Adhesion to Plastic
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Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
Hydrogen Bond Assisted Adhesion in Portland Cement-Based Materials
136 Cerâmica 57 (2011) 136-139 Hydrogen bond assisted adhesion in Portland cement-based materials (Adesão assistida por ligação de hidrogênio em materiais à base de cimento Portland) H. L. Rossetto1,2, V. C. Pandolfelli1 1Departamento de Engenharia de Materiais - DEMa, Universidade Federal de S. Carlos - UFSCar, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235, S. Carlos, SP 13565-590 2Instituto de Física de S. Carlos, Universidade de S. Paulo - IFSC-USP, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, S. Carlos, SP 13566-590 [email protected] Abstract Adhesion is a physical-chemical parameter able to render innovations to Portland cement-based materials. However, this concept still lacks experimental evidence to underlie further developments in this subject. This work has demonstrated how distinct substances can impart different adhesion forces after evaluating the hydration degree and the mechanical strength of non-reactive cementitious materials. The substances capable of making tridimensional hydrogen bonds, such as water, for instance, were the most effective in providing cementitious samples with improved bending strength. It implies that water is not only important because of its role in cement hydration, but also because it develops adhesion between hydrated cementitious surfaces. More than speculating the fundamental understanding on adhesion in Portland cement-based materials, the present paper intends to stimulate thinking on how to take the benefits of the water confined between the hydrated cementitious surfaces as an in-built nanoadhesive, so far little explored, but at the same time so prone to yield high performance materials. Keywords: adhesion, hydrogen bond, mechanical properties, Portland cement. Resumo Adesão é um parâmetro físico-químico que pode promover inovações em materiais à base de cimento Portland. -
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Kinetic Studies Of
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE Kinetic Studies of Multivalent Nanoparticle Adhesion DISSERTATION submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the deGree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Biomedical EnGineerinG by MinGqiu WanG Dissertation Committee: Assistant Professor Jered Haun, Chair Associate Professor Jun Allard Professor YounG Jik Kwon 2018 © 2018 MinGqiu WanG DEDICATION To my parents, for their unconditional love and support. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.......................................................................................................................... II TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................ III LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. V LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. VII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................... VIII CURRICULUM VITAE ........................................................................................................... X ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION ............................................................................... XI 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1. TARGET NANOPARTICLE ADHESION ............................................................................................ -
Adhesion and Cohesion
Hindawi Publishing Corporation International Journal of Dentistry Volume 2012, Article ID 951324, 8 pages doi:10.1155/2012/951324 Review Article Adhesion and Cohesion J. Anthony von Fraunhofer School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Correspondence should be addressed to J. Anthony von Fraunhofer, [email protected] Received 18 October 2011; Accepted 14 November 2011 Academic Editor: Cornelis H. Pameijer Copyright © 2012 J. Anthony von Fraunhofer. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The phenomena of adhesion and cohesion are reviewed and discussed with particular reference to dentistry. This review considers the forces involved in cohesion and adhesion together with the mechanisms of adhesion and the underlying molecular processes involved in bonding of dissimilar materials. The forces involved in surface tension, surface wetting, chemical adhesion, dispersive adhesion, diffusive adhesion, and mechanical adhesion are reviewed in detail and examples relevant to adhesive dentistry and bonding are given. Substrate surface chemistry and its influence on adhesion, together with the properties of adhesive materials, are evaluated. The underlying mechanisms involved in adhesion failure are covered. The relevance of the adhesion zone and its impor- tance with regard to adhesive dentistry and bonding to enamel and dentin is discussed. 1. Introduction molecular attraction by which the particles of a body are uni- ted throughout the mass. In other words, adhesion is any at- Every clinician has experienced the failure of a restoration, be traction process between dissimilar molecular species, which it loosening of a crown, loss of an anterior Class V restora- have been brought into direct contact such that the adhesive tion, or leakage of a composite restoration. -
Unique Properties of Water!
