UCL DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY

PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW

2008 Contents

Introduction 1

Students 2

Careers 5

Highlights and News 8

Astrophysics 17

High Energy Physics 19

Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Position Physics 21

Condensed Matter and Material Physics 25

Grants and Contracts 27

Publications 31

Staff 40

Cover image: Threaded molecular wire This image was produced by Dr Sergio Brovelli and refers to recent results obtained by the group of Professor Franco Cacialli. The molecular wire consists of a semiconducting conjugated polymer supramolecularly encapsulated (i.e. with no covalent bonds) into cyclodextrin macrocycles (in green). This class of organic functional materials gives highly controllable optical properties and higher luminescence efficiency when employed as the active layer in light-emitting diodes. The supramolecular shield prevents potentially detrimental intermolecular interactions and preserves single-molecule photophysics even at high concentration. PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 1

Introduction

in trying to help pilot STFC through maintaining a flourishing Department. very choppy waters and as major It is therefore with particular pleasure recipients of their funding support. Our that I note the award of no less than six Astrophysics group were particularly long-term Fellowships to young scientists unfortunate in the timing of the crisis, wishing to start their independent as it arrived just as the majority of the academic careers at UCL, see page 8. groups funding was due to be renewed. These Fellowships are deeply UCL has moved to ensure that years competitive as they attract world wide of research excellence in fundamental attention resulting in success rates of physics are not destroyed by what I hope 5% or less. In this context the award of is a short term funding blip. Besides no less than 4 Royal Society University offering targeted emergency support to Research Fellowship to be held in make sure key projects are not abruptly the Department (or jointly with the terminated, the Provost has generously London Centre of Nanotechnology) is supported the new Institute for Origins, a particularly spectacular result. The see page 15, which seeks to combine Royal Society award just over 40 of these UCL strengths in fundamental physics annually over all disciplines. The old Chinese curse says and astronomy. The major investment “May you live in interesting times” in research computing as represented To end on a personal note: I am now in and 2008 was certainly by Legion, see page 12, also provides my fifth year of a five year term of office an interesting year. key underpinning support to the STFC as Head of Department. I have recently accepted the offer to serve in this role The years end was awaited with science area. for a further five year period. I hope interest by all UK academics for the It was my pleasure a year ago to (and fear) that the next five years will announcement of the results of the final document that UCL had scooped no less be as interesting as the last five. Research Assessment Exercise (RAE). than four of the major awards made by The results arrived using a new scoring the Institute of Physics (IOP) for 2008. system which makes them harder to There is no such announcement this year interpret, or more precisely open to for no other reason than the IOP have a number of differing interpretations. changed their schedules and the 2009 However what is clear in the outcome awards will be announced later in the for Physics at UCL, which includes year. However we have already heard the Department of Space and Climate that Professor David Williams, Emeritus Physics (aka MSSL) and much of Perrin Professor of Astronomy and still the Department of Medical Physics an active member of the Department, and Bioengineering, was a strong has been award the 2009 Gold Medal by endorsement of our excellence in Professor Jonathan Tennyson the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS), research. We are now clearly established Head of Department their highest honour, for his work on as one of the four major centres of astrochemistry. In addition, Dr Sarah physics research in the UK. As I write Bridle, newly promoted to Reader in we are awaiting a further announcement Astrophysics, has been awarded the explaining the consequences of this for RAS Fowler Prize for her early career our finances. work in cosmology. A full report on these The year started in less promising prizes will appear in next year’s annual fashion with a major funding crisis in review. the Science and Technology Funding Fostering the career of young and Council (STFC). Many members of the talented scientists is key part of Department were involved in this both 2 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

Physics and Astronomy Students

PhDs AWARDED Student Entry and Pass Figures for 2008 Jennifer C Brookes Undergraduates Postgraduates A microscopic model of signal Entrants: 100 MSc entrants: 11 transduction mechanisms: Olfaction PhD entrants: 28 (Supervisor Prof. Marshall Stoneham) BSc Degrees MSc Degrees Mark Dorman Cross section measurements for 1st 9 2:1 5 2:2 1 3rd 4 Distinction 5 Pass 4 quasi-elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering with the MINOS near MSc Degrees PhD Degrees detector (Supervisor Prof. J Thomas) 1st 20 2:1 21 2:2 10 3rd 1 Pass 22 Natasha Doss Calculated final state probability NB: Numbers specified are head counts distributions for T2 β-decay measurements (Supervisor Prof. Jonathan Tennyson) 2008 PRIZE WINNERS FRANCISCUS PRINS Christina Dunn Additional Sessional Prize for Merit Pseudo-random toolpaths for deterministic surface processing UNDERGRADUATE PRIZES SUNIL RATTU (Supervisor Dr D Walker) Tessella Prize for Software HOLLY ALEXANDER Flemming Ehlers (Best use of software in final year Huggins Prize Modelling of the interaction of Cu Physics/Astronomy projects) (Best performance 2nd year Astronomy) and rare earth metal with Si(001) C.A.R. TAYLER PRIZE DANIEL SHORT (Supervisor Dr D Bowler) (Best 2nd Year Essay) Herschel Prize Hannah Fox SETRAK BALIAN (Best performance 4th year Astronomy) New statistical mechanical simulation Wood Prize SIDNEY TANOTO methods for the calculation of surface (Best performance 2nd year Physics) Additional Sessional Prize for Merit properties (Supervisor Prof. M J Gillan) YUVAL BEN HAIM WEI ZHOU Gabriela Halmova Best Performance 3rd Year Physics R-matrix calculations of electron- Oliver Lodge Prize - & William Bragg Prize (Best performance 1st year Physics) molecule collisions with C2 and C2 (Best overall undergraduate) (Supervisor Prof. Jonathan Tennyson) ALEXANDER DUNNING POSTGRADUATE PRIZES Clare E Jenner Corrigan Prize A new semi-analytical treatment CHRISTOPHER HADLEY (Best performance in experimental work, of the effect of supernovae on 2nd year) Carey Foster Prize ULIRG spectral energy distributions (Postgraduate Research, Physics AMOPP) (Supervisors Prof. M J Barlow, Dr J Yates) DAVID JOHNSON David Ponter Prize TOMMI KOSKINEN Christopher King (Most improved performance in Jon Darius Prize A new approach to stitching optical Department, 2nd year) (Outstanding Postgraduate Research, metrology data (Supervisor Dr D Walker) Astronomy) KALLE KARHUNEN Tommi Koskinen Best Performance 3rd Year Astronomy ARTHUR LOVELL Stability of short-period exoplanets Marshall Stoneham Prize (Supervisor Prof. Alan Aylward) KATARINA MARKOVIC (Postgraduate Research, Physics CMMP) Brian Duff Memorial Prize Ho-Chih Lin (Best 4th Year project in the department) DANIEL NICHOLASS Local approach to quantum Hepp Group entanglement (Prof. Andrew Fisher) KIRITHIKA MOHAN (Postgraduate Research, Physics HEP) Daniel Nicholass Halley Prize The study of D+- and D0 meson (Best performance 1st year Astronomy) ZIRI YOUNSI Harrie Massey Prize production in deep inelastic scattering CALLUM NOBLE (Most Outstanding MSc student) at HERA II with the ZEUS detector Burhop Prize (Supervisor Dr M Wing) (Best performance 4th year Physics) PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 3

Nick Nicolaou Jiayu Tang Single and two-photon fluorescence Investigating future probes studies of linear and nonlinear optical of cosmic acceleration NEWS HIGHLIGHTS chromophores (Supervisor Dr A J Bain) (Supervisor Prof. J Weller) Follow-up Monitoring of Transiting Matthew North Paolo Emilio Trevisanutto Extrasolar Planets from ULO Rapid rotation in Be Stars Theoretical models of (Supervisor Prof. Ian Howarth) photo-induced processes at UCL undergraduates are participating in surfaces of oxide nanoparticles a collaborative observational project to Chiara Piccarreta (Supervisor Prof. Alexander Shluger) study the transits of extrasolar planets. Calculation of resonance effects in Transitting extra solar planets are a low-energy electron-water collisions Troy Vine particular class of planets who, when (Supervisor Prof. Jonathan Tennyson) A Direct measurement viewed from earth, pass directly in front of the W decay width Julia Roberts of their star. These planets are particularly (Supervisor Prof. M Lancaster) The chemical evolution of low mass interesting because they can be studied prestellar cores and young stellar Nicholas J Wright by observing the light from their star. objects (Supervisor Prof. J Rawlings) The structure and chemistry of The scientific aim of the project is to use evolved stars and nebulae Mischa Stocklin UCL’s observatory (ULO) to monitor the (Supervisor Prof. M J Barlow) Quantum chaos with cold transits of known and candidate extrasolar atoms and spin waves planets, with a view to characterizing (Supervisor Prof. T S Monteiro) the planetary companions in confirmed systems, and checking the status of transit candidates which have been discovered by wide-field surveys elsewhere. The observing programme is engaging undergraduates across all years directly with astronomical research in a field which is growing fast, providing opportunities for the further development of their own practical and research skills, and supporting on-going final-year MSci project work.

(Left to right) Jayantha Dhanapala, Emmet Farragher and John Finney

Emmet Farragher, a first year student in Physics and Astronomy was awarded the inaugural Joseph Rotblat essay prize. The award was launched this year to The Figure shows a transit event (October honor the centenary birth of one of the founders of the Pugwash Conferences 2008) of the recently-discovered system on Science and International Affairs, Sir Joseph Rotblat. Rotblat, who shared WASP-11b, obtained at ULO by 4th-yr the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize with the Pugwash Conferences, was an ardent MSci student Ingo Waldmann (Natural advocate of young people and believed that drawing on their creativity and Sciences). The observed starlight energy could be crucial in creating a better world. measurements are in blue, and the green line is a model fit. The prize essay analysed the scenarios in which an independent British Transit observations such as these show nuclear weapon could arguably be used, together with an examination that WASP-11b, a planet with half Jupiter’s of non-nuclear alternatives in each case. mass and orbiting its parent star in just 3.7 days, has a radius about the same as Emmet received his award from Ambassador Jayantha Dhanapala, Jupiter, indicating a low-density gas-giant the President of Pugwash and a past UN Under-Secretary-General for with a low-mass core. Disarmament Affairs, following a keynote address on the Urgency of These findings have recently been accepted Disarmament at an event jointly hosted by British Pugwash and the for publication in Monthly Notices of the SOAS Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy. Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS). 4 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

Physics Outreach Project

This is a voluntary based project aimed widely in content, however they all have their excellent presentations. They were at improving the public image of physics the common purpose of explaining the a credit to your University.’ amongst primary and secondary school basic principles of physics in both an The scheme has been running for over pupils. The project is led by a group of entertaining and educational manner. three years now and it will be continuing five UCL physics students,Nick Elias, Previous presentations have included this year with one returning Project Robin Gajria, Salim Damani, Jennifer ‘Physics of ice cream’ and ‘What to do Leader and four new Project Leaders Lardge and Luisa Pruessner, and is with a degree in Physics.’ from various year levels, which makes supported by the Voluntary Services The students are always enthusiastic and this a great opportunity for the volunteers Unit, part of the UCL Union. The idea attentive. Things can get a little chaotic to meet students on other years and is to entice and enthuse students to the during demonstrations with a class of 30 disciplines within the department. captivating world of physics through but that’s all part of the fun. The students It’s also an excellent way to practice talks and presentations delivered by our are encouraged to ask questions and presentation skills and in particular, it’s volunteers. join in the talks. Their response, as well great for explaining scientific ideas in Each volunteer, with the help and support as that from teachers has been very simple terms. of the project leaders, will create their inspiring. Peter Turner, the Extended The Physics Outreach Project can own talk based on an aspect of physics Schools Manager of Central Foundation be contacted by email at physics. that interests them personally. The School for Boys said ‘Can I thank the [email protected] nature of these talks therefore varying UCL students who came to the school for

Annual Weekend at Cumberland Lodge

‘Heros and Villans’: Sometimes the alter-egos of a few of our students get to ‘play’ a part in the Department’s life

The picture above features some of our undergraduate cast who stared in a play at Cumberland Lodge based on the Batman story. The department organises an annual weekend at Cumberland Lodge in Windsor Great Park for undergratuate students as part of the first year induction. Although the planned activities vary from year to year the production of a play has been a very popular addition for many years and involves both students and staff. PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 5

Careers with Physics and Astronomy Degrees

professional astronomers who study the binary black hole OJ+287. The amateurs have provided long time series brightness measurements of the black holes (both visual and CCD) giving the professionals a wealth of data to analyse. This has resulted in 2 scientific papers, the most recent of which was in Nature; ‘A massive binary black hole system in OJ 287 and a test of general relativity’, Valtonen et al, Nature, 452, 851-853, (2008). This analysed the orbit of the black holes showing evidence of energy loss through gravitational radiation, one of the last remaining tests of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity.

At present I am working on a database project with the British Astronomical Association Variable Star Section. This will put their 2 million plus observations dating back to the 1890’s online for amateurs and professionals to access for their research.

I’ve continued my academic studies Andrew Wilson I had an interest in astronomy from a through maths courses at the Open young age, and my study of Astronomy University. I have found this very IT Developer (BSc Astronomy and Physics at UCL was the culmination rewarding, though I cannot study every & Physics 1994) of this interest. I had originally envisaged year due to work and life commitments. that I would spend my life in research, 2008 has been an especially busy Since graduating from UCL in 1994 I though my career ended up taking a year for me. It has seen the completion have spent the majority of my working different path. I decided that if I wasn’t of an observatory in my back garden life in the City. For the last three years I to have a career in science, then I equipped with a 14” telescope. Another have been working as an IT developer would find a way to pursue my own highlight has been my visit to China in in the risk department of a Japanese interests in the subject. So I became July and August to see a total eclipse of investment bank. With all that has actively involved in the UK and Global the Sun from the Gobi desert. happened in the global economy over amateur astronomy scene through the the past year this has proven to be a British Astronomical Association. I was very challenging environment, though it largely interested in finding ways to must be said with never a dull moment! contribute to scientific research and I have found that my time studying so I became a member of the Variable science at UCL has equipped me with Star Section. My main area of interest the logical approach and problem over the past few years has been solving skills that are so crucial to doing monitoring active galaxies. I have been well in my chosen career. part of a collaboration of amateur and 6 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

Orsola De Marco and Nic Fulton

Orsola and Nic met while at UCL, A low point being a trip to a conference A year later we got married. Reuters Orsola was a Physics Undergraduate in Riccione, Italy - where I saved money worked out very well for me. Because and Nic was studying for his PhD. by camping – only to discover my work of UCL sys admin work I’d got into Web Orsola and Nic are now married with on Na3 was bogus because I’d forgot stuff just as it was beginning in business two children. While Orsola continues some (obscure) effect called the Berry so at Reuters the ‘new thing’ to them was to work in academia, Nic works for phase. something I was familiar with. Orsola’s Thomson Reuters. PhD went well and she finished in 1997. On other sides of life things were quite different. To help pay my rent I took on Orsola had post-doc offers from a few a job as a lab assistant for the first-year places, but the one in Zürich put us right practical physics course. This meant in a major banking centre, and hence being an annoyance to the undergrads work for me. We moved there for two (I think they called me patronizing – years. Initially fun, but ultimately boring right Gary?), but with one great upside – yes, the stereotype is true – and then – face to face with the new intake of returned to London for a year before female students. After having avoided moving to New York City departmental functions as an undergrad, I realized that a long weekend away in Now it’s eight years later. We’ve had our Winsor Park for the Cumberland Lodge ups and downs and now have two lovely retreat would be a good chance to kids to show for it (excuse the pun). We cement my friendship with these young spend summers out sailing on the Long faces, in particular the Italian with a Island sounds in our 30’ Catalina and our Nic Fulton Scottish accent. children Elliot (4) and Chiara (2.5) have got their sea-legs. But we’re not content Chief Scientist, Reuters Media The weekend was great, I thoroughly to sit still, so in early 2009 we’re off to (BSc Physics with Electronics enjoyed the talks, entertainment, and the Australia. 1991, PhD Physics 1995) lie-in (after beer and music) that the end of BST gave us. But best of all, I was in My time as an undergraduate at UCL in love. Orsola had come over to chat when the Physics Dept. was probably about as I was sitting under a tree. She was smart normal as anyone else’s. Too much beer and pretty and a keen, experienced in the Union, late nights in clubs and sailor – I too had sailed all my life as my house parties, and all nighters during dad was a navy officer. We talked for the week trying to finish coursework and hours. cram for exams. I remember it fondly, if bleary eyed. I made it through in the My work improved, and I got into some end, a 2:1 in Physics, Electronics and wonderful research on classical/quantum Computing. correspondence, inspired by Gonzalo, a student from Madrid who was visiting for With the prospect of graduating into a a summer – and now a very successful recession facing me I looked around academic in his own right. After for other options and found a PhD successfully completing my PhD in Oct Orsola De Marco studentship with Jonathan Tennyson. I 1994, I decided that academia wasn’t for Reader at Macquarie University was, frankly, out of my depth in molecular me, and I joined Reuters doing technical (BSc Astrophysics 1994, PhD spectroscopy, but managed to bluff the research work – specifically modeling Astrophysics 1997) first couple of years by being a dab financial markets using Neural Networks. hand at programming and computer As Nic crossed the first year graphics for visualizing complex Orsola started her PhD studying undergraduate physics lab I thought functions. But it was hard work. Planetary Nebulae. he was cute. PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 7

The year was 1991, and I was an UCL Physics and Astronomy undergraduate while Nic had just started his PhD in the NEWS HIGHLIGHTS same department. The Presence of Methane in the Atmosphere of an Extrasolar Planet While waiting to depart for Cumberland Mark R. Swain, Gautam Vasisht, Giovanna Tinetti Lodge, where the Department still has Nature 452, 329 – 331 (2008) its start of year retreat, I hoped that Nic Work in the Department on Extrasolar Planets took another leap forward in would be there and was very happy March when Giovanna Tinetti was amongst the authors of an article in Nature when I saw him joining us on the bus. describing the first detection of methane on a planet outside our solar system. Methane is made of carbon and hydrogen and so is an important simple The next day, I was taking a walk in organic molecule - important in that it can take part in prebiotic chemistry, the Windsor Great Park, where the Lodge is first steps in the chemistry of life. located, and I spotted Nic sitting under a The planet on which it was found – the tongue-twistingly named HD189733b – tree, all by himself. Luck has it that I went is unlikely to support life as it is a Gas Giant (like Jupiter) very close to its star. to say hi, and ended up sitting with him However the fact that methane has been found on another world increases for couple of hours, talking. Under that our confidence that it may also be abundant on planets with a more equable tree, on a grey November afternoon, I environment – and illustrates that it is practically possible to detect methane at these distances. found the love of my life.

We got married 4 years later, when I was a first year PhD student. When I finished my PhD we moved to Zürich where I took up a position as a post-doc and later, after a brief return to London, we moved to New York- where I work in research at the American Museum of Natural History.

In 2004 our son Elliot was born and a short time later our daughter Chiara.

Today, our family is about to start on a new adventure; we are moving to Sydney, where I am taking up a Readership at Macquarie University. We have come a Data compared to modelling results for HD189733b: The black dots are data long way from the days at UCL, but our and all other curves are models which conclusively demonstrate the presence of methane and water. life together is rooted in those days. We still consider our anniversary the first weekend of November.

