DOCSLIB.ORG

Compostable Plastics: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Compostable Plastics: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES Compostable plastics: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES Dr. Love-Ese Chile Dr. Chile’s Biases and Values I’m a… Researcher Evidence-based decision-making Consultant Conversation, communication and collaboration Millennial Honesty, transparency, radical forward thinking We face global challenges. No time to wait, no time for waste. 3 Alternative visions for tomorrow 4 Regenerative Systems restore, renew or revitalize their own sources of energy and materials 5 Plastics have transformed how we live, work & eat 6 What makeso a plastic? Polymer = Greek for “many parts” Plastics are made from longo chains called polymers Polymers are made from singleo units called monomers All plastics are polymers BUT Not all polymers are plastics POLYMER DEFORMABLE? REFORMABLE? Plastics ✔️ ✔️ Rubbers ✔️ ❌ Resins ❌ ❌ Single use products and packaging – Often in contact with food and other organic matter making useful separation difficult Short term use products and packaging – Often in contact with liquids, gels, powders Plastics are COMPLEX Consumer products – EveryEveryday day products products Engineering plastics – Highly durable, made for specific applications Food Loss & Waste 28% of food is wasted each year 35.5 million • Major economic losses metric tonnes • Wasted natural resources of food waste: • GHG increased for no value Planned Packaging reduces food waste by: Unplanned • Maintaining freshness, nutritional value and safety 32% 68% • Efficiently containing and protecting • Delivering portion control and resealability Gooch, M., Bucknell, D., LaPlain, D., Dent, B., Whitehead, P., Felfel, A., Nikkel, L., Maguire, M. (2019). The Avoidable Crisis of Food Waste: Technical Report; Value Chain Management International Environmental impacts of plastic packaging • 40% of plastics produced globally are used in packaging • Often too difficult to sort & clean; only 14% collected for recycling Ellen McArthur Foundation, 2016. “The new plastics economy. Rethinking the future of plastics.” Ellen McArthur Foundation. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics- economy-rethinking-the-futureof-plastics Helena Dahlbo, Valeria Poliakova, Ville Mylläri, Olli Sahimaa, Reetta Anderson, “Recycling potential of post-consumer plastic packaging waste in Finland”, Waste Management 71 (2018) 52–61 Bioplastics: bio-based, biodegradable, plant-based, or compostable? 14 Plastic feedstocks Bio-based AKA bio-sourced, ideally using renewable resources: • Primary feedstocks • Secondary feedstocks • Petroleum feedstocks Prata et. al., “Solutions and Integrated Strategies for the Control and Mitigation of Plastic and Microplastic Pollution.” https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132411 Prosperi et.al., “Production of bioplastics for agricultural purposes: A supply chain study.” https://dx.doi.org/10.3280/RISS2018-001010 Plastic feedstocks Bio-based AKA bio-sourced, ideally using renewable resources: • Primary feedstocks • Dedicated crops: • Corn, rice, wheat, etc. • Secondary feedstocks • Petroleum feedstocks Plastic feedstocks Bio-based AKA bio-sourced, ideally using renewable resources: • Primary feedstocks • Secondary feedstocks • Waste valorization: • Lignocellulosics from wood • Used cooking oil • PHA produced by bacteria consuming glucose from wastes • Petroleum feedstocks Plastic feedstocks Bio-based AKA bio-sourced, ideally using renewable resources: • Primary feedstocks • Secondary feedstocks • Petroleum feedstocks • Production of conventional plastics • Emerging plastics like PBS produced from fossil fuels “Bio-based” vs. “Biodegradable” ‘Bio-based’ = origin of the plastic ‘Biodegradable’ = breakdown of the plastic A plastic being fossil- or bio-based, does not determine if it’s biodegradable No North American certification standards for bio-based products Bio-based plastics Thermoplastic starch (TPS) and starch blends Moisture-sensitive and brittle PHA (polyhydroxyalkanoates) Produced in the microbial cells through fermentation, then harvested PLA (made from corn) Most well known compostable plastic Bio-based PE and PET Same chemical and physical properties as their fossil-based counterparts PBS = polybutylene succinate Fossil-based, Fossil based w/ high strength compostable PBAT = polybutylene adipate terephthalate plastics Industrially compostable w/ high strength FEEDSTOCK Bio-based Bio-based bio-PE, bio-PET PLA, TPS, PHA, bio-PBS Biodegradable LIFE Recyclable - OF - Landfilled Biodegradable END PBAT, PBS Fossil-based Fossil-based End-of-life options Using additional or enhanced disposal options: • Composting • Anaerobic digestion • Chemical recycling • Mechanical recycling • Biological recycling • Use as animal feed (in some cases) • Feeding small amounts of PHA to shrimp and other aquatic animals, can improve growth and survival rates Gao, M., Du, D., Bo, Z., Sui, L., 2019. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)- accumulating halomonas improves the survival, growth, and robustness and modifies the gut microbial composition of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae. Aquaculture 500, 607–612. Recycling bioplastics • Recycling of compostable plastics, technically possible but practically difficult • Bio-based plastics, such as PLA, cannot be recycled together with conventional plastics. • Recyclers have to guarantee the quality of recycled polymer materials • Complicated by: ➢ Confusing labelling ➢ Unknown additives and blends ➢ Degradation by heat and water • Leads to downcycling and loss of material value e.g. bottle-to-textiles Aerobic digestion (with oxygen) - produces compost/soil Biological recycling Anaerobic digestion (without oxygen) - produces energy/fuel - high methane potential “Biodegradable” vs. ”Oxo-degradable” vs. “Compostable” ‘A material degraded by the action of microorganisms and ultimately converted to water, carbon dioxide and/or methane and new bacterial biomass. Conventional plastics such as polyethylene (PE) which include an additive designed to help them break down and fragment Certified compostable products, breakdown under specific conditions in specific time frames. Standardized tests vs. Certifications Standardized test method - general measure of compost biodegradation, designed to yield reproducible and repeatable test results Certifications verify that products and packaging have been independently tested according to scientifically based standards There are many standardized tests in this space, but in North America only industrial composting certifications are available. Industrial Compost Certifications Only available to food service items, food packaging and yard waste products Industrial Compost Certifications ● 90% disintegration within 12 weeks ● 90% conversion to CO2 within 26 weeks ● Heavy metal and PFA analysis ● Plant germination toxicity ● Soil invertebrate toxicity However, industrial composting plant have: ● an active phase for 3-6 weeks ● post-composting stabilization for 8-12 weeks Composter acceptance of food service products (FSP) Commonly accepted compostable products: 1. Paper carryout bags 2. Uncoated food soiled paper like napkins, towels and some plates 3. Compostable plastic bags 4. Molded fiber take‐out containers 5. Corrugated containers like pizza boxes 6. Coated food soiled paper like cups and take‐out containers 7. Compostable plastic cups, plates, take‐out containers and cutlery Foodservice Packaging Institute, “Foodservice Packaging & Composting: Information for Composters” Quickly degrading polymers Pass/Fail Certifications* *No indication of Slowly degrading polymers how fast products will break down Narancic, T.; Verstichel, S.; Reddy Chaganti, S.; Morales-Gamez, L.; Kenny, S. T.; De Wilde, B.; Babu Padamati, R.; O’Connor, K. E., Biodegradable Plastic Blends Create New Possibilities for End- of-Life Management of Plastics but They Are Not a Panacea for Plastic Pollution. Environmental Science & Technology 2018, 52 (18), 10441-10452 Laboratory tests How viable are should be coupled laboratory tests? with field tests Mature compost Food waste, yard waste Individual components Whole product TESTING Fluctuating temp. Optimal temp. and humidity CONDITIONS and humidity Simplified environment Complex environment Ideal conditions for Variable conditions for biodegradation biodegradation Haider, T.; Völker, C.; Kramm, J.; Landfester, K.; Wurm, F. R., Plastics of the future? The impact of biodegradable polymers on the environment and on society. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2019, (58), 50-62. Field test performance Adding compostable food service packaging (FSP): • No effect on the biochemistry or nutrient value of finished compost • Acts as a bulking agent similar to wood • Active composting often extended beyond typical operational time-frames; stringent pile management implemented Compost Manufacturing Alliance: Testing to determine the breakdown of products using modern, large-scale compost manufacturing technologies Compost Manufacturing Alliance https://compostmanufacturingalliance.com/ Foodservice Packaging Institute and Biodegradable Products Institute, “ Field Study: Foodservice Packaging as Compost Facility Feedstock.” 