DOCSLIB.ORG

Socio-Economic Stability and Independence of Appalachian Women

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Socio-Economic Stability and Independence of Appalachian Women SOCIO-ECONOMIC STABILITY AND INDEPENDENCE OF APPALACHIAN WOMEN MICHELE DAWN KEGLEY A DISSERTATION Submitted to the Ph.D. in Leadership & Change Program of Antioch University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December, 2011 This is to certify that the dissertation entitled: SOCIO-ECONOMIC STABILITY AND INDEPENDENCE OF APPALACHIAN WOMEN prepared by Michele Dawn Kegley is approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Leadership & Change. Approved by: __________________________________________________________________ Elizabeth Holloway, Ph.D., Chair date __________________________________________________________________ Laurien Alexandre, Ph.D., Committee Member date __________________________________________________________________ Mary K. Anglin, Ph.D., Committee Member date __________________________________________________________________ Kimberly K. Eby, Ph.D., External Reader date Copyright 2011 Michele D. Kegley All rights reserved. Acknowledgments I was sitting in the pew listening to the pastor quote Woody Allen—“Half of life is showing up.” He went on to talk about how in life we have dreams and ambitions, and sometimes we feel like we are failing to meet these aspirations and wonder if we are meeting the expectations for those who depend on us (sermon 5-29-2011). He said, “‘Half of life is showing up,’ and God provides the other half.” His advice to us was just show up and quit worrying. The people I have to thank have done more than show up. They have impacted my life in ways they will never know. I thank God for getting me through this program and sending these special angels into my life. Let me start with my kids who have learned to wash clothes, cook, and understand my own version of what we call phone sign language—codes for I am talking if you are not on fire or bleeding go away and come back when I am off the phone. Most importantly they endured some of the biggest changes of their lives during these four years and still make me proud! I love them more each day. My girlfriends, Princess Dorothy, Pretty Nicole, and Moral Mandi, who listened to me cry, complain, and make up new chapters in the book of the ludicrous. I would not have gotten through this program or the four years of change without them, love you. Thank you to my committee, especially my advisor Laurien and my chair Elizabeth. Both of whom gave advice on more than just my program work and supported me at times I could not see the light much less the light at the end of the tunnel. Thank you to the storytellers in this study who poured out their hearts and helped me grow. i Finally, thanks to the one person who has supported me my whole life with love and survived her own trials. She always said I took on too much, but she would never tell me to quit. She would tell me to get back to work and that she would help any way she could. She loved my kids, taught me strength, listened to my fears and tears, and encouraged me to be a better mom. Love you, mom. In loving memory of JT, pilot interviewee, friend, and supporter; I and the world miss you. ii Abstract This study researched Appalachian women who were in emotional, social, or economic reliant relationships with male spouses and became socio-economically stable and independent. This effort is to give Appalachian women voice and learn from their accounts of how they led change by financially, physically, and socially providing for themselves and their dependent children. Research is limited to a particular group of white middle class Appalachian women in the North- Central sub-region of Appalachia. This group was chosen because they have been largely overlooked in the literature. However, this study does not answer questions of all women’s experiences and barriers in Appalachia. African American, Hispanic, and other minority women are not represented. It is my hope the stories of these women who successfully overcame significant challenges in creating socio-economic stability in their homes provide a positive role model for other women of the region. Through a set of criteria, 15 Appalachian women ages 34 to 74 that left their first marriage, were socio-economically stable and independent were interviewed. Confidential interviews recorded participants’ life stories. Each woman discussed her experience in her own voice and explained how she led change in her family’s life. The stories were coded for major themes using NVivo 8 software. An adaptation of situational mapping was used to contextualize the primary themes. Generational influences emerged as an important theme and three narratives, one for each generational group, are retold as exemplars highlighting the primary themes, Appalachian Characterization, Generational Issues, Children, Economic Independence, Education, Reasons for Leaving, Social Support, and Self-Leadership. Appalachian education experts affirmed the significance of the themes and situated them in the cultural context of the region. Analysis of the narratives and the situational map shows the significance of economic independence, social support, and place to their life stories. Identification of Appalachian women self-leading provides an important addition to the iii Appalachian studies literature. The electronic version of the Dissertation is accessible in the open-access OhioLINK ETD Center http://etd.ohiolink.edu/. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments i Abstract i ii Table of Contents v List of Tables viii List of Illustrations ix Prologue 1 Chapter I: Introduction 3 Definition of Terms 3 Rationale for Research Study 5 Place, Economics, and Women’s Roles in Appalachia 6 Place—Appalachian Region and Economic Resources 6 Appalachian Women and Leadership 8 The Research Method 11 Researcher’s Positionality 11 Influence of the Pilot Research 12 Conclusion 14 Chapter II: Literature Review 1 6 The Space of Appalachia 16 Differentiating Communities: Rural and Rural Appalachia 19 Differentiating Urban and Rural Areas 20 Urban and Rural Labor Force Participation Rates 22 Stereotypes 27 Women’s Roles and Economics in Appalachia 33 Women’s Roles 33 Economics of Appalachia 40 The Economics of Being Female in Appalachia 44 Self-Leadership 48 The Role of this Research in Appalachian Studies 52 Chapter III: Method 5 4 Methodological Fit 55 Method of Study 58 Participants 58 Women of the Study 59 Narrative Analysis 63 Interviewing 64 The Coding Process 65 Thematic Analysis 67 Situational Interpretation of the Narratives 68 Ethics and Personal Attachment 69 Conclusion 70 Chapter IV: The Findings: A Thematic Analysis 71 Narrative Thematic Analysis 71 Appalachian Characterization 73 Generational Issues 77 v Children 81 Economic Independence 85 Education 90 Reasons for Leaving 92 Social Support 97 Self-Leadership 101 Summary of Primary Themes 105 The Women’s Stories 106 Silent Generation 107 Violet’s Story 110 The Beginning 111 The Decision to Leave 112 After the Marital Relationship 113 A Message to Other Women 115 Reflections on Violet’s Story 115 Baby Boomers 116 Adele’s Story 118 The Beginning 119 The Decision to Leave 120 After the Marital Relationship 120 A Message to Other Women 124 Reflections on Adele’s Story 125 Generation X 126 Carly’s Story 128 The Beginning 128 The Decision to Leave 130 After the Marital Relationship 135 A Message to Other Women 137 Reflections on Carly’s Story 139 Concluding Comments 139 Chapter V: Situational Interpretation of the Narrative Themes 1 41 Seeking Discourse on Women in Appalachia 143 Educational Theme 145 Appalachia—Place 147 Support Systems and Economics 150 Women’s Self-Leadership 153 Concluding Remarks 154 Chapter VI: Discussion, Implications, Limitations, and Future Research 1 56 Discussion of Findings 157 Appalachian Women’s Self-Leadership 157 Significance to Appalachian Studies 165 Implications for Leading Change 167 Limitations of Study 170 Future Research 171 Epilogue 17 4 vi Appendix 178 Appendix A 179 Appendix B 180 Attachment I 181 Attachment II 1 87 Attachment III 1 88 Attachment IV 19 1 References 1 93 vii List of Tables Table 4.1 County Economic Status in Appalachia, Fiscal Year 2011 61 Table 4.2 Women’s Demographic Data 62 Table 4.3 Appalachian Characterization: Primary Theme identifying the participants’ perceptions and views characterizing Appalachian people and place. 73 Table 4.4 Generational Issues: Primary theme identifying issues affected by the generation the participant belonged. 78 Table 4.5 Children: Primary theme depicting the significance of children in the mother’s decisions to stay or leave a relationship. 82 Table 4.6 Economic Independence: Primary Theme demonstrating the participant’s ability through income, careers, support and education to provide for self and children. 85 Table 4.7 Education: Primary Theme emphasizing the importance of education to women’s independence. 90 Table 4.8 Reasons for leaving: Primary Theme capturing the reasons why women ended relationship with male spouse. 93 Table 4.9 Percentage of women reporting at least one type of abuse as they defined it, the node abuse/fifteen total participants 94 Table 4.10 Social Support: Primary theme demonstrating the importance of family and social support to the achievement of independence and stability. 98 Table 4.11 Self-leadership: Primary theme depicting the leadership traits, behaviors and characteristics of self leading women. 101 viii List of Illustrations Figure 1.1 Sub-regions of Appalachia 7 Figure 2.2 Economic Circle of Life 26 Figure 5.3 Map of Narrative themes 141 ix x 1 Prologue Autumn Winds By Effie Smith O autumn winds, with voices far away, I hear you singing on the leafless hills, And all my heart with jubilation thrills! You bring to me no message of dismay, No tender sorrow for the year’s decay; Rather you sing of giant trees that cast Their leaves aside to grapple with the blast, Strong and exultant for the stormy fray! Hearing your music, glad and wild and pure, Sounding through night’s cool, starlit spaces wide, I grow aweary of earth’s paltry lure! Oh, like the trees, I too would cast aside The fading leaves of pleasure and of pride, And stand forth free to struggle and endure!1 (E.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Slovenia Have Been Remarkable
