DOCSLIB.ORG

Ressources En Eaux Transfrontières En Tunisie

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ressources En Eaux Transfrontières En Tunisie République Tunisienne Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pêche Direction Générale des Ressources en Eau Ressources en eaux Transfrontières en Tunisie FRIGUI Hassen Lotfi Ph.D. Hydrologue: Directeur Général des Ressources en Eau Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Ressources Hydrauliques et de la Pêche Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 1 Sommaire 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie 2. Les eaux de surface transfrontières 3. Les eaux souterraines tranfrontières 4. Coopération Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 2 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie Localisation Longitudes : 7° et 12° Est Latitudes : 32° et 38° Nord Superficie : 164 000 km² Hétérogénéité climatique deux domaines climatiques bien opposés : Méditerranée (domaine tempéré humide ) Sahara (domaine tropical aride ) Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 3 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie Répartition de la pluie annuelle en Tunisie BIZERTE ARIANA MANOUBATUNIS BEJA BEN AROUS JENDOUBA NABEUL ZAGHOUAN LE KEF SILIANA SOUSSE MONASTIR KAIROUAN MAHDIA KASSERINE SIDI BOUZID SFAX KERKENAH GAFSA TOZEUR GABES JERBA KEBILI MEDNINE TATAOUINE Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 4 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 5 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie Années de forte sécheresse 1867 (3S* ) BIZERTE BIZERTE BIZERTE ARIANA ARIANA ARIANA MANOUBATUNIS MANOUBATUNIS MANOUBATUNIS BEJA BEN AROUS BEJA BEN AROUS BEJA BEN AROUS JENDOUBA JENDOUBA JENDOUBA NABEUL NABEUL NABEUL ZAGHOUAN ZAGHOUAN ZAGHOUAN LE KEF LE KEF LE KEF SILIANA SILIANA SILIANA SOUSSE SOUSSE SOUSSE MONASTIR MONASTIR MONASTIR KAIROUAN KAIROUAN KAIROUAN MAHDIA MAHDIA MAHDIA KASSERINE KASSERINE KASSERINE SIDI BOUZID SIDI BOUZID SIDI BOUZID SFAX KERKENAH SFAX KERKENAH SFAX KERKENAH GAFSA GAFSA GAFSA TOZEUR TOZEUR TOZEUR GABES GABES GABES JERBA JERBA JERBA KEBILI KEBILI KEBILI MEDNINE MEDNINE MEDNINE TATAOUINE TATAOUINE TATAOUINE 1937-1938 1947-1948 1960-1961 Années du riz Révoltes paysannes Années du riz Exode rural Exode rural *Sirocco Epidémies Sauterelles Famines 6 Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 Sécheresse Perte du cheptel 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie Années de forte sécheresse 1987-1988 et 1993-1994 BIZERTE BIZERTE ARIANA ARIANA MANOUBATUNIS MANOUBATUNIS BEJA BEN AROUS BEJA BEN AROUS JENDOUBA JENDOUBA NABEUL NABEUL ZAGHOUAN ZAGHOUAN LE KEF LE KEF SILIANA SILIANA SOUSSE SOUSSE MONASTIR MONASTIR KAIROUAN KAIROUAN MAHDIA MAHDIA KASSERINE KASSERINE SIDI BOUZID SIDI BOUZID SFAX KERKENAH SFAX KERKENAH GAFSA GAFSA TOZEUR TOZEUR GABES GABES JERBA JERBA KEBILI KEBILI MEDNINE MEDNINE TATAOUINE TATAOUINE 1987-1988 1993-1994 Pas de grandes conséquences socio économiques Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 7 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie 1969 -1970 ; 1972 -1973 et 2002 – 2003 BIZERTE BIZERTE ARIANA ARIANA MANOUBATUNIS MANOUBATUNIS BEJA BEN AROUS BEJA BEN AROUS JENDOUBA JENDOUBA NABEUL NABEUL ZAGHOUAN ZAGHOUAN LE KEF LE KEF SILIANA SILIANA SOUSSE SOUSSE MONASTIR MONASTIR KAIROUAN KAIROUAN MAHDIA MAHDIA KASSERINE KASSERINE SIDI BOUZID SIDI BOUZID SFAX KERKENAH SFAX KERKENAH GAFSA GAFSA TOZEUR TOZEUR GABES GABES JERBA JERBA KEBILI KEBILI MEDNINE MEDNINE TATAOUINE TATAOUINE Source : 8 DGRE 1. Régime naturel de la Tunisie Apports en Mm3 pour les différentes périodes de retour Période de retour (ans) 2 5 10 20 50 100 Sèche 1940 1200 936 761 603 517 Nord Humide 1940 3130 4020 4950 6240 7290 Sèche 163 91 69 57 46 41 Région Centre Humide 163 309 439 589 823 1030 Sèche 78 30 20 15 12 11 Sud Humide 78 236 400 668 871 1025 Sèche 2330 1460 1140 931 742 637 Tunisie Humide 2330 3720 4760 5820 7310 8510 Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 9 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Réseau