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SALMON SHARK MA,Xl.'AE AKU-B-86-00l C3 SALMON SHARK MA,xl.'AE. 7 hoDD c'l pE tMa'tlat 0 l a CEEHt rEt.'rt.'E J.lStE,I 1'tEE.E iE.,ah it i k, l. c'!>!a' t I"ii! Et.'IX' 1EEllEC 4 .E t Il f~'ti'tl I ' Brian Paust ta't and i,,'~Pgr at RonaldSmith:Xlaaka<ca Rt',porthara!'.t Unl~ersity of .alaska Xlat. l9S6 Alaska Sea Grant College Program 590 University Avenue, Suite 'l02 Fairbanks, AK 99709-1046 SALHON SHARK HANUAL by Brian Paust Marine Advisory Program University of Alaska Petersburg, Alaska and Rona id Sml th University of Alaska Institute of Harine Science Fairbanks, Alaska T. Frady Editor NATIGliALSEAGRANE DEPOSITORY PELLLIBRARY BUlLOlll6 UR1,NARRAGAHMTT SAYCAVPUS NAiNAGANSETT,RlG2INZ ~K- S G-86-0 l University of Alaska Hay l986 ACKHOWLEOGEHE ITS Thispublication is the resul t of worksponsored by the Alaska Sea Grant College Program, Project numbers A/71-01 and A/75-01, Grant number NA82AA-D- OOO44F,TheAlaska Sea Grant Program is cooperat ively sponsoredbylslOAA Offf ceof SeaGrant and Extra-Hura i Programs, U.S .Depa rtment of Cormerce; and bythe University of Alaskawi th fundsappropriated by the state. Theauthors would l ike to thankDick Reynolds of the Alaska Department of Coy~erceandEconomic Development Office of Commercial Fisheries Development forproviding the financial support to conduct the Southeast Alaska Salmon Sharkproject experimental fishery ~ Thanksalso to KyleSchlecta who volun- tariiyserved asofficial documentor duringthat project and to f/V ~Lesie Ann ownerand skipper Dale Bosworth for his assi stance and the use of several milesof halibutlongl ine during the experimental f ishery. The Ca 1 forniai Sea GrantCol lege Program graciously lentgangions foruse during the project. Technicalreview was provided bya numberofpeople. The authors appreciate andacknowledge thehelp of Sid Cook, ofArgus-Hariner inCorval 1 is,Oreg.; JohnDoyle ofthe University ofAlaska Marine Advisory Program inAnchorage, Alaska;Barry Bracken ofthe Alaska Department ofFish and Game inPetersburg, Alaska;Rich Randal 1 ofthe Alaska Department ofFish and Game inCordova, Alaska;JimParker ofSitka, Alaska; Terry Johnson of Sitka, Alaska; Michael Kaliof the Alaska Department ofFish and Game in Anchorage, Alaska; Bob Dvorakof Hawal l Shark Processors in Kapaau, Hawai i; Chri s DeweesandBob Priceofthe California SeaGrant College Program inDavis, Calif.; and Gregor Callilet ofHoss Landing Marine Labs in Moss Landing, Calif. TABLE OF CONTENTS ~Pae Introduction xiii l. SoutheastAlaska SalmonShark Project SEASSP! Project location Project description 3 Gear 5 12 Discussion , 2. Edibility 15 3. Review of Sharks Found in Alaska Waters Lamni dae: mackerel s har ks 19 Hexanchidae: cow sharks 25 Cetorhinidae: basking shark . 31 Carcharhinidae: requiem sharks 35 Squalidae: dogfish sharks 41 Squatinidae: angel sharks 47 Alopiidae: thresher sharks 51 55 4. Review of Alaskan Skates 5. SharkTaxonomy with Special Reference to the ElasmobranchFish 59 of Alaska Biological classification ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 59 6o Salmon shark or porbeagle7 ~ ~ ComprehensiveReview of SalmonShark Distribution 63 Geographicdi stribution of salmonshark in theNorth Paci f ic, 63 Distribution of the blue shark,a sympatricspecies 65 Sa1 monshark di st r ibut i on in A askaI water s 66 Reviewof fisheriesprojects in the NorthPacific considering factors relating to salmonshark distribution NorthPacific Fisheries Commission epipe'lag ic fisheries 70 survey of 1955 Amchitkabioenvironmenta 1 program of 1965-1971 70 JapanMarine Fishery Resource Research Center JAMARC! 1978-1980northwestern Pacific Oceansurvey 72 Canadianand West Coast flying squidexper imenta I fishery TABLE OF CONTENTS Cont lnued! Pacae Factorsinfluencing the concentration of fish speciesin the +p<pelaglc zone ~ ~~ ~+ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ t~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ + ~ ~~ ~~ 73 »gratory behaviorof thesalmon shark and other pelagic 76 Sha rks 0<f1 nihgthe salmonshark's range 77 > «luenceof watertemperature ondistribution of fish species 78 Vertical distribution of the salmonshark 81 Reviewof the temperaturestructure of the North Pacific epipeiagic zone .... 83 Sharp sea surfacetemperature gradients in the westernand eastern North Pacific: implicationsfor fisheries projects 86 Notes on the vertical distribution of sharks 87 7. FeedingSehav for andPrey Relationshipsof the SalmonShark 89 Bistribvt ion of pelagic fish andtheir prey 89 Review of prey detection strategies 90 Predatory behavior of the salmon shark 90 Predatory behaviorand its relation to vertical and horizontal Alove II%n t I ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ 93 Shark predation on the Pacific salmon 96 Known sa lmon shark prey 102 8. Reviewof the FunctionalBiology and Physiology of the Lamnid 103 Sha rks 9, Shark ReproductiveStrategies ......,....... 