DOCSLIB.ORG

Downloads/Strategic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Downloads/Strategic From “friendly relations” to differential fees: A history of international student policy in Canada since World War II by Dale M. McCartney B.A., Simon Fraser University, 2004 M.A., Simon Fraser University, 2010 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (Educational Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) August 2020 © Dale M. McCartney, 2020 The following individuals certify that they have read, and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies for acceptance, the dissertation entitled: From “friendly relations” to differential fees: A history of international student policy in Canada since World War II submitted by Dale M. McCartney in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Studies Examining Committee: Amy Scott Metcalfe, Educational Studies Co-supervisor Jason Ellis, Educational Studies Co-supervisor Donald Fisher, Educational Studies Supervisory Committee Member Lesley Andres, Educational Studies University Examiner Steven Hugh Lee, History University Examiner ii Abstract This dissertation examines the development of policy related to international undergraduate students in Canada since the end of the Second World War. It draws on archival materials from the federal, British Columbia, and Ontario governments, and seven institutions: the University of Toronto, Carleton University, Wilfrid Laurier University, Seneca College, the University of British Columbia, Simon Fraser University, and Kwantlen Polytechnic University. The dissertation unearths the initial proto-policies developed by non-governmental agencies that provided services for international students, and examines how the priorities of these service groups were inherited by institutions as the organizations were formally incorporated into universities and colleges. It follows these early policy makers as they responded to international students’ own emerging consciousness, and the transition of students from welcome visitors to dangerous possible immigrants in the eyes of Members of Parliament. Out of this new context emerged differential tuition fees, which were first contested, then embraced by institutions. As differential fees became normalized, they reshaped institutions, driving them to dramatically expand recruitment efforts of international students. The dissertation concludes by examining another unintended emerging policy, as Canadian immigration policy and international student recruitment efforts combine to situate post- secondary institutions as immigrant selectors. In the process, the dissertation demonstrates the development of international student policy in Canada was uneven and reactive. Policy was crafted informally at the institutional level, or by non-governmental actors, and then formalized by institutions or governments when convenient. Although policies emerged fitfully, Canadian policy makers adopted policies only when beneficial for Canada and Canadian institutions, either politically or economically. Yet iii international student policies were consistently framed as an expression of the “internationalism” of Canadian higher education. However, the different attitudes towards international students embedded in policy demonstrate competing conceptions of internationalism at the institutional and government level. Finally, the dissertation argues that contemporary policy regarding international students, including the 2014 development of a Federal international education strategy, are not a break from this history but instead the culmination of decades of policy debates. iv Lay Summary This dissertation examines the development of policy related to international undergraduate students in Canada since World War II. It argues that while international students were initially valued for their contribution to Canada’s Cold War foreign policy, over time they came to be viewed suspiciously, and were classified as a type of migrant. As migrants, it became acceptable to charge them higher tuition fees than domestic students. At first universities opposed these fees, which were widely seen as unjust. But the economic pressures of the 1970s and 1980s forced institutions to rely on international student tuition. By the end of the 1980s international students were highly valued for how they could help fund Canadian postsecondary institutions. This launched a new era of transformation in colleges and universities, as they reshaped themselves, and the government changed immigration laws, to increase the number of international students they could attract. v Preface This dissertation is an historical study based on archival research collected and analyzed by the author. This work did not require approval from an ethics board, and none of this material has been published elsewhere. vi Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iii Lay Summary .................................................................................................................................v Preface ........................................................................................................................................... vi Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ vii List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. xiii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. xiv Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................xv Dedication ................................................................................................................................. xviii Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Literature review ......................................................................................................11 2.1 Research design: critical policy analysis ...................................................................... 