hydrographique transfrontalier Nord réseau bien marqué, dense et bien défini avec des cours d’eau permanents régime assez régulier Centre et Sud conditions climatiques nettement plus arides que le Nord et le régime est irrégulier avec des cours d’eau temporaires énormes canalisations d’impluviums considérables alimentant de grands aquifères souterrains crues pouvant atteindre des proportions catastrophiques et engendrer des dégâts importants Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 11 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Les cours d’eau transfrontières • l’oued Zarga affluent de l’oued Kébir de Tunisie (région de Tabarka); • l’oued Mellila; • l’oued Barbara; • l’oued Eddir; • l’oued Mejerda; • l’oued Rarai, affluent de l’oued Mejerda •l’oued Mellègue; • l’oued Ezzarga–Mélah affluent de l’oued Mèllègue; • l’oued Haidra formant la partie amont de l’oued Sarrath en Tunisie; • l’oued Safsaf affluent amont (en Algérie) de l’oued Kébir; • l’oued Kébir formant l’une des deux branches de l’oued Bayech; • l’oued El Khanga prolongement en Tunisie de l’oued Horchane. Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 12 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Extrême Nord écoulement synchrone Courbe différentielle des valeurs cumulées de l'écoulement annuel coïncidence des tendances 6 1950-1968: une séquence de 4 années 4 humides (50-53) et une séquence 2 sèche (54-68) 0 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 après 1969: tendance globale sèche -2 entrecoupé par des périodes plus au -4 -6 moins humides de courte durée somme des écarts/Cv -8 La station de Barbra Jouaouda -10 présente une tendance représentative -12 de variation d’hydraulicité qui couvre années une période sèche et une autre humide qui est représentative pour le Kebir Tabarka Zarga Barbra Jououeda Zitoun Gue Z Ain El Assel calcul de l’écoulement moyen interannuel Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 13 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Haute Mejerda Courbe différentielle des valeurs cumulees de l'écoulement annuel 12 Écoulement synchrone 10 8 Coïncidence des tendances 6 1950-1973: tendance globale 4 2 humide 0 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 -2 Après 1973: tendance globale somme des écarts/Cv sèche -4 -6 Baisse des apports au niveau de -8 Mejreda due aux effets climatiques années défavorables et à la mobilisation Jendouba Ghardimaou Souk Ahras Ain Dalia Rarai Plaine Rarai Superieur des eaux de crue de barrage Ain Dalia Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 14 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Bassin versant de Mèllegue Écoulement non synchrone Courbe différentielle des valeurs cumulées de l'écoulement annuel 8 Coïncidence des tendances pour les 6 grands bassins versants 4 2 0 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1925 - 1968: tendance globale sèche -2 -4 somme des écarts/Cv -6 1969 - 1973 : tendance humide -8 -10 années Après 1973: tendance globale sèche K13 Mellegue Barrage Ain Zarga Chabro Morsott entrecoupée par des périodes plus au Ouenza Ksob El Azreg Erkel Ain Erkel moins humides de courte durée Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 15 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Méthodologie de l’évaluation de l’écoulement moyen • Cas 1: période d’observations est longue; • Cas 2: période d’observations est courte; l’écoulement moyen inter annuel peut être calculé analytiquement Q0 = Qn + r δN/ δNa (Q0a - Qna) où : • Qn , Qna : écoulement annuel moyen de courte durée(n) et du cours d’eau analogue pour une période d’observations commune n années ; • δN , δNa : écarts type des valeurs annuelles d’écoulement de l’oued à étudier et de celui analogue pour une longue période N; • r – coefficient de corrélation entre les valeurs annuelles d’écoulement au site donné et au site de l’oued analogue. Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 16 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Méthodologie de l’évaluation de l’écoulement moyen • Cas 3: Données d’observations font défaut; Analyse des dépendances de l’écoulement avec les facteurs conditionnels et généralisation de l’information fig:7. Relation entre la lame d'eau écoulée et la pluviométrie 600 • relation entre lame d’eau écoulée et la 500 400 pluviométrie est bien représentée par le 300 modèle puissance. 200 lame d'eau écoulée mm 100 0 75% de la variation de l'écoulement 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 • pluviométrie mm s’explique par la variation de la pluviométrie fig:8. Relation entre la lame d'eau écoulée et la surface du bassin versant 600 500 • 35% de la variation de l'écoulement est 400 expliquée par la surface du bassin 300 versant lame d'eau en mm 200 100 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 surface en km² Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 17 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Elaboration des paramètres régionaux de l’écoulement frontalier Deux regroupements fig:10. Variation logarithmique entre l'écoulement et la surfa ce 1,5 1 0,5 0 -0,5 0 1 2 3 4 5 • macro-région1: Nord, le bassin de -1 -1,5 -2 l’ichkeul et de la rive gauche de la Lame écoulée mm -2,5 Mejrda; -3 -3,5 Surface km² fig: 11. Variation logarithmique entre l'écoulement et la pluviométrie • macro-région 2: Sud , BV Zéroud- 2 Merguellil, R D Mejrda , les bassins des 1,5 1 hautes plaines et l’Atlas saharien. 0,5 0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 -0,5 Pluviométrie mm -1 -1,5 -2 Surface km² Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 18 2. Les Eaux de Surface transfrontières Paramètres régionaux fig: 12. Comparaison entre l'écoulement observé • macro-région 1 : et calculé macro-région1 500 450 1.57 0.13 400 Le = P /87S 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 écoulement calculé en mm 0 • macro-région 2: 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 écoulement observé en mm 2.84 5 0.36 fig: 13. Comparaison entre l'écoulement observé et Le = P /10 S calculé macro-région 2 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 • précision moyenne: écoulement calculé en mm 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 écoulement observé en mm ± 26% ; ± 36 % Tunis 21-22 Septembre 2016 19 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • C a Se Stud Y
    This project is funded by the European Union November 2020 Culture in ruins The illegal trade in cultural property Case study: Algeria and Tunisia Julia Stanyard and Rim Dhaouadi Summary This case study forms part of a set of publications on the illegal trade in cultural property across North and West Africa, made up of a research paper and three case studies (on Mali, Nigeria and North Africa). This study is focused on Algeria and Tunisia, which share the same forms of material culture but very different antiquity markets. Attention is given to the development of online markets which have been identified as a key threat to this region’s heritage. Key findings • The large-scale extraction of cultural objects in both countries has its roots in the period of French colonial rule. • During the civil war in Algeria in the 1990s, trafficking in cultural heritage was allegedly linked to insurgent anti-government groups among others. • In Tunisia, the presidential family and the political elite reportedly dominated the country’s trade in archaeological objects and controlled the illegal markets. • The modern-day trade in North African cultural property is an interlinked regional criminal economy in which objects are smuggled between Tunisia and Algeria as well as internationally. • State officials and representatives of cultural institutions are implicated in the Algerian and Tunisian antiquities markets in a range of different capacities, both as passive facilitators and active participants. • There is evidence that some architects and real estate entrepreneurs are connected to CASE STUDY CASE trafficking networks. Introduction The region is a palimpsest of ancient material,7 much of which remains unexplored and unexcavated by Cultural heritage in North Africa has come under fire archaeologists.