The Transit Light Curve for HD189733b: These curves show the observations from Hubble in two different frequencies of the transit of the planet – that is a small amount of star-light is cut off as it passes in front of the star. 8 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

Staff Highlights and News

Promotions FELLOWSHIPS Promotion to Professor The following people won prestigious fellowships Professor Mark Lancaster during 2008 which Professor Ferruccio Renzoni they will hold in the Department. Professor Linda Smith

Promotion to Reader

Dr Sarah Bridle Dr Robert Thorne Dr Barbara Ercolano STFC Advanced Fellowship Dr David Waters

Dr Emily Nurse New Appointments Royal Society University Research Fellowship The following academic members of staff started on 1 January 2009. Dr Nguyen Thanh Reader in CMMP, associated with the Dr Alexandra Olaya-Castro Royal Institution and holder of a Royal EPSRC Career Society University Research fellowship. Acceleration Fellowship From Liverpoool University. Dr Giorgio Savini Lecturer in Astrophysical Instrumentation. From Cardiff University. Professor Chris Pickard Retirements EPSRC Leadership Fellowship Professor Mike Dworetsky Professor John Finney

Resignations Dr Cristian Ruegg Dr Jochen Weller left to take up a Royal Society University Professorship at the University of Munich. Research Fellowship

Dr Peter Sushko Royal Society University Research Fellowship Dr Giovanna Tinetti Royal Society University Research Fellowship PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 9

Alumni Matters Professor Tegid Wyn Jones

Dr Joseph William ‘Bill’ Fox Alumni Dinner

From 1950 onwards following The annual dinner of the Physics Professor H.S.W. Massey’s and Astronomy Alumni took place appointment as Head of Department, on Friday 9 May 2008. Bill gradually acquired responsibility About forty alumni responded for all undergraduate matters to the invitation sent out with last including admissions. year’s Annual Review and I am pleased to report that it was again By the mid sixties he was towering a thoroughly enjoyable event. figure in the Department for undergraduate students and young My ‘after dinner speech’ was an lecturers such as myself. There was innovation this year. I am told it indeed considerably more bark was in English and caused some than bite in his manner. I gratefully amusement, although following recall his help and encouragement all the retirement speeches I have Alumni who graduated before 1983 along with his wise and sympathetic made in the last few years I can will surely remember Bill Fox who approach to students with personal recall only another occasion to sadly died on 1st October 2008. difficulties. become incoherent!

This year the annual dinner will Bill came to the Department in 1937 Tony Smith, Don Davis and Colin take place on 8 May 2009 and the and graduated in 1940 after the Wilkin have commemorated his long ‘after dinner speech’ will be by Department had been evacuated to and productive life in a fine obituary Professor Jonathan Tennyson, Bangor, North Wales. Together with which you can find at: the Head of Department who along the Head of Department, Professor www.ucl.uk/phys/department/ with Professor Nella Laricchia, led E. N. da C. Andrade and lecturer history/bill_fox us to the success of the Research Dr F. A. Vick, he joined the war effort Assessment Exercise. and worked on anti tank mines and In the history directory of the their countermeasures. At the end Physics and Astronomy website you of the war he returned to UCL and can also find a valuable history of obtained his PhD in 1948 under the Department written by Bill Fox Andrade’s supervision. himself. 10 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

Professor Quentin Pankhurst heads new Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory

Following its two and a half year closure for an extensive £22 million renovation, Quentin Pankhurst has been appointed the new Director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory (DFRL). Quentin was previously Deputy Director of the London Centre for Nanotechnology at UCL and has been appointed to undertake research in Healthcare Biomagnetics – the application of magnetic materials to healthcare. Quentin also retains a 10% appointment in the Department.

Quentin took up this post on 1 May 2008 and will lead an ambitious collaborative research programme to build a new DFRL team of 15 resident scientists, engineers, medics and technologists to tackle major challenges in the field of Healthcare Biomagnetics. In addition, the RI-UCL programme will see at least (Left to right) Quentin Pankhurst, Susan Greenfield and Malcolm Grant another 35 scientists making direct use of the new DFRL facilities.

Quentin and his team will be working to A defining tenet of the RI is that it make a difference for patients the world should be actively engaged in innovative over by perfecting new ways to sense, research undertaken by its own resident move and heat magnets which can scientists. be safely and conveniently introduced The DFRL has a long and distinguished into the human body in the form of a 200 year history, including the award magnetic ‘ink’. of 14 Nobel Prizes, the discovery of 10 Examples of on-going projects include elements of the periodic table and the the development of: invention of the electric generator. • a hand-held scanner that helps The Healthcare Biomagnetics cancer surgeons determine the programme at the DFRL are jointly progression of cancer in a patient, funded by a £2.35 million commitment from the RI and a commitment of £1.36 • a treatment method for atherosclerosis million from UCL for the period April 2008 using a patient’s own healing cells until March 2013. through the use of targeted magnetic force, and

• a method for targeting and activating magnetic particles to cause selective localised heating and destruction of Magnetically Labelled Stem Cell cancer cells. PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 11

Deep-Inelastic Scattering and Related Subjects (DIS 2008) Workshop in UCL

Spring 2008 saw the ‘XVI International seen tremendous advances recently by a speech from Norman McCubbin Workshop on Deep-Inelastic Scattering with the combination of data from two (STFC/RAL) entitled, “The scattering of and Related Subjects’ (DIS 2008) held experiments, H1 and ZEUS at HERA. balls: an English obsession”. Norman at UCL, jointly organised by the High Leading to a much increased precision, explained the delights of this English Energy Particle Physics Groups of the significantly better than the simple game, such as the length of the game, University of Oxford and UCL. The effect of doubling the statistics. Taking the many and complicated options on workshop ran from Monday 7 April advantage of the very different detectors when tea can be taken and the history to Friday 11 April and consisted of a and their systematic uncertainties, of Lord’s. All supported by props and multitude of subjects with around 270 the measurements from H1 and ZEUS how the game relates to physics and talks and 300 participants. Not only was effectively ‘cross-calibrate’ and lead to specifically deep inelastic scattering. there a vibrant scientific programme, but uncertainties of 1–2% for a large fraction also an extensive list of social events of the 500 data points. All of the results The contributions from our many enjoyed by all. are crucial inputs to our understanding sponsors was much appreciated, in of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and particular the MAPS Faculty who very The first day, opened in the Cruciform in particular the structure of the proton generously supported the event. Finally building by the Provost and President which is needed as the starting point for I would like to thank all members of Professor Malcolm Grant, contained most physics at the LHC. the Local Organising Committee, in mainly plenary talks with speakers particular Christine Johnston who detailing recent experimental and Several social events were included in quietly and efficiently carried most of the theoretical highlights and prospects the workshop programme. A welcome administrative burden and the student in the areas of the strong force and reception of beer and cheese, held in helpers who made the conference such high energy colliders such as the the North Cloisters in UCL and a brilliant a great success. electron-proton collider, HERA, in concert by Jack Liebeck (violin) and Hamburg; the proton-antiproton collider, Katya Apekisheva (piano) at Queen Matthew Wing Tevatron, in Chicago, and the proton- Elizabeth Hall. Co-chair of the Local Organising proton collider, Large Hadron Collider Committee for DIS 2008. (LHC), which was turned on this year The social highlight of the Workshop was in Geneva (see page 19). the dinner held at Lord’s Cricket Ground – the home of cricket. After a tour of the The main subject of the DIS workshop ground and champagne in the museum, series, the structure of the proton, has an excellent dinner was served, followed

The DIS 2008 quorum in the UCL front quad 12 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

Research Computing – Introducing Legion

November 2008 saw the launch of a shapes of distant galaxies to determine For further information about Legion see major new computational facility for the properties of dark energy and the www.ucl.ac.uk/research-computing UCL researchers. Legion is arguably nature of gravity. This involves analysing the most powerful university based the shapes of 300 million galaxies at supercomputer in the UK, rivalling even extremely high accuracy. the national supercomputing services in its ability to handle certain types of computational problem.

The main Legion cluster comprises 2560 processor cores, each offering 4GB RAM. The large amount of on-chip memory makes Legion unique in its ability to accommodate a wide variety of computational tasks from across the UCL Faculties. A 192TB high-performance file system ensures I/O speeds that match the demands of today’s data intensive applications.

Legion has already generated publishable results for a number of experienced users who have been given early access to the system. For example in Physics and Astronomy, Legion has been used to support three Grand Challenge projects in the areas of molecular physics and cosmology. Professor Jonathan Tennyson and Dr Lorenzo Lodi are currently calculating the most accurate potential energy surface of the water molecule to then compute the most accurate dipole of water (see page 21 for further details of this project). Dr Sergey Yurchenko and Dr Bob Barber are calculating the first linelist of hot ammonia for use in climate and planetary atmosphere simulations and in industrial applications.

Additionally Dr Sarah Bridle has used Legion to compute UCL’s entry in the GREAT08 PASCAL Challenge (see page 17). This focuses on a problem that is of crucial importance for future observations in cosmology; using the PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 13

Opening of the ν-Building at Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL)

The ν Clean Room

The morning of Wednesday 30 April form. Space scientists study the life The opening ceremony was then carried was wet, cold and miserable. Not an cycle and properties of these stars and out by the Provost. auspicious start for the beginning of one galaxies. The most interesting synergy of the most important developments lies in the study of the neutrino, given The ν Building is a fantastic facility – nearly half of it is taken up with a new for the capability of the High Energy the Greek symbol, ν, pronounced ‘new’. Physics (HEP) group at UCL. Large numbers of neutrinos are emitted clean room which is approximately Fortunately the weather brightened as by stars such as our sun and in super- 12m square and 7m high (above). Its guests arrived for the official opening of nova explosions such as the explosion of inaugural project will be the construction of detectors for the SuperNEMO the ν-building at MSSL, a collaborative SN1987A observed in 1987. The neutrino project between HEP and MSSL. also potentially holds the key as to why experiment. SuperNEMO will search for our universe is dominated by matter a very rare process, neutrinoless double The project was conceived four years and why all the anti-matter disappeared beta decay. If it is observed it will confirm ago when Professor Jenny Thomas within a few minutes of its creation in a long held view that neutrinos are their (HEP) and Professor Keith Mason (then the Big Bang. The neutrino however only own antiparticle and will allow physicists Director of MSSL) persuaded UCL’s interacts very weakly with matter and its to determine the mass of the neutrino Provost and the PPARC CEO to fund observation requires large sophisticated which at present is unknown. the development of a new building to detectors which will be built in the ν The day concluded with the time honored enhance UCL’s capabilities to lead large Building. construction projects in Particle Physics consumption of wine and champagne. and Space Science. That was the Guests began to arrive at 2pm easy part – the project then had to be and included local dignitaries, the approved by the Deputy Prime Minister’s chairpersons of the two local parish Office and the Local Councils.Jenny councils, Abinger and Ewhurst, and the Thomas and Professor Alan Smith who local MP Sir Paul Beresford as well as succeeded Keith Mason as head of prominent members of the research MSSL successfully steered the plans community. First they were taken on a through the authorities and construction tour of the ν Building and then Jenny began in 2006. Thomas and Alan Smith each gave a presentation explaining their vision The underlying science of MSSL and the for the future and the desire of the two HEP group are surprisingly connected. groups to work closely together and how Particle Physics studies the evolution of closely aligned this was to the ‘Institute (Left to right) Alan Smith, Jenny Thomas the universe in the first micro-second of Origins’ which is a recent Faculty which created the conditions for stars to and Malcolm Grant unveiling the new initiative (see page 15). laboratory. 14 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

Staff Profile

of the AMOPP group and is involved in John uses simple apparatus in practical the theoretical aspects of positron-atom examples to illustrate important basic collisions. One particularly significant principles in classical mechanics. piece of research in which John was So what are John’s plans for the future? involved was the theory of positron- When talking to John one can’t help helium scattering. Scientists were then but notice a real love for teaching and able to use his theoretical results to academia and luckily for us he plans to justify and explain the experimental retain ties with the department by giving results, thus serving to prove the viability a weekly tutorial to a group of second of positron scattering. In addition to year undergraduates. His research will this, John, in collaboration with Michael also continue but the majority of his time Charlton (ex- UCL, currently EPSRC will be taken up concentrating on family Senior Fellow at Swansea University) has life with his two grandchildren. written one of the only comprehensive texts on Positron Physics, published in 2001, aptly titled ‘Positron Physics’. Professor John Humberston On the teaching side, John has taught John has been a long-standing and classical mechanics in the department immensely popular member of the for at least ten years and is famous department for nearly 50 years. both with the students and staff for Indicative of his popularity was the his ingenious use of demonstrations award of the Departmental Teaching (see image below). Prize in 2008. Additionally, although John officially retired five years ago, the department was loath to lose such a popular teacher and so managed to persuade him to continue teaching classical mechanics for a further five years. All bribery methods exhausted, sadly John decided to relinquish the course in 2008. He is now looking forward to a peaceful and exam-free retirement.

John joined UCL in October 1959 as a PhD student working under the supervision of Sir Harrie Massey. After he obtained his PhD, John was appointed to a lectureship at UCL in 1966 and, with the exception of spending a couple of years working at different institutions in North America, he has been at UCL ever since.

John is both a keen researcher and teacher and has successfully managed John Humberston demonstrating the conservation of angular momentum in the Harrie to balance both the teaching and Massey Lecture Theatre with undergraduate student Aiden Dunne. Aiden is standing on a turntable holding a spinning wheel; when he tilts the wheel in one direction the turntable will research aspects of his academic turn Aiden round in such a direction that total angular momentum is conserved. If he tilts the career. On the research side he is part wheel in the other direction, the direction of the turntable will also change. PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 15

Institute of Origins NEWS HIGHLIGHTS Quantum Delocalization Behaviour of The Institute of Origins has been recently established to promote world Molecular Hydrogen in Potassium-Graphite leading research in topics related to the Origins and Evolution of the Universe. Arthur Lovell, Felix Fernandez-Alonso, The institute embraces the work carried out in at least four UCL departments Neal T Skipper, Keith Refson, covering Astrophysics, High Energy Physics, Solar System Physics and Stephen M Bennington, and Stewart F Parker Mathematics. The Institute had its formal launch event on 27 February 2009 Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 126101 (2008) with keynote speeches from Sir Paul Nurse, Nobel Prize winner in Physiology Understanding how molecular hydrogen (H2) or Medicine 2001 (President of Rockerfeller University, New York) and binds to materials is crucial to designing a Professor John Ellis (CERN). new generation of hydrogen storage media for ‘clean’ fuel cell vehicles. By combining Initially funded as a special initiative in fundamental physical science by the neutron scattering studies with first-principles Provost’s special fund, the institute will in due course look for external (DFT) calculations, new insight into H2 binding funding to ensure the continuation of its multidisciplinary activity. sites in the layered potassium-graphite intercalate KC24 has been gained. The inelastic neutron spectra show features consistent with a single adsorption site, unlike in the similar compound CsC24. Further, H2 is strongly pinned along a single quantization axis and the H2-substrate interaction is Astronomy Colloquium characterized by rotational barriers ~100 times greater than in pure graphite. First-principles calculations suggest hydrogen The UCL Astronomy Colloquia was started in 1979 by Professor Sir Robert is sited close to potassium ions but fail to Wilson and Professor Allan Willis, based on a 3-day meeting on a selected account for the underlying symmetry of the Astrophysical topic. The format has remained largely unchanged for the experimental H2 orientational potential. This discrepancy disappears once the H2 position past 30 years with a meeting roughly 2 years out of 3. A key aspect being is averaged over three positions close to informality and UCL hospitality including complementary wine and bar – separate ions in each adsorption site, naturally much appreciated by participants. The theme of this year’s colloquium was leading to the well-known saturation coverage of ~2H per metal atom in this material. Our ‘Exploration of the Solar System’. 2 results imply that H2 storage in metal-doped carbon substrates can be severely affected by quantum-mechanical delocalisation effects extracted from a single copy.

Inelastic neutron spectra of KC2(H2)x. Left inset: calculated electron density difference (red = gain, blue = loss) showing strong charge interaction between H2 and K. Right inset: vicinal hydrogen sites (white circles) in the KC24 unit cell (white lines). Participants at the Astronomy Colloquium 7–10 July 2008. 16 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

Outreach NEWS HIGHLIGHTS

Many members of the department have Steve’s work has also been Single-copy Entanglement in a continued with their public and school complemented with practical observation Gapped Quantum Spin Chain outreach during 2008, in anticipation sessions with portable telescopes. Christopher Hadley to the International Year of Astronomy Hundreds of school children have Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 177202 (2008) (IYA2009). enjoyed visits to the University of London Observatory and use of the National In recent years, the field of quantum Schools Observatory via the internet to information theory has blossomed, promising super-powerful machines obtain observational data. solving classically-intractable problems, perfectly secure Finally STFC science society fellows, communication, and providing new Dr Maggie Aderin and Dr Francisco insight into quantum mechanics. Diego have been very active lecturing The resource underlying the power to schools, science festivals and of such quantum computers is collaborating with the media. Maggie ‘entanglement’, a stronger-than- classical correlation between was recently was made a Member of particles. Entangled particles, in the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for some sense, lose their individual services to science. Whilst Francisco has identities and only truly exist as part visited China and successfully recorded of a pair or group. the total solar eclipse of 1 August 2008 Entanglement occurs naturally in and the material is now being used in most physical systems; the amount is often given as an indication of popular lectures. how powerful a system would be as a quantum computer. The standard The website for his fellowship is measures of entanglement used www.ucl.ac.uk/themindoftheuniverse. at present are a little artificial, in as much as they measure the amount of entanglement that can be extracted Steve Fossey (ULO) is assisted by UCL from a system if one has an infinite students Michaela Musilova (red jacket) number of copies of the system – the so-called ‘asymptotic limit’. and Cherry Ng in setting up a 7-in maksutov telescope at the Alexandra Park School for an observing session with Year 7 student members of the science and engineering club. Photo: Rogan Macdonald

The dark universe has been a major A far more realistic measure is given public topic, one very brief example by the ‘single copy entanglement’ of this is Professor Ofer Lahav talking In this paper, Hadley gives the first on the Radio 4 Today programme indication that for a particular class of systems (those with a finite gap discussing dark matter. between the energies of the ground Composite of 10 pictures of the solar state and the first-excited state), the School outreach work has included corona seen from Yiwu, China during single copy entanglement is equal to the total eclipse on the 1 August 2008. Dr Steve Fossey continuing to work the asymptotic amount. This means The star on the right is 3.9V delta Cancri. with the Alexandra Park School. This that all the entanglement present can The corona shows streamers diverging collaboration between the School and be extracted from a single copy of from the magnetic poles, typical of the system, and that the presence of UCL was recognised by the London periods of minimum solar activity. many copies of the system does not Education Partnership Awards with Photo: Francisco Diego convey any advantage. Previously, an award in the category ‘Excellent it was known that for systems that Professional Practice in Curriculum and have no energy gap, only half the Student Support in science, technology, entanglement present may be engineering and mathematics’. extracted from a single copy. PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 17

