Polaitíocht Na Gaeilge in Éirinn Faoi Rialtas Shasana Agus Na Breataine

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Polaitíocht Na Gaeilge in Éirinn Faoi Rialtas Shasana Agus Na Breataine 100 Polaitíocht na Gaeilge in Éirinn faoi Rialtas Shasana agus na Breataine of asserting your identity.”2 Dúirt uachtarán Sinn Féin, Gerry Adams, ÀFKHEOLDLQyVKLQ“that the restoration of our culture must be a crucial part Barra Ó Donnabháin Symposium: of our struggle, and… the restoration of the Irish language must be a central part of the cultural struggle.” Agus dúirt Máirtín Ó Chadhain, Ollamh i gColáiste na Tríonóide i mBaile Átha Cliath, “Tosóidh athghabháil Polaitíocht na Gaeilge in Éirinn na h-Éireann le hathghabháil na Gaeilge.”3 Tá athbheochan na teanga láidir, go háirithe sna ceantair faoi Rialtas Shasana agus na phoblachtacha in iarthar Bhéal Feirste agus i dtuisceart Bhéal Feirste; i mBóthar Ghairbh Achaidh i bPort an Dúnáin; agus i dTaobh an Breataine Bhogaidh i nDoire Cholm Cille. Mar shampla, ar mhúrmhaisiú Seán Ó Cathail amháin in Ard Eoin i dtuisceart Bhéal Feirste, feictear scoil chois claí nó scoil ghairid. Bíonn daoine áirithe ag gearán faoi sin, faoin cheangal idir an náisiúnachas/poblachtachas agus athbheochan na Gaeilge. Dúirt scoláire Protastúnach ón Tuaisceart, Every time [Gerry Adams] opens his mouth he puts a nail in the FRIÀQRI WKHODQJXDJHIRUWKH3URGV,NQRZDJX\«ZKR·VUHDOO\ interested in Irish, and the other day Gerry Adams said something in á ceangal láidir idir athbheochan na teanga Gaeilge agus an ,ULVKDQGKHVD\V´7KDW·VLWµ+H·VÀQLVKHG«WKH\·UHXVLQJWKH,ULVK 1 Tpholaitíocht. Sa naoú haois déag, dúirt Dubhglas De hÍde, ODQJXDJHWKH\·UHDEXVLQJLW«,W·VXVHGLQWKHMDLOV$OOWKHSROLWLFDO ceannaire Chonradh na Gaeilge, gur sine qua non í an Ghaeilge i SULVRQHUVLQWKHMDLOVKDYH,ULVK7KH\·UHWDNLQJLWDQGPDNLQJLWWKHLU sainiúlacht náisiúnta na hÉireann. Lena rá ar dhóigh eile, níl cúis own.4 ar bith le neamhspleáchas na nGael (“Home Rule”) gan an teanga Gaeilge. I dTuaisceart na hÉireann, i rith na dtrioblóidí agus ina Sílimse gur oidhreacht achan duine in Éirinn í an Ghaeilge. Scríobh dhiaidh sin, bhí agus tá ceangal láidir idir na poblachtaigh agus Pádraig Ó Snodaigh leabhar faoi na Protastúnaigh agus an Ghaeilge athbheochan na teanga. Nuair a bhí cuid mhór poblachtach a raibh a léiríonn go raibh baint ag cuid mhór Protastúnach le Cumann na Gaeilge acu i bpríosún, bhí magadh ann: “B’fhéidir go bhfaighidh an Gaeilge Uladh agus athbheochan na Gaeilge ag deireadh na hochtú *KDHLOJHEiVVD*KDHOWDFKWDFKPDLUÀGKVtVD*KDROWDFKWµ haoise déag agus ag tús na naoú haoise déag: Robert MacAdam; Agus é ag labhairt faoi na poblachtaigh i bpríosún — achan Edward Bunting agus an Reverend William Neilson ina measc.5 UXG EDLQWH GtREK JDQ pDGDt À~ LQ DP QD VWDLOFH RFUDLV ³ G~LUW Tá sé iontach tábhachtach an fhírinne a rá faoi stair na teanga, gníomhaíoch de chuid Sinn Féin, Pádraig Ó Maolcraoibhe, “They 2 realized that the most Irish thing they had was their Irish language.” Dúirt Ó Pádraig Ó Maolcraoibhe, 7KH5ROHRI /DQJXDJHLQ,UHODQG·V&XOWXUDO5HYLYDO (Belfast: Sinn Féin, 1984), 9, luaite i Tony Crowley, The Politics of Language in Ireland, Maolcraoibhe gur cur in aghaidh a bhí inti, gur samhailchomhartha 1366–1922: A Sourcebook (New York: Routledge, 2000), 7. na nGael a bhí inti, “Learning it, speaking it all day, was a way of resisting, 3 Gerry Adams, The Politics of Irish Freedom (Dingle, Co. Kerry: Brandon Books, 1987), 143-144, luaite i Crowley, The Politics of Language in Ireland, 7. 