2018 Challenges with adding plastic into organics composting Definitely challenges ahead but also many opportunities. With conversation and collaboration, we can create a system that works. So…compostable plastics? Questions? Queries? Quandaries? Dr. Love-Ese Chile GreyToGreenSolutions.com LoveEseChile.com If the future can be positive, why choose differently? - Michael Braungart, Cradle to Cradle Design About the speaker My name is Ese. I'm a Change-Maker, Researcher and Educator. With the help of community groups, I put together workshops and forums to start conversations about sustainability and green technologies. To connect with me further and to help continue the discussion, find me at LoveEseChile.com or GreytoGreenSolutions.com.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Five Principles of Waste Product Redesign Under the Upcycling Concept
    International Forum on Energy, Environment Science and Materials (IFEESM 2015) Five Principles of Waste Product Redesign under the Upcycling Concept Jiang XU1 & Ping GU1 1School of Design, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China KEYWORD: Upcycling; Redesign principle; Green design; Industrial design; Product design ABSTRACT: It explores and constructs the principles of waste product redesign which are based on the concept of upcycling. It clarifies the basic concept of upcycling, briefly describes its current development, deeply discusses its value and significance, combines with the idea of upcycling which behinds regeneration design principle from the concept of “4R” of green design, and takes real-life case as example to analyze the principles of waste product redesign. It puts forward five principles of waste product redesign: value enhancement, make the most use of waste, durable and environmental protection, cost control and populace's aesthetic. INTRODUCTION Recently, environmental problems was becoming worse and worse, while as a developing country, China is facing dual pressures that economical development and environmental protection. However, large numbers of goods become waste every day all over the world, but the traditional recycling ways, such as melting down and restructuring, not only produce much CO2, but also those restruc- tured parts or products cannot mention in the same breath with raw ones. As a result, the western countries started to center their attention to the concept of “upcycling” of green design, which can transfer the old and waste things into more valuable products to vigorously develop the green econ- omy. Nevertheless, this new concept hasn’t been well known and the old notion of traditionally inef- ficient reuse still predominant in China, so it should be beneficial for our social development to con- struct the principles of waste products’ redesign which are based on the concept of upcycling.
    [Show full text]
  • End-Of-Life Modelling
    Best Practice LCA: End-of-Life Modelling October 28, 2014 Agenda 1. Modelling EoL in LCA 2. Recycled content approach 3. Avoided burden approach 4. Value-corrected substitution 5. PE’s recommendations 6. Current PEF discussions 2 Modelling EoL in LCA 3 Modelling EoL in LCA General challenge • “Allocation” is commonly used to assign burdens associated with the upstream supply chain to each product of multi-output processes. • EoL modelling gives rise to a similar problem due to its multi-functionality – treat waste and produce valuable products (material and/or energy) • Focus on how the burden of virgin material production and the burden of EoL treatment be allocated between the first application in one product system and its subsequent application in the same or another product system. • Chosen allocation approach will affect modelling of other EoL pathways as well (e.g., landfill). 4 Modelling EoL in LCA Most common approaches • Recycled content approach (a.k.a. cut-off, 100/0) • Avoided burden approach (a.k.a. End-of-Life recycling, 0/100) • Value-Corrected Substitution 5 Recycled content approach 6 Recycled content approach General description • Scrap inputs to the product system are modelled as being free of any primary material burden (all assigned to the first life cycle). • The recycling of scrap generated by the product system is not part of the product system and the system boundary is drawn at the point of scrap generation. No credits for subsequent recycling. • When modelling other disposal processes (e.g., incineration with energy recovery, landfill with landfill gas capture), burdens are included, but no credits should be given for energy recovery.