Astrophysics

The Astrophysics group at UCL is one Twenty per cent of our universe seems The GREAT08 Challenge contains of the largest and most active in the UK. to be made of dark matter, an unknown 200 GB of simulated images, containing The group’s current activities cover an substance that is fundamentally 30 million galaxy images. For the main impressive range of research topics, different to the material making up our competition, participants are asked which include atmospheric physics of the known world. Seventy-five per cent of to extract 5400 numbers from 170 GB Earth and other planets; circumstellar and the universe appears to be made of of data. UCL’s Legion computer has interstellar environments; galaxies and a completely mysterious substance already been used to compute our entry cosmology; massive stars and clusters; dubbed dark energy. One possible into the competition (see page 22). The optical instrumentation; star formation; explanation for these surprising competition can be accessed via the astrochemistry, and recent pioneering observations is that Einstein’s law of website www.great08challenge.info studies of the environments of extra-solar gravity is wrong. planets. Some of the highlights of the group’s research in these areas during The method with the greatest potential Huge Lenses to 2008 are described below by Dr Sarah to discover the nature of dark energy Observe Cosmic Bridle. is gravitational lensing, in which the shapes of distant galaxies are distorted Dark Energy by the gravity of the intervening dark The Great matter. Streetlamps appear distorted Professor Ofer Lahav leads the UK Cosmological by the glass in a bathroom window Dark Energy Consortium (DES). A and these distortions could be used major DES project in 2008 has been the Challenge to learn about the varying thickness construction of one of the largest ever of the glass. In the same way, we can cameras to detect the mysterious dark In October 2008 cosmologists launched learn about the distribution of the dark energy component of the Universe. a challenge to the world. The challenge matter by looking at the shapes of Pieces of glass for the five unique lenses is to solve a compelling statistical distant galaxies. The observed galaxy of the DES camera have been shipped problem, which will bring us closer images appear distorted and their from the US to France to be shaped to understanding the nature of dark shapes must be precisely disentangled and polished into their final form. The matter and energy which makes up from observational effects of sampling, largest of the five lenses is one meter in 95 per cent of the ‘missing’ universe. convolution and noise. The problem diameter, making it one of the largest in The GRavitational lEnsing Accuracy being set, to measure these image the world. Testing 2008 (GREAT08) PASCAL distortions, involves image analysis and Challenge is led by Dr Sarah Bridle is ideally matched to experts in statistical Each milestone in the completion of this in collaboration with Professor John inference, inverse problems and sophisticated camera brings us closer Shawe-Taylor, Director of the UCL computational learning, amongst other to detecting the mysterious and invisible Centre for Computational Statistics and scientific fields. matter. The DES camera will map 300 Machine Learning. The challenge is set million galaxies using the Blanco 4-meter by 38 scientists across 19 international Cosmologists are gearing up for an telescope – a large telescope with institutions, with the aim of enticing other exciting few years interpreting the new advanced optics at Chile’s Cerro researchers to crack it by 30 April 2009. results of new experiments designed Tololo Inter-American Observatory. to uncover the nature of dark energy, The GREAT08 PASCAL Challenge will including the ground-based Dark Energy help us answer the biggest question Survey (DES) in Chile and Pan-STARRS in cosmology today: what is the dark in Hawaii, and space missions by the energy that seems to make up most of European Space Agency (Euclid) and by the universe? The gravitational lensing NASA and the US Department of Energy community realised that solving their (JDEM). Methods developed to solve image processing problem does not the GREAT08 Challenge will help the require knowledge of astronomy, so analysis of this new data. Fig 1. The largest of the five Dark Energy they are reaching out to attract novel Survey camera lenses. approaches from other disciplines. 18 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

Sweet Molecule Could Lead Us To Alien Life

In November 2008 scientists detected an organic sugar molecule, glycolaldehyde in a massive star forming region of our galaxy where habitable planets could exist. This is an important discovery as glycolaldehyde is directly linked to the origin of life.

An international team of researchers, including Dr Serena Viti, used the IRAM Image courtesy: IRAM © radio telescope in France to detect the molecule in a massive star forming Fig 4. Model of the glycolaldehyde molecule. region of space, some 26000 light years from Earth. Fig 2. Peter Doel, leader of the Glycolaldehyde, the simplest of the monosaccharide sugars, can react with Optical Science Laboratory (left) and The sugar molecule has previously only the substance propenal to form ribose, Ofer Lahav (right), Head of the been detected towards the centre of our a central constituent of Ribonucleic Astrophysics Group, inspecting one of galaxy where conditions are extreme acid (RNA), thought to be the central the DES lenses at Heathrow. The five compared to the rest of the galaxy. This molecule in the origin of life. lenses will be assembled at UCL, before new discovery, in an area far from the being shipped to the telescope in Chile. galactic centre, also suggests that the The team were able to detect production of this key ingredient for life glycolaldehyde by using the IRAM could be common throughout the galaxy. telescope (Fig. 3) to observe the region This is good news in our search for alien with high-angular resolution and at life, as a wide spread of the molecule different wavelengths. The observations The vast DES galaxy map will enable improves the chances of it existing along confirmed the presence of three lines of the astronomers to measure dark side other molecules vital to life and in glycolaldegyde towards the most central energy far more precisely than current regions where Earth-like planets may part of the core of the region. observations. exist.

The glass for the five lenses was manufactured in the US before being shipped to France where the lenses will be polished to a smoothness level of one millionth of a centimetre. The polishing and assembly of the five DES lenses will be a major technological achievement. This level of polishing across such large lenses is far more demanding than for normal eye glasses. The lenses will then be sent to the Optical Science Laboratory at UCL for assembly into the camera and from there to the telescope in Chile, where observations will start in 2011 and will continue until 2016.

The DES collaboration involves over 100 scientists from the US, UK, Spain and Image courtesy: IRAM/Rebus© Brazil. Fig 3. The IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 19

High Energy Physics

High energy particle physics is about In doing so it will effectively glimpse looking at extremely small sizes, or back in time, to the physics of the early equivalently at extremely high energies. universe, since the energies of the It teaches us about the underlying colliding particles mimic the energies all nature of the physical universe, and particles had in the first moments after the forces and laws that govern its the Big Bang. development, from the first moments of the Big Bang, through to the Professor Jon Butterworth leads the present day, and far into the future. UK part of the collaboration responsible As well as challenging our theories, for building and running ATLAS, and experiments capable of reaching these UCL has built significant hardware and extremes of energy and size pose software components of the detector, significant technical problems. The Large Hadron one of four big detectors at the LHC. challenges include devising precision These are the ‘eyes’ of the LHC, built to detectors which can operate in hostile Collider (LHC) record what happens when the protons environments, particle accelerators collide. The UCL ATLAS group consists which can achieve high energy Even if you were visiting Mars at the of about 35 people. UCL staff and collisions, super-sensitive detectors time, you probably noticed that in PhD students work on several aspects capable of identifying very rare decays September 2008 the LHC at CERN, in of the experiment. We were involved with very small ‘background noise’, Geneva, opened for business. in engineering and electronics for the high-speed electronics which can read Its ‘business’ is colliding protons at ATLAS Silicon Central Tracker, as well as out millions of pieces of information per super-high energies to study what matter working on the ‘trigger’ which decides second, and robust, flexible software is, fundamentally, and what the forces of which collisions are interesting enough which can analyse the data in a physics are at the shortest distances. to record. distributed computing system all over the world. The UCL group has expertise and works in all of these areas.

Activities in the group include particle phenomenology, analysis of data from the HERA electron-proton collider (which ran at DESY in Hamburg until 2007) and the Tevatron proton-antiproton collider (currently running at Fermilab in Chicago). We also have several projects investigating the mysterious neutrino, including the MINOS experiment at Fermilab, the ANITA balloon experiment at the South Pole, and super-sensitive underground experiments (NEMO III, SuperNEMO) searching for rare neutrinoless double-beta decay processes which might show that the neutrino is its own antiparticle and measure its mass for the first time. Fig 2. The first signs of the LHC beam seen by ATLAS. 20 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

We also write and run key bits of the energies. The LHC is the first experiment UCL physicists showed that at high complex software and computing to operate in the region where this transverse momenta, employing environment needed to analyse the data symmetry is present. If the Higgs exists, state-of-the-art jet reconstruction and – in fact the first time ATLAS saw the LHC it provides the mechanism to break the decomposition techniques, these beam, the event pictures which flashed symmetry. But if not, nature must have processes can be recovered as around the world were displayed by the chosen another way to break it, and the promising search channels for the ATLANTIS event display, a project led by LHC will give us the first clue what this standard model Higgs boson around Dr Nikos Konstantindis and his team at might be. 120 GeV in mass. Not only might this be UCL. The UCL Legion computing cluster the best way of finding a Higgs in this is part of the LHC computing ‘grid’ An example of the kind of work going mass region, but it also provides the on to exploit the huge potential of ATLAS only way at the LHC to measure the ratio The Higgs Boson is a new technique developed by the of the WH and ZH couplings, which is group to search for the Higgs boson. important in proving you have actually The search at energies around 120 GeV, got a standard model Higgs (or not!). Aside from all the publicity surrounding which is the most favoured region Figure 3 shows two simulated peaks in the start of this enormous and inspiring from a theoretical point of view, is very the mass distribution. The lower (green) experiment, it is worth stepping back challenging, because the Higgs decays peak is from the Z boson at 90 GeV, and asking why physicists are so to bottom quarks, which produce jets of the higher (blue) peak from a Higgs at excited at the prospect of studying hadrons, and the backgrounds are very 120 GeV reconstructed using our new collisions at the LHC. When the protons large. It was widely considered that WH technique. collide, at energies 7 times higher than and ZH production were poor search previously possible, they will open up channels at the LHC for this reason. a new landscape of physics. Any new territory is exciting, especially when it is the closest we have yet seen to the -1 -1 Big Bang. However, there is a special 100 16 (a) qq (b) qq reason to be sure the LHC will rewrite S/ B = 2.1 V+jets S/ B = 3.1 V+jets 14 the textbooks on particle physics. The in 112-128GeV VV 80 in 112-128GeV VV V+Higgs V+Higgs ‘Standard Model’, which does so well at 12 predicting what we have measured so far 10 60 at high energy colliders, requires a new 8

Events / 8GeV 30fb Events / 8GeV 30fb 40 particle called the Higgs boson to exist, 6 otherwise the other particles are not 4 20 allowed to have mass! 2 The Higgs ‘sticks’ to heavy particles, 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 giving them their inertia. If the Standard Mass (GeV) Mass (GeV) Model Higgs boson is to do its job -1 -1 qq qq properly, it must be in range of the LHC. (c) 140 (d) 35 V+jets V+jets So the LHC will either find the Higgs – or S/ B = 2.9 S/ B = 4.5 in 112-128GeV 120 in 112-128GeV 30 VV VV prove the Standard Model wrong! V+Higgs V+Higgs 25 100

One thing the Higgs does is give mass 20 80 to the W and Z particles, carriers of the 60 Events / 8GeV 30fb 15 Events / 8GeV 30fb weak nuclear force, which drives the sun. 10 40 It is because they have mass (unlike the 20 photon, which does not) that the force 5 0 0 is weaker than electromagnetism. It is 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 already known that the weak force and Mass (GeV) Mass (GeV) the electromagnetic force are very similar in strength at high enough energies. Fig 3. Two simulated peaks in the mass distribution of LHC events.The lower (green) In a sense they are ‘unified’, there is a peak is from the Z boson at 90 GeV, the higher (blue) peak from a Higgs at 120 GeV symmetry between them which is broken reconstructed using the new technique developed at UCL and Paris. at everyday energies but restored at high PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 21

Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Position Physics

The atomic, molecular, optical and positron physics group is engaged in experimental and theoretical research that covers a wide breadth in this very active field.

Their research spans from the fundamental to the applied and encompasses the following broad topics: positron, positronium and electron collisions, ultracold gases, quantum chaos and statistical physics, ultrafast laser spectroscopy and strong laser interactions, biological physics and optical tweezers, atomic and molecular spectroscopy, and quantum information.

The group comprises 15 members of academic staff almost equally divided between theory and experiment.

Recent decades have seen a pronounced shift in research by traditional ‘atomic physics’ groups to work much more on problems involving molecules. At UCL the work on molecular physics is underpinned by a very active Image by: C Carrean, ESA theoretical molecular physics group Figure 1. Artists impression of extrasolar planet HD189733b orbitting its central star. whose leader, Professor Jonathan Water was detected in the atmosphere of this planet, the first molecule found in a planet Tennyson, summarises some of the outside our solar system, on the basis of calculated water spectra. group’s recent activities.

Quantum Theory advent of ever faster computers which Water Vapour have led to a revolution in our ability to Seventy years ago British Noble prize perform useful calculations on problems The way water vapour absorbs and emits laureate Paul Dirac famously said of interest. The theoretical molecular light is of fundamental importance for our that “the underlying physical laws physics group aims to find quantum planet where water is the both the largest necessary for the mathematical theory mechanical solutions to problems absorber of incoming sunlight and the for a large part of physics and the of current scientific or technological dominant greenhouse gas, it is vital for whole of chemistry are…completely interest. To do this end we study not only many areas of astrophysics as water is known” before adding the important the quantum mechanical fundamentals the third most abundant molecule in the rider that “the difficulty is only that the of molecules, but also the application Universe (after hydrogen and carbon exact application of these laws leads these principles to practical calculations monoxide), and is key to understanding to equations much too complicated to in areas ranging from atmospheric many other processes. Despite huge be soluble”. The laws of non-relativistic physics through astrophysics to the effort in the laboratory, much of the quantum mechanics have remained etching of silicon wafers, the process information needed to interpret and essentially unchanged since Dirac’s that makes microchips and hence drives model the interaction of water vapour day, what has however changed is the much of the modern economy. with light is either not available or not 22 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

determined accurately enough. In a multifaceted project we have, over a number of years, developed the most advanced theoretical model of the water molecule demonstrating, for example that a fully quantitative treatment needs to move beyond non-relativistic quantum mechanics and allow for not only relativistic effects on the motion of the electrons but even for effects of quantum electrodynamics.

This model has formed the basis for systematic calculations by Dr Bob Barber which characterise precisely how strongly water vapour absorbs light as a function of both temperature and wavelength. That this problem is Figure 2. Wavefunctions of four asymptotic vibrational states of the H3+ molecular ion. solved computationally is not surprising The black contours enclose the region where each wavefunction is energetically allowed by classical mechanics. These states lie above the classical dissociation limit as Bob’s calculations led to no less for the system (given by R becoming very large) which means that classically the than 500 million distinct wavelengths molecule should break-up into H+ + H2; however quantum mechanically this does not (or colours) at which a water molecule happen since there is not enough energy in the system to populate the lowest state of might absorb; assembling this quantity H2 due its quantum mechanical zero-point energy. of data by direct wavelength-by- wavelength direct measurements in the laboratory is unthinkable. In practice This continuum absorption is certainly of water absorption at a particular about 100,000 of these wavelengths observed but its physical origin remains wavelength with our own calculated have been measured in the laboratory a matter for conjecture, something values. We believe these will be more and provide an excellent benchmark to that makes accurate climate change accurate than the current measured compare our calculations with. predictions unreliable. Dr Ross Kelly values given the many difficulties and Matt Barber are working on this making these measurements in These calculations on water, and problem as part of a UK consortium the laboratory. This last project earlier similar ones, have led to ‘CAVIAR’ (Continuum Absorption at has relied on the multi-core Legion some remarkable results such as the Visible and Infrared wavelengths and supercomputer (see page 12) which characterisation of water in sunspots by its Atmospheric Relevance). Our aim has allowed us to complete 20 single- Dr Oleg Polyansky, the identification of is to find and model from first principle processor-years of calculations in water on extrasolar planet HD189733b quantum mechanics the physical basis about 3 months. (Figure 1) by Dr Giovanna Tinetti and for this extra absorption. significant changes in the treatment of absorption by water vapour in our own To this end we are pursuing the idea Asymptotic atmosphere. In particular we were able that the absorption is due to the pairs to show that much of the absorption of water molecules sticking together to Vibrational States of sunlight known to be missing from form dimers. standard atmospheric models was due This work on water is now being to weak water absorptions missing from An international project to construct extended to look at how the molecule available data compilations. the definitive data compilation of behaves as it breaks up. absorption and emission by the There remain major issues to do with water molecule is being led from This project already led to the discovery, unexplained absorption of sunlight in UCL. In addition Dr Lorenzo Lodi as part of his PhD studies, by Dr James the earth’s atmosphere. This absorption, has just started a new project Munro of a new class of molecular which is apparent at all wavelengths, is aimed at replacing all experimental states. These states, one of which usually called the water continuum. measurements of the probability is featured in figure 2, display very PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 23

extended wavefunctions and we coined processes from natural phenomena such In addition, Dr Amar Dora is applying the phrase Asymptotic Vibrational States the earth’s aurora and lightning bolts to the R-matrix codes the to problem to describe them. These extended key technological processes such the of electron collisions with biological states are a direct result of quantum spark plugs that fire internal combustion molecules. The main aim of this work is mechanics: energetically the molecule engines or electric lighting. We have to aid the understanding and modeling can all but break up but it cannot actually led the long-running development of a of radiation damage in living systems. completely dissociate because there method for treating electron-molecules Collisions with low-energy electrons are is insufficient energy in the system for collisions based on the so-called the key to understanding this process the quantum mechanical zero point R-matrix method which involves doing since it is now realised that virtually all energy of the molecular fragments. We a detailed treatment in an inner region, forms of damaging radiation are harmful anticipate such states will be ubiquitous where the scattering electron has to be because they release showers of low- for molecules with more than two atoms. treated as indistinguishable from those in energy electrons which then disrupt the molecular target, and a much simpler DNA. Stars cooler than the sun are much the treatment in the outer region, where The positron is the anti-particle of the commonest in our galaxy even if they this electron is well separated from electron whose existence was originally are not always easy to see because they the target. A major advantage of this postulated by Dirac on the basis of do not shine as brightly as hotter stars. approach is the energy of the scattering the quantum mechanical equations he Small molecules form in the outer layers electron needs only to be explicitly derived. of these cool stars and strongly influence considered in the outer region where their behaviour and properties by the repeating many calculations is cheap. UCL has one of the worlds major degree they absorb light generated from The codes to perform these calculations experimental positron physics group the hot stellar interior. To understand this are large and rather difficult to run. (Figure 3) led by Professor Gaetana process it is necessary to model how Laricchia. It was therefore a natural very hot molecules absorb the light – However, a recent UCL spin-out step to adapt the R-matrix methodology cool stars have temperatures similar to company called Quantemol (www. described above to studies of positron the centre of an oxy-acetylene torch. quantemol.com), have developed an physics. Theoretically positron collisions This was the original motivation for our expert system, known as Quantemol-N, are actually harder to model than studies on water and we now have for running the R-matrix codes with electron collisions. Dr Jan Franz and extensively databases for several other the aim of making them generally Rui Zhang are exploring two methods species. In particular Dr Bob Barber is accessible. As a major application to adequately account for low-energy currently working in collaboration with of these codes is to plasma etching collisions of positrons with small Dr Sergei Yurchenko (from Dresden) on problems, Dr James Munro has also molecules: a high class procedure calculations on ammonia for which the developed a second expert system, based on explicit allowance the for power of the Legion supercomputer Quantemol-P. This uses physical data positron—electron interaction coordinate is also required. Additionally we have from Quantemol-N and elsewhere to in the calculation and a computational an Italian visitor, Dr Andrea Urru who build up detailed chemical models of the brute force procedure based on the is performing similar calculations for etching gas to allow the etching process inclusion of very many ‘pseudo-states’ in acetylene. This work is beginning to to be optimized. the calculation. So far the brute force is find significant application outside triumphing as it has been shown to give astrophysics as the data can be used This work builds on the fact that the excellent results for these low energy to characterise or study a variety of molecular R-matrix codes are now collision models. processes involving hot molecules such capable of giving excellent results for as those involved in combustion. electron collisions with small molecules such as water or the fluorocarbons found in etching plasmas. The European Space Ultracold Collisions Low Energy Agency (ESA) has recently contracted us to perform a series of calculations aimed Access to ultracold temperatures, just Collisions at characterising electron-molecule above absolute zero, has led a revolution collisions important for modeling in atomic physics. This revolution is just Physics often involves study of collisions. spacecraft re-entry. This work is largely spreading to molecular physics where Collisions of electrons with molecules being performed by Professor K L Baluja, methods to prepare ultracold molecules are important for a whole variety of a visitor from the University of Delhi. are rapidly being developed. Many of 24 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