1 Is onóir mhór dom bheith anseo ag labhairt in Áras Glucksman na hÉireann ag 4 Gordon McCoy, “Protestant Learners of Irish in Northern Ireland,” i The Irish Siompóisiam Bharra Uí Dhonnabháin. Leigh mé ailt iontacha Bharra san Irish Language in Northern Ireland, ed. Aodán Mac Póilin (Belfast: Ultach Trust, 1997), Echo, agus d’fhoghlaim mé leis in Esopus le Daltaí na Gaeilge. Fear uasal a bhí 161. ann. Agus táim buíoch de Phádraig Ó Cearúill, mo mhúinteoir le sé bliana anuas. 5 Pádraig Ó Snodaigh, Hidden Ulster: Protestants and the Irish Language (Belfast: Lagan Go raibh míle maith agat. Press, 1995). The Proceedings of the Barra Ó Donnabháin Symposium, 2007 The Proceedings of the Barra Ó Donnabháin Symposium, 2007 Seán Ó Cathail 101 102 Polaitíocht na Gaeilge in Éirinn faoi Rialtas Shasana agus na Breataine agus an bhaint atá ag na Protastúnaigh leis an teanga. Agus is Shamhailchomhartha Mídhílseachta PDLWKDQUXGJREKIXLOFXLGPKyU3URWDVW~QDFKDJXVÀ~FXLGGH na haontachtaithe, ag foghlaim na Gaeilge. Ach, níor thosaigh an I 1366, dúirt Reachtanna Chill Chainnigh, an chéad dlí in éadan ceangal idir an pholaitíocht agus an Ghaeilge sa naoú haois déag nó na Gaeilge, “If any English, or Irish living among the English, use the in am na dTrioblóidí. Mar a dúirt an Committee on the Administration of Irish language amongst themselves, contrary to this ordinance, and thereof be Justice sna sé chondae i dtuairisc in 1993, attainted, his lands and tenements, if he have any, shall be seized into the hands of his immediate lord…”11 Chomh maith leis seo, chuir an dlí sin cosc There has been great play made of the fact that the language has been ar phósadh idir na hÉireannaigh agus na Sasanaigh. Céad bliain ina politicised by nationalists. This thesis, however, refuses to acknowledge dhiaidh sin, b’éigean do na hÉireannaigh úsáid a bhaint as sloinnte WKDWLWZDVWKHH[SHULHQFHRI LQYDVLRQZKLFKÀUVWSROLWLFLVHGWKHODQJXDJH Béarla. Muna mbainidís úsáid as sloinnte Béarla, chaillidís a gcuid ZKHQLWVHUDGLFDWLRQZDVVHHQDVDSROLWLFDOREMHFWLYHE\WKHFRORQL]HUV6 maoine. Ba é sin Reacht 1465.12 I 1536, d’ordaigh an Rí Eanraí VIII gurbh éigean do na daoine Agus de réir Tony Crowley i leabhar faoi pholaitíocht na teanga ó a bhí ina gcónaí i gCathair na Gaillimhe Béarla a labhairt. Dúirt 1366 go 1922, “Until recently, the practice of the British state in Northern Eanraí, “Every inhabitant within said town endeavor themselves to speak Ireland towards the use of the Irish language was at best simply negative and at English” agus bhí orthu í a labhairt lena gcuid páistí chomh maith. worst actively hostile.”7 Roimh an fhichiú haois, rinne rialtas Shasana Lean sé ar aghaidh,“IDLOQRWWRIXOÀOWKLVRXUFRPPDQGPHQWDV\RXWHQGHU agus na Breataine iarracht an teanga a scrios. Dúirt Crowley, “[The RXUIDYRUDQGZRXOGDYRLGRXULQGLJQDWLRQDQGKLJKGLVSOHDVXUHµ13 Bliain ina English and British] argued precisely for the extermination of the Irish language dhiaidh sin, dúirt an Act for the English Order, Habit and Language of DVSDUWRI DODUJHUSROLWLFDOSURMHFW”8 Tá an abairt sin iontach tábhachtach. 