123 10. Shark Growth 13'l 11. SuaMnaryLl st of Knownand Suspected Sa lmon Shark. Behavior 133 12. Reviewof FundamentalProblems of ElasmobranchFisheries 137 Management ~ ~ ~ Significant problemsfacing the shark fisheries manager i 39 SalmonShark Researchand Harvesting ln Japan i 55 Salmonshark f i shinggear used in theJapanese f 1 shery 157 Reviewof the salmonshark commercial fishery and research catch statistics producedin Japanesefisheries 158 lv TABLE OF CONTENTS Continuedj ~Pa e 14. North American and EuropeanShark Flsherias; Review of Fishing Methods and Gear ...........,....,...,......,.....,.....,..., 165 Shark longl lnlng gear ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~e ~ + +~ o~ ~ ~ ~~ e e ~ t ~ e i68 Basic description of longl lne components: gang lans 178 Basic description of longline components; bait select Ion .. 185 The development of the salmon shark dragline 189 The potential use of vertical longllnes ln Alaskan shark f i sher les 192 The potential use of gt llnets In Alaskan shark fisheries 196 Some conclusions concerning the salmon shark project 197 15. The Development of Sport Fisheries for the Salmon Shark In 201 Alaska . 16. Compiled LIst of Practical Shark Fishing Strategies with Special Attention to Coalnerclal Harvesting of Salmon Shark .....,...... 203 Equ'Ipment and operation 203 Behavior and biological factors 204 Fishing operations 205 Gear . ~ 925 ~ 206 Handling 211 Harketlng AWED ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ 92~ ~ 4y+ ~ ~ ~ 92 212 17. Reviewof ContemporaryShark FoodProducts and Conmercial By-Products ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ t ~ 4 F 4' ~ 213 18. A Reviewof the Characteristics and Preparation of Shark Meat 215 215 Introduction ~ ~' AD + 4 ~ + A brief review of consumer attitudes toward shark meat 218 Shark meat market forms with special attention to the marketing of salmon shark and porbeagle shark 221 224 Yield e t ~ ~e ~ ~ ~ Other considerations 225 Shark meat and human nutrition 227 The preparation of shark meat 230 19. SomeFrank Coelnents About HercuryContamination in the North 231 Pacific Ocean TABLEOF CONTENTS Continued! ~Pae introduction . - - ~ I ~ 231 Hercury In Alaskanmarine waters 232 Current regu'Ia'tionsper'taining to mercury in seafoods 235 20, SharkQuality ControlStandards: Background information for Shark Harvesters and Processors 237 I nt rocluct I on ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~+ ~ 237 /vali ty contro 1 st rateg I es ~ ~ ~ t ~ 4 ~ ~ 238 Review of body parts ~ ++ t ~ ~ ~ 238 Thc nature and elimination of urea in shark meat 239 Harvesting methodand product quality 245 RevIew of quality control procedures suggested for use aboard fishing vessels .. 247 The necessity of proper onboard sanitary practices 250 Onboardchil ling and freezing of shark meat 251 The "burnt tuna" phenomenon:a potential problem for sharks T 253 Comserclai processing and cold storage of shark meat: a review ...,. 254 Testing procedures to determine quality of shark meat 257 21, The HandlIng of Shark Onboard Small Fishing Vessels 259 22. Economic Iaekground of World Shark Fisheries with Attention to the Ocvaloping Salmon Shark Fisheries of the North Pacific 269 Patterns of nodern shark exploitation 269 U.S. and world shark production levels 270 Expansion of U.S. domestic markets for lesser known marine fish and shel'Ifish species: incentives for prospective shark marketers 273 Genera! domestic marketing t rends for shark meat 274 Overviewof basic shark productmarketing strategies 275 Proposedshark marketing strategies 27> Potential economicvalue of shark production in U S- regional fisheries 2B: VI TABLEOF CONTENTS Continued! ~Pae Introduction to Economfc problems fn pefagic shark fisher fes from a management perspective 285 Review of the economics of the Japanese dfrected fishery on salmon shark ....,...,...,,..., 287 8rief review of processed salmon shark products of potential economfcvalue in the proposedAlaskan f Ishery 288 Traditional coImnercial f'Ishlng methods for pelagic shark species: the economic perspective ,........... 289 23. Processing and Marketfng Shark Fins 293 Introduction ... 293 Some structural consIderetlons 293 Marketability of shark fins 295 1nltlaf fin processing 298 Flnaf processing of fins 300 Marketing shark fins 302 Culinary use of shark fins 305 Shark's F'In Soup 306 24. Processfngand Marketing SharkSy-Products: Blood Serum, Cartilage, and Livers 307 I ntroduct i on 307 H eparin 4 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 307 Artificial skin 307 Shark cert i lage and anti-cancer pharmaceutieels 308 Shark blood and serum In anti-cancer pharmaceutfeels ...... 309 Use of shark livers for preparation of fndustrial and pharmaceutical products 311 Economics and marketing of shark livers 311 Review of the composftifonof shark lfver oil 5 e ~ 313 8rief review of handling methodsfor shark I lvers 316 25. The Processingand Marketingof Shark Hides 317 I nt rodu c t I on 317 Market specifications for shark hides »8 VI
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