These studies show that this so-called collaboration called KATRIN (Karlsruhe sympathetic cooling should be very Tritium Neutrino experiment) have efficient and potential loses of trapped determined to do this. KATRIN aims to cold gases by collisions which excite achieve this by measuring the decays the molecule in question should be from a huge tank of molecular tritium, too infrequent to worry about. The the radioactive form of hydrogen, experiments are now being built. (Figure 4). To remove systematic errors which plagued previous attempts at such lab studies, Dr Natasha Doss The Katrin performed a series of detailed studies Collaboration on the molecular processes that arises after the spontaneous radioactive decay of a T molecule. Measurements are Finally what is the mass of a neutrino? 2 due to start early in the next decade Well know it has a mass and we know and we hope these calculations will that it is small but so far its value has help weigh these light, elusive but very defied measurement. Attempts to common fundamental particles. do this in the laboratory have proved extraordinarily difficult but a new

Figure 3. Positronium is the ‘atom’ formed by a positron and electron. Pictured is the world’s only positronium beam which is in Professor Gaetana Laricchia’s Laboratory at UCL.

these methods only work for a few specific species butProfessor Peter Barker has pioneered a method of cooling rather general and therefore chemically interesting molecules. However a second step is required to make these molecules ultracold. He proposes to do this using a ‘chill wind’ of ultracold rare gas atoms such as helium or argon. Before spending considerable time, money and effort setting up such an experiment it is good to be confident that it should work. Dr Paolo Barletta has performed a series of such calculations, so far focusing on Figure 4. The main spectrometer for the KATRIN experiment on the final part of its journey molecular hydrogen and benzene. to the Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany where the experiment will be performed. PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 25

Condensed Matter and Materials Physics

The work of the group covers an moments are small, and when the spins The BEC is one example of a phase enormous range of activities, both are coupled to form low-dimensional which dimers can enter at absolute experimental and theoretical, in the structures. zero temperature and in a magnetic physics of condensed matter. In the field of sufficient strength. By contrast, An ordered state is then eventually examples below Dr Christian Ruegg quantum (phase) fluctuations are even recovered at a new type of phase stronger and preclude the formation of describes fundamental studies of transition when not the temperature, but long-ranged order or BEC, if the pairs of quantum phase transitions, and a different parameter like a magnetic spins are arranged in a one-dimensional Dr Maria Sushko demonstrates the field, exceeds a critical value. The structure, for example as rungs on impact of physical theory on biological transition is then called a quantum a ladder. At UCL we have focussed problems. phase transition and occurs at absolute especially on such one-dimensional zero temperature. But even beyond quantum spin ladders. Nature provides Quantum Phase this field-driven transition, dimerised us with a prototypical realisation of this Transitions in One spins do not behave like those in geometry in the material piperidinium classical magnets below the ordering Dimension copper bromide (C5H12N)2CuBr4, which temperature. Their quantum mechanical has the large ring-like organic molecules nature is still important. The new phase Phase transitions are familiar from our C5H12N isolating the magnetic ladders is characterised more accurately by a everyday experience, such as water from each other (inset Figure 1). mixture between classical and quantum molecules forming a gas, liquid, or solid behaviour, and can be described as In this case the spins completely refuse depending on temperature and pressure. a Bose-Einstein condensate (or BEC). to behave like their classical analogues, Physicists are interested in finding model Such condensates are now extensively even after a first quantum phase systems to understand similar transitions studied in many areas of physics. transition in a magnetic field. that do not involve changes in the form of the material being studied, but in its internal properties. In a solid material, containing magnetic copper atoms for example, phase transitions and exotic quantum behaviour can be studied at the most fundamental level. In particular, the states of pairs of magnetic moments (dimers) in so-called quantum magnets can be tuned and closely monitored by different experimental techniques. As part of an international collaboration, UCL physicists Dr Christian Rüegg and Professor Des McMorrow study exciting fundamental properties of matter in novel model materials at temperatures close to absolute zero. Classical magnets have typically a characteristic temperature, where the magnetic moments (or spins) of the individual atoms align. But there are systems where formation of an ordered state can be impossible, even at the lowest possible temperature, due to Figure 1. Magnetic field-temperature phase diagram of the spin-ladder compound quantum fluctuations. The spins remain (C5H12N)2CuBr4, showing quantum disordered (QD), quantum critical (QC), and spin then in a quantum-disordered, liquid-like Luttinger liquid (LL) phases. Quantum phase transitions occur at Bc (closing of spin triplet state. Such behaviour is frequently gap) and Bs (spin system fully polarized). Inset: lattice structure of (C5H12N)2CuBr4 in observed when the individual magnetic projection along the b-axis, with Cu atoms blue and Br white. 26 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

They remain in a fascinating state called curvature of the beam will change due of the signal have to be considerably a spin Luttinger liquid, until a very strong to strains and stresses at the interface. improved. Both these goals are magnetic field forces them to align This change in curvature can be impossible to achieve without fundamental completely parallel like in a ferromagnet measured and it characterizes the understanding of the origin of the signal, (Figure 1). The spin Luttinger liquid is mechanical properties of two materials. which till recently remained elusive. another fundamental phase, which has its origin in the quantum properties of The development of nanotechnology The scientific breakthrough made the individual magnetic moments. provided the tools for scaling-down by UCL’s Dr Maria Sushko was to cantilever sensors to micron and combine beam mechanics, mesoscopic These quantum phases, which have nanoscale. This allowed pushing soft-matter theory and modelling fascinated physicists for decades, their sensitivity up to the detection at the atomic level to develop a can be studied in detail in quantum of molecular processes, such as unified quantitative theoretical model magnets by measuring their magnetic chemical reactions and subtle physical of nanomechanical sensing. This response and characteristic excitation transformations on the surface of the complemented experimental studies spectrum as a function of the external sensor. These technological advances made by other UCL scientists. This new parameters using extremely sensitive stipulated application of cantilever truly multiscale model, which crosses the magnetometers in the laboratory and sensors to the detection of a variety of boundaries of materials science, physics high-resolution neutron spectroscopy. chemical and biological processes such and chemistry, reveals new fundamental The results contribute directly to the as DNA hybridization reactions, protein physics at the nanoscale. It can be used fundamental understanding of the states recognition and cell adhesion. for engineering devices with significantly of matter and interactions between improved reproducibility and detection magnetic moments, which are of interest In these nano-sensors very thin silicon sensitivity in silico, i.e. on a computer. for people working on quantum theory strips are coated on one side with and similar physical effects in ultra- biomolecules, which then use very The first example of the application cold atoms and semiconductors. They specific recognition reactions to fish out of this new model is the theoretical have also direct implications for future their complementary molecules from prediction of the parameters of the applications of magnetism in technology complex mixtures. For example, if the DNA sensor required for 10- to 100-fold like the miniaturisation of storage devices active layer is a monolayer of single- increase of its sensitivity compared and even quantum computers. stranded DNA molecules with the same to that reported in literature. These sequence, only complementary genes theoretical predictions were confirmed will react with the sensor forming double- experimentally by a team of scientists Nanomechanical stranded DNAs (Figure 1). Therefore, this from McGill University in Canada. This Biosensing technology may prove to be invaluable first success story showed that the for detecting signature genes of various fundamental advances made by UCL There are many places in the natural diseases in medical diagnostics. and overseas scientists are a major step world where chemical energy is towards the transition from the proof-of- transformed into mechanical work and However, before these devices can be used concept experiments to cantilever-based back again. Examples include an enzyme clinically the sensitivity and reproducibility devices for routine medical diagnostics. sliding along a DNA strand to copy it, the passing of messages through the membranes that surround cells, and the way in which molecules called myosins cause muscles to work.The mechanical stress can be either a driving force or a consequence of chemical transformations, and in the latter case can serve as a measurable quantity for characterization of these processes.

The macroscopic devices for measuring stresses in thin films are simple beams of uniform material fixed on one side. For example, one can take a flexible ruler fixing one end on the table to make a cantilever sensor. If one of the surfaces Figure 2. Cantilever Bio-sensor. Cantilever ‘a’ is coated with single-stranded DNA molecules and of the cantilever beam is then coated represents the initial state of the sensor. Cantilever ‘b’ represents the final state of the sensor with a thin film of another material, the after DNA hybridization reaction with complementary single-stranded DNAs from solution. PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 27

Active Grants and Contracts (Jan 2008 – Dec 2008)

Astrophysics The mind of the universe: A series of Effects of radiation feedback on star school/public lectures communicating and planet formation: Advanced The next generation of cosmological the excitement of cosmic discovery Fellowship (STFC) surveys (Leverhulme Trust) (astronomy, astrophysics cosmology) (STFC) £410,178 PI: B Ercolano £42,000 PI: F Abdalla £33,727 PI: F Diego System management support Studies of the thermospheres Smart X-ray optics (EPSRC) for the UCL astrophysics group (STFC) and ionospheres: From the earth £3,072,089 PI: P Doel £96,530 PI: I Howarth to the stars (STFC) £1,570,463 PI: A Aylward Dark energy survey design work PATT Support (STFC) (University of Chicago) £52,013 PI: I Howarth Modelling and observations of £10,072 PI: P Doel planetary atmospheres: The solar Cosmology with the new generation of system and beyond (STFC) Zonal biomorph deformable mirror photometric redshift surveys (STFC) £266,136 PI: A Aylward feasibility study (STFC) £186,144 PI O Lahav £19,640 PI: P Doel SWARM: Modelling inonspheric Astrogrid 2 (STFC) currents for improved magnetic DES Consortium: Purchase of glass £22,113 PI O Lahav and electronic field analysis blanks (University of Chicago) for SWARM (ESA) £93,023 PI: P Doel A wide-field corrector for the dark £18,934 PI: A Aylward energy survey (STFC) DES Consortium: Purchase of glass £1,762,660 PI: O Lahav The dust enrichment of galaxies: blanks (University of Portsmouth) supernovae and evolved stars (STFC) £251,500 PI: P Doel Cosmology: from galaxy surveys to £184,226 PI M Barlow dark matter and dark energy (STFC) DES Consortium: Purchase of glass £839,172 PI: O Lahav Formation of massive star clusters and blanks (University of Michigan) cluster complexes in galaxies (STFC) £69,767 PI: P Doel Wolfson Research Merit Award: £250,170 PI: N Bastian Observing dark energy (Royal Society) Large ultra-thin lightweight, carbon-fibre £100,000 PI: O Lahav Cosmic vision Euclid Briding Grant adaptive mirrors for ELTs (STFC) (STFC) £347,447 PI: P Doel Modelling the universe: From atomic £10,087 PI: S Bridle to large scale structures (STFC) DES Consortium: Purchase of glass £246,803 PI: S Miller Constraining and testing cosmological blanks (University of Pennsylvania) models (Royal Society) £139,535 PI: P Doel The e-MERLIN radio astronomy £205,823 PI: S Bridle revolution: developing the science WFMOS Design Study (STFC) support tool (Leverhulme Trust) Measuring cosmic shear (STFC) £18,319 PI: P Doel £124,272 PI: R Prinja £186,144 PI: S Bridle Astronomy in the classroom: UCL astrophysics short term visitor University Research F/Ship – Renewal: School and observatory visits for programme 2006-2009 (STFC) Quantifying the dark universe using KS2, KS3, KS and A Level (STFC) £25,661 PI: R Prinja cosmic gravitational lensing £5,600 PI: M M Dworetsky (Royal Society) Star formation and its relationship £135,482 PI: S Bridle Astronomy in the classroom: with the interstellar mediums (STFC) School and observatory visits (STFC) £164,006 PI: J Rawlings The nature of dark matter from cosmic £13,354 PI: M M Dworetsky gravitational lensing (Royal Society) PATT linked grant to sponsor use of £2,010 PI: S Bridle Astronomy in the classroom: ground based telescopes (STFC) School and observatory visits (STFC) £81,164 PI: L J Smith £8,200 PI: M M Dworetsky 28 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

Massive stars, starbursts and feedback Atomic, Molecular, Optical Theory of producing, detecting and into the environmental galaxies (STFC) and Positron Physics designing molecular Bose-Einstein £164,230 PI: L J Smith condensates (Royal Society) £73,833 PI: T Kohler Excited state photoengineering: Clusters, starbursts and feedback into Virtual crystallography – A new the environments of galaxies (STFC) Pairing and molecule formation in ultra approach to spectroscopy, molecular £499,485 L J Smith cold atomic gases (Royal Society) dynamics and structure (EPSRC) £261,740 PI: T Kohler £625,471 PI: A Bain Exploring extra-solar worlds: from terrestrial planets to gas Pairing and molecule formation in cold Photophysics of fluorescently giants (Royal Society) atomic bose and fermi gases (EPSRC) tagged DNA (EPSRC) £413, 232 PI: G Tinetti £855,268 PI: T Kohler £35,358 PI: A Bain Detecting biosignatures for extrasolar Positron reaction microscopy (EPSRC) Trapping and slowing cold molecules worlds (STFC) £604,297 PI: G Laricchia in pulsed optical lattices (EPSRC) £274,039 PI: G Tinetti £77,277 PI: P Barker Alternative S-matrix approaches for Mapping cosmic evolution with matter in strong laser fields (EPSRC) Manipulating molecules with optical high-redshift clusters (STFC) £310,014 PI: C Faria fields (EPSRC) £251,250 PI: C Van Breukelen £237,552 PI: P Barker Collaborative computational Chemistry as a probe of physical project 2 (EPSRC) Creating ultra-cold molecules by evolution in the interstellar medium £64,759 PI: T Monteiro sympathetic cooling (EPSRC) (Royal Society) £1,264,848 PI: P Barker £9,930 PI: S Viti Postdoctoral Fellowship (EPSRC) £258,549 PI: A Nazir Spin chain connectors, entanglement Clumpiness in star forming regions by measurements and mesoscopic (STFC) £206,257 PI: S Viti Exploiting quantum coherent energy quantum coherence (EPSRC) transfer in light-harvesting systems: £783,478 PI: S Bose Chemistry in galaxies at high redshifts Career Acceleration Fellowship (EPSRC) (Leverhulme Trust) £741,637 PI: A Olaya-Castro Wolfson Research Merit Award: £112,381 PI: S Viti Quantum information uses of complex Calculation of the accurate linelist systems and limits of the quantum Basic technology: Ultra precision for water spectra at disassociation world (Royal Society) surfaces – A new paradigm (accuracy (Royal Society) £75,000 PI: S Bose capability of 1 part 10 to the power of 8) £3,814 PI: O Polyansky (EPSRC) Quantum information processing £1,568,731 PI: D Walker Brownian motors, disorder and interdisciplinary research synchronization an optical lattice collaboration (EPSRC) On-machine metrology for surface (Leverhulme Trust) £87,678 PI: S Bose fabrication (STFC) £21,600 PI: F Renzoni £298,258 PI: D Walker Developing coherent states as a resource New applications of dark states in quantum technology (EPSRC) Integrated knowledge centre in ultra in metrology and quantum control £79,725 PI: S Bose precision and structured surfaces – visiting researcher (EPSRC) (EPSRC) £18,796 PI: F Renzoni Quantum information processing £391,853 PI: D Walker interdisciplinary research collaboration Cooling of atoms in optical cavities (EPSRC) Ultra-precision surfaces – translation by collective dynamics (EPSRC) £91,493 PI: D Browne grant (EPSRC) £457,631 PI: F Renzoni £681,546 PI: D Walker Microstirring of complex ionic liquids Quantum control at the single with optical tweezers (Royal Society) Distinguishing modifications of gravity atom level via adiabatic following £12,000 PI: P Jones from dark energy (Nuffield Foundation) of a dark state (Royal Society) £4,800 PI: J Weller £13,910 PI: F Renzoni Superreserving optical tweezers (Royal Society) Perenatal events in astronomy (STFC) New rectification mechanisms in cold £7,174 PI: P Jones £4,214 PI: D A Williams atom ratchets (Royal Society) £12,000 PI: F Renzoni PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 29

Brownian motors, disorder and Line lists for isotopologues ATLAS e-science – High level synchronization an optical lattice of water (Royal Society) trigger software validation (Leverhulme Trust) £4,162 PI: J Tennyson (with Royal Holloway) (STFC) £721,707 PI: F Renzoni £26, 315 PI: J Butterworth Quantum etch plasma simulation Opacity functions for hot molecules (EPSRC) £93,686 PI: J Tennyson Probing the ultra-high energy (Royal Society) universe with neutrinos as cosmic 16 £12,000 PI: J Tennyson A database for H2 0 messengers (Royal Society) (Royal Society) £121,500 PI: A Connolly QUASAAR – Quantitive spectroscopy £3,362 PI: J Tennyson for atmospheric and astrophysical Preparation for and measurement research (European Commission) Detailed modelling of quantum of new physics processes using £126,788 PI: J Tennyson electron molecule scattering in ATLAS experiment at LHC (STFC) radioactive waste (EPSRC) £459,243 PI: C Gwenlan A theoretical investigation of positron £26,777 PI J Tennyson annihilation in molecules (EPSRC) Core software development for the £188,424 PI: J Tennyson A Database for water physics exploitation of the ATLAS transitions (NERC) detector at LHC (STFC) WWLC weak weather vapour £185,336 PI: J Tennyson £114,009 PI: N Konstantinidis lines contribution to the absorption of atmospheric radiation Calculation of the accurate Core software development for the (European Commission) linelist for water spectra at physics exploitation of the ATLAS £109,999 PI: J Tennyson dissociation (Royal Society) detector at LHC (STFC) £3,814 PI: J Tennyson £24,290 PI: N Konstantinidis Dynamic imaging of matter at the attosecond and Dynamic imaging of matter ARTEMIS – Investigation of the angstrom scale (EPSRC) at the attosecond and angstrom electroweak symmetry breaking £101,769 PI: J Tennyson scales (EPSRC) and the origin of mass using the £70,788 PI: J Underwood first data of ATLAS detector at LHC Infrared and visible wavelength (European Commission) absorption by water vapour (NERC) The study and control of condensed £228,959 PI: N Konstantinisdis £130,616 PI: J Tennyson phase molecular dynamics via femtosecond laser techniques Experimental high energy particle Low-mass star formation and evolution (Royal Society) physics research at UCL (STFC) in the early universe (STFC) £14,138 PI: J Underwood £5,724,079 PI: M Lancaster £118,651 PI: J Tennyson Fundamental issues in the Energy spectrometer for the ILC Electron driven processes (Quantemol) aerothermodynamics of planetary- (British Council) £12,930 PI: J Tennyson atmosphere (Re)entry (ESA) £3,696 PI: A Lyapin £24,499 PI: J Tennyson An opacity function for Investigating neutrino oscillations ammonia (Leverhulme Trust) with MINOS and neutrino £59,480 PI: J Tennyson High Energy Physics astronomy with ANITA (Royal Society) Positron scattering from molecules CEDAR: Combined EScience £438,868 PI: R Nichol at low energies using R-matrix data analysis resource for high method (Royal Society) energy particle physics (STFC) Detection of ultra-high cosmic ray £15,820 PI: J Tennyson £326,408 PI: J Butterworth neutrinos with ANITA and investigation of future large scale detectors (STFC) Electron initiated chemistry Development and maintenance of £281,290 PI: R Nichol in biomolecules (EPSRC) ATLAS run time tester (CCLRC) £375,727 PI: J Tennyson £45,000 PI: J Butterworth QCD phenomenology at hadron colliders and an improved measurement CAVIAR (NERC) MCnet – Monte Carlo event of the top quark mass (STFC) £396,342 PI: J Tennyson generators for high energy £104,555 PI: E L Nurse particle physics Quantum states of water (European Commission) University Research Fellowship – and dissociation (EPSRC) £171,985 PI: J Butterworth Higgs physics at ATLAS (Royal Society) £88,697 PI: J Tennyson £244,218 PI: E L Nurse 30 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