    [Show full text]
  • Policy Notes for the Trump Notes Administration the Washington Institute for Near East Policy ■ 2018 ■ Pn55
    TRANSITION 2017 POLICYPOLICY NOTES FOR THE TRUMP NOTES ADMINISTRATION THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ 2018 ■ PN55 TUNISIAN FOREIGN FIGHTERS IN IRAQ AND SYRIA AARON Y. ZELIN Tunisia should really open its embassy in Raqqa, not Damascus. That’s where its people are. —ABU KHALED, AN ISLAMIC STATE SPY1 THE PAST FEW YEARS have seen rising interest in foreign fighting as a general phenomenon and in fighters joining jihadist groups in particular. Tunisians figure disproportionately among the foreign jihadist cohort, yet their ubiquity is somewhat confounding. Why Tunisians? This study aims to bring clarity to this question by examining Tunisia’s foreign fighter networks mobilized to Syria and Iraq since 2011, when insurgencies shook those two countries amid the broader Arab Spring uprisings. ©2018 THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THE WASHINGTON INSTITUTE FOR NEAR EAST POLICY ■ NO. 30 ■ JANUARY 2017 AARON Y. ZELIN Along with seeking to determine what motivated Evolution of Tunisian Participation these individuals, it endeavors to reconcile estimated in the Iraq Jihad numbers of Tunisians who actually traveled, who were killed in theater, and who returned home. The find- Although the involvement of Tunisians in foreign jihad ings are based on a wide range of sources in multiple campaigns predates the 2003 Iraq war, that conflict languages as well as data sets created by the author inspired a new generation of recruits whose effects since 2011. Another way of framing the discussion will lasted into the aftermath of the Tunisian revolution. center on Tunisians who participated in the jihad fol- These individuals fought in groups such as Abu Musab lowing the 2003 U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • In Tunisia Policies and Legislations Related to the Democratic Transition
    Policies and legislations The constitutional and legal framework repre- sents one of the most important signs of the related to the democratic transition in Tunisia. Especially by establishing rules, procedures and institutions in order to achieve the transition and its goals. Thus, the report focused on further operatio- nalization of the aforementioned framework democratic while seeking to monitor the events related to, its development and its impact on the transi- tion’s path. Besides, monitoring the difficulties of the second transition, which is related to the transition and political conflict over the formation of the go- vernment and what’s behind the scenes of the human rights official institutions. in Tunisia The observatorypolicies and rightshuman and legislation to democratic transition related . 27 Activating the constitutional and legal to submit their proposals until the end of January. Then, outside the major parties to be in the forefront of the poli- the committee will start its action from the beginning of tical scene. framework for the democratic transition February until the end of April 2020, when it submits its outcome to the assembly’s bureau. The constitution of 2015 is considered as the de facto framework for the democratic transition. And all its developments in the It is reportedly that the balances within the council have midst of the political life, whether in texts or institutions, are an not changed numerically, as it doesn’t witness many cases The structural and financial difficulties important indicator of the process of transition itself. of changing the party and coalition loyalties “Tourism” ex- The three authorities and the balance cept the resignation of the deputy Sahbi Samara from the of the Assembly Future bloc and the joining of deputy Ahmed Bin Ayyad to among them the Dignity Coalition bloc in the Parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • Annuaire Hydrologique De Tunisie 2003-2004
    Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources hydrauliques Direction Générale des Ressources en Eau ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ REPUBLIQUE TUNISIENNE -oOo- MINISTERE DE L'AGRICULTURE ET DES RESSOURCES HYDRAULIQUES -oOo- DIRECTION GENERALE DES RESSOURCES EN EAU ANNUAIRE HYDROLOGIQUE DE TUNISIE 2003-2004 PUBLICATION DE LA DIRECTION GENERALE DES RESSOURCES EN EAU 43, rue de la MANOUBIA -TUNIS 1008 - :+216 71 560 000 / +216 71 391 851 Fax : +216 71 391 549 INDICE :10213 Annuaire Hydrologique de Tunisie, 2003-2004 Direction des Eaux de Surface Ministère de l’Agriculture et des Ressources hydrauliques Direction Générale des Ressources en Eau ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ SOMMAIRE AVANT PROPOS...................................................................................................... 3 PREMIERE PARTIE .............................................................................................. 5 PRESENTATION ET COMMENTAIRES ............................................................ 5 1 APERÇU SOMMAIRE SUR LA PLUVIOSITE DE L’ANNEE HYDROLOGIQUE 2003-2004................................................................................. 7 1.1 TOTAUX PLUVIOMETRIQUES ANNUELS............................................................................7 1.2 TOTAUX PLUVIOMETRIQUES MENSUELS ET SAISONNIERS ...............................................9 1.3 ISOHYETES ANNUELLES.................................................................................................10
    [Show full text]
  • Authority File Fiches Site, Ensemble, Monument Vocabulaire 'Clos' Et
    Projet de gestion du patrimoine culturel de la Tunisie Authority File Fiches Site, Ensemble, Monument Vocabulaire ‘clos’ et ‘ouverts’ premiers fondements 24/12/97 Memar Sit srl VOCABULAIRES Vocabulaires de contrôle Pour certains champs des fiches, des vocabulaires de contrôle ont été prévus, ceux-ci constituent un instrument de travail univoque pour tous les sujets qui travailleront sur le terrain. Il s’agit d’instruments de référence terminologique qui, en sélectionnant et normalisant les données, couvrent un vaste territoire du patrimoine archéologique et architectural, permettant une saisie uniforme des termes dans les banques de données. Ces répertoires ne sont pas exhaustifs mais, au contraire, prêts à recevoir de nouveaux termes. La connaissance de ces lexiques contrôlés est nécessaire pour la rédaction de chaque fiche permettant ainsi la vérification continue de la part de la Direction Technico-scientifique. L’implémentation des Vocabulaires de contrôle Toutes les fiches produites durant le projet seront remplies en utilisant les Normes et les Vocabulaires fournis au début des travaux. Le Fichiste devra signaler les nouveaux vocabulaires tirés de l’inventoriage sur le terrain au Coordinateur: le responsable Technico- scientifique du Projet, après un vérification adéquate du matériel graphique et photographique, s’occupera de leur acceptation. Il sera indiqué que le Fichiste ne se limite pas à une simple liste des nouveaux termes proposés, mais qu’il s’ingénie à permettre à la Direction Technico- Scientifique de décider dans les meilleures conditions possibles. Ci-après, nous avons exposé notre proposition de vocabulaires “clos” et un premier noyau de vocabulaires “ouverts” pour les champs à remplir obligatoirement avec des “vocabulaires contrôlé”.
    [Show full text]
  • The Situation DREF Final Report Tunisia
    DREF final report Tunisia: Civil Unrest DREF operation n° MDRTN004 28 September, 2011 The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent (IFRC) Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) is a source of un-earmarked money created by the Federation in 1985 to ensure that immediate financial support is available for Red Cross Red Crescent response to emergencies. The DREF is a vital part of the International Federation’s disaster response system and increases the ability of National Societies to respond to disasters. Summary: CHF 150 000 was allocated from the IFRC’s Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) 25 January, 2011 to support the national society in delivering assistance to some 5000 beneficiaries, or to replenish disaster preparedness stocks. For several months the Tunisian Red Crescent has marked its strong presence in the society by assisting poor families in need and alleviating the suffering of others affected by the events of the revolution that began on December 17, 2010. Throughout Tunisia, volunteers provided moral and material assistance to more than 1000 families mainly in ten cities. Since the Libyan crisis has occurred which took a toll over the Tunisian-Libyan borders, it was not an easy work for the Tunisian Red Crescent Volunteers to handle the effects of the internal unrest and the pressure along the Tunisian-Libyan border . In March 2011, the Tunisian Red Crescent Society distributed food baskets after the civil unrest. TRC The total amount spent was CHF 94,430. The remaining balance of CHF 55,570 will be reimbursed to DREF. The major donors to the DREF are the Irish, Italian, Netherlands and Norwegian governments and ECHO.
