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Ressources En Eaux Transfrontières En Tunisie

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République Tunisienne Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pêche Direction Générale des Ressources en Eau Ressources en eaux Transfrontières en Tunisie FRIGUI Hassen Lotfi Ph.D. Hydrologue: Directeur Général des Ressources en Eau Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pêche Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 1 Sommaire 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie 2. Les eaux de surface transfrontières 3. Les eaux souterraines tranfrontières 4. Coopération Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 2 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie Localisation Longitudes : 7° et 12° Est Latitudes : 32° et 38° Nord Superficie : 164 000 km² Hétérogénéité climatique deux domaines climatiques bien opposés : Méditerranée (domaine tempéré humide ) Sahara (domaine tropical aride ) Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 3 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie Répartition de la pluie annuelle en Tunisie BIZERTE ARIANA MANOUBATUNIS BEJA BEN AROUS JENDOUBA NABEUL ZAGHOUAN LE KEF SILIANA SOUSSE MONASTIR KAIROUAN MAHDIA KASSERINE SIDI BOUZID SFAX KERKENAH GAFSA TOZEUR GABES JERBA KEBILI MEDNINE TATAOUINE Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 4 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 5 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie Années de forte sécheresse 1867 (3S* ) BIZERTE BIZERTE BIZERTE ARIANA ARIANA ARIANA MANOUBATUNIS MANOUBATUNIS MANOUBATUNIS BEJA BEN AROUS BEJA BEN AROUS BEJA BEN AROUS JENDOUBA JENDOUBA JENDOUBA NABEUL NABEUL NABEUL ZAGHOUAN ZAGHOUAN ZAGHOUAN LE KEF LE KEF LE KEF SILIANA SILIANA SILIANA SOUSSE SOUSSE SOUSSE MONASTIR MONASTIR MONASTIR KAIROUAN KAIROUAN KAIROUAN MAHDIA MAHDIA MAHDIA KASSERINE KASSERINE KASSERINE SIDI BOUZID SIDI BOUZID SIDI BOUZID SFAX KERKENAH SFAX KERKENAH SFAX KERKENAH GAFSA GAFSA GAFSA TOZEUR TOZEUR TOZEUR GABES GABES GABES JERBA JERBA JERBA KEBILI KEBILI KEBILI MEDNINE MEDNINE MEDNINE TATAOUINE TATAOUINE TATAOUINE 1937-1938 1947-1948 1960-1961 Années du riz Révoltes paysannes Années du riz Exode rural Exode rural *Sirocco Epidémies Sauterelles Famines 6 Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 Sécheresse Perte du cheptel 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie Années de forte sécheresse 1987-1988 et 1993-1994 BIZERTE BIZERTE ARIANA ARIANA MANOUBATUNIS MANOUBATUNIS BEJA BEN AROUS BEJA BEN AROUS JENDOUBA JENDOUBA NABEUL NABEUL ZAGHOUAN ZAGHOUAN LE KEF LE KEF SILIANA SILIANA SOUSSE SOUSSE MONASTIR MONASTIR KAIROUAN KAIROUAN MAHDIA MAHDIA KASSERINE KASSERINE SIDI BOUZID SIDI BOUZID SFAX KERKENAH SFAX KERKENAH GAFSA GAFSA TOZEUR TOZEUR GABES GABES JERBA JERBA KEBILI KEBILI MEDNINE MEDNINE TATAOUINE TATAOUINE 1987-1988 1993-1994 Pas de grandes conséquences socio économiques Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 7 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie 1969 -1970 ; 1972 -1973 et 2002 – 2003 BIZERTE BIZERTE ARIANA ARIANA MANOUBATUNIS MANOUBATUNIS BEJA BEN AROUS BEJA BEN AROUS JENDOUBA JENDOUBA NABEUL NABEUL ZAGHOUAN ZAGHOUAN LE KEF LE KEF SILIANA SILIANA SOUSSE SOUSSE MONASTIR MONASTIR KAIROUAN KAIROUAN MAHDIA MAHDIA KASSERINE KASSERINE SIDI BOUZID SIDI BOUZID SFAX KERKENAH SFAX KERKENAH GAFSA GAFSA TOZEUR TOZEUR GABES GABES JERBA JERBA KEBILI KEBILI MEDNINE MEDNINE TATAOUINE TATAOUINE Source : 8 DGRE 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie Apports en Mm3 pour les différentes périodes de retour Période de retour (ans) 2 5 10 20 50 100 Sèche 1940 1200 936 761 603 517 Nord Humide 1940 3130 4020 4950 6240 7290 Sèche 163 91 69 57 46 41 Région Centre Humide 163 309 439 589 823 1030 Sèche 78 30 20 15 12 11 Sud Humide 78 236 400 668 871 1025 Sèche 2330 1460 1140 931 742 637 Tunisie Humide 2330 3720 4760 5820 7310 8510 Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 9 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Réseau hydrographique transfrontalier Nord réseau bien marqué, dense et