    [Show full text]
  • Subject Index
    Index 2-opt 287, 288, 291, 293 arc 18, 19, 240–242, 260, 280–284, 335, 368, 369 architecture 45, 58, 61, 65, 68, 74, 75, 77, A 93, 103, 236, 274, 277, 375, 376, 422 as-good-as-new 458, 460, 462 a priori data 267, 270, 271, 273, 297, 305 assembly 25, 26, 48, 49, 55, 58, 64, 73, 74, absolute technical importance rating 84, 86, 101, 118, 229–231, 237, 239, 243, (ATIR) 131, 133–135 245, 249, 250, 256, 259, 278, 306–309, abundance 20, 218 312, 313, 316, 328, 329, 332–339, 343, accumulation 20–22, 282, 426 351, 356–361, 365, 371, 391, 416, 423, activity modeling 45, 46 424, 474, 510 actor 9, 41, 42, 54, 56, 82, 114 assembly line balancing 239, 256, 259, acquisition 93, 102, 103, 225, 232, 234, 278, 306–309, 343 291, 385, 445, 446, 449, 452, 453, 455, asset management 459, 496, 497 457, 458, 461–465, 466, 510 attitude 3, 139, 140, 219, 223, 237, 455, 457, adaptability 347, 415, 430 458, 466, 524 adaptation 16, 62, 64, 66, 67, 69, 102, 356, automotive 222, 388–391, 411, 446, 449, 368, 392, 408, 422, 442 456–458, 466, 468, 474 adaptive disassembly process planning autonomous barrier 521 363, 375 adaptive kanban 314, 329 adaptive learning 375, 378, 379 B adjacent element hill climbing (AEHC) 236, 238, 240, 242, 274, 285, 287–290 backlog cost 477, 483 after-sale product condition Basel Action Network (BAN) 500, 506 monitoring 92 Basel convention 498, 499, 501, 503 aggregation 2, 11, 16–18 Bayesian forecasting 223, 224 analytic hierarchy process (AHP) 105, Bayesian updating 105, 110, 124–129, 212 110, 115–118, 197, 205, 212, 214 beginning of life
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Upcycling: Current Body of Literature, Knowledge Gaps and a Way Forward
    Venice Italy Apr 13-14, 2015, 17 (4) Part I A Review on Upcycling: Current Body of Literature, Knowledge Gaps and a Way Forward Kyungeun Sung related books have been published since 1999.1 Most books Abstract—Upcycling is a process in which used materials are (96%; 115 out of 120 books) in the sample were published converted into something of higher value and/or quality in their between 2008 and 2014 with higher publication rate between second life. It has been increasingly recognised as one promising 2012 and 2014 as 62.5% of all samples (75 books between means to reduce material and energy use, and to engender sustainable 2012 and 2014; 21 books in 2012; 28 in 2013; and 26 in production and consumption. For this reason and other foreseeable benefits, the concept of upcycling has received more attention from 2014). 53% (64/120) of the sampled books are categorised as numerous researchers and business practitioners in recent years. This ‘craft and hobbies’ whereas the other book categories show has been seen in the growing number of publications on this topic similar percentages (art & design: 10%; house & home DIY: since the 1990s. However, the overall volume of literature dealing 10%; science & technology: 9%; business & economics: 8%; with upcycling is still low and no major review has been presented. and the rest as miscellaneous).2 The theses search on Google Therefore, in order to further establish this field, this paper analyses Scholar simultaneously conducted by the author showed a and summarises the current body of literature on upcycling, focusing similar recent surge of publication: 90% (37/41) of these in the on different definitions, trends in practices, benefits, drawbacks and 3 barriers in a number of subject areas, and gives suggestions for future sample (since 2001) were published between 2009 and 2014.