12 2.1.1 Critical policy history ........................................................................................... 13 2.1.2 Theory ................................................................................................................... 16 2.1.2.1 Historical Materialism ...................................................................................... 17 2.1.2.2 Deimperialization .............................................................................................. 19 2.1.2.3 Scott’s Seeing Like a State ................................................................................ 20 2.2 Relevant Literatures ...................................................................................................... 21 2.2.1 History of higher education .................................................................................. 21 2.2.2 The history of Canadian (im)migration policy ..................................................... 26 2.2.3 Critical internationalization studies ...................................................................... 27 2.3 Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 30 vii 2.3.1 International student .............................................................................................. 30 2.3.2 Internationalism .................................................................................................... 31 2.3.3 Neocolonialism ..................................................................................................... 32 2.3.4 Access ................................................................................................................... 32 Chapter 3: “That brotherhood may prevail” – the beginnings of international student policy in Canada ...........................................................................................................................34 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 34 3.2 Background and Context – Foreign affairs before World War II ................................. 36 3.2.1 Canadian foreign affairs after WWII and into the Cold War ................................ 38 3.2.2 The Colombo plan and foreign aid ....................................................................... 39 3.2.3 Aid programs and international students .............................................................. 40 3.2.4 The ideology of aid programs ............................................................................... 42 3.2.4.1 The ideology of aid programs and international students ................................. 44 3.3 First steps to policy ....................................................................................................... 46 3.3.1 NGOs and international student services .............................................................. 47 3.3.1.1 FROS and UT ..................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Cord Weekly (November 19, 1992)
    THE CORD A WILFRID LAURIER UNIVERSITY STUDENT PUBLICATION VOLUME XXXIII ISSUE 14 NOVEMBER 19 1992 Second Cup gets Champions. the support of over 3000 staff and students few weeks. The current total of Lianne Jewitt by has signatures on both petitions The Second Cup, favoured reached over 3000. and among students, faculty, When asked to comment on staff alike is scheduled to be re- the petitions, Rayner said that he as of December 11, 1992; placed "hasn't seen the petitions." Rayner a petition is being circulated in also said that "we'll consider the or them response to this aspects action. (the petitions)". Director of Exactly what Personnel and The current number will be consider- Administrative ed is uncertain, as Services, Earl Rayner clearly of on signatures states Rayner, said the that the Second reason for re- Cup was of the given a "one placement both petitions has year Second Cup is trial basis", and that it is "costing the decision for their dismissal us too much reached over 3000. "made money to havfc it was this there." Rayner past September." The Lady Soccer Hanks wwn—i the iliwnto, McMaater, St. Mary's, and McQIII, added, "the return It was the Second title. and return to Laurlor aHh the National Cluaipto—tUp - ■ I D<lfc gTOarGO If®** VVGRMfI to the university is hardly cover- Cup's one year anniversary on ing our costs." campus. Rayner has not mentioned WLU student confesses Quite clearly, coffee and hot what will be the replacing popu- chocolate drinkers, and cookie lar coffee cart, but concerned coffee drinkers fear it to in bomb threat campus and muffin eaters' main concern calling will be a university-run establish- with the pending absence of the ment Second Cup is the lack of quality "I think it's terrorism, and certainly deserving of Dean of Student's Pat Brethour secretary, that awaits if a university run ser- by charges," said Fred Nichols, Dean of Students.