Measurement of the neutrino mass Royal Society Fellowship: British-Italian partnership spectrum with oscillation and double Electroweak physics and programme 2007-8 beta decay experiments (STFC) Higgs searches at the (British Council) £236,269 PI: R Saakyan CDF experiment (Royal Society) £4,000 PI: F Cacialli £159,768 PI: D Waters Design study of the superNEMO Exploring new graphitic experiment (STFC) CALICE: Calorimetry for the superconductors: Charge transfer, £753,999 PI: R Saakyan international linear collider (STFC) excitations and dimensionality (EPSRC) £138,596 PI: M Wing £621,904 PI: M Ellerby Development of the ZEUS global tracking trigger at HERA and the Studentship: Sarah Boutle Studentship for Andrew Walters (STFC) ATLAS level 2 trigger (STFC) (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron) £19,821 PI: D McMorrow £225,125 PI: M Sutton £37,757 PI: M Wing Suppressing decohenrence in ILIAS – Integrated large EUDET: Detector research and solid-state quantum information infrastructures for astroparticle development towards the international processing – Meeting the science (European Commission) linear collider (European Commission) materials challenges of £12,096 PI: J Thomas £207,685 PI: M Wing nano-CMOS electronics (EPSRC) £439,638 PI: A Shluger Construction, calibration and LC-ABD Collaboration: Work package exploitation of the MINOS 9: Cavity BPM energy spectrometer New Materials for hydrogen storage experiment (STFC) (STFC) £203,957 PI: M Wing and large area solar cells (Wolfson £9,425 PI: J Thomas Foundation grant) (Royal Society) £200,000 PI: N Skipper Establishment for a new HEP/SS Condensed Matter and facility for construction of large HEP Materials Physics Development of simultaneous and SS projects (STFC) diffraction-conductance measurements £251,151 PI: J Thomas Many CMMP grants are held at ISIS (CCLRC/STFC) through the London Centre for £29,000 PI: N Skipper Deputy chair of science board Nanotechnology (STFC) Studentship: T Headon £55,515 PI: J Thomas Modelling charge transport in (Schlumberger Cambridge Research) conducting polymers and biological £6,000 PI: N Skipper Global fits for parton distributions systems (IRC Cambridge University) and implications for hadron collider £17,468 PI: D Bowler physics (STFC) £150,675 PI: R Thorne New Exploratory Project – Modelling charge transport in conducting University research fellowship polymers and biological systems (Royal Society) (IRC Cambridge University) £123,654 PI: R Thorne £127,409 PI: D Bowler

GridPP Tier-2 support (STFC) Structure and conduction mechanisms £42,244 PI: B Waugh of atomic-scale wires on surfaces (Royal Society) GridPP Tier- 2 support (STFC) £172,260 PI: D Bowler £128,479 PI: B Waugh NSF: Quantum frustration (EPSRC) The development of acoustic £72,907 PI: S Bramwell detection, reconstruction and signal processing techniques THREADMILL – Threaded molecular and their application to the wires as supramolecularly engineered search for ultra-high energy materials (European Commission) cosmic ray neutrinos £310,691 PI: F Cacialli (Defence Science and Technology Laboratory) Insulated molecular wires: £12,930 PI: D Waters Supramolecular materials for organic optoelectronics (EPSRC) £266,560 PI: F Cacialli PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 31

Publications 2008

Astrophysics 9. T. S. Stallard, S. Miller, M. Lystrup, 19. I.D. Howarth, N.R. Walborn, D.J. Lennon, N. Achilleos, C .S. Arrdige, M. Dougherty, J. Puls, and Y. Naze, Towards an understanding + 1. D. Zhang, D. Rodiguez Sanmartin, Dusk-brightening event in Saturn’s H3 aurora, of the Of?P star HD 191612: optical T. Button, C. Atkins, P. Doel, C. Dunare, ApJ, 673, L203-L206 (2008). spectroscopy, Revista Mexicana de C. Feldman, A. James, A. Michette, W. Parks, Astronomia y Astrofisica, 33,120-120 (2008). S. Pfauntsch, S. Sahraei, T. Stevenson, 10. T. Stallard, M. Lystrup, S. Miller, Emission H. Wang and R. Willingale, Development line imaging of Saturn’s aurora, ApJ, 675, 20. N.R. Walborn, O. Stahl, R.C. Gamen, of Piezoelectric Actuators for Active X-ray L117-L120 (2008). T. Szeifert, N.I. Morrell, N. Smith, I.D. Howarth, Optics, Proc. of Electroceramics, XI (2008). R.M. Humphreys, H.E. Bond, and D.J. Lennon, 11. T. Stallard, S. Miller, H. Melin, M. Lystrup, A three-decade outburst of the LMC luminous 2. C. Atkins, H. Wang, P. Doel, D. Brooks, S. W. H. Cowley, E. J. Bunce, N. Achilleos, blue variable R127 draws to a close, ApJ, S. Thompson, C. Feldman, R. Willingale, M. Dougherty, Jovian-like aurorae on Saturn, 683, L33-L36 (2008). T. Button, D. Rodriguez Sanmartin, D. Zhang, Nature, 453, 1083-1085 (2008). A. James, C. Theobald, Future high resolution 21. F.C. Fekel, K.H. Hinkle, R.R. Joyce, P.R. Wood, X-ray telescope technologies: prototype 12. D. M. Kipping, Transiting planets – I.D. Howarth, Infrared spectroscopy of fabrication and finite element analysis, Lightcurve analysis for eccentric orbits, symbiotic stars. VI. Combined orbits for two Proc. of SPIE, 7011, 70110X (2008). Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical S-Type systems: V455 Scorpii and SS 73-90, Society (MNRAS), 389, 1383-1390 (2008). ApJ, 136, 146-158 (2008). 3. C. Feldman, R. Willingale, C. Atkins, H. Wang, P. Doel, D. Brooks, S. Thompson, 13. R. Wesson, M. J. Barlow, R. L. M. Corradi, 22. C.J. Evans, I.D. Howarth, Kinematics of T. Button, D. Zhang, D. Rodriguez Sanmartin, E.J. Drew, P. J. Groot, C. Knigge, D. Steeghs. massive stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud, A. James, C. Theobald, Development of B.T. Gaensicke, R. Napiwotzk, P. Rodriguez-Gil, MNRAS, 386, 826-834 (2008). thin shell adaptive optics for high angular A.A. Zijlstra, M.F. Bode, J.J. Drake, D.J. Frew, resolution X-ray telescopes, Proc. of SPIE, E.A. Gonzalez-Solares, R. Greimel, M.J. Irwin, 23. R.A. Gruendl, Y.H. Chu, J.P. Seale, 7011, 70110Y (2008). L. Morales-Rueda, G. Nelemans, Q.A. Parker, M. Matsuura, A.K. Speck, G.C. Sloan, L.W. Looney, J.L. Sokoloski, A. Somero, H. Uthas, B. Warner, Discovery of extreme carbon stars in the large 4. B. Jergovic, S. Miller, Framing space: C.A. Watson, N.J. Wright, A planetary nebula magellanic cloud, ApJ, 688, L9-L14 (2008). UK newspaper coverage of the Beagle around Nova V458 Vulpeculae undergoing 2 and Cassini-Huygens space missions, flash ionization, ApJ, 688, L21-L24 (2008). 24. M.M. Dworetsky, J. Persaud, Xenon in Communicating Astronomy to the Public mercury-manganese stars, MNRAS, 385, Journal, 1, 5-11 (2008). 14. R. Wesson, M.J. Barlow, X.W. Liu, P. Storey, 1523-1529 (2008). B. Ercolano, O. de Marco, The hydrogen- 5. M. Lystrup, S. Miller, N. DelloRusso, deficient knot of the ‘born-again’ planetary 25. M.M. Dworetsky, A. Dyer, J.L. Persaud, R.J Vervack, T. Stallard, First vertical ion density nebula Abell 58 (V605 Aql), MNRAS, 383, Strontium and yttrium in HgMn stars, Contrib. profile in Jupiter’s auroral atmosphere: direct 1639-1648 (2008). Astron. Obs. Skalnaté Pleso, 38, 141-146 observation using the Keck II telescope, The (2008). Astrophysical Journal (APJ), 677, 790-797 15. P. Caputo, Daniel, A.K. Speck, M.J. Barlow, (2008). R. Wesson, K. Volk, G.C. Clayton, The 26. A.J. Willis, P. Crowther, P. Morris, formation of PAHs: A case study on carbon- K.A. van der Hucht, J.D. Smith, A.P. Marston, 6. S. Miller, So where’s the theory: On the rich AGB stars, Bulletin of the American J. Hillier, P. Williams, The neon abundance in relationship between science communication Astronomical Society, 40, 196 (2008). WC stars: Testing massive star evolution, practice and research, Chapter 16 in ASP Conference Series Volumes, 388, 233 Cheng,D., Claessens,M., Gascoigne,T., 16. A. Speck, M.J. Barlow, R. Wesson, G. Clayton, (2008). Metcalfe,J., Schiele,B., Shunke,S. (ed.) K. Volk, Unidentified infrared bands and the Communicating science in social contexts: formation of PAHs around carbon stars, 27. T. Stallard, S. Miller, M. Lystrup, N. Achilleos, new models, new practices, Springer, 275- IAU Symposium, 251, 195-196 (2008). E.J. Bunce, C.S. Arridge, M.K. Dougherty, 288 (2008). S.W.H. Cowley, S.V. Badman, D.L. Talboys, 17. C. Escolano, J.C. Bouret, J.F. Donati, R.H. Brown, K.H. Baines, B.J. Buratti, R.N. Clark, 7. H. P. Peters, D. Brossard, S. deChevegnie, F. Martins, T. Lanz, W. Marcolino, and I. Howarth, C. Sotin, P.D. Nicholson, P. Drossart, Complex S. Dunwoody, M. Kalfass, S. Miller, S. Tsuchida, The magnetic field of the supergiant star structure within Saturn’s infrared aurora, Science-Media interface: it’s time to reconsider, Zeta Ori A, SF2A-2008: Proceedings of the Nature, 456, 214-217 (2008). Science Communication, 30, 266-276 (2008). Annual meeting of the French Society of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 465 (2008). 28. C.M. Jackman, C.S. Arridge, N. Krupp, 8. H. P. Peters, D. Brossard, S. deCheveigny, E.J. Bunce, D.G. Mitchell, H.J. McAndrews, S. Dunwoody, M. Kalfass, S. Miller, S. Tsuchida, 18. J.C. Bouret, J.F. Donati, F. Martins, C. Escolano, M.K. Dougherty, C.T. Russell, N. Achilleos, Interactions with the mass media, Science, W. Marcolino, T. Lanz, I.D. Howarth, The weak G.H. Jones, A.J. Coates, A multi-instrument 321, 204-205 (2008). magnetic field of the O9.7 supergiant Zeta view of tail reconnection at Saturn, Orionis A, MNRAS, 389, 75-85 (2008). J Geophys Res, 113, A11213 (2008). 32 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

29. N. Achilleos, C.S. Arridge, C. Bertucci, 40. E.A. Ford, K.,A.L. Aruliah, E.M. Griffin, 51. R.K. Prinja, S.E. Hodges, D.L. Massa, C.M. Jackman, M.K. Dougherty, K.K. Khurana, I. McWhirter, Statistical analysis of A.W. Fullerton, A.W. Burnley, Structure in the C.T. Russell, Large-scale dynamics of Saturn’s thermospheric gravity waves from Fabry-Perot fast wind of NGC6543, Clumping in hot-star magnetopause: Observations by Cassini, Interferometer measurements of atomic oxygen, winds: proceedings of an international J Geophys Res, 113, A11209 (2008). Annales Geophysicae, 26, 29-45 (2008). workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, June 2007, eds. W. -R. Hamann, A. Feldmeier, 30. A. Masters, N. Achilleos, M.K. Dougherty, 41. A.L. Dobbin, A.D. Aylward, A three- L. M. Oskinova, 63-65 (2008). J.A. Slavin, G.B. Hospodarsky, C.S. Arridge, dimensional modelling study of the A.J. Coates, An empirical model of Saturn’s processes leading to mid-latitude nitric 52. D.L. Massa, R.K. Prinja, A.W. Fullerton, bow shock: Cassini observations of shock oxide increases following periods of high The effects of clumping on wind line variability, location and shape, J Geophys Res, 113, geomagnetic activity, Advs Space Res, 42, Clumping in hot-star winds: proceedings of A10210 (2008). 1576-1585 (2008). an international workshop held in Potsdam, Germany, June 2007, eds. W.-R. Hamann, 31. C. Bertucci, N. Achilleos, M.K. Dougherty, 42. E. Yigit, A. D. Aylward, A. S. Medvedev, A. Feldmeier, L. M. Oskinova, 147-149 (2008). R. Modolo, A.J. Coates, K. Szego, A. Masters, Parameterization of the effects of vertically Y. Ma, F.M. Neubauer, P. Garnier, J.-E. Wahlund, propagating gravity waves for thermosphere 53. A.W. Fullerton, D.L. Massa, R.K. Prinja, D.T. Young, The Magnetic Memory of Titan’s general circulation models: Sensitivity study, Revised mass-loss rates for O stars from the Ionized Atmosphere, Science, 321, 1475 J Geophys Res, 113, D19106 (2008). Pv resonance line Clumping in hot-star winds: (2008). proceedings of an international workshop 43. N. Balan, H. Alleyne, S. Walker, H. Reme, held in Potsdam, Germany, June 2007, eds. 32. C.S. Arridge, K.K. Khurana, C.T. Russell, I. McCrea, A. Aylward, Magnetosphere- W.-R. Hamann, A. Feldmeier, L.M. Oskinova, D.J. Southwood, N. Achilleos, M.K. Dougherty, ionosphere coupling during the CME events 23-25 (2008). A.J. Coates, H.K. Leinweber, Warping of of 07-12 November 2004, Atmospheric and Saturn’s magnetospheric and magnetotail Terrestrial Physics, 70, 2101-2111 (2008). 54. O. Amm, A. Aruliah, S.C. Buchert, R. Fujii, current sheets, J Geophys Res, 113, 8217 J.W. Gjerloev, A. Ieda, T. Matsuo, C. Stolle, (2008). 44. M.A. Lati, R. Saija, F. Borghese, P. Denti, H. Vanhamki, and A.Yoshikawa, C. Cecchi-Pestellini, D.A. Williams, Stratified Understanding the electrodynamics of the 33. C.S. Arridge, N. Andre, N. Achilleos, dust grains in the interstellar medium -I. an 3-dimensional high-latitude ionosphere: K.K. Khurana, C.L. Bertucci, L.K. Gilbert, accurate computational method for calculating present and future, Annales Geophysicae, G.R. Lewis, A.J. Coates, M.K. Dougherty, their optical properties, MNRAS 384, 591-598 26, 3913-3932 (2008). Thermal electron periodicities at 20RS in (2008). Saturn’s magnetosphere, Geophys Res Lett, 55. M. Banerji, F.B. Abdalla, O. Lahav, H. Lin, 35, L15107 (2008). 45. E. Bayet, S. Viti, D.A. Williams, J.M.C. Rawlings, Photometric redshifts for the dark energy Molecular tracers of high-mass star formation survey and VISTA and Implications for large 34. B. Marty, N. Achillieos, 46 co-authors, in external galaxies, ApJ 676, 978-990 (2008). scale structure, MNRAS, 386, 1219-1233 (2008). Kronos: exploring the depths of Saturn with probes and remote sensing through an 46. J. Canto, A.C. Raga, D.A. Williams, 56. N. Trentham, L. Sampson, M. Banerji, international mission, Experimental Astronomy, The interaction of a YSO outflow with the The Galaxy luminosity function from May, 34 (2008). surrounding molecular cloud core, Revista MR=-25 to MR=-9, MNRAS, 783-792 (2008). Mexicana de Astronomia y Astrofisica 44, 293- 35. A. Coustenis, N. Achillieos, 145 co-authors, 300 (2008). 57. I. McWhirter, Electron multiplying CCDs TandEM: Titan and Enceladus mission, – new technology for low light level imaging, Experimental Astronomy, June, 39 (2008). 47. C. Cecchi-Pestellini, G. Malloci, G. Mulas, proceedings of 33rd annual European meeting C. Joblin, D.A. Williams, The role of the charge on atmospheric studies by optical methods, 36. C.S. Arridge, C.T. Russell, K.K. Khurana, state of PAHs in ultraviolet extinction, A&A IRF Science Report, 292, 63-68 (2008). N. Achilleos, S.W.H. Cowley, M.K. Dougherty, 486, L25-L29 (2008). D.J. Southwood, E.J. Bunce, Saturn’s 58. D.M. Fenech, T.W.B. Muxlow, R.J. Beswick, magnetodisc current sheet, J Geophys Res, 48. E. Bayet, C. Lintott, S. Viti, J. Martin-Pintado, A. Pedlar, M.K. Argo, Deep MERLIN 5GHz 113, A04214 (2008). S. Martin, D.A. Williams, J.M.C. Rawlings, radio imaging of supernova remnants in the Tracing high density gas in M82 and NGC 4038, M82 starburst, MNRAS, 391, 1384-1402 (2008). 37. P. Guio, W.J. Miloch, H.L. Pecseli, J. Trulsen, ApJ 685, L35-L38 (2008). Sound radiation from moving point-like 59. D. Fenech, A radio study of the starburst charged particles in plasmas, AIP Conf 49. N. Markova, R. K. Prinja, H. Markov, I. Kolka, galaxy M 82, Obs, 128, 434-434 (2008). Series, 1061, 142-151 (2008). N. Morrison, J. Percy, S. Adelman, Wind structure of late B supergiants. I. Multi-line analyses 60. D. Fenech, T.W.B. Muxlow, A. Pedlar, 38. P. Guio, W.J. Miloch, H.L. Pecseli, J. Trulsen, of near-surface and wind structure in HD 199 R. Beswick, M.K. Argo, The evolution of Patterns of sound radiation behind pointlike 478 (B8 Iae), A&A 487, 211-221 (2008). supernova remnants in the M82 central charged obstacles in plasma flows, Physics starburst, ASP Conference Series, 390, 184 Rev. E, 78, 016401 (2008). 50. S.C. Searle, R.K. Prinja, D. Massa, R. Ryans, (2008). Quantitative studies of the optical and UV 39. E. Griffin, M.,A.L. Aruliah, I. McWhirter, spectra of Galactic early B supergiants. I. 61. A. Abate, S. Bridle, L.F.A. Teodoro, H.-C.I. Yiu, A. Charalambous, I. McCrea, Fundamental parameters, A&A 481, 777-797 M.S. Warren, M. Hendry, Peculiar velocities Upper thermospheric neutral wind and (2008). into the next generation: cosmological temperature measurements from an parameters from large surveys without bias extended spatial field, Annales Geophysicae, from non-linear structure, MNRAS, 389, 1739- 26, 2649-2655 (2008). 1749 (2008). PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 33