1537 gur príomhchúiseanna iad an Ghaeilge agus nósanna na nGael Inniu, ba mhaith liom labhairt faoi pholaitíocht na ndlíthe Sasanacha le mídhílseacht na n-Éireannach maidir leis an rialtas agus an Rí.14 maidir leis an Ghaeilge in Éirinn, ón cheathrú haois déag go dtí an lá inniu. An Ghaeilge agus Galrú, An Béarla agus Glaineacht Ó 1366 go dtí an t-am atá i láthair, rinne rialtas Shasana go leor iarrachtaí an Ghaeilge a mharú. Ní raibh seo fíor i gcónaí, áfach. Mar Chomh maith leis seo, ba í an Ghaeilge samhailchomartha an shampla, is cosúil go raibh suim ag an Bhanríon Éilis I insan teanga ghalraithe. Sa ceathrú haois déag go dtí an séú haois déag, tháinig agus tugadh bunleabhar no priméar Ghaeilge di.9 Agus d’astrigh na Sasanaigh go hÉirinn agus i ndiaidh glúin nó dhó, labhair siad an misinéirí Protastúnacha an Irish Bible Society an Bíobla ó Bhéarla Ghaeilge eatarthu féin. Dúirt scríbhneoir amháin in 1577, go Gaeilge.10 Ach, an chuid is mó den am, chuir dlíthe agus nósanna Shasana an Ghaeilge i gcontúirt. …[T]he Irish language was free denizened in the English pale: this canker took such deep root, as the body that before was whole and An Ghaeilge agus an Pholaitíocht: An Teanga mar VRXQGZDVE\OLWWOHDQGOLWWOHIHVWHUHGDQGLQPDQQHUZKROHO\SXWULÀHG15 6 Committee on the Administration of Justice, Staid agus stádas na Gaeilge i dtuaisceart QDKeLUHDQQ7KH8.*RYHUQPHQW·VDSSURDFKWRWKH,ULVKODQJXDJHLQOLJKWRI WKH(XURSHDQ 11 Crowley, The Politics of Language in Ireland, 15. Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (Belfast: Committee on the Administration 12 1465 Statute, sliocht luaite i gCrowley, The Politics of Language in Ireland, 16. of Justice, 1993), 7. 13 S.P. Hen.VIII. Henry VIII to the Town of Galway, 1536, sliocht luaite i 7 Crowley, The Politics of Language in Ireland, 9. gCrowley, 20. 8 Ibid.,2. 14 Stat.Ire. An Act for the English Order, Habit and Language, 1537, athchlóite i 9 Ibid. gCrowley, The Politics of Language in Ireland, 21. 10 Pádraigín Ní Uallacháin, A Hidden Ulster: People, songs and traditions of Oriel 15 *DHOLFZDVD´ULQJZRUPµEULQJLQJDERXW´WKLVSUHVHQWUXLQDQGGHFD\µ7KH,ULVKZHUH´UXGHµ (Dublin: Four Courts press, 2003). DQG´EOXQWµSHRSOHZKR´SUDWWOHGµDQG´JDJJHGµWKHLURZQQDWLYHODQJXDJHZLWKLWVERUURZHG The Proceedings of the Barra Ó Donnabháin Symposium, 2007 The Proceedings of the Barra Ó Donnabháin Symposium, 2007 Seán Ó Cathail 103 104 Polaitíocht na Gaeilge in Éirinn faoi Rialtas Shasana agus na Breataine “by the sword, plague, famine, hardships and banishment.”19 Chomh maith Dúirt James Stanihurst, an Speaker of Parliament i Sasana, leis seo, sheol no chuir Cromwell idir 50,000 agus 100,000 bean agus páiste ina sclábhaithe go Barbados agus oileáin eile sa Mhuir …Babes from their Cradles should be inured under learned School- Chairib.20 masters, with a pure English tongue, habit, fashion, discipline; and in I ndiaidh Chath na Bóinne, tháinig “An Act to Restrain Foreign WLPHXWWHUO\IRUJHWWKHDIÀQLW\RI WKHLUXQEURNHQERUGHUHUVZKRSRVVLEO\ Education” amach i 1695: might be won by this example, or at least wise lose the opportunity, which now they have, to infect others16 …whereas it is found by experience that tolerating and conniving at papists keeping schools or instructing youth in literature, is one Ionsaithe ar Dhaoine, ar Chultúr agus ar Chreideamh reason of many of the natives of this kingdom continuing ignorant of the principles of true religion, and strangers to the scriptures, and Sa séú agus sa seachtú haois déag, rinneadh cuid mhór ionsaithe of their neglecting to conform themselves to the laws and statutes of in éadan na nGael agus na gCaitliceach. Bhí an rialtas in éadan na this realm, and of their not using the English habit and language, to teanga, an chreidimh, agus chóras sóisialta na nGael.
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