Fisheries Resource Management That Maximizes the Value of Ecosystem Services

2013/7/23

Fisheries resource management that maximizes the value of ecosystem services

Hiroyuki Matsuda (Yokohama Nat’l Univ),

Overview

V Requiem to Maximum Sustainable Yield theory V Adaptive management is useful for uncertain, dynamic stocks, but… V Yield is a small part of ecosystem services V MS Ecosystem Services is more prudent and enhance biodiversity V To ecosystem comanagement V Comprehensive indicator of biodiversitya

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Requiem to Maximum Sustainable Yield Theory

V Ecosystems are uncertain, non-equilibrium and complex. V MSY theory ignores all the three. n

V Does MSY theory o i t c

guarantee species u d o r

persistence? p s u

- No!! l p r u s Stock abundance3

Unconstrained MSY that maximizes the total yield from the community (Matsuda & Abrams 2006 Ecol Appl) 6 V dN/dt = (r – C.N – e)N, Y = e.(pN – c) 5 4 V We choose fishing effort ei independently; V Random interaction C between spp. 3

V 6-species systems including 2 prey 1 2 V random matrix with 50% probabilities; V Cost per effort is c. V we seek r having a positive equilibrium; V price p is 0-1 for prey, 0-10 for predators 4

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Examples of biological community at MSY (Matsuda & Abrams 2006 Ecol. Appl.)

Solution maximizing total yield from community MSY solution often reduces species and links; (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

6 6 6 6 4 5 6 4 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

Conclusion of MSY from food web (Matsuda & Abrams 2006 Ecol. Appl.)

V MSY theory does not guarantee coexistence of non-target species; V Fisheries must take care of biodiversity conservation explicitly; = Foodweb constraint to reconciling fisheries with conservation e.g., Consider ecosystem services!

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Overview

V Requiem to MS Yield theory V Adaptive management is useful for uncertain, dynamic stocks, but… V Yield is a small part of ecosystem services V MS Ecosystem Services is more prudent and enhance biodiversity V To ecosystem comanagement V Comprehensive indicator of biodiversity

Rules of fishing effort that depend on the estimate of stock abundance

F Constant escapement

t 0.8 i l a t r

o 0.6 ABC rule m

g n

i 0.4 h s

i Constant catch F 0.2

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Estimate of stock abundance N 8

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Merits of adaptive stock management

V Constant harvest (CH) amount will drive stock collapse, even CH ratio too V Constant escapement results in a huge variation of catch and vulnerable to stock measurement errors. V Adaptive management (“ABC rule”) results in more stable catch, is robust against measurement & process errors, but is vulnerable for species interaction. 9

If prey is exploited and fishing effort is feedback control, ... (Matsuda & Abrams in press, J.Theor.Biol.) P §· fCN dP/dt=0 dN r¨¸1N N P qCEN ¨¸ dt ©¹K 1hCN

dN/dt=0 ½ dP °°bfCN ®¾dgPP dt °°1hCN ¯¿ no adaptation (C is constant) dE/dt = U(N-N*) predator P fishery E N sardine N 10

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Toward ecosystem approach (Matsuda & Abrams in press, J.Theor.Biol.)

V Single stock monitoring is dangerous V Target stock level is much more sensitive than we have considered in single stock models. V We must monitor not only stock level of target species, but also the “entire” ecosystem.

Overview

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䠄MA2005) Ecosystem services and well-being

2006/5/22 13

Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital

V Goods (Resource of Agriculture etc.) V Ecosystem services (Air, Water) V Amenity, and intrinsic values are estimated to be in US$16-54 trillion per year, most of which is outside the market

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Overview

Ecosystem services V(N, C)

V V(N, C) = Y(C) – cE + S(N)

V Provisional Service (Fisheries Yield) … Y(C) V Fishing Cost… cE V Utility of standing biomass… S(N) V C… catch; E… fishing effort; N… stock biomass

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Regulating services S(N)= SfN2/(B2+N2)

(Sf, B) = (100,10)

(Sf, B) = (50,50)

Stock abundance N

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Regulating services S(N)= SfN2/(B2+N2)

(Sf, B) = (100,10)Maximum Sustainable Yield

Unsustainable (Sf, B) = (50,50) Fisheries No take zone

Stock abundance N

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Mathematics

V Stock dynamics … dN/dt = (r – aN)N – C, V Catch and yield … C = qEN, Y(C) = pqEN, V Regulating service … S(N) = SfN2/(B2+N2), V Equilibrium … N*(E) = (r – qE)/a V Service at N* … V*(E) = pqEN* – cE + S(N*)

V Optimal effort Eopt satisfies that wV*/wE = 0 V Maximum Sustainable Ecosystem Service 2 Eopt = (pqr – ac)/2pq

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Maximum Sustainable Ecosystem Service

(Sf, B) = (100,10) Stock abundance N

(Sf, B) = (50,50)

(Sf, B) = (0,-)

Fishing effort E 20 2008/3/2 20

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MSY vs MSES with process uncertainties (Matsuda et al. 2008, 5th WFC)