bien défini avec des cours d’eau permanents régime assez régulier Centre et Sud conditions climatiques nettement plus arides que le Nord et le régime est irrégulier avec des cours d’eau temporaires énormes canalisations d’impluviums considérables alimentant de grands aquifères souterrains crues pouvant atteindre des proportions catastrophiques et engendrer des dégâts importants Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 11 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Les cours d’eau transfrontières • l’oued Zarga affluent de l’oued Kébir de Tunisie (région de Tabarka); • l’oued Mellila; • l’oued Barbara; • l’oued Eddir; • l’oued Mejerda; • l’oued Rarai, affluent de l’oued Mejerda •l’oued Mellègue; • l’oued Ezzarga–Mélah affluent de l’oued Mèllègue; • l’oued Haidra formant la partie amont de l’oued Sarrath en Tunisie; • l’oued Safsaf affluent amont (en Algérie) de l’oued Kébir; • l’oued Kébir formant l’une des deux branches de l’oued Bayech; • l’oued El Khanga prolongement en Tunisie de l’oued Horchane. Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 12 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Extrême Nord écoulement synchrone Courbe différentielle des valeurs cumulées de l'écoulement annuel coïncidence des tendances 6 1950-1968: une séquence de 4 années 4 humides (50-53) et une séquence 2 sèche (54-68) 0 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 après 1969: tendance globale sèche -2 entrecoupé par des périodes plus au -4 -6 moins humides de courte durée somme des écarts/Cv -8 La station de Barbra Jouaouda -10 présente une tendance représentative -12 de variation d’hydraulicité qui couvre années une période sèche et une autre humide qui est représentative pour le Kebir Tabarka Zarga Barbra Jououeda Zitoun Gue Z Ain El Assel calcul de l’écoulement moyen interannuel Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 13 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Haute Mejerda Courbe différentielle des valeurs cumulees de l'écoulement annuel 12 Écoulement synchrone 10 8 Coïncidence des tendances 6 1950-1973: tendance globale 4 2 humide 0 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 -2 Après 1973: tendance globale somme des écarts/Cv sèche -4 -6 Baisse des apports au niveau de -8 Mejreda due aux effets climatiques années défavorables et à la mobilisation Jendouba Ghardimaou Souk Ahras Ain Dalia Rarai Plaine Rarai Superieur des eaux de crue de barrage Ain Dalia Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 14 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Bassin versant de Mèllegue Écoulement non synchrone Courbe différentielle des valeurs cumulées de l'écoulement annuel 8 Coïncidence des tendances pour les 6 grands bassins versants 4 2 0 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1925 - 1968: tendance globale sèche -2 -4 somme des écarts/Cv -6 1969 - 1973 : tendance humide -8 -10 années Après 1973: tendance globale sèche K13 Mellegue Barrage Ain Zarga Chabro Morsott entrecoupée par des périodes plus au Ouenza Ksob El Azreg Erkel Ain Erkel moins humides de courte durée Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 15 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Méthodologie de l’évaluation de l’écoulement moyen • Cas 1: période d’observations est longue; • Cas 2: période d’observations est courte; l’écoulement moyen inter annuel peut être calculé analytiquement Q0 = Qn + r δN/ δNa (Q0a - Qna) où : • Qn , Qna : écoulement annuel moyen de courte durée(n) et du cours d’eau analogue pour une période d’observations commune n années ; • δN , δNa : écarts type des valeurs annuelles d’écoulement de l’oued à étudier et de celui analogue pour une longue période N; • r – coefficient de corrélation entre les valeurs annuelles d’écoulement au site donné et au site de l’oued analogue. Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 16 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Méthodologie de l’évaluation de l’écoulement moyen • Cas 3: Données d’observations font défaut; Analyse des dépendances de l’écoulement avec les facteurs conditionnels et généralisation de l’information fig:7. Relation entre la lame d'eau écoulée et la pluviométrie 600 • relation entre lame d’eau écoulée et la 500 400 pluviométrie est bien représentée par le 300 modèle puissance. 