Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. e aoaoyo eiia ln n nmlRsucso h iga-ie lta nQinghai in China Plateau R. P. Qinghai-Tibet 810016, Xining the Sustainability, China of and R. * P. Science Resources 810008, Plateau Xining of Animal University, Academy Normal and 5 Qinghai Botanical Plant Science, China Life Medicinal of South of School Utilization, Province, China Laboratory Sustainable R. Key P. and the 510650, 4 Conservation Guangzhou of Sciences, Conservation Resources of Ecological Plant Academy and Chinese of Garden, Processes China Laboratory R. Surface Key P. Earth 810008, 3 Xining of University, Ministry Normal Qinghai Education China Plateau, of R. Qinghai-Tibet P. Laboratory 810008, Key Xining University, 2 Normal Qinghai Geosciences, of School 1 Lv of Ting structure genetic Population Head: of Running history marker AFLP evolutionary by and revealed resources. (Poaceae) structure germplasm of genetic which utilization Plateau, study sustainable Population Mongolian Our prioritize Inner to the period. and in Quaternary actions villosa cold conservation the P. dry, in-situ of during that design history distribution villosa speculate evolutionary to spatial P. We and used the of genetics be period. on distribution population can inter-glacial based geographic the last into the villosa the insights P. determining new since of may in provides continuously and dynamics critical contracted species distribution has been the the have range in not its predicted climates complex often mainly that we were surprisingly variation found addition, are populations and flow genetic similar In gene genetically modeling that of most distances. showed mechanisms the (AMOVA) long the that over variance found that occur molecular we suggests and this of but (64.16%), Thus, diversity, analysis species adjacent. genetic an the using abundant geographically of However, is villosa populations of there P. 43 villosa. pairs that of within P. eight indicate exists values populations from in these bands natural flow polymorphic.All breaking. amplified 43 were gene wind well-defined (95.72%) from limited and 1728 bands individuals stabilization obtained 1654 We 210 sand which this the of of in markers. in of involved primers, (AFLP) structure is occurs studies polymorphism and and length villosa diversity future fragment species Psammochloa genetic of dominant amplified the the support utilization. characterized frequently to sustainable we is villosa and it Here, conservation, Psammochloa where its Plateau for Mongolian species, framework Inner grass demographic desert preliminary important a ecologically generate to sought We Abstract 2021 18, February 2 1 Su Xu AFLP by revealed marker (Poaceae) Bor (Trin.) of villosa history Psammochloa evolutionary and structure genetic Population ffiito o available not Affiliation University Normal Qinghai orsodneto: Correspondence 1 1,2 n igLv Ting and JHarris AJ , 3 a Liu Tao , 2 1,2 ufn Liang Ruifang , 4,5 ia Ma Zilan , 1 .villosa P. 4,5 uigLiu Yuping , smoho villosa Psammochloa *4,5 uSu Xu , 1 ,4,5 2, *1, Ti. Bor (Trin.) Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oe aeet 98 eit 00 ee l,21;Zag&Zag 02 u&Zag 03 Zhang, 2013; Zhang, & Su 2012; Zhang, & Zhang China 2011; (e.g., Northern al., distributions et of modern Ge explaining deserts 2000; mechanisms the the Hewitt, primary within during 1998; be occurred plants which Kadereit, may many conditions, & which 2011; arid particular, Comes and al., cold, yielded In et to periods and Ge response glacial diversity 2005; in 2006). intermittent Yan, plant change Li, & demographic regional Huang, and & shaped Yuan, adaptive Yu, also underwent Peng, Zhang, (Ge, deserts & Dong, species the Meng Fang, native 2002; to dominated of Yang, 1992, rise histories is (Wu, gave demographic China region that Plateau complex Northern the Qinghai-Tibetan processes highly 2012). within the climatic aridity Qiu, of The orogenesis enhanced & sustained the Gao, ultimately 2011). to China Ge, that during due Northern Sun, areas to 2018). fluctuations in Liu, Quaternary surrounding al., plants the 2011; and Climate et in of Comes, developed Liu distributions & which and 2012; Fu, the deserts, 2018). Qiu, al., affected by structure, 2009; et strongly al., genetic have al., Jia et to et 2009; distribution, known (Tian al., Liu is geographical et change the Wang 2011; Prell, the climate 2000; of Kutzbach, Quaternary Guo, in (Hewitt, aspects (An, species & changes plant regions other dramatic Tian, of unglaciated 2012; affected, demography to Lang, in population Gibbard, profoundly led even , & probably monsoon, glaciations Jiang Pillans and Asian Quaternary 2001; with, the 1973; Porter, co-varied of Opdyke, and intensity million & cycles glacial & the ˜2.6 glacial alternating (Shackleton including last especially The Hemisphere climate, the oscillations, Northern climatic spanned 2013). distinct the Epochs, Elias, by in Pleistocene characterized cycles and been interglacial has Holocene and the (Myr) comprising years period, Quaternary The Introduction villosa Psammochloa resources. Plateau; germplasm of utilization sustainable Keywords last geographic prioritize the the to and determining since actions in continuously conservation critical contracted of in-situ been history has have evolutionary range and climates genetics of its cold dynamics dry, that distribution that of found the speculate distribution species and We predicted the we in modeling period. complex addition, distribution surprisingly inter-glacial In are geograph- spatial flow not distances. the gene often long were of on over populations mechanisms occur similar the genetically that may populations most suggests and 43 the this within in that Thus, exists found flow adjacent. we mainly gene ically and variation (64.16%), limited genetic 0.3316, species that but the of showed diversity, (AMOVA) of index genetic variance Shannon abundant molecular a of is 0.2056, analysis there of that alleles value ( effective distance indicate differentiation of genetic values 1654 number gene standard which a of Nei’s of estimated coefficient a primers, AFLPs a of 1.3229, the from pairs of eight obtained populations Results from among bands polymorphic. structure amplified were and well-defined (95.72%) diversity 1728 of bands genetic obtained populations We the natural characterized markers. 43 we (AFLP) from Here, individuals breaking. 210 wind of and stabilization utilization. sand sustainable in and involved conservation, its species, for villosa grass framework desert mochloa important demographic ecologically preliminary this of a studies generate to sought We com lyp8527970@126. address: E-mail work. Abstract 6134763; this 971 to 86 equally contributed fax: Harris 6134763; AJ 971 +86 [email protected] Phone: address: - E-mail Liu Yuping 6134763; 971 +86 fax: 6134763; OR 971 +86 Phone: - Su Xu : eetgasad;pplto eeis AOA clgclncemdlig ne Mongolian Inner modelling; niche ecological SAMOVA; genetics; population grasslands; desert .villosa P. cusi h ne ogla lta hr ti rqetytedmnn pce n is and species dominant the frequently is it where Plateau Mongolian Inner the in occurs uigteQaenr eid u td rvdsnwisgt notepopulation the into insights new provides study Our period. Quaternary the during G .villosa P. ST f048,adagn o aaee ( parameter flow gene a and 0.4689, of ) nteInrMnoinPaeu hc a eue odesign to used be can which Plateau, Mongolian Inner the in .villosa P. 2 sn mlfidfamn eghpolymorphism length fragment amplified using smoho villosa Psammochloa N .villosa P. )o .71 l these All 0.5761. of m) ospoto future of support to .villosa P. oee,an However, . Psam- based Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. hi ihlvl fplmrhs Wn,Wn,Lu ag hn 08,terrpouil,rlal re- reliable reproducible, their 2008), Chen, remain & to Yang, they due Liu, because demography Wang, (Wang, AFLPs population and polymorphism used genetic structure, of We the levels genetic ENM. diversity, on high and genetic their oscillations investigating markers and for (AFLP) efficient aridification polymorphism extremely climate length of fragment influence of 1987; (e.g., plified the processes markers (Kuo, investigated evolutionary molecular m) and (900-2900 on we elevations study, structure focused high far present and so our low studies In at few widespread with ecologically 2018), 2006). is al., Phillips, species et & The Wu Lv Wang 2001). 2004; 2017; likely Ge, Gutterman, al., which & & et Dong, Li of Zhang Huang, Huang, all 1999; 2011; Alaten, 1987; on al., sand, & (Lu, research et by Dong areas Previous (e.g., burial dune microbiology 2006). and and and Phillips, 5.507 embryology grassland anatomy, wind, & in of Wu disease, survival weight 1997; its soils, average facilitate 2005). 1995, natural alkaline an and its (Zhu, cold, of adaptations with much drought, observed evolutionary of throughout long represent to rarely period occur mm resistance that are fruiting winds high 7 seedlings and high have - by flowering Nevertheless, dispersed 5 Ma, The likely habitat. 