    Mrak/Rojec/Silva-Jáur lovenia’s achievements over the past several years Slovenia have been remarkable. Thirteen years after Public Disclosure Authorized independence from the former Socialist Federative egui Republic of Yugoslavia, the country is among the most advanced of all the transition economies in Central and Eastern Europe and a leading candidate for accession to the European Union Sin May 2004. Remarkably, however, very little has been published Slovenia documenting this historic transition. Fr om Y In the only book of its kind, the contributors—many of them the architects of Slovenia’s current transformation—analyze the country’s three-fold ugoslavia to the Eur transition from a socialist to a market economy, from a regionally based to a national economy, and from being a part of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia to being an independent state and a member of the European Union (EU). With chapters from Slovenia’s president, a former vice prime minister, Public Disclosure Authorized the current and previous ministers of finance, the minister of European affairs, the current and former governors of the Bank of Slovenia, as well as from leading development scholars in Slovenia and abroad, this unique opean Union collection synthesizes Slovenia’s recent socioeconomic and political history and assesses the challenges ahead. Contributors discuss the Slovenian style of socioeconomic transformation, analyze Slovenia’s quest for EU membership, and place Slovenia’s transition within the context of the broader transition process taking place in Central and Eastern Europe. Of interest to development practitioners and to students and scholars of the region, Slovenia: From Yugoslavia to the European Union is a From Yugoslavia comprehensive and illuminating study of one country’s path to political and economic independence.
    [Show full text]
  • Bovine Benefactories: an Examination of the Role of Religion in Cow Sanctuaries Across the United States
    BOVINE BENEFACTORIES: AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN COW SANCTUARIES ACROSS THE UNITED STATES _______________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board _______________________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ________________________________________________________________ by Thomas Hellmuth Berendt August, 2018 Examing Committee Members: Sydney White, Advisory Chair, TU Department of Religion Terry Rey, TU Department of Religion Laura Levitt, TU Department of Religion Tom Waidzunas, External Member, TU Deparment of Sociology ABSTRACT This study examines the growing phenomenon to protect the bovine in the United States and will question to what extent religion plays a role in the formation of bovine sanctuaries. My research has unearthed that there are approximately 454 animal sanctuaries in the United States, of which 146 are dedicated to farm animals. However, of this 166 only 4 are dedicated to pigs, while 17 are specifically dedicated to the bovine. Furthermore, another 50, though not specifically dedicated to cows, do use the cow as the main symbol for their logo. Therefore the bovine is seemingly more represented and protected than any other farm animal in sanctuaries across the United States. The question is why the bovine, and how much has religion played a role in elevating this particular animal above all others. Furthermore, what constitutes a sanctuary? Does
    [Show full text]
  • Human Security: Implications for Public Health
    © PAHO-WHO KMC/IB-GC July 20, 2012 - H & H S Human Security: Implications for Public Health Technical Reference Document Sustainable Development and Environmental Health Area (SDE) PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION Pan American Sanitary Bureau, Regional Office for the Americas of the WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION 525 Twenty-third Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 2012 Also published in Spanish (2012) as: Seguridad humana: implicaciones para la salud pública. Documento técnico de referencia ISBN: 978-92-75-31692-4 PAHO HQ Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Pan American Health Organization Human security: Implications for public health Washington, D.C.: PAHO © 2012 ISBN: 978-92-75-11692-0 I. Title 1. CIVIL PROTECTION 2. SAFETY 3. SAFETY MANAGEMENT 4. DISASTER MANAGEMENT 5. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 6. HUMAN RIGHTS 7. PUBLIC HEALTH NLM WA 250 The Pan American Health Organization welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and inquiries should be addressed to Editorial Services, Area of Knowledge Management and Communications (KMC), Pan American Health Organization, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. The Area of Sustainable Development and Environmental Health (SDE) will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. © Pan American Health Organization, 2012. All rights reserved. Publications of the Pan American Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights are reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Pan American Health Organization concerning the status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • Reporting on Nature-Related Risks, Impacts And
    REPORTING ON NATURE-RELATED RISKS, IMPACTS AND DEPENDENCIES ACKNOWLEDGMENT This document is prepared as an input paper to the G20 Sustainable Finance Working Group by UNDP and UNEP FI. The views and opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of UNDP and UNEP FI. The development of this knowledge product is with thanks to authors at UNDP: Maxim Vergeichik, Malika Bhandarkar, Midori Paxton and UNEP FI: Jessica Smith, David Carlin and Eric Usher. The authors are grateful for input that strengthened the paper, including from the US Department of Treasury, Peoples Bank of China, Italy’s Ministry of Finance, IWG TNFD Steering Committee (consisting of leadership from BNP Paribas, Banorte, Green Finance Institute, Global Canopy, UNDP, UNEP FI and WWF), OECD’s Simon Buckle and the Secretariat of the Sustainable Finance