200 lame d'eau écoulée mm 100 0 75% de la variation de l'écoulement 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 • pluviométrie mm s’explique par la variation de la pluviométrie fig:8. Relation entre la lame d'eau écoulée et la surface du bassin versant 600 500 • 35% de la variation de l'écoulement est 400 expliquée par la surface du bassin 300 versant lame d'eau en mm 200 100 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 surface en km² Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 17 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Elaboration des paramètres régionaux de l’écoulement frontalier Deux regroupements fig:10. Variation logarithmique entre l'écoulement et la surfa ce 1,5 1 0,5 0 -0,5 0 1 2 3 4 5 • macro-région1: Nord, le bassin de -1 -1,5 -2 l’ichkeul et de la rive gauche de la Lame écoulée mm -2,5 Mejrda; -3 -3,5 Surface km² fig: 11. Variation logarithmique entre l'écoulement et la pluviométrie • macro-région 2: Sud , BV Zéroud- 2 Merguellil, R D Mejrda , les bassins des 1,5 1 hautes plaines et l’Atlas saharien. 0,5 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 -0,5 Pluviométrie mm -1 -1,5 -2 Surface km² Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 18 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Paramètres régionaux fig: 12. Comparaison entre l'écoulement observé • macro-région 1 : et calculé macro-région1 500 450 1.57 0.13 400 Le = P /87S 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 écoulement calculé en mm 0 • macro-région 2: 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 écoulement observé en mm 2.84 5 0.36 fig: 13. Comparaison entre l'écoulement observé et Le = P /10 S calculé macro-région 2 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 • précision moyenne: écoulement calculé en mm 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 écoulement observé en mm ± 26% ; ± 36 % Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 19 2.
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    Tunisia: Solar Investment Opportunities Emerging Markets Task Force Report Supported by: Chair of the SolarPower Europe Emerging Markets Task Force: Stefano Mantellassi, Eni SpA. Contributors: Aurélie Beauvais, SolarPower Europe; Amaury Cassang, Finergreen; Lukas Clark-Memler, SolarPower Europe; Máté Heisz, SolarPower Europe; Sylvain Labedens, Envision Digital; Stefano Mantellassi, Eni; Lucia Odone, Eni; Antoine Poussard, Finergreen; Anja Spöri, SolarPower Europe. Coordinator of the SolarPower Europe Emerging Markets Task Force: Máté Heisz, SolarPower Europe. Contact: [email protected]. Supported by: Chambre Syndicale du Photovoltaic de Tunisie (CSPV) under the aegis of the Union Tunisienne de l’industrie, du commerce et de l’artisanat (UTICA). Acknowledgements: SolarPower Europe would like to extend a special thanks to all Task Force members that contributed to the development of this report with their knowledge and experience. Without their support, the development of this report would have never been possible. Project information: TThe SolarPower Europe Emerging Markets Task Force was launched in March 2018 and, since then, has become an active working group of more than 120 experts from more than 60 companies. The objective of the Task Force is to identify business and cooperation opportunities and thereby contribute to the energy transition in emerging markets outside Europe. Design: Onehemisphere, Sweden. ISBN: 9789463965927. Published: February 2020. Disclaimer: This report has been prepared by SolarPower Europe. It is being provided to the recipients for general information only. Nothing in it should be interpreted as an offer or recommendation of any products, services or financial products. This report does not constitute technical, investment, legal, tax or any other advice. Recipients should consult with their own technical, financial, legal, tax or other advisors as needed.
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