜䎏䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃 䏖䏘䏓䏈䏕䏌䏒䏕䎃䏐䏈䏇䏌䏆䏄䏏䎃䏉䏄䏆䏌䏏䏌䏗䏌䏈䏖䎑䎃䎩䏘䏕䏗䏋䏈䏕䏐䏒䏕䏈䎏䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏈䏆䏒䏑䏒䏐䏜䎃 䏌䏖䎃䏗䏋䏕䏌䏙䏌䏑䏊䎏䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏇䏈䏖䏈䏕䏗䎃䏋䏄䏖䎃䏅䏏䏒䏒䏐䏈䏇䎏䎃䏄䏑䏗䏌䏖䏈䏐䏌䏗䏌䏖䏐䎃䏋䏄䏖䎃 Toleration can and must always rest on reciprocity. Only 䏙䏄䏑䏌䏖䏋䏈䏇䎃䏄䏏䏗䏒䏊䏈䏗䏋䏈䏕䎏䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䏌䏑䏇䏌䏊䏈䏑䏒䏘䏖䎃䎤䏕䏄䏅䏖䎃䏋䏄䏙䏈䎃䏑䏒䏗䎃 when the Jews, forming the majority in Palestine, showed 䏒䏑䏏䏜䎃䏚䏈䏏䏆䏒䏐䏈䏇䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎭䏈䏚䏖䎃䏚䏌䏗䏋䎃䏒䏓䏈䏑䎃䏄䏕䏐䏖䎏䎃䏅䏘䏗䎃䏄䏏䏖䏒䎃䏉䏘䏏䏏䏜䎃 themselves tolerant, were they shown more toleration in all 䏌䏑䏗䏈䏊䏕䏄䏗䏈䏇䎃 䏌䏑䏗䏒䎃 䏗䏋䏌䏖䎃 䎱䏈䏚䎃 䎶䏒䏆䏌䏈䏗䏜䎑䎃 䎷䏋䏈䎃 䏅䏒䏒䏎䎃 䏓䏕䏒䏙䏌䏇䏈䏖䎃 other countries. 䏉䏄䏖䏆䏌䏑䏄䏗䏌䏑䏊䎃 䏅䏄䏆䏎䏊䏕䏒䏘䏑䏇䎃 䏄䏊䏄䏌䏑䏖䏗䎃 䏚䏋䏌䏆䏋䎃 䏗䏒䎃 䏆䏒䏑䏖䏌䏇䏈䏕䎃 䏄䏏䏏䎃 䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃䏗䏋䏈䎃䎽䏌䏒䏑䏌䏖䏗䎃䏐䏒䏙䏈䏐䏈䏑䏗䎃䏋䏄䏖䎃䏄䏏䏕䏈䏄䏇䏜䎃䏄䏆䏋䏌䏈䏙䏈䏇䎏䎃䏄䏑䏇䎃 All that you have cultivated will be worthless and your fields 䏄䏏䏏䎃䏗䏋䏄䏗䎃䏕䏈䏐䏄䏌䏑䏖䎃䏗䏒䎃䏅䏈䎃䏇䏒䏑䏈䎑 will again be barren, unless you also cultivate freedom of thought and expression, generosity of spirit, and love for humanity. These are the things you must cherish and nurture. The needy sick only have to apply to the public charities. No one is turned away… We should be ashamed to send a 25 patient from one hospital to the other as used to be done in the old days. If one hospital is full, an ambulance in its courtyard will at once take an applicant to another where beds are available. 5Gateway BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH REFLECTIONS The following story comes from the memoirs of Zvi What Herzl depicted [in Old-New Land] was not Maslianski, a Zionist activist, who relates an anecdote a practical scheme of settlement but a futuristic utopia Bthat he heard from Herzl's successor as head of the Rcreated de novo, with no links to the past. The real Zionist movement, David Wolffsohn. advantage of settling in Palestine, Herzl insisted, was The latter told Maslianski of the that it was so "primitive and occasion on which he accompanied neglected." As a result, Jews Herzl to Palestine in 1898. could start afresh, without being encumbered either by inherited "When our ship left Port Said, bound institutions, pre-industrial social for Jaffa," began Wolffsohn, "it was classes, or an obsolete technological evening. All of us knew that we infrastructure… Palestine was should land in Palestine the following a blank slate on which human will morning. And all of us, myself Reality Check and ingenuity could write what included, retired to our cabins for the it wished. Palestine answered to a night. Only Herzl did not think of futuristic vision… resting, but remained on deck". Herzl depicted a fully developed, "I was sound asleep – for it was advanced industrial society… When already long past midnight – when Friedrich, the novel’s protagonist, I heard some one calling: ‘David! and his friend, the Prussian ex-calvary Are you sleeping, my friend?’ officer, Kingscourt, enter Haifa [in I felt a hand pass gently over my an imagined 1923… Palestine has face as the voice become a major entrepot, a hub of international trade. Automobiles rush by on the wide streets. A network of elevated electric trains ring the city… In a breathtaking imaginative leap, Herzl depicted Palestine as far more advanced than Europe… The Dead Sea Canal, stretching from the Mediterranean to the Dead Sea, feeds a series of electric power stations and pours limitless gallons of water into the desert, sustaining its rich agricultural yields…