62. S. Paulin-Henriksson, A. Amara, L. Voigt, 71. I. Jimenez-Serra, J. Martín-Pintado, 84. L. Calder, O. Lahav, Dark energy: back to A. Refregier, S. L. Bridle, Point spread function A. Rodríguez-Franco, P. Caselli, S. Viti, Newton, Astro & Geophys, 49, 1.13 (2008). calibration requirements for dark energy from T. Hartquist, Revealing the ‘fingerprints’ of cosmic shear, A&A, 484, 67-77 (2008). the magnetic precursor of C-shocks, Ap&SS, 85. A. Abate, O.Lahav, The three faces of m: 313, 159-163 (2008). testing gravity with low and high redshift SN 63. Y.G. Tsamis, J.R. Walsh, D. Pequignot, M.J. Ia Surveys, MNRAS, 389, 47 (2008). Barlow, I.J. Danziger, X.-W. Liu, Integral field 72. E Bayet, S Viti, DA Williams, JMC Rawlings, spectroscopy of planetary nebulae: mapping Emission from extragalactic star forming gas, 86. G. Hutsi, O. Lahav, The cluster-galaxy the line diagnostics and hydrogen-poor zones European Astronomical Society, 31, 165-167 (2008). cross spectrum: an additional probe of with VLT FLAMES, MNRAS, 386, 22-46 (2008). cosmological and halo parameters, A&A, 73. S. Viti, E. Bayet, Molecules as probes of 492, 355 (2008). 64. M. Lerate, J. Yates, S. Viti, M.J. Barlow, galactic and extragalactic star formation, B.M. Swinyard, G.J. White, J. Cernicharo, European Astronomical Society, 31, 57-62 (2008). 87. F.B. Abdalla, A. Amara, P. Capak, E.S. Cypriano, J.R. Goicoechea, Physical parameters for Orion O. Lahav, J. Rhodes, Photometric redshifts for KL from modelling its ISO high-resolution far-IR 74. S. J. Thompson, A. P. Doel, D. Brooks, weak lensing tomography from space: the CO line spectrum, MNRAS, 387, 1660-1668 (2008). M. Strangwood, Towards a large, lightweight role of optical and near infrared photometry, mirror for AO – Development of a 1m Ni MNRAS, 387, 969 (2008). 65. E.A. Gonzalez-Solares, N.A. Walton, coated CFRP mirror, Proc. SPIE, 7018, R. Greimel, J.E. Drew, M.J. Irwin, S.E. Sale, 701839 (2008). 88. F.B. Abdalla, A. Mateus, W.A. Santos, K. Andrews, A. Aungwerojwit, M.J. Barlow, L. Sodrè, I. Ferreras, O.Lahav, Predicting E. van den Besselaar, R.L.M. Corradi, 75. S.J. Thompson, D. Brooks, A.P. Doel, spectral features in galaxy spectra from B.T. Gaensicke, P.J. Groot, A.S. Hales, A nickel-carbon-fibre composite for large broad-band photometry, MNRAS, 387, 945 E.C. Hopewell, H. Hu, J. Irwin, C. Knigge, adaptive mirrors: fabrication methods and (2008). E. Lagadec, P. Leisy, J.R. Lewis, A. Mampaso, properties, Opt. Express 16, 1321-1330 (2008). M. Matsuura, B. Moont, L. Morales-Rueda, 89. C. Blake, A. Collister, O. Lahav, Halo-model R.A.H. Morris, T. Naylor, Q.A. Parker, P. Prema, 76. P.B. Carolan, M.P. Redman, E. Keto, signatures from 380000 Sloan Digital Sky S. Pyrzas, G. T. Rixon, P. Rodriguez-Gil, J.M.C. Rawlings, CO abundances in a Survey luminous red galaxies with photometric G. Roelofs, L. Sabin, I. Skillen, J. Suso, R. Tata, protostellar cloud: freeze-out and desorption redshifts, MNRAS, 385, 1257 (2008). K. Viironen, J.S. Vink, A. Witham, N.J. Wright, in the envelope and outflow of L483, MNRAS, A.A. Zijlstra, A. Zurita, J. Drake, J. Fabregat, 383, 705-712 (2008). D.J. Lennon, P.W. Lucas, E.L. Martin, S. Phillipps, D. Steeghs, Y.C. Unruh, Initial data 77. D. Brooks, A.E. Gee, Manufacture of large High Energy Physics release from the INT Photometric Hα optics: materials and processes, Proc Am Survey of the Northern Galactic Plane Soc Prec Engg, 44, 546-549 (2008). (IPHAS), MNRAS, 388, 89-104 (2008). Publications listed here are arranged according to collaboration, for the 78. M. Swain, G. Vasisht, G. Tinetti, Methane purposes of this review only UCL authors 66. N.J. Wright, R. Greimel, M.J. Barlow, present in an extrasolar planet atmosphere, are named. J.E. Drew, M.-R. L. Cioni, A.A. Zijlstra, Nature, 452, 329-331 (2008). R.L.M. Corradi, E.A. Gonzalez-Solares, P. Groot, J. Irwin, M.J. Irwin, A. Mampaso, ATLAS 79. J.P. Beaulieu, S. Carey, I. Ribas, G. Tinetti, R.A.H. Morris, D. Steeghs, Y.C. Unruh, N. Walton, Primary Transit of the Planet HD189733b at B. Anderson, D. Attree, J. Butterworth, Extremely red stellar objects revealed by IPHAS, 3.6 and 5.8 micron, ApJ, 677, 1343 (2008). J. Fraser, T. Jones MNRAS, 390, 929-944 (2008).

80. J.P. Beaulieu, G. Tinetti, Probing the 1. The Data acquisition and calibration systems 67. A. Speck, M. Barlow, R. Wesson, G. Clayton, atmosphere of transiting extrasolar planets, for the ATLAS semiconductor tracker, JINST K. Volk, Unidentified infrared bands and the 2nd ARENA Conference: The Astrophysical 3:P01003 (2008). formation of PAHs around carbon stars, IAU, Science Cases at Dome C H. Zinnecker, N. 251, 195-196 (2008). 2. The evaporative cooling system for the Epchtein and H. Rauer (eds), EAS Publications ATLAS inner detector, JINST 3:P07003 (2008). Series, 33, 165-173 (2008). 68. Y.G. Tsamis, J.M.C. Rawlings, J.A. Yates, S. Viti, Molecular line profiles as diagnostics 3. The integration and engineering of the 81. F.B. Abdalla, A. Amara, P. Capak, E.S. Cypriano, of protostellar collapse: modelling the ‘blue ATLAS SemiConductor Tracker barrel, JINST O. Lahav, J. Rhodes, Photo-z for weak lensing asymmetry’ in inside-out infall, MNRAS, 388, 3:10006 (2008). tomography from space: the role of optical 898-912 (2008). and near-IR photometry, MNRAS, 387, 969 (2008). 4. Engineering for the ATLAS SemiConductor 69. M.R. Lerate, J. Yates, S. Viti, Tracker (SCT) end-cap, JINST 3:P05002 (2008). 82. A. Kiakotou, O. Elgaroy, O. Lahav, Neutrino M.J. Barlow, B.M. Swinyard, G.J. White, J. Mass, Dark Energy, and the Linear Growth Cernicharo, J.R. Goicoechea, Physical 5. B. Anderson, L. Asquith, J. Butterworth, Factor, Phys. Rev. D, 77, 063005 (2008). parameters for Orion KL from modelling its T. Byatt, S. Dean, J. Drohan, J. Fraser, C. Gwenlan, ISO high-resolution far-IR CO line spectrum, T. Jones, N. Konstantinidis, V. Ozcan, MNRAS, 387, 1660-1668 (2008). 83. F.B. Abdalla, A. Mateus, W.A. Santos, M. Postranecky, P. Sherwood, B. Simmons, L.R. Sodre, I. Ferreras, O. Lahav, Predicting E. Stefanidis, M. Sutton, M. Warren, B.M. Waugh, spectral features in galaxy spectra from 70. S. Viti, C. J. Lintott, Molecular signature of The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large broad-band photometry, MNRAS, 387, 945 star formation at high redshifts, Ap&SS, 313, Hadron Collider, JINST 3,S08003 (2008). (2008). 327-330 (2008). 34 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

CALICE 18. Cross section measurements of high-pT 33. Search for Bs0→μ+μ- and B0→μ+μ- decays dilepton final-state processes using a global with 2 fb-1 of pp- collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. V. Bartsch, J. Butterworth, M. Postranecky, fitting method, Phys. Rev. D 78, 012003 (2008). 100, 101802 (2008). M. Warren, M. Wing, 19. Search for resonant tt- production in 34. Limits on the production of narrow tt- 6. Design and Electronics Commissioning of the pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. resonances in pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, Physics Prototype of a Si-W Electromagnetic 100, 231801 (2008). Phys. Rev. D 77, 051102 (2008). Calorimeter for the International Linear Collider, JINST 3 P08001(2008). 20. First run II measurement of the W boson 35. Measurement of inclusive jet cross mass at the Fermilab Tevatron, Phys. Rev. D sections in Z/γ*(→e+e-)+jets production in CDF 77, 112001 (2008). pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 102001 (2008). V. Bartsch, D. Beecher, I. Bizjak, M. Lancaster, 21. Search for third generation vector S. Malik, E. Nurse, T. Vine, leptoquarks in pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, 36. First measurement of W boson production Phys. Rev. D 77, 091105 (2008). in association with a single charm quark in 7. First measurement of the fraction of top-quark pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. pair production through gluon-gluon fusion, 22. Search for the Higgs boson in events with 100, 091803 (2008). Phys. Rev. D 78, 111101 (2008). missing transverse energy and b quark jets produced in pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, 37. Search for chargino-neutralino production 8. Forward-Backward Asymmetry in Top-Quark Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 211801 (2008). in pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV with high-pT Production in pp- Collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, leptons, Phys. Rev. D 77, 052002 (2008). Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 202001 (2008). 23. Strong evidence for ZZ production in pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 38. Observation of orbitally excited Bs Mesons, 9. Search for the Flavor-Changing Neutral-Current 100, 201801 (2008). Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 082001 (2008). Decay t→Zq in pp- Collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 192002 (2008). 24. Two-particle momentum correlations in 39. Direct measurement of the W boson width jets produced in pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, in pp- collisions at √s =1.96-TeV, Phys. Rev. 10. Search for large extra dimensions in Phys. Rev. D 77, 092001 (2008). Lett. 100, 071801 (2008). final states containing one photon or jet and large missing transverse energy produced in 25. Observation of the Decay Bc±→J/ψπ± 40. Cross-section-constrained top-quark pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. and Measurement of the Bc± Mass, Phys. mass measurement from dilepton events 101, 181602 (2008). Rev. Lett. 100, 182002 (2008). at the tevatron, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 062005 (2008). 11. Measurement of b-jet shapes in inclusive 26. Measurement of correlated bb- production jet production in pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, in pp- collisions at √s =1960 GeV, Phys. Rev. D 41. Measurement of the cross section for Phys. Rev. D 78, 072005 (2008). 77, 072004 (2008). W-boson production in association with jets in pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. D 12. Measurement of the inclusive jet cross 27. Search for heavy toplike quarks using 77, 011108 (2008). section at the Fermilab Tevatron pp- collider lepton plus jets events in 1.96 TeV pp- using a cone-based jet algorithm, collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 161803 42. Search for standard model Higgs bosons Phys. Rev. D 78, 052006 (2008). (2008). produced in association with W bosons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 041801 (2008). 13. Search for doubly charged Higgs bosons 28. First flavor-tagged determination of with lepton-flavor-violating decays involving τ bounds on mixing-induced CP violation in 43. First observation of the decay Bs0→Ds-Ds+ leptons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 121801 (2008). Bs0→J/ψφ decays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, and measurement of its branching ratio, 161802 (2008). Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 021803 (2008). 14. Search for heavy, long-lived neutralinos that decay to photons at CDF II using photon timing, 29. Measurement of ratios of fragmentation CEDAR Phys. Rev. D 78, 032015 (2008). fractions for bottom hadrons in pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. D 77, 072003 J. Butterworth, J. Monk, E. Nurse, B. Waugh 15. Search for standard model Higgs boson (2008). production in association with a W boson at CDF, 44. CEDAR: progress and status report, Phys. Rev. D 78, 032008 (2008). 30. Measurement of lifetime and decay-width J. Phys. Conf. Ser.119,052006 (2008). difference in Bs0→J/ψφ decays, Phys. Rev. 16. Search for pair production of scalar top Lett. 100, 121803 (2008). quarks decaying to a τ lepton and a b Quark ILC in pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, Phys. Rev. 31. Evidence for D0-D- 0 mixing using the B. Maiheu, F. Gournaris, A. Liapine, M. Wing Lett. 101, 071802 (2008). CDF II detector, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 121802 (2008). 17. Search for new heavy particles decaying 45. Cavity BPM system tests for the ILC energy spectrometer. M. Slater et al., Nucl. Instrum. to ZZ→eeee in pp- collisions at √s =1.96 TeV, 32. Observation of exclusive dijet production Meth. A592 201 (2008). Phys. Rev. D 78, 012008 (2008). at the Fermilab Tevatron p-p collider, Phys. Rev. D 77, 052004 (2008). PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 35

MINOS ZEUS 9. N. Kajumba, R. Torres, Jonathan G. Underwood, J.S. Robinson, S. Baker, J.W.G. Tisch, R.de Nalda, M. Dorman, J. Evans, A. Holin, M. Kordosky, S. Boutle, J. Butterworth, C. Gwenlan, T. Jones, W. A. Bryan, R. Velotta, C. Altucci, I. Procino, D. Koskinen, R. Nichol, C. Smith, J. Thomas, J. Loizides, M. Wing I.C.E. Turcu, J.P. Marangos, Measurement P. Vahle of electronic structure from high harmonic 59. Multijet cross sections in charged generation in non-adiabatically aligned 46. Search for active neutrino disappearance current ep scattering at HERA, Phys. Rev. polyatomic molecules, New J. Phys.,10, using neutral-current interactions in the D78, 032004 (2008). 025008, (2008). MINOS long-baseline experiment, Phys. Rev. Lett.101,221804 (2008). 60. Inclusive K0(S)K0(S) resonance 10. G. Laricchia, S. Armitage, A. Kover, production in ep collisions at HERA, Phys. D.J. Murtagh, Ionizing Collisions by Positrons 47. Testing Lorentz invariance and CPT Rev. Lett.101, 112003 (2008). and Positronium Impact on the Inert Atoms, conservation with NuMI neutrinos in the Adv. At. Mol. Opt. Phys.56, 1-47 (2008). MINOS Phys. Rev. Lett.101,151601 (2008). 61. Beauty photoproduction using decays into electrons at HERA, Phys Rev D78, 11. S.J. Brawley, J. Beale, S. Armitage, 48. Measurement of neutrino oscillations 072001 (2008). D.E. Leslie, A. Kover, G. Laricchia, Nuclear with the MINOS detectors in the NuMI beam. fragmentation of positronium in collision with Phys. Rev. Lett.101,131802 (2008). xenon, Instr. Meth. B 226, 497-501 (2008). Atomic Molecular Optical OPAL 12. D.A. Cooke, D.J. Murtagh, A. Kover, and Positron Physics G. Laricchia, Direct non-dissociative and D. Miller, P. Sherwood dissociative ionization of CO2 by positron 1. K. Kudo, T.S. Monteiro, Quantum transport impact, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 226, 466-470 (2008). Phys. 49. Measurement of alpha(s) with radiative and spin dynamics on shearless tori, Rev E, 77, 055203 (2008). hadronic events, Eur. Phys .J. C53, 21-39 (2008). 13. C. Hadley, S. Bose, Multilevel multiparty singlets as ground states and their role in 2. J. Reslen, C.E. Creffield, T.S. Monteiro, entanglement distribution, Phys. Rev. A 77, PHENOMENOLOGY Dynamical instability in kicked Bose-Einstein 050308(R) (2008). condensates, Phys.Rev A, 77, 043621 (2008). J. Butterworth, A. Davison 14. A. Bayat, D. Burgarth, S. Mancini, S. Bose, 3. D.E. Browne, M.B. Elliott, S.T. Flammia, 50. Higgs search channel at the LHC, Phys. Memory effects in spin-chain channels for S.T. Merkel, A.Miyake, Short, Phase transition Rev. Lett.100, 242001 (2008). information transmission, Phys. Rev. A 77, of computational power in the resource 050306(R) (2008). states for one-way quantum computation, New J. Phys. 10, 023010 (2008). THEORY – LOW ENERGY 15. J. Molina-Vilaplana, S. Bose,V. E. Korepin, Pure state entanglement between separated C. Wilkin 4. M. Varnava, D.E. Browne, T. Rudolph, regions using impenetrable bosons, Int. J. How good must single photon sources Quantum Info. 6, 739 (2008). 51. Coupled-channel effectsin the pp → ppK+ and detectors be for efficient linear optical K- reaction, Phys. Lett. B 668, 315-318 (2008). quantum computation?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 16. H. T. Ng, S. Bose, Single-atom-aided 060502 (2008). probe of the decoherence of a Bose-Einstein 52. Polarisation of the omega meson in the pd condensate, Phys. Rev. A 78, 023610 (2008). → He-3 omega reaction at 1360 and 1450-MeV, 5. D.E. Browne, J. Anders, The role of Phys. Lett. B 668, 258-262 (2008). classical computation in measurement-based 17. J. Cho, D. G. Angelakis, S. Bose, Heralded quantum computation, Lecture Notes in generation of entanglement with coupled 53. Observation of inverse diproton Computer Science, 5028, 94 (2008) cavities, Phys. Rev. A 78, 022323 (2008). photodisintegration at intermediate energies, Phys. Rev. Lett.101, 102501 (2008). 6. O. M. Marago, P. H. Jones, F. Bonaccorso, 18. J. Cho, D. G. Angelakis, S. Bose, V. Scardaci, P. G. Gucciardi, A.Rozhin, Fractional Quantum Hall State in Coupled 54. Nucleon charge exchange on the deuteron: A. C. Ferrari. Femtonewton Force Sensing Cavities, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 246809 (2008). A Critical review, Eur. Phys. J. A, 37, 143-149 (2008). with Optically Trapped Nanotubes, Nano Lett. 8 3211-3216 (2008). 19. C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, T. Shaaran, 55. Interpretation of K+ anti-K0 pair production X. Liu and W. Yang, Quantum interference in p p collisions, Eur. Phys. J. A, 38, 1-8 (2008). 7. O.M. Marago, P.G. Gucciardi, F. Bonaccorso, in laser-induced nonsequential double G. Calogero, V. Scardaci, A. Rozhin, A.C. Ferrari, ionization in diatomic molecules: the role of 56. Coupling Constant for N*(1535)N(rho), P.H. Jones, R. Saija, F. Borghese, P. Denti alignment and orbital symmetry, Phys. Rev. A Phys. Rev. C77, 058202 (2008). & M.A. Iati, Optical trapping of carbon 78, 043407 (2008). nanotubes, Physica E 4,0 2347-2351 (2008). 57. Differential cross section and analyzing 20. X. Liu, C. Figueira de Morisson Faria, power of the vec- p p pp pi0 reaction at a 8. A. Stolow , J.G. Underwood, Time-resolved → W. Becker, Attosecond electron thermalization beam energy of 390-MeV, Phys. Rev. C77, photoelectron spectroscopy of non-adiabatic in laser-induced nonsequential multiple 044004 (2008). dynamics in polyatomic molecules, Adv. Chem. ionization: hard vs glancing collisions, New J. Phys.,139, 497 (2008). Phys 10, 025010 (2008). 58. Determination of target thickness and luminosity from beam energy losses, Phys. Rev. ST Accel.Beams 11, 052801 (2008). 36 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