    [Show full text]
  • Core 1..180 Hansard (PRISM::Advent3b2 15.00)
    House of Commons Debates VOLUME 146 Ï NUMBER 165 Ï 1st SESSION Ï 41st PARLIAMENT OFFICIAL REPORT (HANSARD) Friday, October 19, 2012 Speaker: The Honourable Andrew Scheer CONTENTS (Table of Contents appears at back of this issue.) 11221 HOUSE OF COMMONS Friday, October 19, 2012 The House met at 10 a.m. terrorism and because it is an unnecessary and inappropriate infringement on Canadians' civil liberties. New Democrats believe that Bill S-7 violates the most basic civil liberties and human rights, specifically the right to remain silent and the right not to be Prayers imprisoned without first having a fair trial. According to these principles, the power of the state should never be used against an individual to force a person to testify against GOVERNMENT ORDERS himself or herself. However, the Supreme Court recognized the Ï (1005) constitutionality of hearings. We believe that the Criminal Code already contains the necessary provisions for investigating those who [English] are involved in criminal activity and for detaining anyone who may COMBATING TERRORISM ACT present an immediate threat to Canadians. The House resumed from October 17 consideration of the motion We believe that terrorism should not be fought with legislative that Bill S-7, An Act to amend the Criminal Code, the Canada measures, but rather with intelligence efforts and appropriate police Evidence Act and the Security of Information Act, be read the action. In that context one must ensure that the intelligence services second time and referred to a committee. and the police forces have the appropriate resources to do their jobs.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution to the Lepidoptera Fauna of the Madeira Islands Part 2
    Beitr. Ent. Keltern ISSN 0005 - 805X 51 (2001) 1 S. 161 - 213 14.09.2001 Contribution to the Lepidoptera fauna of the Madeira Islands Part 2. Tineidae, Acrolepiidae, Epermeniidae With 127 figures Reinhard Gaedike and Ole Karsholt Summary A review of three families Tineidae, Epermeniidae and Acrolepiidae in the Madeira Islands is given. Three new species: Monopis henderickxi sp. n. (Tineidae), Acrolepiopsis mauli sp. n. and A. infundibulosa sp. n. (Acrolepiidae) are described, and two new combinations in the Tineidae: Ceratobia oxymora (MEYRICK) comb. n. and Monopis barbarosi (KOÇAK) comb. n. are listed. Trichophaga robinsoni nom. n. is proposed as a replacement name for the preoccupied T. abrkptella (WOLLASTON, 1858). The first record from Madeira of the family Acrolepiidae (with Acrolepiopsis vesperella (ZELLER) and the two above mentioned new species) is presented, and three species of Tineidae: Stenoptinea yaneimarmorella (MILLIÈRE), Ceratobia oxymora (MEY­ RICK) and Trichophaga tapetgella (LINNAEUS) are reported as new to the fauna of Madeira. The Madeiran records given for Tsychoidesfilicivora (MEYRICK) are the first records of this species outside the British Isles. Tineapellionella LINNAEUS, Monopis laevigella (DENIS & SCHIFFERMULLER) and M. imella (HÜBNER) are dele­ ted from the list of Lepidoptera found in Madeira. All species and their genitalia are figured, and informa­ tion on bionomy is presented. Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Übersicht über die drei Familien Tineidae, Epermeniidae und Acrolepiidae auf den Madeira Inseln gegeben. Die drei neuen Arten Monopis henderickxi sp. n. (Tineidae), Acrolepiopsis mauli sp. n. und A. infundibulosa sp. n. (Acrolepiidae) werden beschrieben, zwei neue Kombinationen bei den Tineidae: Cerato­ bia oxymora (MEYRICK) comb.
    [Show full text]
  • The Degree Transfer Office at Seneca College
    Seneca College Degree and Credit Transfer: Leadership Demonstrated Presenter: Charlene Taylor, Degree & Credit Transfer Co-ordinator AGENDA • Introduction • Seneca College Degree Transfer Office • Challenges • Future Goals • Sharing Exercise • Q&A Degree & Credit Transfer History • Office opened in 2001 after research pointed to a gap in the provision of information for students. • In 2000 only 19% of students indicated university as a planned activity after graduating. By 2005 that number had jumped to over 40%, surpassing the percentage of those planning to directly enter the workforce. History cont’d • Department moved from Student Services reporting structure to academic area under the