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Revolutionary Discontent and F(R)
    Post-revolutionary Discontent and F(r)action- alisation in the Maghreb Managing the Tunisia-Libya Border Dynamics Clingendael Report Grégory Chauzal Sofia Zavagli Post-revolutionary Discontent and F(r)actionalisation in the Maghreb Managing the Tunisia-Libya Border Dynamics Grégory Chauzal Sofia Zavagli Clingendael Report August 2016 August 2016 © Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. Unauthorized use of any materials violates copyright, trademark and / or other laws. Should a user download material from the website or any other source related to the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’, or the Clingendael Institute, for personal or non-commercial use, the user must retain all copyright, trademark or other similar notices contained in the original material or on any copies of this material. Material on the website of the Clingendael Institute may be reproduced or publicly displayed, distributed or used for any public and non-commercial purposes, but only by mentioning the Clingendael Institute as its source. Permission is required to use the logo of the Clingendael Institute. This can be obtained by contacting the Communication desk of the Clingendael Institute ([email protected]). The following web link activities are prohibited by the Clingendael Institute and may present trademark and copyright infringement issues: links that involve unauthorized use of our logo, framing, inline links, or metatags, as well as hyperlinks or a form of link disguising the URL. Cover photo: © Flickr, A young Libyan boy raises the Tunisian and Free Libya flags in Tataouine. About the authors Grégory Chauzal is a Senior Research Fellow at the Clingendael Institute, where he specializes on security and terrorism issues, with a special emphasis on Sub-Saharan Africa, the Maghreb and the Middle East.
    [Show full text]
  • 7.19 Tunisia Capital City Tunis Population (2005 Est.) 10,100,000 (1.0% Growth)
    The Ocean Data and Information Network for Africa 7.19 Tunisia Capital city Tunis Population (2005 est.) 10,100,000 (1.0% growth) GDP per capita (USD 2005 est.) $8 371 Life expectancy at birth (2005 est.) 73.5 years (male - 71.5, female - 75.6) Land and water area 163,610 km2 (land - 155 360, water - 8 250) Length of coastline 1 148 km Malika Bel Hassen ---------------------------------- Highest point of elevation Mt. Chambi 1 544 m 28 rue, 2 mars 1934 Salammbô, Tunisie E-mail: [email protected] Mangrove area (2005 est.) None recorded in study N Bizerte Marine protected areas (2007 est.) 55.80 km2 (0.15% of total territorial waters) Burguiba TUNIS Tabarka Manouba Capture fisheries prod. (2006 est.) 111,288 metric tones Beja Ben Jendouba Arouse MEDITERRANEAN SEA Zaghouan Aquaculture fisheries prod. (2006 est.) 2 775 metric tones Le Kef Siliana Sousse Sousse Coastal Climate: Tunisia’s climate is temperate in north with mild, Majania Kairouan Monastir rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in the south. Chambi 1544m Mahinda Kasserine Mineral Resources: Phosphate and iron ore. Sidi Bouzid Sfax Kerkenah Island Sfax Gafsa Agricultural Products: Olives, olive oil, grain, tomatoes, citrus fruit, sugar beets, dates, almonds; beef and dairy products. Tozeuf Gabes Jerba Island Chott El Jarid Gabes Medonine ADDRESSING KEY COASTAL ISSUES AND HOT SPOTS: ALGERIA Kebili Tunisia faces major challenges in connection with the management of its natural resources. Its main problems are water quality, waste Tataouine management, marine and coastal pollution and nature conservation. The development of industry and tourism and the growth in road Shurshut traffic, which are concentrated along the coast, coupled with a rapid LIBYA increase in the urban population, have put water resources under considerable pressure and are increasing pollution in coastal areas and waste generation.