1985; are are desert seeds (Liu, Mongolia. seeds light Shanxi Such in the Northern 2003). occurs and and (Huang, Mongolian also November, Ningxia, Inner Northern It to the and herb September especially central rhizomatous 2003). China, perennial Gansu, northwestern Huang, a of of is 1994; Corridor grasslands whip, desert Hexi sand the called the commonly in Plateau, species, distributed This primarily is Poaceae. that of Jing, Stipeae psammophyte, & tribe one in Yuan, on genus Zhou, focus we 2006; critical study, roots. thus Pan, this exposed are In 1991; and periodically (Ma, erosion, having ecosystems wind tolerate prevented their and to within 2011). place and stability in environmental which sand sands psammophytes, promoting by anchor often at for buried to are occur help grasslands being and plants the countries resist these within adjacent Simultaneously, to and species 2012; adaptations & China plant Anderson, Wang, Dominant within special Wei, & area elevations. have 2015; Sala, large high Zhou, Yao, a and & Peters, the represent low Wang grasslands 2009; within 2015; both Wang, desert Administration, land These 2008; Forestry arable State Jauffret, 2020). long- In 2014; Niu, on & to Shangguan, Hanafi encroaching due integrity. & 2004; is degraded Zhang, Wang, their rapidly Deng, desert & maintaining simultaneously, becoming Liu, 2013). for are and, (Li, (Su, particular ecosystems, critical region desertification change in fragile and are ecosystems climate overgrazing extremely plants grassland influences term are desert vegetation, and China, the sparse conditions China, Northern have environmental Northern in typically global as impacts deserts such which Although species semi-deserts, of dominant cycles. and stability Moreover, glacial deserts the the cycle. times, to life responses modern perennial their or In to annulment death via due an often abundance of cold, their to part achieved response Quaternary either their they likely to as in are sensitive because species biomass species more woody study aboveground been grass from have dominant markedly further of may differ on knowledge, plants merit they (Wang focusing Herbaceous because China our studies China oscillations 2011). Northern climatic and to of Zhang, communities, of & Province and plant (Meng deserts desert warranted Xinjiang lacking, the of especially of component largely of Mountains vital plants are Tianshan a Herbaceous comprise region the focused within 2001). the have Warnock, mid-elevations China of & at Northern on herbs endemic of is on is plants study which Studies desert such of only species. histories the woody population on on differentiation studies primarily genetic prior the in these resulted Nevertheless, glaciations Pleistocene and the in processes during structuring population conditions demographic of arid and driver proposed cold, primary (2013) of a Zhang periods was & that Su periods glacial example, For Quaternary in during 2020). structures aridity 2017; Zaki, of Khohlov, & & onset Soliman, the Rajabov, Galal, Gismatullina, El-Tayeh, that Toderich, Shuyskaya, 2019; 2015; al., Zhang, et & Merklinger Xu 2014; Williams, & Zhang, irrasphaerocarpa Nitraria epiimnaviculare Delphinium tahxsfrutescens Atraphaxis ai.(irraee aidls,adX hn 21)revealed (2015) Zhang & Xu and Sapindales), (Nitrariaceae, Maxim. .villosa P. smoho villosa Psammochloa uigteQaenr nnrhwsenCiauigam- using China north-western in Quaternary the during .T ag(auclca)(hn hn,2012), Zhang, & (Zhang (Ranunculaceae) Wang T. W. 3 L)KKc (Polygonaceae). K.Koch (L.) .villosa P. Ti. o,wihcmrssamonotypic a comprises which Bor, (Trin.) a enmil oue nsuyn its studying on focused mainly been has smoho villosa Psammochloa .villosa P. skonto known is ± .5 mg 0.053 sfrom is Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. eemndo aorp20c u rcdr ooti FP a ae namdfiaino the of modification enzymes a restriction the on with ratio based DNA A260/A280 was genomic (Doyle and AFLPs the digested procedure obtain electrophoresis we CTAB to gel First, the procedure agarose (1995). of Our 1.0% al. MseI modification et using Vos 2000c. a quality in Nanodrop to method DNA a according accessed on sample and determined each 1987) from Doyle, DNA & total extracted we genotyping the We field, AFLP in the and population extraction In each DNA Biology, representing once. Plateau 2.2 specimen of than laboratory Institute voucher China. the Northwest more Sciences, one in (QTPMB), of them Biology deposited clone Academy stored of We then Chinese single Museum and Plateau processing. a gel Qinghai-Tibet silica until of sampling population. with Herbarium freezer each filled avoid -20 from bags to individuals sealed a into ten in apart leaves to fresh five m the sampled put randomly 20 immediately and of individuals S1) populations (Figure sampled 43 & We from S1 (Table individuals China 210 in of range total a collected We sampling Population 2.1 Methods protection improved and for Materials basis 2 scientific of a forage) provide as can China. Nature results (e.g., of Northern Occurrence Conservation our utilization of the together, Extent sustainable for taken Union on and International that, based the believe driving assessment of We in guidelines preliminary (IUCN). influential to a according most response performed interpretation are with in also that (EOO) we populations factors were accomplished, among abiotic objectives been occurred the main previously evaluate divergence Our (3) of 2019). genetic distributions and Ren, historical the oscillations, & of whether climate Su, populations test Quaternary Gao, 43 (2) to Harris, from dataset, Liu, structure 2017; AFLP genetic Cai, many an the in 2015; analyze demography Li, (1) population 2005; plant to and Sim, among structures universality 2002; genetic their Jia, resolve and & as to materials, such used plant species been of grass have diverse stage they developmental addition, the In by species. unaffected are that sults ieetainbtenppltos( populations between ( differentiation diversity ( genetic ( of number Nei’s alleles populations the of 1964), included number Crow, metrics observed & These (PPL), ( 1999). loci standard alleles Boyle, polymorphic to & of of according Yang structure Yeh, percentage genetic 1996; (N), (Wang, population individuals 1.32 and POPGENE diversity in genetic evaluated metrics we from population, structure and each interpretations genetic individuals, For on 210 population AFLP the based and of for respectively, diversity absence markers Genetic 0, or AFLP 2.3 or presence 1728 the 1 randomly. assessed recorded we performed as We total, were matrix interpretations In 2019). binary all Biosystems). inspection Ren, a (Applied visual & in 3.1 allowing Su, S2) GeneScan standard, Gao, (Figure Calibrator Harris, size DNA bands internal (Liu, 377 amplification sites an PRISM individual with ABI all ROX-500 an of GeneScan on fragments using fluorescently-labeled Biosystems) the (Applied Table separated AGG/CTT; we AGC/CTG, Subsequently, ACG/CTC, 1). ACC/CTA, ACT/CAT, was two-stage ACA/CAG, amplification a AAG/CAC, selective performed (AAC/CAA, The we 25 products, amplification. in digested selective the and conducted Using pre-amplification comprising Ltd). amplification Co., Biotechnology PCR Dingguo (Beijing 4degC at iest,cecet fgn ieetainadgn o o ih ar fAL primers. AFLP of pairs eight for flow gene and differentiation gene of coefficients diversity, as N 0.5(1- = m o t3dg,adlgtdteaatr of adaptors the ligated and 37degC, at h 5 for Ne H ,Sannsifrainidx( index information Shannon’s ), G ) n e’ tnadgntcdsac G) eas acltdtedge fgenetic of degree the calculated also We (GD). distance genetic standard Nei’s and s), μ oueo ecinmxuecnann f1.0 of containing mixture reaction of volume l ST .villosa P. )/ G ST rz sativa Oryza MDrot&MDnl,19) iial,w siae aaeeso genetic of parameters estimated we Similarly, 1993). McDonald, & (McDermott oevr eas oassmn ftecnevto ed of needs conservation the of assessment no because Moreover, . G ST h s( as ) , emsracemosus Leymus ,ttlgn iest ( diversity gene total ), H .villosa P. I t– eotn 92,epce eeoyoiy( heterozygosity expected 1972), Lewontin, ; H EcoR 4 s)/ H ihntefaiedsr rsln cssesof ecosystems grassland desert fragile the within and I Ni 93 n h aaee fgn exchange gene of parameter the and 1973) (Nei, t .villosa P. , .villosa P. rnsthoroldii Orinus Mse H μ l otedgsinpout vrnight over products digestion the to I ) h vrg eedvriywithin diversity gene average the t), rmInrMnoinPaeuusing Plateau Mongolian Inner from EcoR ntefil hogotisnatural its throughout field the in I/ Mse and .kokonoricus O. N rmrcombinations primer I ) ffcienumber effective a), .villosa P. H EcoR ;Kimura e; (Zhang and I had Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. sn h raudrtecre(U)o eevroeaigcaatrsi RC.Tevleo U ranges AUC of performance value The model (ROC). evaluated characteristic we se- operating and 25% receiver results, and of (AUC) training reliable 2008). curve for ensure Dudik, the selected to & under randomly independently area Phillips localities of times the 2006; of using habitat 500 Schapire, 75% the testing & with for