School of Liberal Arts & Academic Partnerships. • Seneca continues today to be a recognized leader in the transfer field, both in the GTA and abroad. Mission • Focus is not on the numbers of agreements, but on comprehensive student advising, advocacy, and careful assessment of pathways that demonstrate affinity, quality, and uniqueness. • Final decisions are based on what is best for students and the provision of realistic educational choices. Current Challenges • Serving a large and diverse community spread 4 major campuses (90,000 part-time students, 17,000 full-time); • Addressing volume concerns with regard to pathways and partnerships in a provincial and national climate; • Advising students from a career counselling perspective when they would like to change their educational goals, but have not conducted research, self-assessment, or some form
    [Show full text]
  • Red 2014 (Pdf)
    News. Ideas. People. 2014 King Campus transforms New opportunities coming with expansion and modernization plans Seneca Alumni Enriching on- and off-campus experiences through an A Publication for the Seneca College Community association that lasts a lifetime Cross- Disciplinary Learning RED 2014 1 “It feels amazing to know that I am supported by Seneca alumni and to be recognized for all my hard work and dedication.” LIANA TOMÉ Therapeutic Recreation degree program, 2014 Alumni award recipient SUPPORT THE NEXT GENERATION OF ALUMNI As Seneca alumni, you know that a helping hand can go a long way for students who are changing their lives for the better through higher education. The Seneca Alumni Endowed Bursary assists over 35 students annually with tuition costs or living expenses. You can help build the bursary and encourage students like Liana to achieve their educational goals and join the growing alumni community. Give to the Alumni Endowed Bursary today senecacollege.ca/donate If you are a first-time donor, an additional 25% tax credit is available for donations up to $1,000 through the First Time Donor’s Super Credit. Learn more at cra-arc.gc.ca 1 RED 2013 2014 Contents 16 You will find your way Cover story Seneca’s goal is to provide every by remaining persistent student with an experiential learning and focusing on what opportunity and a cross-disciplinary motivates you. 22 learning experience. Our man at Tim’s Marc Caira took his skills around Caroline Charter, alumna General Manager of Operations, the world in a 30+ year career. COVER ILLUSTRATION: PHOTO: JOANNE RATAJCZAK JOANNE PHOTO: Microsoft, page 25 He’s back as head at Tim Hortons.
    [Show full text]
  • Cowessess Locates 751 Unmarked Graves by Sarah Pacio with Saskatchewan Polytechnic to Use Ground-Pene- Sonal Stories About the Impact of Residential Schools
    THE MELVILLE Friday, $1.50 PER COPY GST INCLUDED July 2, 2021 Vol. 95 No. 22 Agreement # 40011922 PROUDLY SERVING MELVILLE AND SURROUNDING AREA SINCE 1929 • WWW.GRASSLANDSNEWS.CA • 1-306-728-5448 Beating the heat Jordan Sinclair of the Melville Fire Department seen here at Kinsmen Park when the Melville Fire Department showed up during a hot summer day to add a little extra kick to the splash park. EMILY FULFORD | GRASSLANDS NEWS Cowessess locates 751 unmarked graves By Sarah Pacio with Saskatchewan Polytechnic to use ground-pene- sonal stories about the impact of residential schools. Grasslands News trating radar for locating unmarked graves in a cem- It has not yet been determined how many of those etery on the reserve. At an online press conference buried on Cowessess were adults or children from the facilitated by the Federation of Sovereign Indigenous community, but many are suspected to have been chil- Following the discovery of 215 children buried at Nations (FSIN) on June 24, Cowessess Chief Cadmus dren who attended the Marieval Residential School. the residential school in Kamloops, BC, Cowessess Delorme informed the public that more than 600 un- Chief Delorme emphasized that it is not a mass grave, First Nation began a Gravesite Restoration Project marked graves had been located. but rather the unmarked graves are part of a ceme- on its reserve north of Broadview. A staggering num- Although the portion of land has long been known tery overseen by the Roman Catholic Church from ber of graves were found and the discovery has been as a cemetery, Chief Delorme acknowledged that its the 1880s until the 1970s.