    [Show full text]
  • Sorting of Automotive Manufacturing Wrought Aluminum Scrap
    Sorting of Automotive Manufacturing Wrought Aluminum Scrap A Major Qualifying Project Submitted to the Faculty of Worcester Polytechnic Institute in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree in Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering By Shady J. Zummar Ghazaleh Date: 04/26/2018 Sponsoring Organization: Metal Processing Institute Approved by: ________________________________________ Professor Diran Apelian Alcoa-Howmet Professor of Engineering, Advisor Founding Director of Metal Processing Institute Abstract An increase of 250% in wrought aluminum usage in automotive manufacturing is expected by 2020. Consequently, the generation of new aluminum sheet scrap will also increase. Producing secondary aluminum only emits 5% of the CO2 compared to primary aluminum – a significant 95% decrease. With the advent of opto-electronic sorting technologies, recovery and reuse of new aluminum scrap (generated during manufacturing) is at hand. A series of interviews with industrial experts and visits to automotive stamping plants were performed in order to identify: (i) the most common wrought aluminum alloys from which scrap is generated; (ii) the present scenario — how scrap is collected today; and (iii) the types of contamination that must be accounted for during and after sortation. Recommendations are made herein that will support the development of an optimized scrap management system including sorting criteria that will enable closed loop recycling. 2 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Acknowledgements 5 1 Introduction
    [Show full text]
  • Upgrading Construction and Demolition Waste Management from Downcycling to Recycling in the Netherlands
    Journal of Cleaner Production 266 (2020) 121718 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro Upgrading construction and demolition waste management from downcycling to recycling in the Netherlands * Chunbo Zhang a, Mingming Hu a, b, , Xining Yang a, Brenda Miranda-Xicotencatl a, Benjamin Sprecher a, Francesco Di Maio c, Xiaoyang Zhong a, Arnold Tukker a, d a Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2300, RA, Leiden, Netherlands b School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 40045, China c Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628, CN, Delft, the Netherlands d Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research TNO, 2595, DA, Den Haag, Netherlands article info abstract Article history: Urban mining from construction and demolition waste (CDW) is highly relevant for the circular economy Received 30 April 2019 ambitions of the European Union (EU). Given the large volumes involved, end-of-life (EoL) concrete is Received in revised form identified as one of the priority streams for CDW recycling in most EU countries, but it is currently largely 10 February 2020 downcycled or even landfilled. The European projects C2CA and VEEP have proposed several cost- Accepted 13 April 2020 effective technologies to recover EoL concrete for new concrete manufacturing. To understand the po- Available online 22 April 2020 tential effects of large-scale implementation of those recycling technologies on the circular construction, Handling editor: Yutao Wang this study deployed static material flow analysis (MFA) for a set of EoL concrete management scenarios in the Netherlands constructed by considering the development factors in two, technological and temporal Keywords: dimensions.
    [Show full text]
  • E-Waste Management
    E-waste Management "E-waste" is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their "useful life. "E-wastes are considered dangerous, as certain components of some electronic products contain materials that are hazardous, depending on their condition and density. The hazardous content of these materials pose a threat to human health and environment. Discarded computers, televisions, VCRs, stereos, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio equipment and batteries if improperly disposed can leach lead and other substances into soil and groundwater. Many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled in an environmentally sound manner so that they are less harmful to the ecosystem. This paper highlights the hazards of e-wastes, the need for its appropriate management and options that can be implemented. INTRODUCTION Industrial revolution followed by the advances in information technology during the last century has radically changed people's lifestyle. Although this development has helped the human race, mismanagement has led to new problems of contamination and pollution. The technical prowess acquired during the last century has posed a new challenge in the management of wastes. For example, personal computers (PCs) contain certain components, which are highly toxic, such as chlorinated and brominated substances, toxic gases, toxic metals, biologically active materials, acids, plastics and plastic additives. The hazardous content of these materials pose an environmental and health threat. Thus proper management is necessary while disposing or recycling ewastes. These days computer has become most common and widely used gadget in all kinds of activities ranging from schools, residences, offices to manufacturing industries.
    [Show full text]
  • "Sustainable Materials Management"?