for Anderson, modeling lected model (Phillips, performed entropy we 3.3.3k maximum MaxEnt, MaxEnt Within a in build space [?] environmental to score in correlations contribution lowest relative the a villosa test with with correlation variables variables Spearman’s eleven the to the selected of according correlation we variables a Specifically, correlated CCSM4 or involved highly the 0.8 2008). data with excluded Nakazawa, climate We RCP2.6) database & future and WorldClim 2011). (Peterson (RCP8.5 The from al., pathways et concentration resolution www.worldclim.org). (Van representative arc-min 2005, of model 2.5 Jarvis, scenarios three at & emission and two Jones, aspect, variables in Parra, and bioclimatic , 19 slope obtained Cameron altitude, we (Hijmans, as distribution, such species’ factors, the distribution spatial influencing geographic generate factors to critical localities the 155 fying used we records, for from ambiguous models for data and Facility (http://mnh.scu.edu.cn/main.aspx) duplicate GPS removing Information Education and collected after for (http://www.nsii.org.cn) Biodiversity total, also Infrastructure Platform 2070s), Global Information we Sharing and Specimen surveys, //www.cvh.ac.cn), Resources (2050s National field Specimen China times http: our gbif.org), future (CVH, of //www. and Herbarium records (http: present distribution Virtual the the Chinese present), to the before addition years In 21,000 respectively. ˜ (LGM, Maximum distribution geographic Glacial the on have of might distribution oscillation climatic Quaternary that of impact change the predict to order of In value best of the modeling determine To Distribution 25%. 2.4 of the burn-in used a we with frequencies analyses, Carlo allele TURE Monte independent ( chain with clusters Markov of model the number admixture adjacent. the of an for geographically runs using be independent groupings analyses 90 that the for requiring performed not Stephens, we Falush, by SAMOVA STRUCTURE, Hubisz, of from 2007; In differs Pritchard, populations which & of 2009), Stephens, Pritchard, Falush, structures & 2000; genetic Donnelly, & and with Stephens, groupings (Pritchard, algorithm V2.2 inferred Neighbor-Net we the to addition, applying 2006) In by Bryant, distance. & populations distance of (Huson and the measure 4.13 on individuals Jaccard’s SplitsTree from based between the derived in (PCoA) network matrix analysis relationships similarity-based distance coordinate the principal a genetic infer a the constructed test out from we carried Mantel Moreover, tree also UPGMA a matrix. and a dataset, via generate AFLP to significance. binary populations 1997) evaluate the of the (Rohlf, to populations 2.10e permutations of 43 NTSYS-pc among 9999 distance in associations with genetic geographic 2012) the investigate Smouse, and further & To AFLPs (Peakall 6.5 scored between in GenAlEx correlation of 1992) in the 1967) matrix Quattro, determined (Mantel, we Tajima’s & binary Subsequently, as Smouse, the such program. Excoffier, tests, this from (AMOVA, Neutrality with variance calculated 2005). molecular also Schneider, were & of groups Laval, between analysis (Excoffier, and v3.01 an groups ARLEQUIN within via populations 1.0 between SAMOVA variation genetic in the evaluated we grouping, of optimal ( value coefficients the variation a genetic selected used We on we based SAMOVA, of populations Within values of For groups datasets. Schneider, among (Dupanloup, from AFLP 1.0 differentiated clustering SAMOVA on maximally using best based variance but molecular 2002) homogenous of Excoffier, genetically analysis sites spatial & a sampling conducted of we partitions other, for each search to order In sn.Sbeunl,w eeae hsmdlrpeetn h oeta itiuinof distribution potential the representing model this generated we Subsequently, using. .villosa P. .villosa P. 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Data may be preliminary. curdi h eta n atr ein fteInrMnoinPaeu hl h eodoe ru 2, Group Notably, one, mainly China. second which in the species (P1-12), while the of Plateau, populations range Mongolian the 12 Inner throughout of distributed the which of consisted populations, regions SAMOVA, other all eastern using composed and was identified central the 1, it in Group thought occurred we group, of Thus, populations first data. 43 The structural divide geographic to of reasonable surveys, loss most adopt field and the (P7-12) our not over-splitting was to group indicating did according second S3), habitats we (Table the their populations why population and and three However, was distributions (P1-6) geographic populations. this group their other first and in all of similar the consisted highly both group were third them, (P6-8) the Among and populations, groups. six contained three into populations the of that found diversity we SAMOVA, genetic on of Based assessment robust a Grouping facilitate an Population to with 3.2 appeared 0.2131 pairs to primer showed 0.1926 eight indices 1.3229, these of of of in Overall, pair each average respectively. primer general, 0.3316, an the In of with for average -CTT. diversity an 1.3445 of with genetic to indices 0.3379 highest 1.2898 to the the 0.3183 1.9994, pairs, and of 0.2056, primer average of eight average an primers of with eight index 2.0000 diversity these to Overall, genetic the 92.13%. to was lowest ( of indices, the 214 individuals The and among from polymorphism 99.07%, ranging of was levels bands primer high poly- of individual showed were numbers an (95.72%) different for 1654 which yielded morphism ( of primers 199 bands, Different to amplified -CTC) identifiable 2). clearly 1728 (Table yielded morphic pairs primer eight The markers AFLP of S2). the (Table Polymorphism analyzed model 3.1 we niche Therefore, ecological from 2020). In populations (IUCN, Results 2013). 155 Species 3. al., of Threatened are et data of species Lachenaud location a List a 2014; the as Red of using Wieringa, IUCN used populations EOO & the frequently when Velzen in is or (e.g., included It extirpated described presently locally is the species. of were species comprises case the or new & EOO the for places a Velzen new sites when (2001). 2007; in predicted as IUCN found such (Moat, or from tool, known (EOO) interpretation assessment all Occurrence their preliminary covering of for polygon Extent guidelines convex the following minimum using and assessment 2014) conservation Wieringa, a performed 2.13 We R using of distributions We assessment frequency Conservation of cluster. 2.5 histograms of drew pair we 1000 each and on for based size, pooled (http://www.r-project.org/). test cluster points identity original data the retaining ( in the occurrences similarity models from niche niche sampling of of measures random distribution determined by Schoener’s null calculated generated the we obtained replicates We groups, pseudo in 2010). occurring 2008, Turelli, populations & between similarity niche the D measure to the order on habitat In suitable based highly [?] the species (0.0 classes: of of four habitat performance into ranges unsuitable habitat good and geographic suitable indicated divided predicted we 0.9 [?] the particular, above In (0.5 projected value 10.2. we the ArcGIS Additionally, using and ENMs match), 1988). 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Data may be preliminary. h eei ieetainaaye ae n4 ouain of populations 43 ( on based analyses populations differentiation genetic of The distance and diversity differentiation diversity However, genetic Genetic genetic of 1. 3.4 The results Group Plateau. the of Mongolian Overall, S1). 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Figure 5). - 2 for (Figure ENMs SAMOVA using assessment of our change with consistent of 3.6Distributional largely populations were 43 which that groups, suggested two STRUCTURE into ( and PCoA, 2 network, Group SplitsTree tree, for correlation and positive and distance distance significant geographic geographic between between correlation positive correlation significant a was there ST that revealed test Mantel The Tajima’s of value of the in among regionally suggested occurred than test variation higher ity much genetic was the geographic-scale of local and 22.38% that ( found populations we within ( 2, groups and within 1 populations Groups into of populations variation gregating genetic the that H o 3ppltos( populations 43 for .villosa P. N )ws025,teaeaegn iest ihnppltos( populations within diversity gene average the 0.2052, was t) e, H .villosa P. e, Tbe3). (Table I fppltosfo ru ee3.3 .13 .88 .10ad016,respectively, 0.1667, and 0.1100 1.1848, 0.7193, 32.63, were 1 Group from populations of F ile eaieyhg U,dmntaigrlal oe efrac AC=0.969, = (AUC performance model reliable demonstrating AUC, high relatively yielded G r ST H 0.282, = ST 0.43865, = t, a .69 n h eeflw( flow gene the and 0.4689, was ) F H H .villosa P. CT .villosa P. )adSannifrainidx( index information Shannon and e) .villosa P. .villosa P. and s P 0.28501, = < P G .5 Fgr ) iial,w eetdasrn,sgicn,positive significant, strong, a detected we Similarly, 1). (Figure 0.05) < anyocre ihnppltos oeitrsigy hnag- when interestingly, More populations. within occurred mainly D ST ugse htteewsaudn eei iest fti species this of diversity genetic abundant was there that suggested a liue(l) olwdb eprtr nulrne(i 7) (bio range annual temperature by followed (Alt), altitude was .0)(al ) vrl,tegntcvraina h population- the at variation genetic the Overall, 4). 