The Jewish state was to be a model of modern liberty and economic justice. As such it was to be purged of historical anachronisms… In an age of large-scale agricultural production, the peasant was continued: ‘Don’t economically obsolete…… By the same token the you want to see our mother Zion, role of the rabbis was to be restricted, David? Get up – the light of morning is already subordinated shining on the towers of Jaffa! We can to the state’s already see their gleaming!’ " policy of religious "Rising from my bed, I was amazed pluralism. to see Herzl attired as for an audience Rabbis were with an emperor. His face glowing, to have "no his eyes shining, he exclaimed; privileged ‘Come, David, get dressed! Let us go voice in the see our beloved motherland!’ " state." They were to stir "I dressed and we went up on deck, national whence we could see the pointed enthusiasm minarets of Jaffa beckoning to us. We and teach fell into each other’s arms, and tears patriotism, beyond that rose to our eyes as we whispered softly; their influence would be restricted. Our country! Our mother Zion! " ‘ ’ Jacques Kornberg, from his preface to the 1997 edition of "Old New Land" 26 Z.H. Masliansky Gateway5 In Old-New Land there is neither war nor preparation for war… There is no tinge of imperialistic desire throughout the borders of the land. Toleration for the stranger goes to such lengths that the Jewish coloring of the Utopia seems at times to fade out altogether! Its form of economic organization makes impossible the grinding Iof the faces of the poor, and from every other paragraph tacitly speakes the keen desire that all mankind may profit by the lessons the Jews have learned through their own travail without demanding impossible things from human nature.

Old-New Land… rewards the reader with an insight into the workings of a great soul that found martyrdom when it tried to redeem its people, without ever knowing that the martyrdom achieved its purpose. And the study of the reality of Eretz Yisrael today in the light of his vision must stir wonder, if not awe. As we ponder, let us not forget

that but for that vision, much of what has come Reality Check to pass in Palestine would never have known its beginnings. Lotta Levensohn from the introduction to her translation of "Altneuland", 1929

Decoration for Independence Day Israel 1971. Published by the "Paintings Centre", Tel-Aviv. Designed by Arien Moskowitz

Playing leaflet for Learning Hebrew Eretz-Lsrael 1904. Designed and illustrted by Miriam Riter-Zedek, published by Barl evy. Tel-Aviv