Working Group. Acknowledgment of contributions does not imply endorsement of this guidance nor of the materials referred to. UNDP and UNEP FI (2021). Reporting on Nature-related Risks, Impacts and Dependencies – Prepared by UNDP and UNEP FI for the G20 Sustainable Finance Working Group. ABOUT UNDP AND UNEP FI The United Nations Develop Programme (UNDP) is the leading United Nations organization fighting to end the injustice of poverty, inequality and climate change. Working with our broad network of experts and partners in 170 countries, we help nations to build integrated, lasting solutions for people and planet. Learn more at undp.org or follow at @UNDP. The United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI) is a partnership between UNEP and the global financial sector to mobilize private sector finance for sustainable development.
    [Show full text]
  • A Macroeconomic Model with Financially Constrained Producers and Intermediaries ∗
    A Macroeconomic Model with Financially Constrained Producers and Intermediaries ∗ Vadim Elenev Tim Landvoigt Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh NYU Stern UT Austin NYU Stern, NBER, and CEPR October 24, 2016 Abstract We propose a model that can simultaneously capture the sharp and persistent drop in macro-economic aggregates and the sharp change in credit spreads observed in the U.S. during the Great Recession. We use the model to evaluate the quantitative effects of macro-prudential policy. The model features borrower-entrepreneurs who produce output financed with long-term debt issued by financial intermediaries and their own equity. Intermediaries fund these loans combining deposits and their own equity. Savers provide funding to banks and to the government. Both entrepreneurs and intermediaries make optimal default decisions. The government issues debt to finance budget deficits and to pay for bank bailouts. Intermediaries are subject to a regulatory capital constraint. Financial recessions, triggered by low aggregate and dispersed idiosyncratic productivity shocks result in financial crises with elevated loan defaults and occasional intermediary insolvencies. Output, balance sheet, and price reactions are substantially more severe and persistent than in non-financial recession. Policies that limit intermediary leverage redistribute wealth from producers to intermediaries and savers. The benefits of lower intermediary leverage for financial and macro-economic stability are offset by the costs from more constrained firms who produce less output. JEL: G12,
    [Show full text]
  • The Economics of Network-Powered Growth
    White Paper The Economics of Network-Powered Growth Author Dimitri Zenghelis January 2011 Cisco Internet Business Solutions Group (IBSG) Cisco IBSG © 2011 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. White Paper The Economics of Network-Powered Growth This paper is one of three addressing network-powered growth. Click on the following links to access the other papers: “Network-Powered Growth,” by Peter Gruetter and Fred Thompson, and “Next-Generation Clusters: Creating Innovation Hubs To Boost Economic Growth,” by Anne Lange, Doug Handler, and James Vila. Executive Summary This paper assesses the evidence and finds strong support in the economic literature for the notion that network technology has the potential to boost economic growth permanently, sustainably enriching poorer societies.1 The drivers of economic growth have been difficult for economists to determine; some countries prosper, while others decline or remain poor. Yet economic analysis shows that differences in total factor productivity—the know-how, processes, and technologies with which capital is utilized—rather than capital intensity are the main determinants of cross-country differences in productivity and economic growth. Thomas Malthus posited that finite resources would constrain humans’ ability to supply rising demand from growing populations. But his theory has not been borne out; knowledge and innovation have helped us do more with the resources we have. The role of policy in driving technological innovation is still subject to analytical investigation. Recent endogenous-growth theory has focused on the factors that drive technology in an attempt to understand technology’s role in economic growth. They build on the notion that an increase in knowledge has the potential to positively impact capital productivity.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Connections Campaign 2020–2021
    World Bank Group Community Connections Campaign 2020–2021 List of Headquarters Organizations Celebrating COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS Giving! CAMPAIGN COMMUNITY CONNECTIONS CAMPAIGN The Community Connections Campaign (CCC) is the workplace giving program of the World Bank Group, and it is conducted in November and December each year. The organizations on the CCC list were nominated by World Bank Group staff and retirees and meet our established criteria and our due diligence review. The Headquarters CCC’s purpose is primarily to provide support to local nonprofit organizations operating in the Washington, DC metropolitan community. Given the nature of the World Bank Group’s mission, it also supports some international development and relief organizations, as well as some national organizations that have substantial activities in the DC region. The organization criteria reflect the evolving focus of the CCC as well as long-term partners who continue to receive staff support and have been grandfathered to remain on the list. For the organization criteria and nomination process, please go to “Workplace Giving” at: www.worldbank.org/en/programs/community-connections#tab4. CONTENTS Advocacy, Human Rights, Justice, Legal ........................................................................................................... 1 Animals ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Arts & Culture .....................................................................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • Economic and Fiscal Snapshot 2020