    [Show full text]
  • Party Brands Field Dates: July 22, 2021 to August 4, 2021
    Canada This Month Public Opinion Research Release Date: August 12, 2021 (Updated August 13) Party Brands Field Dates: July 22, 2021 to August 4, 2021 STRICTLY PRIVILEGED AND CONFIDENTIAL 2 Federal Politics in the time of COVID-19 The COVID-19 outbreak has set off a series of changes in the Canadian political landscape. General satisfaction with the government is up since June to 54%. The Liberals continue to lead in vote over the Conservatives. Today, INNOVATIVE is releasing results from our July 2021 Canada This Month survey. This online survey was in field from July 17th to August 4th, 2021 with a weighted sample size of 1,500. Detailed methodology is provided in the appendix. This report covers key results on government satisfaction, approval of the federal government on COVID-19 and vote choice. Government Approval 4 Read, Seen, Heard 9 Voter Segments 13 Vote Choice 22 Table of Party Voter Pools 33 Contents Brand Loyalty 42 Positive and Negative Views of Parties 49 Brand Personality 58 Brand Promise 66 Methodology 89 Appendix – Full Brand Personality Results 90 4 Government Approval A majority of Canadians are satisfied with the federal government and approve of how they are handling the pandemic. COVID approval has been growing this summer. Federal Satisfaction: Slightly more than half (54%) are satisfied with 5 the performance of the federal government Generally speaking, how satisfied are you with the performance of the FEDERAL government in Canada? Would you say you are...? [asked of all respondents; n=1,500] Satisfied: 54% 43%
    [Show full text]
  • Escribe Agenda Package
    DURHAM COLLEGE OF APPLIED ARTS AND TECHNOLOGY PUBLIC MEETING OF THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS AGENDA Date: Wednesday, December 11, 2019, 6:00 p.m. Location: DC Boardroom, Gordon Willey Building, A-144 Learn More Series: Supporting Inclusion and Human Rights on Campus (4:30 pm to 5:15 pm) in the DC Boardroom, A144 Pages 1. CALL TO ORDER 2. INTRODUCTION OF GUESTS 3. ADDITIONS/DELETIONS TO THE AGENDA 4. CONFLICT OF INTEREST DECLARATIONS 5. PRESENTATIONS 5.1 Journalism - Mass Media Faculty-Led Classroom Abroad (D. Harder and students) 6. CHAIR'S REPORT 7. CO-POPULOUS GOVERNORS' REPORT 8. CONSENT AGENDA The following items will be addressed through the Consent Agenda unless specifically removed for separate attention, by request. Recommendation That all items listed under the heading of consent agenda be adopted as recommended. 8.1 Approval of the Public Minutes of the Board of Governors Meeting of 4 - 11 October 9, 2019 Recommendation That the public minutes of the Board of Governors meeting of October 9, 2019 be approved as read. 8.2 President's Report - October to November 2019 12 - 20 Recommendation The Report BOG-2019-90, reporting on the President's activities from October to November 2019, be received for information. 8.3 Summary of Committee of Presidents Meeting - December 1, 2019 21 - 23 Recommendation That Report BOG-2019-97, providing a summary of the Committee of Presidents meeting held on December 1, 2019, be received for information. 8.4 Approval of President's Travel to Montreal, Quebec Recommendation That according to the approvals required for out-of-province travel under the College's Business and Travel Expense Reimbursement policy, the President be authorized to travel to Montreal, Quebec (dates to be determined) to meet with representatives of Lemay regarding a potential partnership.
    [Show full text]
  • Easton Mccarney Memorial Lectures Fonds (RG-18.2)
    Finding Aid - Wilfrid Laurier University Faculty of Social Work - Easton McCarney Memorial Lectures fonds (RG-18.2) Generated by Access to Memory (AtoM) 2.3.0 Printed: May 16, 2018 Language of description: English Wilfrid Laurier University Faculty of Social Work - Easton McCarney Memorial Lectures fonds Table of contents Summary information ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Administrative history / Biographical sketch .................................................................................................. 3 Scope and content ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Access points ................................................................................................................................................... 3 Series descriptions ........................................................................................................................................... 4 1, 1974 - Reuben C. Baetz, November 4, 1974 ........................................................................................... 4 2, 1975 - Jorge Rosner, November 6, 1975 ................................................................................................. 4 3, 1976 - Alan C. Beckman, November 4, 1976 ......................................................................................... 4 4, 1977 - Arnold Edinborough and
    [Show full text]
  • Fighting in the Italian Campaign Down But
    Veterans’Veterans’ WeekWeek SSpecialpecial EditionEdition - NovemberNovember 55 toto 11, 11, 2016 2019 Fighting in the Italian Campaign Down but One of Canada’s most important not out military efforts during the Second World War was the Italian Campaign. Sergeant Daniel J. MacDonald of Our troops’ first action there came Prince Edward Island served with during the Allied invasion of Sicily on the Cape Breton Highlanders in July 10, 1943, and Canadians played a Italy during the Second World key role in pushing enemy forces from War. He was badly wounded during this hot and dusty Mediterranean fighting at the Senio River on island. Their next task was attacking December 21, 1944, losing his left mainland Italy and our soldiers came arm and leg when a German shell ashore there on September 3, 1943. exploded nearby. MacDonald would not let these injuries derail the rest Italy was a challenging place to fight. of his life, however, and he returned Much of the country is mountainous home to PEI where he farmed, got with many deep valleys cut by rivers. married and raised seven children. The climate could be harsh, with He was elected to the provincial scorching summers and surprisingly Museum War Canadian Image: legislature in 1962 and later entered cold winters. The German defenders German Anti-Tank Position – a war painting by Lawren P. Harris depicting fighting in Italy. federal politics, becoming the were skilled and used the terrain to Minister of Veterans Affairs in the 1970s before passing away in 1980. their advantage, with our soldiers remembered by Canadian Veterans More than 93,000 Canadians would often facing heavy fire from the hills of the Italian Campaign today.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Must We Have a National Child Care Program?