    Briefing Paper: What are “Sustainable Materials” and “Sustainable Materials Management”? October 4, 2011 Primary Authors: David Allaway & Peter Spendelow What is a sustainable level of material or resource consumption? The 1994 Oslo Symposium on Sustainable Consumption defined "sustainable consumption" as: "the use of services and related products which respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life while minimizing the use of natural resources and toxic materials as well as the emissions of waste and pollutants over the life cycle of the service or product so as not to jeopardize the needs of future generations." While useful conceptually, the previous definition may be difficult to apply in practice. When it comes to materials, is it possible to define in more detail the meaning of “sustainable materials management”? How would we know if a material (and its management) actually is “sustainable”? What would be the attributes of such a material? More broadly, how would we know if any action is sustainable? Various thinkers and organizations have proposed a variety of answers to these questions – sometimes specific to materials, other times about sustainability more broadly. This paper briefly introduces six different responses, and summarizes some of the advantages and limitations of each. The six responses are: • William McDonough and Michael Braungart’s “Cradle to Cradle” and philosophy of “Waste Equals Food” • Zero Waste • The Natural Step • The Ecological Footprint • The Sustainable Packaging Coalition’s “Definition of Sustainable Packaging” • Internalizing Externalities / Least-Cost Planning Cradle to Cradle and “Waste Equals Food” Summary: Architect William McDonough and chemist Michael Braungart popularized the theory of “Cradle to Cradle,” explained in their 2002 book Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things.
    [Show full text]
  • Recycling Plastic: Complications & Limitations
    Eureka Recycling is a nonprofit organization, created by the Saint Paul Neighborhood Energy Consortium, that specializes in recycling and waste reduction and manages Saint Paul’s recycling program. Our mission is to reduce waste today through innovative resource management and to reach a waste-free tomorrow by demonstrating that waste is preventable not inevitable. We believe that our resources are valuable—like gold—and our goal is to provide you with an opportunity to conserve them. Recycling Plastic: Complications & Limitations Plastic is light, easy to store and transport, comes in an endless variety of textures and shapes and can hold almost anything. Those properties make it attractive to manufacturers and packagers, who use it for anything from ketchup bottles to disposable utensils. Unfortunately, plastic is much more difficult to recycle than materials like glass, aluminum or paper. Most plastic soon ends up in a landfill or incinerator. Despite promotion of plastic recycling, plastic production has outpaced recycling by five times over the past decade. While increased plastic recycling is one way to alleviate this problem, it has only limited potential to reduce the glut of plastic waste. Resin Codes Don’t Equal Recyclability The Plastic Numbering System Most plastic packaging is marked with a Almost all plastic products are imprinted with a resin code — a small resin code to identify the basic type of number enclosed by the “chasing arrows” symbol. This code can be chemical compound used in the product. This code is usually found on misleading, since it is not intended to indicate that the plastic is the bottom of the container.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploration of the Role of Extended Producer Responsibility for the Circular Economy in the Netherlands
    Exploration of the Role of Extended Producer Responsibility for the circular economy in the Netherlands June 27th 2016 Table of contents 1 Introduction 3 2 EPR & routes for optimization 5 3 Extend the scope of EPR regulation to new products and waste streams 6 3.1 EPR in neighboring regions 6 3.2 Criteria for EPR implementation 10 3.3 Relevance of new EPR obligations in the Netherlands 13 4 Deepen the scope of EPR within regulated waste streams 18 5 Strengthen the financial EPR incentives for eco-design 23 5.1 Weight 25 5.2 Design for recycling 25 5.3 Presence of hazardous materials 26 5.4 Durability (lifetime) of products 27 5.5 Prevention 27 5.6 Repairability 28 5.7 Recycled content 29 6 Conclusions and following steps 30 7 References 33 8 Appendix 1: interviews 37 9 Appendix 2: countries 41 10 Appendix 3: feedback of VPN (in Dutch) 48 Notes 52 Total number of pages: 54 Page 2 Version No. Date Status To 5 27 June 