    Economic and Fiscal Snapshot 2020 Economic and Fiscal Snapshot 2020 ©Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (2020) All rights reserved All requests for permission to reproduce this document or any part there of shall be addressed to the Department of Finance Canada. This document is available on the Internet at www.canada.ca/en/department-finance.html Cette publication est également disponible en français. Cat No.: F2-277/2020E-PDF ISSN: 978-0-660-35439-2 Table of content INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 5 Safe Restart: Protecting the Health of Canadians ........................................................................................................................ 8 Building a Bridge for Canadians ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1 - OVERVIEW OF CANADA’S COVID-19 ECONOMIC RESPONSE PLAN .......................... 13 A Responsive Plan ................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 A Decisive and Rapid Response ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 Protecting the Health of Canadians ..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamentals of Economics
    FUNDAMENTALS OF ECONOMICS 1 1 NATURE AND SCOPE OF ECONOMICS Basically man is involved in at least four identifiable relationships: a) man with himself, the general topic of psychology b) man with the universe, the study of the biological and physical sciences; c) man with unknown, covered in part by theology and philosophy d) man in relation to other men, the general realm of the social sciences, of which economics is a part. It is hazardous to delineate these areas of inquiry explicitly. However, the social sciences are generally defined to include economics, sociology, political science, anthropology and portions of history and psychology, Economists use history, sociology and other fields such as statistics and mathematics as valuable adjuncts to their study. As a body of knowledge, economics is a relatively new subject, having been around formally a scant two centuries, but subsistence, wealth and the ordinary business of life are, as we all know, as old as mankind. Economics deals with many socioeconomic issues, most of which are of immediate concern to us. Although it is tempting to continue to discuss important economic problems, such a discussion would be premature. To form a reasoned opinion, it is necessary to analyse the issues carefully, a process which requires a meaningful, sequential exposure to economics. Nature has blessed the humans with abundant natural wealth to live on this earth. Humans would have been contended with what nature provided, had they been able to peg their wants (requirements) at a given level. But it is not so, man being born in this world is influenced by biological, physical and social needs, which keep him always busy in searching out the means to keep him satisfied.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ethical Reasoning Behind Sustainable Development; a Paradoxical Opportunity for the Reform of Developing Countries
    THE ETHICAL REASONING BEHIND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; A PARADOXICAL OPPORTUNITY FOR THE REFORM OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Mohamed Eid [email protected] The British University in Egypt ABSTRACT This research intends to explore the ethical reasoning behind the necessity for adopting a sustainable development agenda on the strategic level of policy making. The author investigates the ethical obligations to sustainability through a schema of ethical theories (including Deontological Ethics, Teleological (Utilitarian) Ethics, Rawlsian Social Justice Ethics and finally Virtue Ethics) and matching those standards to the three levels of Economic, Social and Environmental levels. The research will argue that the ethical reasoning works as a more effective stimulant for countries to embrace sustainable agendas where the law has so far failed. With the sweeping winds of change blowing in the Middle East region since the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia followed by the widely idealized revolution in Egypt; the research explains the paradoxical opportunity which developing countries as such hold in now adopting radical change and starting a whole new wave of sustainable strategies which on the long term will present themselves as a huge leap forward towards a better future. Developing countries stand a golden opportunity for implementing radical change to their future by marketing the concepts of sustainable policies and practices to their people through the ethical framework and justifications. Economic and Business benefits are linked to a better quality of life socially and environmentally, where the laws have failed to deliver, ethical reasoning emerges as a powerful tool forward as it did drive the revolutions asking for radical change.