    CHILDREN: OUR HOPE, YOUR FUTURE CAMPAIGN CHILD CARE LES ENFANTS: NOTRE ESPOIR, VOTRE CAMPAGNE DE GARDE A AVENIR L’ENFANCE Canadian Labour Congress 2841 prom. Riverside Drive Ottawa, Ontario KIV 8X7 1993 Congres du travail du Canada Tel.: (613) 521-3400 Fax: (613) 521-4655 What is Campaign - High quality child care is a solid investment in Canada's future; it supports Child Care 1993? parents in rearing the contributing citizens of the future. - Child care can allow workforce A coalition of national and provincial organi- participation, training and education for zations have joined together to ensure that parents (especially women) from across child care is a high priority in the federal the economic spectrum. Reliable child election campaign. The CAMPAIGN is care reduces work/family stress. organizing activities and carrying out public - High quality child care/early childhood education to ensure that child care is on each education benefits all children, whether or political parties' agenda before, during and not their parents are in the labour force. after the 1993 federal election. - Child care programs provide meaningful employment and create jobs across the country. W - Without a national child care program, hat Its goal is a national solutions to our child care crisis are do child care program piecemeal and inadequate. It is Canada's we supporting a publicly- children who continue to suffer. wa funded system of high quality, nonprofit, - Canada cannot afford to mortgage the nt? comprehensive child healthy development of children to reduce care services and complementary the national debt. parental leave for all children and families in Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Ontario Quiz
    Ontario Quiz Try our Ontario Quiz & see how well you know Ontario. Answers appear at the bottom. 1. On Ontario’s Coat of Arms, what animal stands on a gold and green wreath? A) Beaver B) Owl C) Moose D) Black Bear 2. On Ontario’s Coat of Arms, the Latin motto translates as: A) Loyal she began, loyal she remains B) Always faithful, always true C) Second to none D) Liberty, Freedom, Truth 3. Which premier proposed that Ontario would have its own flag, and that it would be like the previous Canadian flag? A) Frost B) Robarts C) Davis D) Rae 4. Ontario’s Progressive Conservative government under right wing leader Mike Harris espoused what kind of revolution? A) Law and order B) Tax deductions C) People first D) Common sense 5. Which of the following was not an Ontario Liberal leader? A) Jim Bradley B) Robert Nixon C) Mitch Hepburn D) Cecil Rhodes 6. Which of the following is not a recognized political party in Ontario? A) White Rose B) Communist C) Family Coalition D) Libertarian 7. Tim Hudak, leader of Ontario’s PC party is from where? A) Crystal Beach B) Fort Erie C) Welland D) Port Colborne 8. Former Ontario Liberal leader, Dalton McGuinty was born where? A) Toronto B) Halifax C) Calgary D) Ottawa 9. The first Ontario Provincial Police detachment was located where? A) Timmins B) Cobalt C) Toronto D) Bala 10. The head of the OPP is called what? A) Commissioner B) Chief C) Superintendent D) Chief Superintendent 11. Which of the following was not a Lieutenant Governor of Ontario? A) Hillary Weston B) John Aird C) Roland Michener D) William Rowe 12.
    [Show full text]