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No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. rwn esn curn fe vrteln ieieo h pce Eiso rmr 93 eea& Helena 1993; Bremer, & (Eriksson species one the any within of 1998). rare lifetime al., while long et regeneration, to the Shimizu seedling biological due over 1996; and However, fitness Mikko, often production; accuracy. clonal seed occurring greater of higher season, to rates growing possible lead high include rhizomes; might and hardy which likely robust, populations, more more are comprised explanations design Dong, with study & of comparison our Ge, (Wang, diversity In pollination genetic 2001). wind following Ge, high anthropogenic seed & by and The Li sexually 2010). climate Wu, reproduces 1999; & as species Han, Wen, the such 1996; although factors, Hu, conditions, & environmental Wang of 1996; and Godt, history history, & life Hamrick properties, life 1984; biological Hamrick, of and & combination (Loveless a abilities activities generally dispersal are species as within diversity such genetic 2017). of Xu, drivers underlying & The Zhang, Zhao, in He, diversity Zhang, genetic of 2016; that Cai, AFLPs, than using higher was in assessed and racemosus Poaceae species-level 2016), of Souza-Chies, at de, species diversity & other genetic in high diversity villosa observed adaptive genetic we and facilitate to study, can processes Compared diversity evolutionary present genetic its the of elucidate study and In villosa The species, 2005). 1994). a of Qian, (Hao, of potential & patterns evolutionary mechanisms (Ma genetic the environments to spatial adverse linked of to closely understanding is adapt and to variation species genetic a intraspecific to refers diversity Genetic of key- diversity dominant, 4.1Genetic this of monitoring ecological Discussion continued 4. jeopardize could for populations advocate currently species. of not we grass abundance probably Therefore, desert the was stone role. and species ecological population this of within while vital populations Thus, frequency its some a habitat. its that provide degraded noted in we severely decreases to work, in threatened, field is grew our presently during purpose locations species main risk. sampling the 43 extinction Its at their populations to species. observing according after threatened species of for classification system the villosa for standard framework classification objective and and global clear elevation a high by is characterized IUCN was it of ( that status differentiation in Conservation niche mainly 3.7 distinct differs was groups observed two there of empirically that niche the temperature. indicated The when groups 9). rejected two (Figure RCP was between 0.01) on identity based tests niche areas identity of suitable Therefore, hypothesis highly of of niches for increase the value scenario the to an climatic compared was According the we there s. under When 2070 whereas stable 8). and 2070s, remain Figure s and to & 2050 likely 2050s 7 (Table is the the 8.5 habitat for for suitable scenarios 2.6 of 8.5 RCP areas RCP of the and predictions, 2.6 model RCP future the The under 7). of distribution (Figure distribution spatial range LGM spatial distribution actual the the the Similarly, during with 111.2450 congruent range 6). mostly potential was Figure data the & climate of present to 6 on (Table compared based distribution shrinking models simulated continuously MaxEnt was the present on the based LGM the during .villosa P. ulfisa pce flatcnen(C ne h O rtro EO=20430km 2,064,370 = (EOO criterion EOO the under (LC) concern least of species a as qualifies a lgtylwrta htof that than lower slightly was ( P D × =95.72%, ( 10 P and/or hc a anydsrbtdi h ne oglaPaeuwt nae fapproximately of area an with Plateau Mongolia Inner the in distributed mainly was which , .villosa P. 4 16.53%, = km 2 I Tbe6&Fgr7.Smlaeul,w siae h uuecagsi h potential the in changes future the estimated we Simultaneously, Figure7). & 6 (Table I a infiatylwrta h ausepce rmteped-elctddt sets. data pseudo-replicated the from expected values the than lower significantly was .36 n h ouainlvl( population-level the and 0.3316) = rqetyivle lnlrpouto i t hzmsudrhrhenvironmental harsh under rhizomes its via reproduction clonal involves frequently I .villosa P. .villosa P. .80,and 0.0890), = .villosa P. ih eepandb n rmr fsvrlfcos mn these, Among factors. several of more or one by explained be might hsoyrmbulbosum Chascolytrum atlsglomerata Dactylis .chinensis L. 8 emschinensis Leymus , .racemosus L. 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Data may be preliminary. n CA(iue25.Wti ouain fGop n ,teaeaegntcvrainws6%wt an with 64% was SplitsTree, variation STRUCTURE, genetic average UPGMA, the 2, using and analyses 1 Groups our Group2 of pairwise with and populations average consistent Within Group1 2-5). to also (Figure corresponding PCoA are groups and groups well-defined two These revealed S3). of analysis different (Table SAMOVA by accuracy our obtained study, and results this the efficiency In and the bands, polymorphic addition, larger different. of In a are number the included populations. methods to which experimental unique related sampling, also among of are range Our patterns to identification geographic gene location. detect unique the of geographic robustly be portion may and more might greater inconsistency that populations all a this and inferred of which we populations numbers Accordingly, reproduction, of 1999). the number sexual Dong, to and & Ge, related dispersal (Wang, related be of species were a that modes populations. within factors and of population among variety each origins variation a of evolutionary genetic result the greater comprehensive a to found was structure and the genetic populations) population from Nevertheless, (two were Station five populations and Ecological four in of Station Shilongmiao diversity diversity Ecological genetic genetic the Shihuimiao studied assessed from (1999) who of al. were (2001), et two Wang Similarly, Ge which Station. of & Ecological of studies Shilongmiao Li population populations, other in seven within in as and of such findings using rates populations, from higher among differs found variation This we genetic However, species. differentiation. the population for between differentiation of rates high yield In populations. of when flow among large gene differentiation be by might mitigated populations be among can differentiation genetic theory, (1978) Wright’s flow gene pairwise clonal average plants, for However, In 2002). 1989). reproduction. Li, For & sexual Godt, Li, during & (Xia, seeds (Hamrick populations and directionality among controlled and pollen flow primarily rate of as is transmission its such differentiation the as species, Genetic via such reproduction, 2010). flow, primarily reorganization, of Zhen, gene occurs mutations, mode 1987; of system, (e.g., mating (Slatkin, aspects factors flow, mechanisms by genomic gene dispersal evolutio- selection; including the characteristics, seed natural from biological populations and question; and results within in drift); populations and species genetic among among and differentiation the occurring genetic of structure of genetic history sum Overall, nary the 1989). effectively Godt, is & species (Hamrick a of structure structure Genetic genetic and differentiation Genetic 4.2 hn eg ege eet uU ad ad swl srnecnrcinadpplto fragmentation population and contraction northwestern range in as well deserts as large (e.g., Land) oscillations and Sandy of climatic Mountains) Us by structure Helan induced Mu genetic Mountains; Desert; Tengger the Yin (e.g. affecting (e.g., China mountains factor geogra- by important and imposed an distance isolation genetic is between distance correlation significant villosa geographic was analyses. P. that there genetics indicating that population yet- found distance, our we is phic from test, birds, Mantel results a as combined on such the Based on vector, based dispersal structure critical genetic some of Overall, level that species. suggest the may for in unknown This further limited together, populations. be SplitsTree. group always may adjacent and not flow STRUCTURE not between did from gene did population results while same distances the the that, geographic from in indicating closer individuals pattern that with similar showed a populations PCoA observed the that Similarly, we revealed and tree together, UPGMA cluster the always addition, In 4). (Table 04.I diin one ffcsadpplto oteek ih aeas otiue otegenetic the Zhang, to & contributed Huang, also Gao, have Meng, might 2012; bottlenecks Sanderson, population & and Zhang, effects Ma, founder 