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The Effects of Fire-Related Germination Cues, Time-Since-Fire and Habitats on the Germinable Soil-Borne Seed Banks at the Torrington State Conservation Area (NSW)

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The Effects of Fire-Related Germination Cues, Time-Since-Fire and Habitats on the Germinable Soil-Borne Seed Banks at the Torrington State Conservation Area (NSW) The effects of fire-related germination cues, time-since-fire and habitats on the germinable soil-borne seed banks at the Torrington State Conservation Area (NSW). Kinzang Dorji November 2004 A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Scientific Studies at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia. ABSTRACT To determine the effects of fire-related germination cues, time-since-fire and habitats, soil-borne seed bank samples of rocky outcrops and forest habitats of Torrington State Conservation Area were examined under glasshouse conditions. A total of 1766 seedlings were recorded from the 128 sample trays over the trial duration of 9 weeks. After 9 weeks, no more seedlings emerged. The seedlings were identified as belonging to 44 species from 38 genera and 23 plant families; comprising 21 woody species, 17 forb species, 3 graminoid species and 3 grass species. The most prominent plant families were Fabaceae (8 woody species) followed by Myrtaceae (4 woody species), Apiaceae (4 forb species) and Epacridaceae, Poaceae and Asteraceae with 3 species each. Both seedling emergence and species richness was greater for heat and combinatorial effect of heat and smoke induced treatments than for control and smoke treatments. However, only the species richness was significant for treatments. Time-since-fire significantly affected the community composition. There were a total of 1351 seedlings germinated from the sites with long time-since-fire (>10 yrs.) and 415 seedlings were emerged from the sites with short time-since-fire (18 months). Germinants were mostly shown from the long-burnt rocky outcrops. There was a habitats effect with rocky outcrop samples having significantly more germinable seeds (1522 seedlings) than soil samples collected from forest habitats (144 seedlings). Examination of the soil seed bank samples and the ground standing vegetation of the study sites showed that the species composition was similar. However, there was a large difference in species richness, with richness showing higher in the ground standing vegetation than the soil samples. i DECLARATION I certify that the substance of this thesis has not been submitted for any other degree or award and is not currently being submitted for any other qualification. In addition, I declare that to the best of my knowledge, all assistance and sources of information in the preparation of this thesis have been acknowledged. ………………………… Kinzang Dorji ii Acknowledgements My profound and heartfelt thanks to my academic supervisor Associate Professor Dr. Peter Clarke for his close supervision, proper guidance, advice, invaluable support and encouragement throughout the duration of this research. Thanks for many other fruitful discussions and constant positive reinforcements. I am grateful to Mr. Ian Simpson for his contribution in the field soil sampling collections and continually providing technical assistance related to the glasshouse germination trials throughout the experiment. I thank Mr. Lachlan Copeland (PhD student) for all the assistance in identifying the seedlings to species level. I am grateful to the members of the Botany Department for their assistance and encouragement during my studies at the University. I wish to express my appreciations to Associate Professor Warren Halloway for his editorial suggestions. My Bhutanese postgraduate friends Ms. Namgay Lhamu and Ms. Karma Tshering are gratefully acknowledged for their time in obtaining the correct census records of the initial vigorous seed germinations in the glasshouse. Many people supported me both directly and indirectly and I would like to thank them. These include Ms. Monica Campbell whose advice and guidance was an immense help in keeping initial records of individual seedlings, and Mr. Doug Clark for providing office materials. Finally, I am indebted to the Bhutanese Government for providing me with the scholarship to undertake these studies at the UNE. iii Table of Contents CHAPTER -1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1 Thesis outline ........................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Effects of fire regime on composition of sclerophyll vegetation ............................. 2 1.3 Aims and objectives of the research ........................................................................ 3 1.4 Hypotheses ............................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER - 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................... 6 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 6 2.2 Types of seed banks and their distributions ............................................................. 8 2.3 Heat as soil seed bank germination cues.................................................................. 9 2.4 Smoke as soil seed bank germination cues ............................................................ 11 2.5 Effects of fire regimes (fire frequency, fire intensity and season of fire) on soil- borne seed banks ............................................................................................................... 13 2.6 Effects of habitats (rocky outcrops and forests) on plant population dynamics .... 15 2.7 Soil seed bank germinating methods ..................................................................... 16 2.8 Seed separation methods ........................................................................................ 16 2.8.1 Extraction of seeds by flotation .......................................................................... 16 2.8.2 Extraction of seeds by washing and sieving ....................................................... 16 2.9 Sample treatment prior to germination under controlled conditions ..................... 17 CHAPTER - 3 METHODS AND MATERIALS ........................................................... 18 3.1 Study region ........................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Climate ................................................................................................................... 19 3.3 General vegetation of Torrington ........................................................................... 21 3.4 Sites description ..................................................................................................... 23 3.4.1 Rocky outcrop vegetation ................................................................................... 23 3.4.2 Dry sclerophyll forest vegetation ....................................................................... 24 3.5 Fire history ............................................................................................................. 24 3.6 Soil seed bank field-sampling methods ................................................................. 25 3.7 Vegetation sampling .............................................................................................. 27 3.8 Glasshouse experimental design ............................................................................ 27 3.9 Numerical and statistical analyses ......................................................................... 33 CHAPTER – 4 UNIVARIATE ANALYSES OF SOIL SEED BANKS ......................... 34 4.1 Analyses of seedling numbers ............................................................................... 34 4.1.1 Descriptive analysis ........................................................................................... 34 4.1.2 Statistical analyses of seedling germination responses to treatments, time-since- fire and habitats ............................................................................................................. 35 4.1.3 Grass seedlings response to treatments, time-since-fire and habitats .............. 36 4.1.4 Graminoid seedlings response to treatments, time-since-fire and habitats ....... 37 4.1.5 Number of forb individuals response to treatments, time-since-fire and habitats 37 4.1.6 Total number of obligate seeder shrubs response to treatments, time-since-fire and habitats ................................................................................................................... 37 iv 4.1.7 Total number of resprouting shrubs response to treatments, time-since-fire and habitats .......................................................................................................................... 38 4.1.8 Total number of woody individuals response to treatments, time-since-fire and habitats .......................................................................................................................... 38 4.2 Analyses of species richness .................................................................................. 41 4.2.1 Effects of treatments, time-since-fire and habitats on the composition of all species ............................................................................................................................ 42 4.2.2 Number of grass species response to treatments, time-since-fire and habitats . 43 4.2.3 Total number of graminoid species response to treatments, time-since-fire and habitats .......................................................................................................................... 44 4.2.4 Total number of forb species response to treatments,
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