HERZL What would Herzl say about the modern State of Israel? Would he recognize it as the fruit of his labors, or is the Jewish state that has come into being so foreign to his vision AND that he would be unable to orientate himself within it? ME Probably the answer is a little of both. Israel today is certainly not the utopia Herzl described in Altneuland in 1902, yet an amazing number of social innovations he foresaw then have been vital in shaping Israel as it is: universal suffrage for women, socialized medicine, cooperative agricultural villages, a rich and diverse cultural life incorporating influences from around the world, free and compulsory education, and a highly developed economy with cutting-edge achievements in science, technology, agriculture and medicine that benefit not only Israel’s citizensAltneuland but ,also for the citizens of the world. But the State of Israel is also plagued by many problems, external and internal, that Herzl did not foresee, or which he believed would disappear. In example, the New Society had no army because the Jewish state had been wholeheartedly welcomed into the region by the neighboring Arab states, and antisemitism had disappeared from the face of the earth forever! Each generation must embrace Herzl’s legacy anew, and continue the struggle to create of the 27 Jewish state all that it might be. What is your role going to be in the process? ______NOTES: ______NOTES: ______

Herzl: Up Close and Personal In Pursuit of the Zionist Vision

a traveling exhibition celebrating the visionary of the Jewish state

giving life to the man and the ideals which motivated him

and conveying Zionism as the rich and compelling ideology it continues to be today

Herzl: Up Close and Personal, designed for adults and suitable for audiences aged 16 and up, includes:

28 beautifully produced and easily assembled interlocking panels of stimulating visuals and texts

a convenient visitor's guide introducing the concepts of the exhibition

an engaging, interactive exhibition handbook, expanding upon the themes of the display

an educator's handbook appropriate for teachers, youth leaders, program directors, and community workers that contains lesson plans and resources for five 2-hour sessions

Herzl: Up Close and Personal is appropriate for:

display in schools, synagogues, community centres, sports clubs, and cultural halls

exhibition at special events, concerts, community celebrations, and public ceremonies, museums, and city halls

presentation at seminars, retreats, conferences, in-service training programs, and study days

The exhibition is modular and can be set up in open areas as small as 25 square meters (approximately 250 square feet) or the length of 16 meters

(approximately 50 feet).

31 Herzl: Up Close and Personal available for purchase or loan through your local Zionist federation

For more information:

The Department for Zionist Activities

World Zionist Organization

P.O. Box 92, Jerusalem 91000, Israel

Tel. xx-972-2-620-2134 Fax: xx-972-2-620-4182

E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.doingzionsm.org.il

Special Thanks to:

The Pedagogic Center, The Department for Jewish Zionist Education, The Jewish Agency for Israel

Dr. Motti Friedman for educational consultation and the use of his personal archives

Dr. Chani Hinker for historical research

Gila Ansell-Brauner for assisting with copyrights

Photographers Sasson Tiram, Doron Nissim, and Joe Malcome for the permission to use their photographs

The Archive of Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael

Memri, The Middle East Media Research Institute for permission to reproduce cartoons

Graphic Design: Studio "Shoshana Shahar" - Reut G.

Cover Design: "Big" Design

32 A project of the Herzl Museum and Educational Center Department for Zionist Activities World Zionist Organization in conjunction with MELITZ The Centers for Jewish Zionist Education and with the support of Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael

Conception & Senior Educational Consultant Dr. David Breakstone Head of the Department for Zionist Activities, WZO

Senior Consultant Ariella Zeevi, Director General, MELITZ

Creative Director and Project Manager Shira Steinitz, Director for Creative Development, MELITZ

Editorial Board Dr. David Breakstone, Steve Israel, Dr. David Mendelsson, Matt Plen, Shira Steinitz, Ariella Zeevi

Special Advisor Dr. Motti Friedman

Consultants Ilan Rubin Director General, Department for Zionist Activities, WZO Lifsha Ben-Shach Director of Community Services Department for Zionist Activities, WZO

Exhibition Design Monica Katzman, Panorama Print Imaging, Jerusalem Herzl: Up Close and Personal in pursuit of the Zionist vision

a traveling exhibition celebrating the visionary of the

Jewish state, giving life to the man and the ideals which

motivated him, and conveying Zionism as the rich and

compelling ideology it continues to be today

Department for Zionist Activities World Zionist Organization