2011; addition, Sanderson, In & 2014). Zhang, Su, 1995; (Liu, .villosa P. .villosa P. hrfr,w nerdta eei tutr ih aebe eutdmil rmgeographic from mainly resulted been have might structure genetic that inferred we Therefore, . rmmbl n xdsn ue nteSiuma clgclSain(w ouain)adthe and populations) (two Station Ecological Shihuimiao the in dunes sand fixed and mobile from eifre htmr hn5%o h eei aito xse ihnppltos with populations, within existed variation genetic the of 56% than more that inferred we , .villosa P. F F ST ST au f0485 h eeflw( flow gene The 0.43865. of value f0381fral4 ouainadgn o ( flow gene and population 43 all for 0.35841 of sxa rpglsotnhv iie ipra itne n hsrsrcsgene restricts this and distance, dispersal limited have often propagules asexual , N .villosa P. m yncro przewalskii Gymnocarpos .villosa P. > ,wihcnrdc h ffcso eei rf n rvn genetic prevent and drift genetic of effects the reduce can which 1, a negn osdrbegntcdvrec n a high a has and divergence genetic considerable undergone has efudhigh found we , .villosa P. 9 N )i rus1n a .96 .65 respectively 0.6605, 0.9996, was 2 1and Groups in m) tocr vrln itne oeotnthan often more distances long over occurs it , Maxim.; F ST N .villosa P. u iie eeflw hc should which flow, gene limited but )o .71(al ) codn to According 4). (Table 0.5761 of m) einhmmsongaricum Helianthemum .villosa P. ih aeyeddresults yielded have might , F htrvae greater revealed that ST > .5 u this but 0.25, .villosa P. Schrenk) Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. lohl oesr t otne viaiiya esoeseiswti eetcmuiiso h Inner the of intensifying communities the desert withstand within can interest species that of keystone Conflict species a for as areas. forage strategy availability adjacent other few use continued and of sustainable of its Plateau its breeding a Mongolian ensure one Moreover, molecular Developing to for is forage. 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Shi, Stokes, scale and Zhang, 2004; & Mountains large Kershaw, & al., Tianshan Dekker, a et De, the on Dunkerley, within Yi (Williams, developed shifts Pleistocene con- 1993; glaciation early-Middle climatic The as the and LGM. during significantly glaciation Hemisphere the dropped of thern during temperatures result area limited the where Yinshan-Helanshan became likely Basin, the range is Tarim and The range Plateau, Ling. the Tianshan Ordos DaXinggan of Basin, Plateau, of traction Tarim Mongolia regions Plateau, western Inner Qinghai-Tibet the the the of of statistically and to range edge Plateau, not the northeast Mongolia the were that Inner included show of results Mountains, and range models these period the LIG our that Although the that Specifically, found Quaternary. during show we 6-7). the test, general, (Figure during neutral in present the ENMs, range the on Kusum, our its Swanti, Based 3), & expand 2017; 2018). (Table Magalh˜aes, Wu, Birhane, Ma, not significant & & Nabout, did Wang, Zenebe, Noul`ekoun, (e.g., Hou, Chude, species 2017; Wang, ENM al., Wei, the and et via 2018; species Huang Rajkanti, plant is 2017; & of & them al., Dhruval, distributions Su et driving influ- future 2004; Bai and in factors (Hewitt, 2016; past factor environment Da, species comparing important primary plant to an of the approach be history utilized determining widely to demographic One hypothesized and 2013). distribution been of Zhang, geographical patterns often current migrational has main the Quaternary the encing the nor during dominant species the oscillation of the design from Climate for frequency study originated origin our and However, of diversity species the 1926). center genetic (Vavilov, this exact of high populations the of villosa that source both discern populations for than cannot with origins extant results lower areas of and this, geographic was centers SAMOVA, as on represent usually 2, to Based genes Group according 3). of identified (Table stock 1, 2 genetic Group Group the in within populations diversity genetic 2015). The al., et Liu historyof 1989; Maruyama, Demographic & 4.3 Fuerst, (Birky, species the of structures n copihn hswl eur diinlmlclrdt n nomtc approaches. informatics and data molecular additional require will this accomplishing and , sadmnn pce nisdsr aia n oeie h nyhraeu species herbaceous only the sometimes and habitat desert its in species dominant a is .villosa P. .villosa P. .villosa P. ntefuture. the in 10 einhmmsongaricum Helianthemum .villosa P. .villosa P. otatdfo h G to LGM the from contracted a h otextensive most the was Csaee,which (Cistaceae), .villosa P. will P. Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. eg . hn,Z,&Sagun .(04.Ln-emfnigeet npatdvriyadsi properties soil and diversity distribution plant on plant effects on fencing changes Long-term climatic (2014). Z. Quatemary China. Shangguan, in of & Z., effect Zhang, of The L., diversity Deng, genetic (1998). on W. analysis J. AFLP Kadereit, evolution. (2017). and & Q. P., Jiaerken, H. & Comes, H., P. Dai, H., racemosus T. Leymus Wumaierxiati, X., X. Cai, to resources comparison germplasm and (2016). cells, X. and X. mutation, heteroplasmic Cai, migration, of under effects diversity equilibrium, gene to Organelle genes. approach (1989). nuclear expectations, T. Maruyama, equilibrium & drift: P., Fuerst, differentiation Genetic M., C. (2017). F. Birky, G. phased endemic Zhao, & and Chinese H., the monsoons Z. Li, of Asian J., Yang, Data. structure of D., genetic Evolution X. Chen, population X., (2001). Zhang, and T., S.C. times. Zhou, Porter, Miocene Q., G. & late Bai, since W.L., plateau Prell, Himalaya-Tibetan E., the J. of uplift Kutzbach, S., to Z. made An, grants via of (2019-1-4) Dawn work Sciences The This of References 2019-ZJ-7011), Academy manuscript. Chinese and No. our 41761009 the (Grant of of Nos. Province (Grant Program draft XS. Qinghai Training China earlier of Talent of Foundation an Foundation China” West Science improve Science Natural Natural to National the helping Digital the 31800310), Zou by Jiabin supported Dryad financially was Dr. the appreciate greatly ex- to We submitted article, have the Acknowledgements at we in review https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4751-8750 which included Lv: for Ting were bands, link conclusions available AFLP and ORCID an of results provided scoring the and binary https://datadryad.org/stash/share/aepU6ms8Yp7kveC0mQTnYjxptp2GhAr3OUCteVtm5B4. (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.dbrv15f0v) supporting the Repository figures for and cept tables All (equal). accessibility editing Data & administra- Writing-review Project (lead); (supporting); Supervision draft (supporting); Writing-original (equal). tion (equal); editing analysis Formal & (equal); Writing-review Conceptualization (lead); acquisition Funding (supporting); (supporting). (supporting). Methodology Methodology (equal); (supporting). analysis Methodology (equal). mal (equal); editing & analysis (equal). Writing-review Formal editing (lead); (equal); & draft Writing-review Writing-original (lead); (equal); draft tualization Writing-original (equal); analysis mal Lv: Ting contributions Author declared. None Forests netgto eul;Cnetaiain(qa) aacrto eul;Mtoooy(ed;For- (lead); Methodology (equal); curation Data (equal); Conceptualization (equal); Investigation oladTlaeResearch Tillage and Soil (1,424. 8(11), , Genetics rnsi ln Science Plant in Trends td ntegntcsrcueadcoa iest fPampye emsracemosus Leymus Psammophytes of diversity clonal and structure genetic the on Study nXinjiang. in rmi ijagArclua University. Agricultural Xinjiang Urumqi: . 2() 613-627. 121(3), , uigLiu: Yuping ora fAi adRsucsadEnvironment and Resources Land Arid of Journal 3,7-15. 137, , (1,432-438. 3(11), , ocpulzto eul;Fra nlss(qa) Methodology (equal); analysis Formal (equal); Conceptualization ia Ma: Zilan 11 Dipteronia netgto eul;Fra nlss(equal); analysis Formal (equal); Investigation ufn Liang: Ruifang Nature lv eeldb pN n AFLP and cpDNA by revealed Oliv. 1(3) 62-66. 411(833), , uSu: Xu aacrto eul;For- (equal); curation Data 19,130-134. 31(9), , a Liu: Tao JHarris: AJ netgto (equal); Investigation Investigation Concep- Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. aa,A,&Jurt .(08.Aeln-emvgtto yaisueu nmntrn n assessing and monitoring University. Normal in Zhejiang (2005). useful Hangzhou: Y. dynamics vegetation C. 