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The Case of Little Kurdistan

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The Case of Little Kurdistan A Minority Community United in Diaspora: The Case of Little Kurdistan By: Natasha J. Torrens December 11, 2016 Writing 293 Professor Sachelle Ford Torrens 1 Just south of Nashville’s city center, a little-known diasporic community of refugees and their descendants thrives. Known locally as “Little Kurdistan,” the collection of shops, homes, restaurants, and mosque on Nolensville Pike form the center of a community of Kurdish refugees that has remained incredibly tight-knit in diaspora. The largest ethnic group without a state to call their own, the Kurds are estimated to number over 30 million.1 Despite facing incidences of oppression and persecution both at home, in the area known as Kurdistan, as well as within many communities worldwide, the Kurdish diaspora continues to thrive in cities across Europe, Asia, and North America. Spread throughout the Middle East and the world, Kurdish culture is exceptionally diverse—no more so than in Nashville, where four distinct waves of refugees have settled in the past 50 years. This study seeks to shed light on an enduring question in migration research: What keeps a minority community together in diaspora? Little Kurdistan is a tightly woven community dedicated to maintaining cultural traditions and legacies in diaspora. Based on research involving the Kurdish community in Nashville, Tennessee, I argue that this minority community in diaspora relies on a symbolic and literal community center to bring together the population through maintenance of cultural norms and traditions. Background The term ‘Kurdistan’ refers to the geographic area spanning parts of Turkey, Syria, northern Iraq, Armenia, and northwestern Iran, where the Kurdish people are a majority population.2 Kurdish groups have made scattered attempts at the creation of an independent Kurdish state since the beginning of the 20th century, though these attempts have been thus far unsuccessful. Kurdish immigration to Nashville can be roughly defined by four separate waves 1 "The Kurdish Diaspora." Institutkurde.org. Accessed December 11, 2016. http://www.institutkurde.org/en/kurdorama/. 2 "Who Are the Kurds?" BBC News. March 14, 2016. Accessed December 12, 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29702440. Torrens 2 of migration taking place in 1976, 1979, 1991-1992, and 1996-1997.3 Those who came first forged new paths for others to follow, by starting businesses, making connections with local government, and developing the beginnings of a community just south of Nashville’s city center. Despite differing national and linguistic origins, Little Kurdistan has remained tightly knit. Members of the community emphasize their commitment to helping new immigrants settle into the community in any way possible. Following the first wave of migration, the Kurdish community in Nashville was dedicated to providing support, financial or otherwise, to Little Kurdistan’s newest residents. The first wave of migration to Nashville in 1976 consisted primarily of Iraqi Kurds escaping persecution from Saddam Hussein following a failed rebellion attempt beginning in 1974.4 Hundreds of thousands of Kurds fled Iraq after promised international support failed to materialize. Of these refugees, a portion were brought to the United States for resettlement. Refugee resettlement at this point was facilitated by the Catholic Charities of Tennessee.5 After the group was initially received at nearby Fort Campbell army base, they were resettled permanently in Nashville. Though the community was placed in Nashville with little autonomous choice, the site had many benefits to the Kurdish immigrants. Many of those I interviewed mentioned Nashville’s natural similarity to the climate and landscape of Kurdistan, reminding them of the home they left behind. Nashville, and the mountainous areas surrounding Knoxville, “geographically resemble parts of Kurdistan,”6 while the drier weather reminds most 3 "Nashville's Growing Community of Kurdish Americans." Thekurdishproject.org. June 8, 2015. Accessed December 11, 2016. http://thekurdishproject.org/latest-news/us-kurdish-relations/nashville-growing-community-of- kurdish-americans/. 4 "Timeline: Saddam Hussein's Iraq." Almanac of Policy Issues. October 2002. Accessed December 11, 2016. http://www.policyalmanac.org/world/archive/iraq_timeline.shtml. 5 Campbell, Monica. "Touring a Kurdish Capital in the US." BBC News. August 29, 2014. Accessed December 11, 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28891241. 