21. G. Peach, D.F.T. Mullamphy, I.B. Whittingham, 32. J.T. Hodges, D. Lisak, N. Lavrentieva, 43. G. Halmova, J.D. Gorfinkiel, J. Tennyson, Unification of the impact and one-perturber A. Bykov, L. Sinitsa, J. Tennyson, R.J. Barber, Low and intermediate energy electron - theories of line shapes, 19th International R.N. Tolchenov, Comparison between collisions with the C2 molecular anion, Conference on Spectral Line Shapes (ICSLS), theoretical calculations and high-resolution J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 41, 155201 Valladolid, Spain, (AIP Conf Proc vol 1058) ed. measurements of pressure-broadening for (2008). M.A. Gigosos and M.A. Gonzalez (New York: water vapor spectra near 935 nm,. AIP) 234-236 (2008). J. Mol. Spectrosc., 249, 86-94 (2008). 44. S. Viti, H.R.A. Jones, M.J. Richter, R.J. Barber, J. Tennyson, J.H. Lacy, A potential 22. X. Huang, B.J. Braams, J.M. Bowman, 33. H.N. Varambhia, J.J. Munro, J. Tennyson, new method for temperature determination R.E.A. Kelly, J. Tennyson, G.C. Groenenboom, R-matrix calculations of low-energy electron in low-mass stars, Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc., 388, A. van der Avoird, New ab initio potential alkane collisions, Int. J. Mass Spectrometry, 1305-1313 (2008). energy surface and the vibration-rotation- 271, 1-7 (2008). tunneling levels of (H2O)2 and (D2O)2, 45. A. Amin, J. Nazareth, J. Tennyson, Ab initio J. Chem. Phys., 128, 034312 (2008). 34. G. Halmova, J. Tennyson, Resonances in vibration-rotation spectra of triterated - electron impact electron detachment of C2 , isotopologues of H3+, J. Molec. Spectrosc., 23. S.N. Yurchenko, B.A. Voronin, R.N. Tolchenov, Phys. Rev. Lett., 100, 213202 (2008). 252, 37-40 (2008). N. Doss, O.V. Naumenko, W. Thiel, J. Tennyson, Potential energy surface of HDO up to 25000 35. N. Doss, J. Tennyson, Excitations to the 46. G. J. Harris, F. C. Larner, J. Tennyson, cm-1, J. Chem. Phys., 128, 044312 (2008). electronic continuum of 3HeT+ in investigations B. M. Kaminsky, Ya.V. Pavlenko, H.R.A. Jones, of T2 β decay experiments, J. Phys. B: At. A H13 CN/HN13 C linelist, model atmospheres 24. L. Lodi, R.N. Tolchenov, J. Tennyson, Mol. Opt. Phys., 41, 125701 (2008). and synthetic spectra for carbon stars, A.E. Lynas-Gray, S.V. Shirin, N.F. Zobov, Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc., 90, 143-148 (2008). O.L. Polyansky, A.G. Csaszar, J. van Stralen, 36. A.D. Bykov, N.N. Lavrientieva, T.M. Petrova, L. Visscher, A high accuracy dipole surface L.N. Sinitsa, A.M. Solodov, R.J. Barber, 47. M. Radmilovic-Radjenovic, H. N. Varambhia, for water, J. Chem. Phys., 128, 044304 (2008). J. Tennyson, R.N. Tolchenov, Shift of the M. Vranic, J. Tennyson, Z. Lj. Petrovic, Cross centers of H2O absorption lines in the region sections for scattering of electrons on BF3, Publ. 25. O.V. Naumenko, B.A. Voronin, F. Mazzotti, of 1.06μm, Optics Spectrosc., 105, 25-31 Astron. Obs. Belgrade, 84, 57-60 (2008). J. Tennyson, A. Campargue, Intracavity Laser (2008). Absorption Spectroscopy of HDO between 48. M. Tarana, J. Tennyson, Polarisation -1 12145 and 13160 cm , J. Molec. Spectrosc., 37. N.F. Zobov, S.V. Shirin, R.I. Ovsannikov, effects in electron collisions with Li2 248, 122-133 (2008). O.L. Polyansky, R.J. Barber, J. Tennyson, application of the molecular R-matrix with P.-F. Coheur, P.F. Bernath, M. Carleer , R. Colin, pseudostates method, J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. 26. J. Franz, K.L. Baluja, R. Zhang, J. Tennyson, Spectrum of hot water in the 4750 - 13000 Phys., 41, 205204 (2008). Polarisation effects in low-energy positron cm-1 wavenumber range (0.769 - 2.1μm), molecule scattering, Nucl. Instr. Meths. Phys. Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc., 387, 1093-1098 49. D.A. Armoogum, R.J. Marsh, N. Nicolaou, Res. B, 266, 419-424 (2008). (2008). O. Mongin, M. Blanchard-Desce, A. J. Bain, Stimulated emission depletion and 27. J. Franz, F.A. Gianturco, K.L. Baluja, 38. N.F. Zobov, S.V. Shirin, R.I. Ovsannikov, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy J. Tennyson, R. Carey, R. Montuoro, O.L. Polyansky, J. Tennyson, Water line lists of a branched quadrupolar chromophore, R.R. Lucchese, T. Stoecklin, P. Nicholas, close to experimental accuracy using a Proc. SPIE 7030 70300S (2008). T.L. Gibson, Correlation-polarisation effects in spectroscopically determined potential electron/positron-scattering from acetylene: energy surface for H216O, H217O and H218O, 50. M. Owari, M.B. Plenio, E.S. Polzik, A. Serafini, a comparison of computational models, Nucl. J. Chem. Phys., 128, 224306 (2008). M.M. Wolf, Squeezing the limit: quantum Instr. Meths. Phys. Res. B, 266, 425-434(2008). benchmarks for the teleportation and storage 39. J.J. Munro and J. Tennyson, Global plasma of squeezed states, New J. Phys. 10, 113014 28. L. Lodi, J. Tennyson, A linelist of allowed simulations using dynamically generated (2008). and forbidden rotational transitions for water, chemical models, J. Vacuum Sci. Tech. A, 26, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transf., 109, 1219- 4, 865-869 (2008). 51. M. Cramer, A. Serafini, J. Eisert,Locality 1233 (2008). of dynamics in general harmonic quantum 40. T. Salmi, V. Hanninen, A.L. Garden, systems, in quantum information and 29. S. Kaur, K.L. Baluja, J. Tennyson, Electron- H.G. Kjaergaard, J. Tennyson, L. Halonen, many-body quantum systems, M. Ericsson impact study of NeF using the R-matrix A calculation of the OH stretching vibrational and S. Montangero eds. (Ed. Scuola Normale, method, Phys. Rev. A, 77, 032718 (2008). overtone spectrum of the water dimer, Pisa, 2008). J. Phys. Chem. A, 112, 6305-6312, (2008). 30. Y.V. Pavlenko, G.J. Harris, J. Tennyson, 52. P. Barletta, J. Tennyson, P.F. Barker, H.R.A. Jones, J.M. Brown, C. Hill, The 41. L. Lodi, O.L. Polyansky, J. Tennyson, Creating ultracold molecules by collisions electronic bands of CrD, CrH, MgD and MgH: On the treatment of long-range interactions with ultracold rare-gas atoms in an optical application to the ‘deuterium’ test, Mon. Not. in global potential energy surfaces for trap, Phys. Rev. A, 78, 052707 (2008). R. astr. Soc., 386, 1338-1346 (2008). chemically-bound systems, Mol. Phys., 106, 1267-1273 (2008). 53. P. Barker, S.M. Purcell, M.N.Shneider, 31. A.D. Bykov, N.N. Lavrientieva, T.P. Mishina, Spectra of molecular gases trapped in deep L.N. Sinitsa, R.J. Barber, R.N. Tolchenov, 42. B.C. Silva, P. Barletta, J.J. Munro, optical lattices, Phys. Rev. A, 77, 063409 (2008). J. Tennyson, Water vapor line width and shift J. Tennyson, Resonant States of H3+ and calculations with accurate vibration-rotation D2H+, J. Chem. Phys., 128, 244312 (2008). wave functions, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Rad. Transf., 109, 1834-1844 (2008). PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 37

54. M. Brown, F. Renzoni, Ratchet effect in 9. V. Brázdová, D.R. Bowler, Automatic data 20. D. Muñoz Ramo, P.V. Sushko, J.L. Gavartin, an optical lattice with biharmonic driving: distribution and load balancing with space- A.L. Shluger, Oxygen vacancies in cubic ZrO2 A numerical analysis, Phys. Rev. A, 77, filling curves: implementation in CONQUEST, nanocrystals studied by an ab initio embedded 033405 (2008). J. Phys: Cond. Matt. 20 275223 (2008) cluster method, Phys. Rev. B 78, 235432 (2008)

55. R. Gommers, V. Lebedev, M. Brown, 10. S.D. Brown, L. Bouchenoire, P. Thompson, 21. T.R. Forrest, S.R. Bland, S.B. Wilkins, H.C. Walker, F. Renzoni, Gating ratchet for cold atoms, R. Springell, A. Mirone, W.G. Stirling, A. Beesley, T.A.W. Beale, P.D. Hatton, D. Prabhakaran, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 040603 (2008). M.F. Thomas, R.C.C. Ward, M.R. Wells, A.T. Boothroyd, D. Mannix, F. Yakhou, D.F. McMorrow, A. Langridge, S.W. Zochowski, G.H. Lander, Ordering of localized electronic states in Profile of the U 5f magnetization in U/Fe multiferroic TbMnO3: a soft X-ray resonant multilayers, Phys. Rev. B 77 064423 (2008) scattering study, J. Phys.: Cond. Mat. 20 Condensed Matter and 422205 (2008) Materials Physics (CMMP) 11. R.C. Burton, E.S. Ferrari, R.J. Davey, J. Hopwood, M.J. Quayle, J.L. Finney, D.T. Bowron, 22. M.J. Frampton, T.D.W. Claridge, G. Latini, 1. D.T. Adroja, A.D. Hillier, J-G. Park, The structure of a supersaturated solution: S. Brovelli, F. Cacialli, H.L. Anderson, W. Kockelmann, K.A. McEwen, B.D. Rainford, a neutron scattering study of aqueous urea, Amylose-wrapped luminescent conjugated K-H. Jang, C. Geibel, T. Takabatake, Cryst. Growth & Des. 8 1559–1565 (2008) polymers, Chem. Commun. 2797–2799 (2008) MuSR study of non-Fermi liquid behaviour near the ferromagnetic quantum critical 12. J. Chang, Ch. Niedermayer, R. Gilardi, 23. M.J. Frampton, G. Sforazzini, E. Townsend, point in CePd0.15Rh0.85, Phys. Rev. B 78 N.B. Christensen, H.M. Ronnow, D.F. McMorrow, C. Williams, A. Charas, L. Zelewski, N.S. Kaka, 014412 (2008) M. Ay, J. Stahn, O. Sobolev, A. Hiess, S. Pailhes, M. Sirish, G. Latini, S. Brovelli, L.-J. Parrot, C. Baines, N. Momono, M. Oda, M. Ido, J. Mesot, J.S. Wilson, F. Cacialli, H.L. Anderson, 2. D.T. Adroja, K.A. McEwen, J-G. Park, Tuning competing orders in La2-xSrxCuO4 Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of A.D. Hillier, N. Takeda, P.S. Riseborough, cuprate superconductors by the application nonpolar polyrotaxane insulated molecular T. Takabatake, Inelastic neutron study of spin of an external magnetic field, Phys. Rev. B 78 wires with high solubility in organic solvents, gap formation in heavy fermion compounds, 104525 (2008) Adv. Funct. Mat. 18, 3367-3376 (2008) J. Optoelectron. Adv. Materials 10 1564 – 1582 (2008) 13. R. Choudhury, D.R. Bowler, M.J. Gillan, 24. C.L. Freeman, J.H. Harding, D.M. Duffy, Atomic structure of misfit dislocations at Simulations of calcite crystallization on 3. M. Aldegunde, N. Seoane, A.J. García-Loureiro, InAs/GaAs(110), J. Phys: Cond. Matt. 20 self-assembled monolayers, Langmuir 24 P.V. Sushko, A.L. Shluger J.L. Gavartin, K. Kalna, 235227 (2008) 9607-9615 (2008) A. Asenov, Atomistic mesh generation for the simulation of nanoscale metal-oxide- 14. M.A.L de la Torre, O.J Dura, M. Ellerby, 25. S. Ghosh, T.F. Rosenbaum, G. Aeppli, semiconductor field-effect transistors, K.A. McEwen, M.B. Maple, High-field Macroscopic signature of protected spins in Phys. Rev. E 77 056702 (2008) magnetization of Y0.8U0.2Pd3 and UCu4Ni, a dense frustrated magnet, Phys. Rev. Lett. J. of Mag. Mag. Mat. 320 , e443-e445 (2008) 101 157205 (2008) 4. D.M.Ancona-Torres, G. Silevitch, G. Aeppli, T.F. Rosenbaum, Quantum and classical glass 15. T.C. Choy, A.M. Stoneham, M. Ortuño, 26. E.M. Gauger, P.P. Rohde, A.M. Stoneham, transitions in LiHoxY1-xF4, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 A.M. Somoza, Negative magnetoresistance B.W. Lovett, Strategies for entangling remote 057201 (2008) in ultrananocrystalline diamond: strong or spins with unequal coupling to an optically weak localization? Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 02120 active mediator, New J. Phys. 10 073027 (2008) 5. A. Asenov, A. Cathignol, B. Cheng, (2008) K.P. McKenna, A.R. Brown, A.L. Shluger, 27. L. Giordano, U. Martinez, G. Pacchioni, D. Chanemougame, K. Rochereau, G. Ghibaudo, 16. D.M. Duffy, N. Itoh, A.M. Rutherford, M. Watkins, A.L. Shluger, F and F+ Centers Origin of the asymmetry in the magnitude of A.M. Stoneham, Making tracks in metals, on MgO/Ag(100) or MgO/Mo(100) ultrathin the statistical variability of n- and p-channel J. Phys: Cond. Matt. 20 082201 (2008) films: Are they stable? J. Phys. Chem. C 112 poly-Si gate bulk MOSFETs, IEEE Electron 3857-3865 (2008) Dev. Lett. 29 913-915 (2008) 17. C. Ellinger, A. Stierle, I.K. Robinson, A. Nefedov, H. Dosch, Atmospheric pressure oxidation 28. J.G. Groshaus, I. Dujovne, Y. Gallais, 6. K.M. Beck, A.G. Joly, O. Diwald, S. Stankic, of Pt(111), J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 20 184013 C.F. Hirjibehedin, A. Pinczuk, Y.-W. Tan, P.E. Trevisanutto, P.V.Sushko, A.L. Shluger, W. Hess, (2008) H. Stormer, B.S. Dennis, L.N. Pfeiffer, K.W. West, Energy and site selectivity in O-atom Spin- texture and magnetoroton excitations photodesorption from nanostructured MgO, 18. R.A. Ewings, A.T. Boothroyd, D.F. McMorrow, at nu = 1/3, Phys. Rev. Letters 100, 046804 Surface Sci. 602 1968-1973 (2008) D. Mannix, H.C. Walker, B.M.R. Wanklyn, X-ray (2008) resonant diffraction study of multiferroic 7. V. Bodrozic, T.M. Brown, S. Mian, D. Caruana, DyMn2O5, Phys. Rev. B 77 104415 (2008) 29. J.H. Harding, D.M. Duffy, M.L. Sushko, M. Roberts, J.J. Halls, I. Grizzi, J.H. Burroughes, P.M. Rodger, D. Quigley, J.A. Elliot, F. Cacialli, The Built-In Potential in Blue 19. I.J. Ford, Fluctuations within fluctuations: Computational techniques at the organic

Polyfluorene-Based Light-emitting diodes, stochastic aspects of the theory of nucleation inorganic interface in biomineralization, Adv. Mat. 20 2410-2415 (2008) of nanoparticles, Proceedings of the Chem. Rev. 108 4823-4854 (2008) International Conference on Nanoscale 8. S. Boutet, I.K. Robinson, Coherent x-ray Phenomena and Structures in Bulk and Surface 30. B.W. Hoogenboom, P.L.T.M. Frederix, diffractive imaging of protein crystals, Phases, Sofia, in ‘Bulgaria, Nanoscale Phenomena D. Fotiadis, H.J. Hug, A. Engel, Potential J. Synchrot. Rad. 15 576-583 (2008) and Structures’, ed. by D. Kashchiev Prof. Marin of interferometric cantilever detection and Drinov Academic Publishing House, Sofia (2008) its application for SFM/AFM in liquids, Nanotechnology 19 384019 (2008) 38 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