    [Show full text]
  • Tunisia Minube Travel Guide
    TUNISIA MINUBE TRAVEL GUIDE The best must-see places for your travels, all discovered by real minube users. Enjoy! TUNISIA MINUBE TRAVEL GUIDE 1,991,000 To travel, discover new places, live new experiences...these are what travellers crave, and it ´s what they'll find at minube. The internet and social media have become essential travel partners for the modern globetrotter, and, using these tools, minube has created the perfect travel guides. 1,057,000 By melding classic travel guide concepts with the recommendations of real travellers, minube has created personalised travel guides for thousands of top destinations, where you'll find real-life experiences of travellers like yourself, photos of every destination, and all the information you\´ll need to plan the perfect trip.p. In seconds, travellers can create their own guides in PDF, always confident with the knowledge that the routes and places inside were discovered and shared by real travellers like themselves. 2,754,500 Don't forget that you too can play a part in creating minube travel guides. All you have to do is share your experiences and recommendations of your favorite discoveries, and you can help other travelers discover these exciting corners of the world. 3,102,500 Above all, we hope you find it useful. Cheers, The team at minube.net 236 What to see in Tunisia Page 2 Ruins Beaches 4 5 The Baths of Carthage Djerba Beach Virtu: The truth is that with an organized excursion you do lantoni: When I was at the beach I went to a club hotel not have much time for anything, and in my case I had a few ideally situated.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report Volume I Main Report
    No. JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA THE DETAILED DESIGN STUDY ON THE RURAL WATER SUPPLY PROJECT IN THE REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA FINAL REPORT VOLUME I MAIN REPORT MARCH 2001 NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. TAIYO CONSULTANTS CO., LTD. S S S CR (5) 01 – 45 ESTIMATE OF PROJECT COST Estimate of Base Cost：As of December 2000 Price Level Currency Exchange rate：US$1.0 = 1.384TD = JP¥114.75 LIST OF VOLUMES VOLUME I MAIN REPORT VOLEME II SUPPORTING REPORT VOLUME III RAPPORT DE CONCEPTION DÉTAILLÉE ARIANA FAIDA EL AMRINE-SIDI GHRIB ARIANA HMAIEM ESSOUFLA ARIANA TYAYRA BEN AROUS OULED BEN MILED-OULED SAAD BEN AROUS SIDI FREDJ NABEUL SIDI HAMMED ZAGHOUAN JIMLA ZAGHOUAN ROUISSAT BOUGARMINE BIZERTE SMADAH BIZERTE TERGULECHE BEJA EL GARIA BEJA EL GARRAG BEJA FATNASSA JENDOUBA CHOUAOULA JENDOUBA COMPLEXE AEP BARBARA LE KEF CHAAMBA-O.EL ASSEL-HMAIDIA LE KEF M’HAFDHIA-GHRAISSIA KAIROUAN CHELALGA KAIROUAN GUDIFETT KAIROUAN HMIDET KAIROUAN ZGAINIA KASSERINE DAAYSIA KASSERINE HENCHIR TOUNSI KASSERINE OUED LAGSAB KASSERINE SIDI HARRATH-GOUASSEM SIDI BOUZID AMAIRIA SIDI BOUZID BLAHDIA SIDI BOUZID BOUCHIHA SIDI BOUZID MAHROUGA MAHDIA COMPLEXE BOUSSLIM MAHDIA COMPLEXE AITHA GAFSA HENCHIR EDHOUAHER GAFSA KHANGUET ZAMMOUR GAFSA THLEIJIA GABÉS BATEN TRAJMA GABÉS CHAABET EJJAYER GABÉS EZZAHRA MEDENINE BOUGUEDDIMA MEDENINE CHOUAMEKH-R.ENNAGUEB MEDENINE ECHGUIGUIA MEDENINE TARF ELLIL VOLUME IV ÉBAUCHE DES DOCUMENTS D’APPEL D’OFFRES GOUVERNORAT ARIANA GOUVERNORAT BEN AROUS GOUVERNORAT
    [Show full text]
  • Tunisia: Solar Investment Opportunities Emerging Markets Task Force Report