6 "Little Kurdistan 2." Interview by author. August 6, 2016. Torrens 3 of the climate back home. In addition, Nashville’s economy at the time was in an economic boom, and many refugees were able to quickly find entry-level jobs. In subsequent generations, Kurdish immigrants have been able to economically advance in Nashville, becoming business owners and holding professional jobs similar to those they held back in Kurdistan. Though refugees trickled in consistently following the initial wave, a distinct second wave of resettlement occurred in 1979, predominantly from Iran. Kurds in this wave of migration sought refuge from the aftermath of the Iranian revolution and establishment of an Islamic theocratic constitution in April of 1979.7 Under the promise of persecution from the newly empowered Ayatollah Khomeini, thousands of Kurds fled the country. Those who were resettled in Nashville received aid and support from members of the previous wave. During one interview, a participant talked about coming from Kurdistan and having nothing upon arrival in America. Yet due to the generosity of those who had come before, he was able to quickly find a job and begin learning English. In return, he helps those who’ve come after, because “we didn’t have nothing, and now we have everything, so we have to [help each other].”8 The final two waves of migration to Nashville were followed closely by the next wave in the 1990s. This third wave consisted primarily of refugees seeking shelter from the genocidal Anfal campaign in Iraq,9 representing the largest single wave of migration to the Nashville community. The violent campaign in Iraq left heavy scars on those who escaped it, and significantly impacted their experiences upon arrival in America. Members of the community spoke about dealing with the emotional trauma following migration while simultaneously attempting to adapt to life in America. Memories of violence and oppression remain on the 7 Wnptvideos. Little Kurdistan | Next Door Neighbors | NPT. June 02, 2009. Accessed December 11, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rWS0TqtpVSc&t=1s. 8 "Little Kurdistan 4." Interview by author. August 7, 2016. 9 Rogg, Inga, and Hans Rimscha. "The Kurds as Parties to and Victims of Conflicts in Iraq." International Review of the Red Cross 89, no. 868 (December 2007). doi:10.1017/s1816383108000143. Torrens 4 surface in Little Kurdistan. Much of the community is involved in efforts to provide aid and support for Kurdish fighters and communities back in Kurdistan. Following this wave, the final wave of migration occurred around 1996 and came also predominantly from Iraq, but in this case the refugees consisted of those seeking asylum from violent and political conflicts between the Kurdistan Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan political parties.10 Also of note are the experiences of the second generation in Little Kurdistan: those who have grown up in a community acting as an oasis of Kurdish culture in the midst of the American South. Interviews showed that while most members of the second generation have grown up speaking Kurdish at home and participating in Kurdish cultural traditions, their experiences in the American public school system and society have impacted the formation of their cultural and ethnic identity. One interview was conducted with a second generation Kurdish-American teen, who felt that although Kurdistan was ultimately her homeland, she considered Nashville to be home as well. At the same time, however, she noted that Little Kurdistan has remained unique from the city surrounding it. She remarked that with her American friends, she “always feel[s] like there’s a difference,”11 due to the close and interconnected nature of the Kurdish community there. The experiences of those who came in different waves of migration to Nashville and those who were born and raised in America provide interpretations of the culture of Little Kurdistan that raise interesting similarities and differences. Literature Review There has been a dearth of critical research on the Kurdish community in Nashville, despite its size and prominence in the North American Kurdish landscape. Most writing done on Little Kurdistan is expository in nature, and tends to take the structure of short-form news 10 Ibid. 11 "Little Kurdistan 3." Interview by author. August 7, 2016. Torrens 5 articles explaining a local point of interest. Prior to 2009, very little had been written on the community as a whole; however, after the release of a Nashville Public Television broadcast in that year entitled “Next Door Neighbors: Little Kurdistan,”12 the community began to gain a higher profile in the Nashville area. Newspaper and magazine articles written about the community tend to focus on the institutions that make up the area—the community center, the Azadi International Market, and local shops. In the past year, members of the community have also begun to organize short tours of the Kurdish businesses for local Nashville residents,13 in the hopes of fostering greater understanding and appreciation
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