31. A.P. Horsfield, M. Finnis, M. Foulkes, 41. M.A. Lopez de la Torre, O.J. Dura, M. Ellerby, 52. T. Otsuka, T. Miyazaki, T. Ohno, D.R. Bowler, J. LePage, D. Mason, C. Race, A.P. Sutton, K.A. McEwen, M.B. Maple, High field M.J. Gillan, Accuracy of order-N density- D.R. Bowler, A.J. Fisher , R. Miranda, L. Stella, magnetization of Y0.8U0.2Pd3 and UCu4Ni, functional theory calculations on DNA A.M. Stoneham, D. Dundas, E. McEniry, J. Mag. Mag. Mater 320 443 (2008) systems using CONQUEST, J. Phys: Cond. T.N. Todorov, C.G. Sánchez, Correlated Matt. 20 294201 (2008) electron-ion dynamics in metallic systems, 42. A. Lovell, F. Fernandez-Alonso, N.T. Skipper, Computational Materials Science 44 16-20 (2008) K. Refson, S.M. Bennington, S.F. Parker, 53. A.F. Otte, M. Ternes, K. von Bergmann, Quantum delocalization of molecular hydrogen S. Loth, H. Brune, C.P. Lutz, C.F. Hirjibehedin, 32. S. Hussain, I.J. Ford, The dielectric in alkali-graphite intercalates, Phys. Rev. Lett. A.J. Heinrich, The role of magnetic anisotropy properties of charged nanoparticle colloids 101 126101 (2008) in the Kondo effect, Nature Physics, 4, 847 (2008) at radio and microwave frequencies: high frequency relaxation, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43. K.P. McKenna, A.L. Shluger, Electron- 54. J-G. Park, D.T. Adroja, K.A. McEwen, 41 015302 (2008) trapping polycrystalline materials with M. Kohgi, K. Iwasa, Inelastic neutron negative electron affinity, Nature Materials, 7 scattering from PrFe4P12 at low temperatures 33. S. Khakshouri, D. Alfe, D.M. Duffy, 859-862 (2008) and under high magnetic fields, Phys. Rev. B Development of an electron-temperature- 77 085102 (2008) dependent interatomic potential for molecular 44. N.Manyala, J.F. DiTusa, G.Aeppli, dynamics simulation of tungsten under A.P. Ramirez, Doping a semiconductor to 55. A. Petrozza, S. Brovelli, J.J. Michels, electronic excitation, Phys. Rev. B 78 224304 create an unconventional metal, Nature 454 H.L. Anderson, R.H. Friend, C. Silva, F. Cacialli, (2008) 976–980 (2008) Control of rapid formation of interchain excited states in sugar-threaded supramolecular 34. A.V. Kimmel, P.V. Sushko, A.L. Shluger, 45. S. Markov, P.V. Sushko, S. Roy, C. Fiegna, wires, Adv. Materials, 20 3218-3223 (2008) M.M. Kuklja, Effect of molecular and lattice E. Sangiorgi, A.L. Shluger, and A. Asenov, structure on hydrogen transfer in molecular Si-SiO2 interface band-gap transition – 56. A. Poynor, L. Hong, I.K. Robinson, S. Granick, crystals of diamino-dinitroethylene and effects on MOS inversion layer, Physika P.A. Fenter, Z. Zhang, How water meets a triamino-trinitrobenzene, J. Phys. Chem. A Status Solidi` (a) 205, 1290-1295 (2008) hydrophobic surface – Reply to comment, 112 4496-4500 (2008) Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 039602 (2008) 46. L. Meinhold, D. Clement, M. Tehei, R. Daniel, 35. G. Latini, L.-J. Parrot, S. Brovelli, J.L. Finney, J.C. Smith, Protein dynamics 57. I.K. Robinson, Coherent diffraction – Giant M.J. Frampton, H.L. Anderson, F. Cacialli. and stability: the distribution of atomic molecules or tiny crystals? Nature Materials 7 Cyclodextrin-threaded conjugated fluctuations in thermophilic and mesophilic 275-276 (2008) polyrotaxanes for organic electronics: the dihydrofolate reductase derived using elastic influence of the counter cations, Adv. Funct. incoherent neutron scattering, Biophys. J. 94 58. Ch. Rüegg, K. Kiefer, B. Thielemann, Mat. 18, 2419-2427 (2008) 4812–4818 (2008) D.F. McMorrow, V. Zapf, B. Normand, M.B. Zvonarev, P. Bouillot, C. Kollath, 36. G. Latini, M. Wykes, R. Schlapak, 47. T. Miyazaki, D.R. Bowler, M.J. Gillan, T. Ohno, T. Giamarchi, S. Capponi, D. Poilblanc, S. Howorka, F. Cacialli, Self-assembled The Energetics of Hut-Cluster Self-Assembly D. Biner, K. W. Krämer, Thermodynamics of monolayers of protonated poly(amidoamine) in Ge/Si(001) from Linear- Scaling DFT the Spin Luttinger liquid in a model ladder dendrimers on indium tin oxide, Appl. Phys. Calculations, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 77 123706 material, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 247202 (2008) Lett. 92 013511 (2008) (2008) 59. Ch. Rüegg, B. Normand, M. Matsumoto, 37. M.D. Le, K.A. McEwen, J-G. Park, S. Lee, 48. J. Morgado, A. Charas, H. Alves, A. Furrer, D.F. McMorrow, K.W. Kraemer, F. Iga, K.C. Rule, Magnetic excitations in the J.M.G. Martinho, L. Alcácer, O. Fenwick, H.-U. Guedel, S.N. Gvasaliya, H. Mutka, ordered phases of PrB6, J. Phys.: Cond. Mat. F. Cacialli, Photoacid cross-linkable M. Boehm, Quantum magnets under pressure: 20 104231 (2008) polyfluorenes for optoelectronics applications, controlling elementary excitations in TlCuCl3, Synth. Met. 158 643-653 (2008) Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 205701 (2008) 38. M.D. Le, K.A. McEwen, F. Wastin, E. Colineau, Magnetisation, susceptibility and 49. D. Munoz Ramo, A.L. Shluger, Structure 60. A.M. Rutherford, D. Duffy, The effect of heat capacity studies of PuPd3, Physica B and spectroscopic properties of oxygen electron-ion interactions on radiation damage 403 1035 (2008) divacancy in yttrium-stabilized zirconia, simulations, J. Phys: Cond. Matt. 19 496201 (2008) J. Phys.: Conf. Series, 117 12022 (2008) 39. M.D. Le, H.C. Walker, K.A. McEwen, 61. C.G. Salzmann, P.G. Radaelli, J.L. Finney, T. Gouder, F. Huber, F. Wastin, Photoelectron 50. T. Nomura, S.W. Kim, Y. Kamihara, M. Hirano, E. Mayer, A calorimetric study on the low spectroscopy of NpPd3 and PuPd3, J. Phys.: P.V. Sushko, K. Kato, M. Takata, A.L. Shluger,, temperature dynamics of doped ice V and Cond. Mat. 20 275220 (2008) H. Hosono, Crystallographic phase transition its reversible phase transition to hydrogen and high-T-c superconductivity in LaFeAsO:F, ordered ice XIII, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 10 40. F.M. Li, G.W. Hsieh, S. Dalal, M.C. Newton, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 21 125028 (2008) 6313-6324 (2008) J.E. Stott, P. Hiralal, A. Nathan, P.A. Warburton, H.E. Unalan, P. Beecher, A.J. Flewitt, 51. T. Nomura, S.W. Kim, Y. Kamihara, M. Hirano, 62. R. Springell, F. Wilhelm, A. Rogalev, I.K. Robinson, G. Amaratunga, W.I. Milne, P.V. Sushko, K. Kato, M. Takata, A.L. Shluger, W.G. Stirling, R.C.C. Ward, M.R. Wells, Zinc oxide nanostructures and high electron H. Hosono, Tetragonal-orthorhombic phase S. Langridge, S.W. Zochowski, G.F. Lander, mobility nanocomposite thin film transistors, transition and F-doping effects on the crystal Polarization of U 5f states in uranium IEEE Trans. Electron Dev. 55 3001-3011 (2008) structure in the iron-based high-Tc superconductor multilayers, Phys. Rev. B. 77 014427 (2008) LaFeAsO, J. Phys. Soc. Japan 77 32-35 (2008) PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008 39

63. R. Springell, S.W. Zochowski, R.C.C. Ward, 75. A.S. Torralba, M. Todorovic, V Brázdová, M.R. Wells, S.D. Brown, L. Bouchenoire, R. Choudhury, T. Miyazaki, M.J. Gillan, F. Wilhelm, S. Langridge, W.G. Stirling, G.H. Lander, D.R. Bowler, Pseudo-atomic orbitals as basis A study of uranium-based multilayers: sets for the O(N) DFT code CONQUEST, I. Fabrication and structural characterization, J. Phys: Cond. Matt. 20 294206 (2008) J. Phys.: Cond. Matt. 20 215229 (2008) 76. A. Vilfan, T. Duke, Clustering in 64. R. Springell, S.W. Zochowski, R.C.C. Ward, spontaneous otoacoustic emissions from a M.R. Wells, S.D. Brown, L. Bouchenoire, F. Wilhelm, lizard’s ear, Biophys. J. 95 4622-4630 (2008) S. Langridge, W.G. Stirling, G.H. Lander, A study of uranium-based multilayers: II. Magnetic 77. N.Q. Vinh, P.T. Greenland, K. Litvinenko, properties, J. Phys. Cond. Matt. 20 215230 (2008) B. Redlich, A.F.G. van der Meer, S.A. Lynch, M. Warner, A.M. Stoneham, G. Aeppli, D.J. Paul, 65. A.M. Stoneham, The quantum in your C.R. Pidgeon, B.N. Murdin, Silicon as a model materials world, Materials Today 11 32-36 (2008) ion trap: Time domain measurements of donor Rydberg states, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 66. A.M. Stoneham, Future perspectives for 105 10649-10653 (2008) diamond for physics and applications of CDV diamond (edited Satoshi Koizumi, M Nesladek, 78. J. Wafula Ndieyira, M. Watari, A. Donoso Christoph E Nebel), Wiley-VCH; 1-12 (2008) Barrera, D. Zhou, M. Vögtli, M. Batchelor, M.A. Cooper, T. Strunz, M.A. Horton, C. Abell, 67. A.M. Stoneham, J.H. Harding, Mesoscopic T. Rayment, G. Aeppli, R.A. McKendry, modelling: Materials at the appropriate scale, Nanomechanical detection of antibiotic– Mat. Sci. Technol. (invited paper, accepted) (2008) mucopeptide binding in a model for superbug drug resistance, Nature Nanotechnology 3 68. M.L. Sushko, J.H. Harding, A.L. Shluger. 691-696 (2008) R.A. McKendry, M. Watari, Physics of nanomechanical biosensing on cantilever 79. H.C. Walker, K.A. McEwen, M.D. Le, arrays, Adv. Materials, 20 3848-3853 (2008) L. Paolasini, D. Fort, X-ray resonant scattering determination of the antiferroquadrupolar 69. M.L. Sushko, A.L. Shluger, Intramolecular ordering in UPd3 at low temperatures, dipole coupling and depolarization in self- J. Phys. Cond. Mat. 20 395221 (2008) assembled monolayers, Adv. Functional Materials, 18 2228-2236 (2008) 80. M. Watkins, T. Trevethan, M.L. Sushko, A.L. Shluger, Designing molecular 70. M.L. Sushko, A.L. Shluger, Rough and architecture to control diffusion and fine tuning of metal work function via adsorption on insulating surfaces, J. Phys. chemisorbed self-assembled monolayers, Chem. C 112 4226-4231 (2008) Adv. Materials, 20 1-4 (2008) 81. G. Winroth, G. Latini, D. Credgington, 71. P.V. Sushko, H. Hiramatsu, M. Hirano, L.-Y. Wong, L.-L. Chua, P.K.H. Ho, F. Cacialli, H. Hosono, Properties of LaFeAsO/MgO(001) Polyfluorene-based light-emitting diodes interfaces from ab initio calculations, J. Phys. with an azide photo-cross-linked poly Soc. Japan 77 113-116 (2008) (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) : (polystyrene sulfonic acid) hole-injecting layer, Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 103308 (2008) 72. P.V. Sushko, A.L. Shluger, M. Hirano, H. Hosono, Mechanism of phase transitions and electronic density of states in 82. W. Wu, A. Kerridge, A.H. Harker, A.J. Fisher, Structure-dependent exchange in the organic LaFeAsO1−xFx and SmFeAsO1−xFx from ab initio density functional calculations, magnets Cu(II)Pc and Mn(II)Pc, Phys. Rev. B Phys. Rev. B 78, 172508 (2008) 77 184403 (2008)

73. P.V. Sushko, A.L. Shluger, M. Hirano, 83. M. Zhao, A. Karim, G.V. Hansson, H. Hosono, Insulator-conductor transition W.-X. Ni, P. Townsend, S.A. Lynch, D.J. Paul, in 12CaO.7A12O3 films: On the stability of Molecular beam epitaxy growth of Si/SiGe the crystal lattice under Ar+ bombardment, bound-to-continuum quantum cascade Thin Solid Films 516 1350-1353 (2008) structures for THz emission, Thin Solid Films, 517, 34-73 (2008) 74. M. Ternes, C.P. Lutz, C.F. Hirjibehedin, F.J. Giessibl, A.J. Heinrich, The force needed to move an atom on a surface, Science 319, 1066 (2008) 40 PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY ANNUAL REVIEW 2008

Staff

Astrophysics High Energy Physics Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Positron Physics Professors: Professors: A D Aylward, M J Barlow, I D Howarth, J M Butterworth, M A Lancaster, Professors: O Lahav, S Miller, R K Prinja, J A Thomas P F Barker, S Bose, G Laricchia, J M C Rawlings, S J Smith T S Monteiro, W R Newell, F Renzoni, Readers: J Tennyson Readers and Senior Lecturers: N Konstantinidis, R Saakyan, R S Thorne, A L Aruliah, S L Bridle, A P Doel, D N Tovee, D S Waters, M Wing Reader: M M Dworetsky, I Furniss, S Viti A J Bain Lecturer: Lecturers: M Campanelli Lecturers: N Achilleos, G Savini, J Weller D Browne, C Figueira de Morisson Faria, Royal Society University Research Fellow: P H Jones, T Kohler, A Serafini, Royal Society University Research Fellow: A Hill (USA/Canada Research Fellow), J Underwood G Tinetti R Nichol, E Nurse Royal Society University Research Fellow: Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellow: STFC Advanced Fellow: A Olaya-Castro N Rajguru M Sutton EPSRC Postdoctoral Fellow: STFC Research Fellows: Marie Curie Research Fellow: A Nazir N Bastian, C Van Breukelen, S Boeser 1851 Royal Commission Fellow: Principal and Senior Research Associates: Principal Research Associate: E T Campbell F Deigo, D D Walker, J Yates (Honorary) P Sherwood Research Associates: Research Associates: Research Associates: J Anders, D Armoogum, P Barletta, F B Abdalla, R J Barber, E Bayet, D Fenech, V Bartsch, S Bevan, I Bizjak, Z Daraktchieva, A Bayat, A Dora, N Doss, P Douglas, E Griffin, P Guio, W Hongchang, S J H Dean, M Dorman, J Evans, R Flack, J Franz, G J Harris, R Kelly, A Kover, G Hutsi, C King, T Koskinen, E Serra Cypriano, J H Loizides, A Lyapin, B Maiheu, M D Lee, L Lodi, R Marsh, J J Munro, T Spain, T Stallard, S J Thompson, J W Monk, E Ozcan, V Vasiliev, G Watt J Mur-Petit, D Murtagh, H T Ng, I Tsamis, L Voigt, R Wesson, N Nicolaou, L Petrov, R N Tolchenov M Westmoquette, D Witherick, G Yu Support Staff: B E Anderson, D J Attree, G Crone, Support Staff: Support Staff: T J Fraser, T J Hoare, Z Maxa, J Dumper, R Jawad, D Rage, D Brooks, J R Deacon, R Evans, M Postranecky, F Sciacca, B M Simmons, I McWhirter, F Sidoli M R Warren, B Waugh PhD Students R P Alvares, B Augstein, L Austen, PhD Students: PhD Students: E Bailey, M Barber, B Boatman, A Abate, M Antonik, T Arnesen, C Atkins, L Asquith, S Baker, D Beecher, C Bernius, T Boness, S Brawley, M Brown, L Cook, M Austin, Z Awad, M Banerji, J Burnett, S Bevan, S Boutle, T Byatt, R D’Arcy, D Cooke, N Coppendale, P Douglas, M Callender, H Christie, H Dhanoa, A Davison, M Dorman, A Freshville, J Garcia Coello, C Hadley, S Harrison, J Fabbri, S Farrens, E Hall, A Hawken, F Gournaris, A Holin, D Houseman, A Harvey, G Halmova, M Hoban, S Hodges, F Islam, B James, C Jenner, M Kauer, S King, J Koskinen, S Malik, S La Delfa, V Lebedev, L Lodi, A Kiakotou, D Kipping, C King, D Kirk, M Mottram, M Nash, D Nicholass, D Madden, C Maher-McWillaims, I Konstantopoulos, T Koskinen, M Lystrup, A Richards, B Richards, T Riddick, P Phoonthong, I Procino, S Purcell, W Nicholson, M North, J Noss, J Roberts, J Robinson, C Taylor J Reslen, T Shaaran, B Silva, T Sochi, F Sidoli, P Stobbart, D Stock, J Tang, M Stocklin, T Tufarelli, H Varambhai, S Thomas, M Vasta, A Wellbrock, A Wiceknbrock, H Wichterich, W Whyatt, N Wright, E Yigit, I Yiu A Williams, J Wood, H Yadsan-Appleby, S Ye, Rui Zhang Condensed Matter and Teaching Maps Workshop Materials Physics Director of Postgraduate Studies: Superintendent: Professors: J M C Rawlings R Gollay G Aeppli, F Cacialli, T A Duke, Director of Undergraduate Teaching: Technicians: J L Finney, A J Fisher, I J Ford, M J Barlow J Benbow, J F Percival M J Gillan, D F McMorrow, Q A Pankhurst, C J Pickard, Director of Laboratories: I K Robinson, A Shluger, N T Skipper N T Skipper Administrative Staff Readers and Senior Lecturers: Principal Teaching Fellow: D R Bowler, A H Harker, M Coupland Accounts: M Young T T K Nguyen, S W Zochowski Co-ordinator 1st year Laboratory: Assistant Administrator (Grants): Lecturers: P Bartlett J Hipperson D Duffy, M Ellerby, B W Hoogenboom Laboratory Superintendent: Departmental Administrator: Royal Society University Research Fellow: J O’Brien H Wigmore C Ruegg, P Sushko Laboratory Technicians: Examinations Co-ordinator and EPSRC Advanced Fellow: B T Bristoll, M J Palmer, Webmaster: S Lynch M A Sterling, D Thomas K Heyworth Senior Research Associates: Admissions Tutors: Finance Officer: K McKenna, T Trevethan A Aylward (Physics and Astronomy), D Buck F Cacialli (MSc students), M J Gillan Research Associates: (Postgraduate research students), Science Centre Organiser: V Brazdova, S Brovelli, O Fenwick M M Dworetsky (Astronomy Certificate S Kadifachi Most Research staff are employed & BSc Physics part-time) Secretary Astrophysics: through the LCN Programme Tutors: K Nakum PhD Students: S Zochowski (Physics), Secretary AMOP & HEP: R Aldus, M Avellino, R Bean, N Beglitis, I Furniss (Astronomy), D Duffy (MSc), C Johnston L J Beitra, P Benjamin, W Beyhum, M Coupland (Part-time Physics) S Binnie, J Brookes, B Bryant,B Chen, Undergraduate Teaching Co-ordinator: J Chivall, D Credgington, A Dejardin, T Saint Maria Del Mar Rodriguez, F Di Stasio, University of London C Dunn, F Ehlers, F Fabrizi, O Fenwick, Undergraduate Teaching Secretary: M Fritzche, T Forrest, H Fox, S Gane, Observatory E Blackwelder J Gardener, A Grimwood, T Headen, D Humphrey, M Kallumadil, Director: Visiting Professor and Emeritus Staff: A Kalampokidis, S Khakshouri, I D Howarth Z Khan, S Kuhn, Z Kurban, J Lardge, M Burt, A Bokensburg, I M Buckley-Golder, D Le, S Leake, P Li, H-C Lin, A Lovell, Manager: F W Bullock, S F Fox, D H Davis, M J Duff, C Losert-Valiente Kroon, A Ma, P K Thomas R S Ellis, M Esten, W M Glencross, D McCutcheaon, A Mehonic, T C Griffith, GV Groves, J E Harries, Demonstrators: M R Haynes, C Hilsum, J W Humberston, P Merchant, E Milner, R Miranda, S J Boyle, S J Fossey N Moore, S Natarajan, C O’Rourke, D C Imrie, T W Jones, G E Kalmus, M Longair, K A McEwen, B R Martin, L Parrott, K Rahnejat, A Ramlakan, Computing and Experimental Officer: D J Miller, G Peach, P G Radaelli, A Rutherford, A Sena, M Shuttleworth, T Schlichter Y Sig Shin, R Sivasubramaniam, A C Smith, A K Soper, A M Stoneham, R Spinney, H Tailor, H Tang, P Taylor, L Technical Support: P J Storey, C Wilkin, D A Williams, Thomas, L Tong, P Trevisanutto, M Pearson A J Willis H Walker, A Walters, M Warner, T Weller, D Wheatley, M Wilkinson, G Winroth, Secretary: M Wolf, C Wood, W Wu, C M Yim V Peerless UCL Department of Physics and Astronomy • Gower Street • London • WC1E 6BT Telephone: +44 (0)20 7679 7155 www.phys.ucl.ac.uk