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Yan, multilocus analysis. & using ISSR W., by H. structure revealed Huang, population M., endangered of Y. in Yuan, for Inference tiation Y., package Yu, software J., (2007). X. integrated alleles. K. Ge, null An J. and markers Pritchard, 3.0: Dominant & data: ver. M., genotype Arlequin Stephens, D., (2005). Falush, S. Schneider, analysis. data & metric genetics data. G., from population restriction Laval, inferred variance DNA L., molecular mitochondrial Excoffier, of human Analysis the to (1992). using Application M. individuals 479-491. J. haplotypes: 131(2), of Quattro, DNA clusters & among of E., number distances P. the Smouse, Detecting L., Excoffier, (2005). study. J. simulation Goudet, a & STRUCTURE: software S., plant Regnaut, clonal G., the Evanno, of dynamics Genet 533-542. (1993). ecological, 81(3), B. morphological, , Bremer, of & Association O., Eriksson, (2020). H. Zaki, & 402-419. I., of 10(3), M. diversity Soliman, K., genetic H. and Galal, leaf genetic A., the fresh N. El-Tayeh, define of to quantities approach (2013). small annealing A. simulated S. for A Elias, procedure (2002). isolation L. DNA populations. Excoffier, of rapid & structure S., A Schneider, I., (1987). Dupanloup, L. J. Doyle, & material. J., J. resource Doyle, heterogeneous and severing rhizome to grass 53-58. response rhizomatous 141, in plasticity the Clonal in (1999). supply B. Alaten, & M., Dong, htceia Bulletin Phytochemical Zgpylca)i ne ogla China. Mongolia, Inner in (Zygophyllaceae) emschinensis Leymus h Quaternary The Ammopiptanthus tde npplto clg n eei iest fHpaoimmiconioides Heptacodium of diversity genetic and ecology population on Studies ev javanica Aerva oeua Ecology Molecular naso Botany of Annals smoho villosa Psammochloa Paee eeldb FPanalysis. AFLP by revealed (Poaceae) 9 11-15. 19, , vltoayBonomtc Online Bioinformatics Evolutionary eeec ouei at ytm n niomna Sciences. Environmental and Systems Earth in Module Reference . Lgmnse ouain ndsr ein fnrhetCiaas China northwest of regions desert in populations (Leguminosae) ouain rwn nteesendsr fEgypt. of desert eastern the in growing populations 11) 2571-2581. 11(12), , oeua Ecology Molecular 55,843-851. 95(5), , oeua clg Notes Ecology Molecular 12 na ne ogla ue China. dune, Mongolian Inner an in M Genetics BMC ora fAi Environments Arid of Journal 48,2611-2620. 14(8), , 21,1-12. 12(1), , (7,47-50. 1(47), , aainJunlo Botany of Journal Canadian uu saxatilis Rubus () 574-578. 7(4), , udrad iae Press Sinauer Sunderland: . ora fEcology of Journal 5(35,1291- 351(1345), , ln Ecology Plant 24,57-572. 72(4), , Agronomy Genetics Tetraena 85(9), , . , , , , Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. 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Z., for Wang, Xu, implications L., and Miller, Tianshan the A., in plant. Kleidon, glaciation clonal K., of diversity X. Genetic Xu, (2002). W. Li, & Q., J. 425-431. Li, Q., L. Xia, rmrNm Sequence Adapters Adapters Name M-L E-R E-L Adapters Primer ora fMnuUiest fChina of University Minzu of Journal iceia ytmtc n Ecology and Systematics Biochemical dpesadpie obnto eune sdi h rsn study present the in used sequences combination primer and Adapters utrayInternational Quaternary tde ngntcdvriyadcntuto ffigrrnigo anlaofficinalis Magnolia of fingerprinting of construction and diversity genetic on Studies 6 93-100. 26, , smoho villosa Psammochloa ai sibirica Larix dotn nvriyo Alberta. of University Edmonton: . 5-5,93-103. 353-355, , smoho villosa Psammochloa 57,733-737. 35(7), , 79,1711-1719. 37(9), , Mse Eco Eco n t eae pce oQaenr lmtcadacethistorical ancient and climatic Quaternary to species related its and OGN:McootWnosbsdfewr o ouaingenetic population for freeware Windows-based Microsoft POPGENE: -dpe 5’-AATTGGTACGCAGTCTAC-3’ 5’-CTCGTAGACTGCGTACC-3’ I-adapter R I-adapter R -dpe 5’-GACGATGAGTCCTGAG-3’ I-adapter lr fCia(o.13) (vol. China of Flora . 2() 99-107. 121(1), , caPyoclgc Sinica Phytoecologica Acta 4 316-325. 54, , ( ln yia uei eet ot China. North desert, in dune typical a along aua cecsEdition Sciences Natural 18 ora fHeredity of Journal atlsglomerata Dactylis epiimnaviculare Delphinium ejn:SinePesadMissouri and Press Science Beijing: . 95,730-739. 29(5), , hns ultno Botany of Bulletin Chinese ,2() 5-11. 20(3), ), 0() 184-195. 106(2), , aaoegah,Palaeocli- Palaeogeography, germplasm. Boreas pce ru tracks group species aieGooy& Geology Marine 92,215-232. 39(2), , Symbiosis caBotanica Acta rz sativa Oryza 19(4), , 73, , . . Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. oa 6412 - - - - 0.5761 0.4689 0.1088 0.2052 - 0.3316 0.2056 1.3229 - 1.9994 0.4961 (0.5806) 0.0592 0.5085 0.5020 (0.5885) 0.1134 0.7162 0.4958 0.1039 0.6442 0.4111 (0.5738) 0.1075 0.2085 3.3578 (0.5701) 3.2491 0.3857 0.4370 0.1132 0.2133 0.3358 - 0.6605 0.9996 - 0.5645 0.1122 0.1922 0.6033 0.3379 0.2091 0.4349 0.3402 0.0903 0.1992 0.3183 0.6219 0.4532 0.2131 1.3311 0.1083 0.1102 0.2073 0.3243 0.1926 0.6326 0.4457 0.1133 1.3445 2.0000 95.72 0.1918 0.1668 0.3369 0.1988 1.2898 0.4415 0.1127 0.2073 2.0000 - 0.3116 0.2656 0.2084 1.3060 2.0000 0.1173 0.2033 0.3367 0.1921 0.1668 69.5-501.5 1.3259 2.0000 0.2101 0.3251 0.2079 1.3001 1.2681 69.5-501.5 2.0000 0.3377 0.2030 1.3201 1.9710 1.7645 69.5-501.5 0.2118 1.3261 2.0000 (13-43) 98.61 Group2 of 69.5-501.5 1.3397 2.0000 Populations (1-12) 92.13 Group1 of 69.5-501.5 216 1.9950 Populations 99.07 1728 69.5-501.5 97.69 group Population 69.5-501.5 97.69 69.5-501.5 study 95.37 present the 92.13 3 Table 216 93.06 populations; within 216 diversity loci; 216 207 polymorphic 1654 h of percentage PPL, 216 Note. 216 216 216 Average 216 213 Total 199 E-AGG/M-CTT 214 E-AGC/M-CTG 211 E-ACG/M-CTC (bp) 211 E-ACC/M-CTA range Size 206 E-ACT/M-CAT (%) PPL 199 E-ACA/M-CAG band Amplification 201 E-AAG/M-CAC band E-AAC/M-CAA Polymorphism nuclear Selective study present the in (AFLP) phism 2 Table e’ eei diversity; genetic Nei’s , D-2 Sequence D-1 C-1 B-2 B-1 A-3 primer Name Preamplification primer amplification Selective A-2 primer amplification Selective A-1 primer primer Preamplification amplification Selective P02 P01 primer Preamplification M-R Primer eei iest,dffrnito aaees n etaiyts o 3ppltosof populations 43 for test neutrality and parameters, differentiation diversity, Genetic umr ttsisfregtslciepie obntoso mlfidfamn eghpolymor- length fragment amplified of combinations primer selective eight for statistics Summary I hno’ nomto index. information Shannon’s , G ST N h eei ieetainbtenpopulations; between differentiation genetic the , Mse Eco Mse Eco Mse Eco Mse Eco Mse Eco Mse Eco Mse Eco Mse Eco Mse Eco Mse a -G 5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCAGG-3’ 5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCAGC-3’ 5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCACG-3’ 5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCACC-3’ I-AGG R 5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCACT-3’ I-AGC R 5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCACA-3’ I-ACG R 5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCAAG-3’ I-ACC R 5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCAAC-3’ 5’-GACTGCGTACCAATTCA-3’ I-ACT R I-ACA R I-AAG R I-AAC R I R -T 5’-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACTT-3’ 5’-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACTG-3’ 5’-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACTC-3’ 5’-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACTA-3’ I-CTT 5’-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACAT-3’ I-CTG 5’-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACAG-3’ I-CTC 5’-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACAC-3’ I-CTA 5’-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAACAA-3’ 5’-GATGAGTCCTGAGTAAC-3’ I-CAT I-CAG I-CAC 5’-TACTCAGGACTCAT-3’ I-CAA I I-adapter N N e ,osre ubro alleles; of number observed a, H I h 19 H ,ttlgn diversity; gene total t, t N H ,eetv ubro alleles; of number effective e, s N H ,gn flow. gene m, G ,teaeaegene average the s, ST N .villosa P. a N Fu’s m N e in Fs H I h ( P Vle Tajima’s -Value) t D ( H P s -Value) G st N m Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 00-. 9.567.232.146.95162.5312 151.7425 111.2450 231.9056 421.6918 60.5905 60.2943 37.1570 74.2954 282.0408 29.3144 25.4776 30.2673 45.7149 54.3909 72.6263 65.9706 43.8207 111.8953 85.2601 793.9596 804.7547 2050s-8.5 845.8872 724.5804 2050s-2.6 532.4994 Present LGM ( LIG area Prediction Period 6 Table 21.49% Va 50.33831 4707.100 35.84% 5 1 Table level:** Significant variance; populations; total to relative 73.45887 groups 20586.257 Note. 42 (0.5804) 0.0744 groups Among (0.5702) 3.3274 groups variation SAMOVA of 0.5761 Source 0.4689 populations Among 0.1088 populations Total 0.2052 0.3316 Grouping 0.2056 for 1.3229 markers phism 1.9994 4 Table populations; between differentiation genetic index. information N populations All group Population ,osre ubro alleles; of number observed a, df s set1.7 8.3 40 1 2.4 7.2 Contribution/% 16.7 0.9 17.2 4.2 temp)) ( temp-min 7) (max 2/Bio monthly (Bio of Isothermality (mean range diurnal month Mean warmest 3 of Bio temperature Max 2 Bio Aspect month coldest 5 of Bio temperature Min variation) of Asp (coefficient seasonality Precipitation 6 quarter Bio coldest of Precipitation 15 Bio Slope 19 quarter Bio warmest of (bio5-bio6) Precipitation range Slop annual Temperature 18 Altitude Bio 7 Bio variable Environment Alt Code eut faaye fmlclrvrac AOA)bsdo mlfidfamn eghpolymor- length fragment amplified on based (AMOVAs) variance molecular of analyses of Results rdcino oeta utbedsrbto ra of areas distribution suitable potential of Prediction of contribution percent and modeling for used variables Environmental ere ffedm S u fsurs C ainecomponents; variance VC, squares; of sum SS, freedom; of degrees , nutbehbttPol utbehbttMdrtl utbehbttHgl utbehbttTtlsial habitat suitable Total habitat suitable Highly habitat suitable Moderately habitat suitable Poorly habitat Unsuitable .villosa P. H oa 0 24.2 234.25546 42546.724 209 204.95867 56.14% 42546.724 Vc 131.49980 209 21960.467 64.16% 167 22.38% 131.49980 21960.467 Vb 52.41736 167 15879.157 Total 41 populations Within groups within populations Among Total populations Within ,ttlgn diversity; gene total t, × 10 p 4 N N < F km a 0.001. ,eetv ubro alleles; of number effective e, SC 2 rdcinae ( area Prediction ) aineaogppltoswti groups; within populations among variance , N N e H × ,gn flow. gene m, ,teaeaegn iest ihnpopulations; within diversity gene average the s, 0)0.3 100) H I h 20 df × 10 .villosa P. SV ecn aito % iainindex Fixation (%) variation Percent VC SS 4 km h 2 e’ eei diversity; genetic Nei’s , rdcinae ( area Prediction ) ndffrn periods different in t H s .villosa P. F F CT ST G aineamong variance , ST × aineamong variance , 10 I 4 Shannon’s , km N G 2 Fu’s m rdcinae ( area Prediction ) ST the , Fs ( P F F F F Vle Tajima’s -Value) ST SC CT ST