Name: _______ANSWER KEY_______________ Class: _____ Date: _______________ Unique Properties of Water! Word Bank: Adhesion Evaporation Polar Surface tension Cohesion Freezing Positive Universal solvent Condensation Melting Sublimation Dissolve Negative 1. The electrons are not shared equally between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms of water creating a Polar molecule. 2. The polarity of water allows it to dissolve most substances. Because of this it is referred to as the universal solvent 3. Water molecules stick to other water molecules. This property is called cohesion. 4. Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent water molecules because the positive charged hydrogen end of one water molecule attracts the negative charged oxygen end of another water molecule. 5. Water molecules stick to other materials due to its polar nature. This property is called adhesion. 6. Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules closely together which causes water to have high surface tension. This is why water tends to clump together to form drops rather than spread out into a thin film. 7. Condensation is when water changes from a gas to a liquid. 8. Sublimation is when water changes from a solid directly to a gas. 9. Freezing is when water changes from a liquid to a solid. 10. Melting is when water changes from a solid to a liquid. 11. Evaporation is when water changes from a liquid to a gas. 12. Why does ice float? Water expands as it freezes, so it is LESS DENSE AS A SOLID. 13. What property refers to water molecules resembling magnets? How are these alike? Polar bonds create positive and negative ends of the molecule. -
Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2
Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2 February 15, 2006 . DRAFT Cambridge-MIT Institute Multidisciplinary Design Project This Dictionary/Glossary of Engineering terms has been compiled to compliment the work developed as part of the Multi-disciplinary Design Project (MDP), which is a programme to develop teaching material and kits to aid the running of mechtronics projects in Universities and Schools. The project is being carried out with support from the Cambridge-MIT Institute undergraduate teaching programe. For more information about the project please visit the MDP website at http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk or contact Dr. Peter Long Prof. Alex Slocum Cambridge University Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Trumpington Street, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge. Cambridge MA 02139-4307 CB2 1PZ. USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] tel: +44 (0) 1223 332779 tel: +1 617 253 0012 For information about the CMI initiative please see Cambridge-MIT Institute website :- http://www.cambridge-mit.org CMI CMI, University of Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology 10 Miller’s Yard, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Mill Lane, Cambridge MA 02139-4307 Cambridge. CB2 1RQ. USA tel: +44 (0) 1223 327207 tel. +1 617 253 7732 fax: +44 (0) 1223 765891 fax. +1 617 258 8539 . DRAFT 2 CMI-MDP Programme 1 Introduction This dictionary/glossary has not been developed as a definative work but as a useful reference book for engi- neering students to search when looking for the meaning of a word/phrase. It has been compiled from a number of existing glossaries together with a number of local additions. -
Poly( Ethylene-Co-Methyl Acrylate)-Solvent- Cosolvent Phase Behaviour at High Pressures
Poly( ethylene-co-methyl acrylate)-solvent- cosolvent phase behaviour at high pressures Melchior A. Meilchen, Bruce M. Hasch, Sang-Ho Lee and Mark A. McHugh* Department of Chemical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21278, USA (Received 5 April 7991; accepted 75 July 1997 ) Cloud-point data to 160°C and 2000 bar are presented showing the effect of cosolvents on the phase behaviour of poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate) (EMA) (64 mo1%/36 mol%) with propane and chlorodifluoromethane (F22). Ethanol shifts the EMA-propane cloud-point curves to lower temperatures and pressures, but above _ 10 wt% ethanol, the copolymer becomes insoluble. Up to 40 wt% acetone monotonically shifts the EMA-propane cloud-point curves to lower temperatures and pressures. Acetone and ethanol both shift the cloud-point curves of EMA-F22 mixtures in the same monotonic manner for cosolvent concentrations of up to 40 wt%. (Keywords: copolymer; cosolvent; high pressures) INTRODUCTION or diethyl ether, so it is necessary to operate at elevated temperatures and pressures to dissolve high molecular Within the past 20 years there has been a great deal of weight polystyrene in either solvent. Adding acetone to effort invested in trying to understand and model the PS-diethyl ether mixtures monotonically reduces the solubility behaviour of polar polymers in liquid cosolvent pressure needed at a given temperature to obtain a single mixtures’-9. Polymer solubility is usually related to phase. whether the cosolvent preferentially solvates or adsorbs There has also been a number of viscometric and light to certain segments of the polymer chain as determined scattering studies on the solution behaviour of polar by light scattering, viscosity measurements or cloud- copolymers in liquid cosolvent mixtures’4*‘5. -