    Tunisia: Solar Investment Opportunities Emerging Markets Task Force Report Supported by: Chair of the SolarPower Europe Emerging Markets Task Force: Stefano Mantellassi, Eni SpA. Contributors: Aurélie Beauvais, SolarPower Europe; Amaury Cassang, Finergreen; Lukas Clark-Memler, SolarPower Europe; Máté Heisz, SolarPower Europe; Sylvain Labedens, Envision Digital; Stefano Mantellassi, Eni; Lucia Odone, Eni; Antoine Poussard, Finergreen; Anja Spöri, SolarPower Europe. Coordinator of the SolarPower Europe Emerging Markets Task Force: Máté Heisz, SolarPower Europe. Contact: [email protected]. Supported by: Chambre Syndicale du Photovoltaic de Tunisie (CSPV) under the aegis of the Union Tunisienne de l’industrie, du commerce et de l’artisanat (UTICA). Acknowledgements: SolarPower Europe would like to extend a special thanks to all Task Force members that contributed to the development of this report with their knowledge and experience. Without their support, the development of this report would have never been possible. Project information: TThe SolarPower Europe Emerging Markets Task Force was launched in March 2018 and, since then, has become an active working group of more than 120 experts from more than 60 companies. The objective of the Task Force is to identify business and cooperation opportunities and thereby contribute to the energy transition in emerging markets outside Europe. Design: Onehemisphere, Sweden. ISBN: 9789463965927. Published: February 2020. Disclaimer: This report has been prepared by SolarPower Europe. It is being provided to the recipients for general information only. Nothing in it should be interpreted as an offer or recommendation of any products, services or financial products. This report does not constitute technical, investment, legal, tax or any other advice. Recipients should consult with their own technical, financial, legal, tax or other advisors as needed.
    [Show full text]
  • Eucharist Or Lord's Supper
    Eucharist or Lord’s Supper January 30, 2015 Tertullian • Evening: Lord’s Banquet: Agape or Dilectio • Prayer (eucharist precedes other food) • Full Meal (feeding of needy) • Service of Praise • Morning before daybreak: • Bread & wine(?); • Milk and honey for newly baptized • Clergy preside • Eucharistic food not received while fasting • Sunday and some weekdays (Wednesday & Friday) • Domestic Ritual at meal time: • head of house presides as “priest” Tertullian (2) • Exclusion of Sinners from eucharist • Temporary or Permanent • 1 Corinthians 10:21: Table of God/table of demons • Readings and Psalms • Kiss of Peace • Private Consumption of eucharistic bread stored at home Cyprian • Morning Ritual and Agape • Full assembly appropriate for eucharist • Sacrifice in competition with demonic sacrifices • Wine mixed with water rather than water alone • Readings • Dismissal of penitents and catechumens • Prayer and Kiss of Peace • Prayer for dead (including martyrs), faithful, benefactors, enemies • Unity symbolized by Bread and Wine • Body and Blood of Christ • Christ and the Church • Necessary for Salvation • Commemorated Death and Resurrection of Christ Cyprian (2) • Eucharistic Bread and Wine shared • Bread could be taken home and stored for private reception • Food could harm those who received unworthily • Evening celebrations proved divisive in Carthage; used elsewhere in Africa • Bishop or Presbyter presides at eucharist • Clergy had to be free of sin to mediate before God • Exclusion of sinners from communion • Eucharist prepares for martyrdom The Ritual – Part I (the Word) • Entrance procession of clergy (from the west doors or perhaps from a side chamber) – bishop goes to the cathedra at the back of the apse, presbyters on the semi-circular bench on either side.
    [Show full text]