=0.43865** =0.28501** =0.35841** × =0.21489** 10 4 km 2 rdcinae ( area Prediction ) D ( P -Value) × 10 4 km 2 ) Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. atItrGail(I)129 7.496.662914 .0230 95 241.92 46.97 (%) loci Polymorphic 59.04 16.09 19.77 59.56 60.79 16.09 40 Group2 of 40 Populations Group2 of Populations N Group2 of 60.73 Populations NMG Zuoqi, Alxa 60.76 41 Group2 NMG 42 of Zuoqi, Populations Alxa 22 43 43 60.85 NMG Banner, 243.02 Right Group2 Sonid 21 43 43 47.01 60.76 of 43 Populations NMG 42 Banner, 20 Zhenglan NMG Group2 Banner, of Right Populations Sonid 19 NMG NMG Voucher Banner, League, Group2 Abag 18 Xilingol of NMG Populations NMG Banner, Banner, Abag 17 Zhenglan Group2 59.24 of 43 NMG 16 Populations Hot, Xilin 16.17 42 43 Group2 40 of 15 43 Populations 19.79 NMG Banner, 40 Zhengxiangbai (m) NMG 1.10 Altitude Group2 16.17 Banner, Group1 of Left 0.04 of Populations 40 Sonid Populations NMG S1 Table Banner, Left NMG Sonid Banner, Group1 Left of Sonid Populations 40 NMG Banner, Dalad Group1 40 of NMG Populations Banner, Group2 14 (E) Dalad 269.1247 of Longitude 40 Populations NMG Group1 0.20 Banner, of 13 38 Dalad 52.2464 Populations 39 245.4964 Group2 NMG of 0.08 Banner, 151.7425 Populations Hanggin Group1 of NMG Populations 0.02 Banner, Average Hanggin NMG Group1 0.08 Banner, 12 of Hanggin Populations NMG Banner, (N) 11 66.2606 Hanggin Latitude Group1 of NMG 65.6820 Populations Banner, 10 67.6280 Uxin 17.9028 Group1 9 of Populations 21.9921 8 Group1 of 17.9028 Populations 7 270.3439 86.0193 Group1 6 of 60.2943 Populations 67.5632 52.2913 5 67.5910 4 67.6961 3 67.5910 Location Group1 2 of Populations ( 1.2193 Area 1 65.9030 Group1 of Populations 0.0449 17.9933 code 22.0181 Population 47.4650 17.9933 25.4776 S1 Table 0.2209 0.0905 8.5-2070 (RCP) pathway concentration Representative 8.5-2050 0.0261 (RCP) pathway concentration Representative 0.0905 2.6-2070 (RCP) pathway concentration Representative 2.6-2050 (RCP) pathway concentration Representative (LGM) Maximum 112.0121 Glacial Last (LIG) Glacial 65.9706 Inter Last scenario Climate 7 Table 710.9724 ( 804.7547 2070s-8.5 area Prediction 2070s-2.6 Period yai hne ntesial aia rafor area habitat suitable the in changes Dynamic (Continued) of samples for indices diversity genetic and Localities × 10 4 km ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 700 104 105 37’0.0” 107 18’39.0” 108 41’38.0” 112 42’0.0” 114 07’11.8” 115 18’0.0” 23’0.0” 116 39’0.0” 2 rdcinae ( area Prediction ) ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 21 500 26X u 8 4 67 .14123 .800.1224 0.1860 0.0791 0.0845 1.2039 0.1189 0.1273 0.8144 0.0924 1.1315 1.1442 36.70 0.1399 0.5320 0.0973 0.5979 5 0.1093 1.1557 21.83 0.1484 24.49 046 0.1164 0.1650 0.6663 18, 2 1.1624 Su, X. 3 0.1758 1.1846 27.33 050 0.6892 0.0924 16, 1276 Su, 049 1.1964 0.7328 5 X. 16, 29.63 0.1378 Su, X. 0.7757 31.74 027 1211 35’0.0” 18, 5 1.1604 Su, 1111 X. 34.04 5 53’35.9” 048 0.6360 16, 1323 Su, 5 038 00’7.9” X. 18, 25.70 Su, X. 036 1072 56’0.0” 18, 5 Su, X. 1079 54’23.5” 031 18, 1056 Su, 46’0.0” X. 00’0.0” 1111 10’0.0” osGi tbeTtlLs anSal Total Stable Gain Loss Total Stable Gain Loss .villosa P. × ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 800 116 115 114 114 38’0.0” 114 41’0.0” 113 111 110 33’20.9” 109 16’49.7” 108 26’4.1” 108 40’36.5” 108 11’57.4” 109 15’39.1” 109 20’25.8” 26’4.6” 12’19.5” 01’59.2” 20’37.8” 52’18.9” 10 4 × P.villosa km 10 4 2 ne ieetciaescenarios climate different under rdcinae ( area Prediction ) km 2 olce ntepeetstudy present the in collected ra( Area ) × 10 ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 900 13X u 8 2 21 .30119 .650.1113 0.1001 0.1245 0.1246 0.1087 0.1675 0.1214 0.1504 0.1180 0.1096 0.0884 0.1913 0.0988 0.1886 0.1089 0.1644 0.1010 1.1891 0.1074 0.1836 1.1707 0.1808 0.1086 0.1671 0.1335 1.2039 0.1477 1.2097 0.1646 1.1831 0.1519 0.7310 0.1626 1.2044 0.6820 1.1937 0.1646 1.1819 1.1496 0.8259 1.1703 0.7751 1.1843 0.7080 1.1725 1.1811 32.10 0.7678 28.60 0.7836 1.1827 0.7340 0.6270 39.00 0.6378 0.7092 36.64 0.6505 31.98 0.6983 35.61 0.7146 36.52 5 33.31 5 25.82 27.69 31.98 5 029 18, 29.08 Su, X. 026 31.74 18, 5 Su, X. 5 32.22 5 030 16, 5 Su, X. 5 038 16, Su, X. 5 039 16, Su, X. 5 043 16, Su, X. 5 029 1183 16, Su, X. 5 026 1321 16, 5 Su, X. 025 16, Su, X. 5 023 16, Su, X. 022 1211 16, Su, X. 021 39’0.0” 16, 1035 Su, 017 X. 16, Su, 59’0.0” X. 1112 013 16, 1010 Su, X. 1047 49’0.7” 1126 26’13.1” 1057 18’57.8” 1114 26’57.9” 1229 07’21.4” 1236 1314 00’43.1” 31’21.5” 1301 37’52.9” 29’11.4” 28’34.6” 00’5.9” 10’18.2” 4 × km 10 2 4 ra( Area ) km 2 rdcinae ( area Prediction ) × 10 4 km 2 ra( Area )

× 10 4 × km 10 2 4 rdcinae ( area Prediction ) km 2 rprino ra()Pooto fae % rprino ra()Pooto fae (%) area of Proportion (%) area of Proportion (%) area of Proportion (%) area of Proportion ) × 10 4 km 2 ) 26 .13114 .670.1100 0.1667 1.1848 0.7193 32.63 N a N e H I e Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 1 366 1.69P54.261454 5 222 116.5047 111.8059 115.9972 42.2025 106.4846 104.5833 42.2153 115.0315 42.2390 115.0207 40.4358 40.6167 115.9130 42.3289 115.5833 P57 42.3375 114.8169 P56 42.3414 115.8167 P55 42.5167 114.7415 P54 114.5646 42.5558 115.9457 P53 115.7574 42.6167 P52 114.5072 42.6363 P51 42.9256 112.9065 42.6736 P50 114.4681 43.0119 P49 112.9788 43.0613 P48 113.0000 43.1199 43.1523 P47 114.4370 43.2122 P46 116.6604 P35 43.2500 P45 113.0510 P34 43.2805 114.7667 P33 43.2909 114.8500 P32 111.9699 43.2973 115.0000 P31 116.1667 43.3000 P30 113.4500 43.3500 P29 43.6460 113.9785 43.3833 P28 113.4494 43.6500 P27 116.3167 43.6667 P26 117.0000 43.6749 43.6768 P25 113.7815 43.6833 P24 113.6554 P13 43.7000 P23 116.0704 P12 43.7481 113.9219 P11 43.8576 116.9779 (E) P10 43.9390 119.7292 Longitude P9 44.0894 (N) Latitude P8 45.5126 code Population P7 49.2126 (E) P6 Longitude P5 (N) Latitude P4 code Population P3 (E) Longitude P2 (N) P1 Latitude code Population Gansu. GS, S2 Table Shaanxi. SX, Neimenggu; NMG, Ningxia; NX, heterozygosity. expected loci; 39 N 38 NMG Banner, Otog 38 NMG Banner, 37 Otog 37 NMG Banner, Uxin Average NMG 37 Banner, Uxin 43 SX County, Jingbian 42 38 NMG 37 Ordos, 41 38 NX County, Lingwu 40 NX City, 38 Zhongwei 39 NX Xian, Pingluo 38 NMG 37 Zuoqi, Alxa 36 35 39 34 39 S1 39 Table NMG Zuoqi, Alxa 38 39 NMG Zuoqi, 33 Alxa 38 39 GS County, Minqin 32 39 GS District, Liangzhou 31 40 GS District, Liangzhou 30 40 NMG Youqi, Alxa 29 39 NMG Youqi, Alxa 28 43 NMG Youqi, 27 Alxa NMG Youqi, Alxa 26 NMG Youqi, Alxa 25 NMG Youqi, Alxa 24 NMG 23 Hot, Xilin 15 ubro niiul;plmrhclc,tepretg flc htaeplmrhcoto oa 1654 total of out polymorphic are that loci of percentage the loci, polymorphic individuals; of number , N ,osre ubro alleles; of number observed a, oaiiso 5 eod sdfrncemodeling niche for used records 155 of Localities (Continued) ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 100 108 108 01’0.0” 108 53’0.0” 108 22’8.1” 47’56.7” 108 108 40’52.2” 106 46’46.0” 104 07’9.8” 105 25’29.1” 47’0.0” 105 57’43.2” N 012 105 104 40’1.2” 103 16’0.0” 103 08’0.0” 102 13’0.0” 102 06’0.0” 102 21’24.6” 22’11.8” 102 103 24’26.3” 103 01’0.0” 104 07’49.5” 59’0.0” 116 39’0.0” ,eetv ubro alleles; of number effective e, ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° 000 38X u 8 1 42 .15120 .790.1771 0.1113 0.2709 0.0858 0.1686 1.2908 0.1307 1.1877 1.1155 0.0867 1.1436 0.7545 54.29 0.1326 0.1180 0.6288 32.95 5 1.1438 0.1210 0.1793 26.00 5 017 18, 0.6348 0.1230 0.1860 1.1984 Su, X. 5 019 0.1364 18, 26.78 0.1878 1.1990 0.7696 Su, X. 1358 010 0.1173 0.2102 16, 5 1.2046 0.8277 35.49 Su, X. 1371 0.1774 1.2226 00’0.0” 008 0.8150 38.15 5 16, 1286 0.0891 Su, 1.1977 0.9256 X. 18’0.0” 37.61 5 007 16, 0.1338 Su, 0.7878 43.35 1254 40’6.3” X. 5 005 16, 1.1523 Su, 34.40 5 42’39.3” X. 1328 003 16, 0.6161 Su, 5 001 X. 1344 50’23.5” 16, Su, X. 25.45 015 1227 08’31.4” 18, Su, X. 1707 5 30’57.8” 1179 052 16, 40’5.0” Su, X. 31’0.0” 1458 39’16.3” 22 21.”12 .S,1,0151.3051 .39016 0.0796 0.1120 0.1163 0.1133 0.1689 0.1283 1.1359 0.1719 1.1890 0.1952 0.5012 0.1037 1.1896 0.7557 1.2138 19.23 0.1572 0.7787 