2016 Final concept Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment, Hans Spiegeler Authors: Maarten Dubois (EY Belgium), Diana de Graaf (EY Netherlands), Joachim Thieren (EY Belgium) Acknowledgements: The authors thank Roeland Bracke, Peter Borkey, Paul Rotteveel, Eelco Smit and Charline Ducas for their collaboration and feedback. This report does not necessarily represent their opinion and the content of the study is the sole responsibility of the authors. Page 3 1 Introduction Already in the ’70s and ’80s, the Netherlands have positioned themselves as frontrunners in the management of waste and secondary resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Extended Producer Responsibility in a Non-Oecd Context
    EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY IN A NON-OECD CONTEXT: THE MANAGEMENT OF WASTE ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT IN INDIA PANATE MANOMAIVIBOOL, THOMAS LINDHQVIST, NAOKO TOJO REPORT COMMISSIONED BY GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL ©Behring/Greenpeace Colophon © August 2007 Lund University International Institute for Industrial and Environmental Economics P.O. Box 196 221 00 Lund Sweden ISBN: 987-91-88902-41-2 Cover photo: Greenpeace/Behring Design: Pé de Wit Print: Macula, Boskoop, Netherlands Produced on recycled chlorine-free paper Migrant workers take apart electric devices in Guiyu, China. 2 PROLOGUE BY GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL Greenpeace International commissioned this report to test how This is where governments have to step in. EPR laws for e-waste the principle of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for waste implemented globally would level the playing fi eld for the electro- from electronics equipment (e-waste), embodied in EU, Japanese, nics sector – which after all is a global industry. As priority, South Korean and other OECD (Organisation for Economic and governments should not only copy the EU Directives, but learn Co-operation Development) legislation could be applied effectively from their shortfalls and pass stronger regulations. in countries outside of the OECD. Many developing countries host production facilities where Greenpeace believes that laws requiring producers to take res- workers are exposed to the same harmful substances that are later ponsibility for their products, once discarded by their customers, found in the products. There is increasing evidence of even wider are urgently needed worldwide to tackle the global e-waste crisis. worker and community exposure to the toxic chemicals in e-waste Although China has restricted hazardous substances in some when it comes to be recycled.
    [Show full text]
  • The Circular Economy a Powerful Force for Climate Mitigation
    REVIEW DRAFT – DO NOT DISTRIBUTE The Circular Economy a Powerful Force for Climate Mitigation Transformative innovation for a prosperous and low-carbon industry REVIEW DRAFT – DO NOT DISTRIBUTE TABLE OF CONTENT PREFACE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Chapter 1. HOW THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY CAN STRENGTHEN INDUSTRY AND PROTECT THE CLIMATE Chapter 2. STEEL – TOWARDS A CIRCULAR STEEL SYSTEM Chapter 3. PLASTICS – FINDING A PLACE WITHIN A LOW-CARBON ECONOMY Chapter 4. ALUMINIUM – REALISING THE POTENTIAL FOR RECYCLING Chapter 5. MOBILITY – THE PROMISE OF A SHARED CAR SYSTEM Chapter 6. BUILDINGS AND CEMENT – MORE VALUE FROM LESS MATERIALS 2 REVIEW DRAFT – DO NOT DISTRIBUTE preface There is intense debate about how to close the gap To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to quanti- between current climate policy and the long-term goal tatively address this issue across materials and value of the Paris Agreement: an economy with net zero emis- chains, and for the entire EU economy. As with any first sions. Within Europe, policy discussions and proposed effort, there are many uncertainties, and further ana- ‘roadmaps’ to date have focused mainly on increasing lysis will be needed. Still, our analysis shows that the energy efficiency and deploying low-carbon energy potential for emissions abatement is substantial, and sources. Both are crucial, but when it comes to industry, in many cases can be economically attractive. Indeed, a major source of emissions, they offer only a partial so- we believe that ‘materials efficiency’ deserves to be a lution. Additional strategies are needed to address the priority in discussions of industrial decarbonisation, just substantial process emissions from the production of as energy efficiency is a priority in discussions of trans- materials such as steel, cement, plastics and aluminium.
    [Show full text]