Hydraulics Manual Glossary G - 3
Glossary G - 1 GLOSSARY OF HIGHWAY-RELATED DRAINAGE TERMS (Reprinted from the 1999 edition of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Model Drainage Manual) G.1 Introduction This Glossary is divided into three parts: · Introduction, · Glossary, and · References. It is not intended that all the terms in this Glossary be rigorously accurate or complete. Realistically, this is impossible. Depending on the circumstance, a particular term may have several meanings; this can never change. The primary purpose of this Glossary is to define the terms found in the Highway Drainage Guidelines and Model Drainage Manual in a manner that makes them easier to interpret and understand. A lesser purpose is to provide a compendium of terms that will be useful for both the novice as well as the more experienced hydraulics engineer. This Glossary may also help those who are unfamiliar with highway drainage design to become more understanding and appreciative of this complex science as well as facilitate communication between the highway hydraulics engineer and others. Where readily available, the source of a definition has been referenced. For clarity or format purposes, cited definitions may have some additional verbiage contained in double brackets [ ]. Conversely, three “dots” (...) are used to indicate where some parts of a cited definition were eliminated. Also, as might be expected, different sources were found to use different hyphenation and terminology practices for the same words. Insignificant changes in this regard were made to some cited references and elsewhere to gain uniformity for the terms contained in this Glossary: as an example, “groundwater” vice “ground-water” or “ground water,” and “cross section area” vice “cross-sectional area.” Cited definitions were taken primarily from two sources: W.B. -
Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: State-Of-The-Art in 2017
Chapter 1 Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art in 2017 Sivaprakash Shanmugam and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski* Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States *E-mail: [email protected]. This chapter highlights the current advancements in reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) with a specifc focus on atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The chapter begins with highlighting the termination pathways for acrylates radicals that were recently explored via RDRP techniques. This led to a better understanding of the catalytic radical termination (CRT) in ATRP for acrylate radicals. The designed new ligands for ATRP also enabled the suppression of CRT and increased chain end functionality. In addition, further mechanistic understandings of SARA-ATRP with Cu0 activation and comproportionation were studied using model reactions with different ligands and alkyl halide initiators. Another focus of RDRP in recent years has been on systems that are regulated by external stimuli such as light, Downloaded via CARNEGIE MELLON UNIV on August 17, 2020 at 15:07:44 (UTC). electricity, mechanical forces and chemical redox reactions. Recent advancements made in RDRP in the feld of complex See https://pubs.acs.org/sharingguidelines for options on how to legitimately share published articles. polymeric architectures, organic-inorganic hybrid materials and bioconjugates have also been summarized. Introduction The overarching goal of this chapter is to provide an overall summary of the recent achievements in reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP), primarily in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and also in reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, tellurium mediated © 2018 American Chemical Society Matyjaszewski et al.; Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: Mechanisms and Synthetic Methodologies ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2018. -
Glossary of Terms