32.47 0.8507 5 0.1020 1.1744 33.62 5 38.63 051 0.1016 0.1544 16, Su, 0.7195 5 013 0.1037 X. 18, 5 0.1519 1.1728 Su, X. 30.83 006 0.1244 0.1567 1025 18, 004 1.1751 0.7104 Su, 18, X. 1241 Su, 5 0.1885 1.1759 X. 42’12.8” 0.6560 30.29 0.1043 1311 002 0.1109 1.2092 0.6911 1459 57’0.0” 18, 28.54 5 0.1601 Su, X. 0.1677 0.8295 30.53 40’0.0” 5 059 1.1709 0.0924 16, 1498 Su, 1.1862 37.00 5 X. 18’0” 058 0.7213 0.1378 16, Su, 0.7515 5 057 X. 1560 59’0.0” 16, 32.53 1.1604 Su, X. 32.47 008 1570 06’58.9” 18, 5 0.6360 Su, X. 1457 5 12’52.1” 054 25.70 16, 1403 Su, 011 X. 22’1.8” 18, 5 Su, X. 1430 53’0.0” 031 18, 1243 Su, 58’20.7” X. 12’0.0” 1111 10’0.0” I hno’ nomto index; information Shannon’s , 20 .32111 .600.1082 0.1640 1.1817 0.7322 32.02 H e, Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 1 360 1.50P94.391260 6 103 107.0604 107.0022 101.0528 116.2064 41.0834 41.6939 41.9569 S2 41.9912 Table P61 P60 P59 P58 112.6404 114.6434 114.5676 42.7329 89.1928 42.7698 42.8345 42.8632 P39 P38 P37 P36 115.6500 115.3333 113.3760 (E) Longitude 43.6000 116.6500 (N) Latitude 43.6167 code 43.6281 S2 Population Table 43.6333 (E) Longitude (N) Latitude P17 code Population P16 (E) Longitude P15 (N) P14 Latitude code Population (Continued) (Continued) 153.911870 103.451499 153.9497.8869 35.9944 98.1000 P155 104.9383 102.8363 36.3000 104.9394 37.4426 104.6681 37.3636 P154 106.3286 37.4445 P151 37.4248 P153 102.9000 104.8136 37.9761 P150 107.3913 P152 108.3090 37.5000 102.8667 38.0306 P141 108.7109 37.7769 108.8399 37.6789 P149 38.0333 P140 105.7319 102.9833 37.7991 P146 37.6812 P148 107.9943 P139 109.1717 38.8642 103.1667 38.1000 P145 P147 102.6068 37.9212 108.3000 38.8719 P116 106.5161 38.1167 P138 108.7709 37.9318 P144 38.8833 P115 109.9729 109.0588 38.1194 P137 105.5167 37.9567 P143 P114 109.9558 39.8141 103.3000 38.1799 P136 108.1333 38.9167 P142 104.2000 39.8203 109.7000 38.2167 P135 107.8719 38.9333 P113 P91 39.9833 38.3000 P134 105.6545 38.9463 P112 103.8833 109.7580 P90 P133 108.0000 38.9620 P111 108.4763 40.0167 103.2833 38.3282 P89 108.0956 39.0167 P110 103.9141 40.0331 38.3667 P132 P88 105.6553 39.0962 P109 103.9500 40.0634 P131 109.0366 P87 38.5304 P108 109.0196 40.0833 103.6667 39.1129 P86 P130 104.0500 40.0943 39.1333 P107 P85 101.6601 40.1167 P106 110.5000 P84 39.2078 110.7404 40.1333 P83 P105 40.1975 P82 108.4865 P81 40.2054 P80 7 027 0.19P0 926 0.00P2 860 108.7667 108.8343 38.6000 106.5652 38.6106 P129 108.9262 38.6269 P128 103.7000 108.9333 38.6410 P127 104.9500 39.2167 105.8017 38.6500 P126 104.9000 39.2667 P104 109.1013 38.6650 P125 109.0016 39.3333 P103 105.9169 38.7392 110.1787 P124 102.0119 39.3438 P102 109.9507 40.2379 P123 105.5167 38.7566 110.1672 39.3476 P101 110.0120 40.2431 P79 105.6476 38.7833 P122 99.8179 39.3616 P100 109.9427 40.2609 P78 38.8330 P121 102.3672 39.3771 99.6144 109.9368 40.2884 P77 P99 P120 102.7500 39.4073 105.6981 38.8367 40.3055 P76 P98 105.8933 103.0403 39.4333 105.7036 38.8380 P119 P75 P97 107.0029 40.3108 107.3821 39.6281 38.8535 P118 108.7794 P96 107.0045 40.3252 P74 104.5031 40.7418 P117 105.7036 39.6630 P95 106.9958 40.3256 P73 107.4222 40.7458 P66 108.7000 39.6670 109.5226 40.3366 P72 P94 40.7619 107.4050 P65 115.9833 39.8000 40.3405 P71 P93 109.3359 40.7791 P64 108.9333 42.6833 107.1434 P70 P92 104.7167 40.3817 114.7319 42.7000 P63 40.8836 P44 110.0001 40.3833 P69 42.7028 116.0833 P43 114.3161 40.3882 P68 P62 42.7167 P42 115.0833 43.4345 P67 112.6501 114.1718 43.4667 P22 P41 42.7293 43.5154 P21 113.2569 P40 P20 43.5491 115.7500 P19 43.5833 P18 23 Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. iue9 Figure 8 Figure 7 Figure China representing 6 Figure individuals codedgroupingaccordingtothestructureanalysisforthemodelwith 2 210 URErunswhereinferredcluster RUCT likelihoodprobabilitiesthroughST 5 of Figure respectively 2, for Group markers and polymorphism 1 length Group fragment represent yellow and 4 Figure red of Lines distances. Jaccard’s using genetic polymorphism length 3 codes) fragment Figure population amplified for using S1 obtained Figure matrix (see similarity distance genetic the from analysis 2 Figure 2 Group 1 Figure legends Figure K K K K K K K K K K dataset AFLP the on based S3 Table A;B, CAA; S2 Figure constructed clusters niches two pseudo the of S1 of pairs Figure points from occurrence The obtained of similarities clusters. resampling of niche random pair of corresponding by distribution the for the points represent occurrence histograms between similarity niche observed the represents of populations iueS3 Figure -CTC; whereuniquecolorscorrespondtoassignmentatdifferentclusters , 1 1 ,3 ,5 )(,8 ,1,1,1)(3 1,1,1,1)(8 0 1 4 6 3 1,2)(3 2 5 2 3 2,2,2,2,3,3)(4 3,3,3,3,4,4)02620.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.23612 0.23153 0.00000 0.00000 0.23024 41) 0.22780 0.22549 0.00000 40, 43) 39, 0.00000 (42, 38, 0.22777 41) 0.00000 41) 37, 40, 40, (36, 0.23078 0.00000 39, 39, (34) 38, 38, 0.23429 31) 37, 37, 43) 30, 0.21489 (36, (36, 42, 29, (19) 31) 35, 28, 43) ) 30, 32, 27, 42, 34 29, (23, (25, 41, 33, 28, (19) 43) 40, 31, 27, 41) 42, 39, (15) 30, (25, 40, 35, 38, 43) 29, 43) 39, 32, 37, 42, 28, 42, 38, (23, 36, 41, 43) 27, 35, 37, 22) 35, 40, 42, 26, 32, 36, (19, 34, 39, 41, 25, (23, 34, 33) 33, 38, 40, 43) 24, 34) 33, 26, 32, 37, 39, 42, 22, 33, 31, 24, 31, 36, 38, 41, 20,21, 26, 30, 21, 30, 35, 37, 40, (18, 24, 29, 20, 29, 34, 36, 39, 43) 35) 21, 28, (18, 28, 33, 35, 38, 42, 32, (20, 27, 17) 27, 32, 34, 37, 41, (23, ) 26, 16, 26, 31, 33, 36, 40, 17) 22 25, 15, 25, 30, 32, 35, 39, 16, 19, 24, (14, 24, 29, 31, 34, 38, 15, 18, 22, (13) 23, 28, 30, 33, 37, (14, 17, 21, 12) 22, 27, 29, 32, 36, (13) 16, 20, 11, 21, 26, 28, 31, 35, 12) 15, (18, 10, 20, 25, 27, 30, 34, 11, (14, 17) 9, 19, 24, 26, 29, 33, 10, (13) 16, 8, (18, 23, 25, 28, 32, 9, 12) 15, (7, 17) 22, 24, 27, 31, 8, 11, (14, 6) 16, 21, 23, 26, 30, (7, 10, (13) 5, 15, 20, 22, 25, 29, 6) 9, 12) 4, (14, 19, 21, 24, 28, 5, 8, 11, 3, (13) 18, 20, 23, 27, 4, (7, 10, 2, 12) 17, 19, 22, 26, 3, 6) 9, (1, 11, 16, 18, 21, 25, 2, 5, 8, 10, 14, 17, 20, 24, (1, 4, (7, 9, (13, 16, 19, 23, 3, 6) 8, =10 12) 15, 18, 22, 2, 5, (7, 11, 14, 17, 21, (1, 4, ) 10, (13, 16, 20, 3, 6 (9, =9 12) 15, 19, 2, 5, 8) 11, 14, 18, (1, 4, (7, 10, (13, 17, 3, 6) (9, =8 12) 16, 2, 5, 8) 11, 15, (1, 4, (7, 10, 14, 3, 6) 9, =7 (13, 2, 5, 8, 12) (1, 4, (7, 11, 3, 6) 10, =6 2, 5, 9, (1, 4, 8, 3, 6,7, =5 2, 5, (1, 4, 3, =4 2, (1, =3 =2 G, E ouaingrouping Population w-iesoa lto h rnia oriaeaayi Po)bsdo aito famplified of variation on based (PCoA) analysis coordinate principal the of plot two-dimensional A egbrNtsltntokof network split Neighbor-Net edormof Dendrogram pta hfsfor shifts Spatial of distribution climatic suitable Present oetal utbeciai itiuinof distribution climatic suitable Potentially E eut ftenceiett test. niche-identity the of Results -AAG/ F orlto fMne etbtengorpi itneand distance geographic between test Mantel of Correlation oaiiso ru rd,Gop2(elw ape of sampled (yellow) 2 Group (red), 1 Group of Localities h enACo h etsmlsof samples test the of AUC mean The loecnl-aee FP eeae sn ieetpie combinations. primer different using generated AFLPs Fluorescently-labeled -AGC/ CT .villosa P. ausfrdffrn ubr fpplto rus( groups population of numbers different for values M eut fteBysa lseigaayi nSTRUCTURE in analysis clustering Bayesian the of Results M CC C, -CAC; -CTG; ; .villosa P. B, .villosa P. H, atlts rmppltoso ru 1; Group of populations from test Mantel E -ACA/ E -AGG/ eeae yuwihe argopmto nlss(PM)cluster (UPGMA) analysis method group pair unweighted by generated ne lmt hnescenarios change climate under .villosa P. M CG D, -CAG; M .villosa P. -CTT A, .villosa. P. Schoener’s ae napie rgetlnt oyopimdataset polymorphism length fragment amplified on based .villosa P. .villosa P. 24 E seFgr 1frpplto codes) population for S1 Figure (see .villosa P. -ACT/ D ae nteMxn model MaxEnt the on based nChina in M ; ne ieetciaecag cnro in scenarios change climate different under CT E, -CAT; B, K ; 2 = C, Warren’s .villosa P. K Geographicoriginfrom C, nerdb AOAalgorithm SAMOVA by inferred ) ( A, E K F atlts rmppltosof populations from test Mantel ) K -ACC/ rangedfromonetoten ST valuesfromthemeanlog I ntepeetstudy present the in . h ro nec panel each in arrow The . A, M atlts rm43 from test Mantel -CTA; A, F, E 43 E populationsof -AAC/ ; -ACG/ B, Estimatedgeneticclusteringfor M M − - .villosa P. andtheircolor K − = F CT P value Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 25 Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 26 Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 27 Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 28 Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 29 Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 30 Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 31 Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 32 Posted on Authorea 18 Feb 2021 — The copyright holder is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse without permission. — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.161362620.02434922/v1 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 33