1000 MSY 0.6 C

h E c

t t r a 0.4 o c

f f d e n 500 a g

n i N

0.2 h k s i c f o t S 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1000 MSES 0.6 C

h E c

t t r a 0.4 o c

f f d e n 500 a g

n i N

0.2 h k s i c f o t S 0 0 21 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 year

MSES from food webs (Matsuda et al. 2008, 5th WFC)

V Community dynamics …

dNi/dt = (ri + ËajiNj – qiEi)Ni

V Yield from foodweb… Y(E) = ËEi(piqiNi – ci)

V Total ecosystem services...V(E) = Y(E) + ËSi(Ni) f 2 2 2 V Si(Ni) = Si Ni /(Bi +Ni )

V We obtained EMSES Ĺ Y(E) and EMSY ĹV(E)

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3 4 15 30 (a) (b) (c) (d) 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5

4 4 4 4

3 3 3 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

(e) (f) (g) (h) 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 5

4 4 4 4

3 3 3 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 23 2 2008/3/2 23

Resultant food webs and fishing efforts from 1000 randomly constructed six species systems (Matsuda et al. 2008, 5th WFC) No. of No. of extant No. of No of extant No of exploited species species using exploited species using species using MSY policy species using MSES policy MSES policy MSY policy 0 0 0 0 9

1 0 204 0 96

2 206 792 13 318

3 531 4 43 337

4 236 0 31 201

5 25 0 8 35

6 2 0 905 4

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MSES saves fishing efforts (Matsuda et al. 2008, 5th WFC) 100%

80% Y

S 60% M Y / S E S

M 40% Y Ban-on-Fishing 20%

0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

YMSY/VMSES 25 2008/3/2 25

Overview

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12 Principles of Ecosystem Approach of CBD 1. The objectives … are a matter of societal choice. 2. Management should be decentralized to the lowest …level. 3. ... managers should consider …adjacent …ecosystems. 4. … usually …manage …in an economic context. Any such ecosystem-management programme should: 5. Conservation of ecosystem structure and functioning… should be a priority target of the ecosystem approach. 6. Ecosystem …managed within the limits of their functioning. 7. … undertaken at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales. 8. Recognizing the varying temporal scales and lag-effects…, objectives …should be set for the long term. 9. Management must recognize the change is inevitable. 10. The ecosystem approach should seek the appropriate balance between… conservation and use of biological diversity. 11. …should consider all…, including scientific and indigenous and local knowledge, innovations and practices. 12. …involve all relevant sectors of society and …disciplines.27

Fishers can monitor “their” marine ecosystem

V Monitoring activities are critically important to increase the yield Y(E) and to sustain the utility of standing biomass S(N). Government should play an important role in these monitoring activities. However, in reality, it is almost impossible for the government to monitor all the detailed ecosystems along the coast and within exclusive economic zones (EEZ). Therefore, the knowledge of fishers and data from fishery activities should be fully utilized. V The Ecosystem Approach is a social strategy that links biological, social and economic information, and aims to achieve a socially acceptable balance between nature conservation and the use and sharing of benefits from ecosystems.

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Coastal Foodweb at Shiretoko Heritage

Most of keystone species are caught and recorded by local fishers org.s! Sustainable fisheries play roles of “umbrella species” like top predators!

29 29 Draft food web by SC

Fisheries catch statistics in Shiretoko Area

Very informative time-series data for s n o t monitoring the changes in ecosystem structure/functions

30 30 Made by Mitsutaku Makino

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Reality of MSES

V Our analyses also indicate that yield-maximizing fisheries would invoke the loss of a significant fraction of species in the web. It will inevitably lead to the degradation of S(N), and easily set off the benefit from Y(C), and ultimately reduce the total ecosystem services, V(E). V To avoid these situations, government has to monitor the rest of the ecosystem, and regulate the yield-maximizing fisheries in a top-down way. The reality is, again, these costs would be beyond the budget of many countries, especially developing countries. To sum up the above discussions, yield-maximizing, economically-efficient fisheries are rational for enjoying fishery rent, but not always so in sustaining total ecosystem services for society. 31

Fishers’ knowledge may sustain ecosystems

V From the viewpoint of sustaining ecosystem services, we encourage responsible fisheries targets for a wide range of species with a variety of gear. V Local fishers often have accumulated the catch data of these species for over 50 years. Responsible fisheries can significantly contribute to the sustainability of ecosystem services if we evaluate the catch data. V A fisheries management approach in which government and local fishers share the responsibilities and authorities for the use of sustainable resource is called fisheries comanagement, the strongest argument against the conventional top-down approach (Makino and Matsuda 2005). 32

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Voluntary Activities (1)

Local legend says Forestation activities by local people “Forests are the roots of coastal fish” (http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/hkyubetsu/sigen.htm) (http://www.jf-net.ne.jp/amhiranaigyokyo/)

Conclusion

V Responsible fisheries may play roles of umbrella species that use a small part of healthy ecosystem services, and give many data of utilized resources… V Fishing efforts that maximizes the total ecosystem services are usually much smaller than those for maximum sustainable yield.

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