Glossary of English/Spanish Superfund & WQARF Terms (Note: You may access the bookmark menu at the left to navigate this document more efficiently.) Any ADEQ translation or communication in a language other than English is unofficial and not binding on the State of Arizona. Cualquier traducción o comunicado de ADEQ en un idioma diferente al inglés no es oficial y no sujetará al Estado de Arizona a ninguna obligación jurídica. A Absorption: The passage of one substance into or through another. Absorción: Absorción es el paso de una sustancia a través de otra. Acre-foot: A quantity or volume of water covering one acre to a depth of one foot; equal to 43,560 cubic feet or 325,851 gallons. Acre-pie: Una cantidad o volumen de agua que cubre un acre a una profundidad de un pie; es un equivalente a 43.560 pies cúbicos o 325.851 galones. Activated Carbon: Adsorptive particles or granules of carbon usually obtained by heating carbon (such as wood). These particles or granules have a high capacity to selectively remove certain trace and soluble materials from water. Carbono Activo: Partículas or gránulos de carbono que se obtienen generalmente por medio del calentamiento de carbono (como la madera). Estas partículas o gránulos tienen una alta capacidad de eliminar selectivamente ciertos rastros y materiales solubles del agua. Acute: Occurring over a short period of time; used to describe brief exposures and effects which appear promptly after exposure. Grave: Ocurre durante corto tiempo; se usa para describir breves exposiciones y los efectos que aparecen rapidamente después de una sola exposición. -
Living Free Radical Polymerization with Reversible Addition – Fragmentation
Polymer International Polym Int 49:993±1001 (2000) Living free radical polymerization with reversible addition – fragmentation chain transfer (the life of RAFT) Graeme Moad,* John Chiefari, (Bill) YK Chong, Julia Krstina, Roshan TA Mayadunne, Almar Postma, Ezio Rizzardo and San H Thang CSIRO Molecular Science, Bag 10, Clayton South 3169, Victoria, Australia Abstract: Free radical polymerization with reversible addition±fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT polymerization) is discussed with a view to answering the following questions: (a) How living is RAFT polymerization? (b) What controls the activity of thiocarbonylthio compounds in RAFT polymeriza- tion? (c) How do rates of polymerization differ from those of conventional radical polymerization? (d) Can RAFT agents be used in emulsion polymerization? Retardation, observed when high concentra- tions of certain RAFT agents are used and in the early stages of emulsion polymerization, and how to overcome it by appropriate choice of reaction conditions, are considered in detail. Examples of the use of thiocarbonylthio RAFT agents in emulsion and miniemulsion polymerization are provided. # 2000 Society of Chemical Industry Keywords: living polymerization; controlled polymerization; radical polymerization; dithioester; trithiocarbonate; transfer agent; RAFT; star; block; emulsion INTRODUCTION carbonylthio compounds 2 by addressing the following In recent years, considerable effort1,2 has been issues: expended to develop free radical processes that display (a) How living is RAFT polymerization? -
Surface Modification of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with Vacuum UV Radiation from Helium Microwave Plasma to Enhance the Adhesion of Sputtered Copper Xiaolu Liao
Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses Thesis/Dissertation Collections 2004 Surface modification of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with Vacuum UV radiation from helium microwave plasma to enhance the adhesion of sputtered copper Xiaolu Liao Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Liao, Xiaolu, "Surface modification of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with Vacuum UV radiation from helium microwave plasma to enhance the adhesion of sputtered copper" (2004). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE) WITH VACUUM UV RADIATION FROM HELIUM MICROWAVE PLASMA TO ENHANCE THE ADHESION OF SPUTTERED COPPER Xiaolu Liao Thesis SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF THE TECHNOLOGY ROCHESTER, NEW YORK March, 2004 SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POL YTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE) WITH VACUUM UV RADIATION FROM HELIUM MICROWAVE PLASMA TO ENHANCE THE ADHESION OF SPUTIERED COPPER XIAOLU LlAO March,2004 Approved: Gerald A. Takacs Thesis Advisor T. C. Morrill Department Head COPYRIGHT STATEMENT Title of Thesis: SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE) WITH VACUUM UV RADIATION FROM HELIUM MICROWAVE PLASMA TO ENHANCE THE ADHESION OF SPUTTERED COPPER I, Xiaolu Liao, hereby grants permission to the Wallace Memorial Library, of Rochester Institute of Technology, to reproduce my thesis in whole or in part. Any reproduction will not be for commercial use or profit.