    [Show full text]
  • Praxis European Venture Philanthropy in Practice
    EUROPEAN VENTURE PHILANTHROPY ASSOCIATION PRAXIS EUROPEAN VENTURE PHILANTHROPY IN PRACTICE Sponsored by 3i Group Plc KIMBERLY OCHS FEBRUARY 2009 2 PRAXIS : EUROPEAN VENTURE PHILANTHROPY IN PRACTICE CONTENTS FORWARD 4 PREFACE 6 Kimberly Ochs started her career in technology research at Gartner and transitioned into technology private equity in 1997, working at UBS Capital Americas and General Atlantic, where she was Director of Research. She is founder of The BeneFactory, which incubates new social enterprises in education and provides advisory services to improve the impact of philanthropy, aid and policy in education globally. She holds a doctorate from the University of Oxford, MA from Boston College, and has held appointments at the University of Oxford, London School of Economics, and German Institute for Global and Area Studies. Contact: [email protected] 3i is an international leader in private equity investing in Buyouts, Growth Capital, Infrastructure and Quoted Private Equity (QPE) across Europe, North America and Asia. The business which has c £10bn of assets under management has a strong heritage of pioneering and is proud to have been a founder member of EVPA. Our competitive advantage comes from our international network and the strength and breadth of our business relationships. These underpin the value that we deliver to our portfolio, to our shareholders, to our fund investors and also to the many social enterprises that we work with. The trustees of EVPA are grateful for the generous sponsorship of this publication by 3i Group Plc. © 2009 Kimberly Ochs The moral right of the author has been asserted. All Rights Reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Animal & Natural Resource Law Review
    ANIMAL & NATURAL RESOURCE LAW REVIEW Michigan State University College of Law MAY 2020 VOLUME XVI The Animal & Natural Resource Law Review is published annually by law students at Michigan State University College of Law. The Review receives generous support from the Michigan State University College of Law. Without their generous support, the Review would not have been able to host its annual symposium. The Review also is funded by subscription revenues. Subscription requests and article submissions may be sent to: Professor David Favre, The Animal & Natural Resource Law Review, Michigan State University College of Law, 368 Law College Building, East Lansing MI 48824, or by email to [email protected]. Current yearly subscription rates are $27.00 in the U.S. and current yearly Internet subscription rates are $27.00. Subscriptions are renewed automatically unless a request for discontinuance is received. Back issues may be obtained from: William S. Hein & Co., Inc., 1285 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14209. The Animal & Natural Resource Law Review welcomes the submission of articles, book reviews, and notes & comments. Each manuscript must be double spaced, in 12 point, Times New Roman; footnotes must be single spaced, 10 point, Times New Roman. Submissions should be sent to [email protected] using Microsoft Word or PDF format. Submissions should conform closely to the 21st edition of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation. All articles contain a 2020 author copyright unless otherwise noted at beginning of article. Copyright © 2020 by The Animal & Natural Resource Law Review, Michigan State University College of Law. ANIMAL & NATURAL RESOURCE LAW REVIEW VOL.
    [Show full text]